Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam
Secondary general education
Line UMK Andreeva-Volobueva. History (10-11) (U)
Atlases and contour maps. Russian history. Historical and cultural standard
UMK Kiseleva-Popov line. History of Russia (10-11)
Analysis of the Unified State Examination in History 2017
How to successfully pass the history exam? Of course, any person will say that you need to know history well, that is, know the basic historical facts, terms, remember dates, names of historical figures, understand the cause-and-effect relationships of events and phenomena, have a good understanding of the culture of our country in different periods its development. Many schoolchildren perceive history as an endless set of names and dates, and those who chose history as exam subject, are perceived as “eccentric nerds.”
In this article, my task is not to convince skeptics by telling and proving how interesting and fascinating the story is. I want to help those who decide to take the exam by showing the reasoning process when solving various tasks, which will make the exam less “scary.” Due to the fact that history is likely to become a required test Unified State Exam subject, the article will be useful to many schoolchildren. So let's get started.
Before us is a demo Unified State Exam option 2017, compiled by FIPI. It contains 25 tasks, of which the first 19 require a short answer in the form of numbers or words, and the next 6 require a detailed answer.
How to pass the Unified State Exam and Unified State Exam with 100 points: secrets of teachers- Write down the term in question.
The main part of the territory of Russia, not included in the oprichnina by Ivan IV.
As is known, the period from 1565 to 1572. in the reign of Ivan the Terrible they call it the oprichnina. Historians do not have an agreed position on the essence and motives of the oprichnina, but there are no particular problems with describing it. Left in winter 1564 From Moscow, the Tsar finally announced the conditions for his return to the throne: unlimited power, including the right to trial the boyars, and the division of the country into the “oprichnina” under the control of the Tsar and the “Zemshchina” under the control of the Boyar Duma.
Answer: Zemshchina.
- Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
In this task we need to compare a fact and a process. It’s better to start from facts, but since there are fewer facts than processes, we’ll start from the opposite.
A) The formation and development of the legislation of the Old Russian state is associated with the adoption of the “Russian Truth” in XI century Firstly, this is the first written set of laws in Rus' (that’s the formation), and, secondly, Old Russian state existed until the beginning of fragmentation in XIII century, which means that the remaining facts do not fit chronologically.
B) Reforms The chosen one is pleased were carried out at the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. One of the first innovations was the convening of the first Zemsky Sobor V 1549, called the Council of Reconciliation.
C) The policy of “enlightened absolutism”, that is, an unlimited monarchy, formally based on the law and declaring main goal achieving the welfare of his subjects is strongly associated with the reign of Catherine II. The convening of the Legislative Commission (it got its name because it had to adopt a new “code”, that is, a set of laws) took place in 1767 precisely during the reign of Catherine II, who was confident that the correct and modern laws will help rapid development countries.
D) The first revolutionary transformations of the Bolsheviks were the decrees “On Peace” and “On Land”, adopted at the Second Congress of Soviets in October 1917 after the overthrow of the Provisional Government. They allowed the Bolsheviks to gain widespread popular support.
- Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.
FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES
A) "The courtyards between which are enclosed Treaty of Paris... together with other sovereigns and powers allied to them ... ordered their plenipotentiaries to draw up ... one main treatise and to attach to it, as inseparable parts, all other provisions of the congress. ...The Duchy of Warsaw, with the exception of those regions and districts that are assigned a different purpose in the following articles, is forever annexed to the Russian Empire. By virtue of its constitution, it will be in inextricable connection with Russia and in the possession of His Majesty the All-Russian Emperor, his heirs and successors for eternity. His Imperial Majesty intends to bestow, at his discretion, the internal structure of this state, which is to be under special governance. His Majesty, in accordance with the custom and order existing in the discussion of his other titles, will add to them the title of Tsar (King) of Poland.” “His Royal Majesty of Sveia cedes for himself and his descendants and heirs the throne of Sveia and the kingdom of Sveia to His Royal Majesty and his descendants and heirs Russian state into complete unquestioning eternal confluence and ownership in this war, through his royal majesty of arms from the crown of Svea, the conquered provinces: Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland and part of Karelia with the district of Vyborg fief. ... Against the same, His Royal Majesty promises to return to His Royal Majesty and the Crown of Svea within 4 weeks after the exchange of ratifications on this peaceful treaty or earlier, if possible, ... the Grand Duchy of Finland ... "
CHARACTERISTICS
1) This agreement was signed in Berlin.
2) Under this agreement, Russia received access to the Baltic Sea.
3) This agreement was signed in Vienna.
4) A contemporary of the signing of this agreement was A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin.
5) This agreement was signed as a result of the Northern War.
6) In the territory annexed to Russia under this treaty, in the early 1830s. there was a powerful uprising.
The first fragment is part of the addition to the Treaty of Paris, which is mentioned in the text. The Treaty of Paris was concluded between the countries of the anti-French coalition and France in 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication. After this, the victorious powers left for a congress in Vienna decide the fate of Europe. They returned France to the old, pre-revolutionary borders, redrew the borders of Europe liberated from Napoleon. Russia received the Duchy of Warsaw, which did not want to come to terms with joining the Russian Empire and rebelled more than once. First major uprising happened already in 1830-1831 gg.
The second fragment is part of the Nystadt Peace Treaty, concluded between Russia and Sweden after the end of Northern war in 1721. This can be understood by the mention of Livonia, Estland and Ingermanland - the Baltic lands that became part of Russia, which thus received access to the Baltic Sea.
Answer: - Which of the following is true of the New Economic Policy (1921–1928)? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) statement private property to the ground
2) introduction of cost accounting at state enterprises
3) denationalization of heavy industry
4) the emergence of the credit and banking system and exchanges
5) cancellation state monopoly foreign trade
6) introduction of concessions
NEP - new economic policy was accepted at X Congress of the RCP(b) in 1921 This was the time when the active and large-scale phase of the Civil War ended with the victory of the Reds. For the Bolshevik leader V.I. Lenin, it became obvious that it was impossible to continue the mobilization policy of “war communism,” which made it possible to supply the army and industry with resources during the war, but was unacceptable for peacetime. It was necessary to move from forced labor and the official absence of commodity-money relations to normal economic relations. But the Soviet government could not completely move away from Marxist axioms in the economy: state ownership of land, large enterprises, state foreign trade monopoly, etc., so the changes were half-hearted. Self-financing was introduced at state enterprises, the credit and banking system, exchanges, and concessions were recreated.
Answer: 246.
- Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a blank, select the number of the required element.
A) The ______________ conference of the Big Three took place in 1943.
B) One of the first rams in the night air combat produced Soviet pilot ____________, who shot down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow.
B) During Battle of Kursk the biggest thing happened tank battle at ________________.
Missing elements:
1) Yalta (Crimean)
2) N.F. Gastello
3) Prokhorovka station
4) Tehran
5) V.V. Talalikhin
6) Dubosekovo crossing
It is difficult to suggest any logic for solving this task. Here you need to know historical facts. Allied Conference on anti-Hitler coalition V 1943 took place in Tehran(there is even a film “Tehran-43”). One of the first night ram committed by pilot V.V. Talalikhin did not die in it. Well, about the battle near the village of Prokhorovka during Battle of Kursk It’s a sin for a school graduate not to know.
Answer: 453.
- Establish a correspondence between the events and the participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
This task also requires knowledge of historical facts, fortunately they are quite well known. Battle on the Ice strongly associated with Alexander Nevsky. One of the main Russian commanders at the beginning Livonian War there was Andrei Kurbsky, who fled from the disgrace of Ivan the Terrible to Lithuania. IN Battle of Poltava Peter I’s closest ally A.D. participated. Menshikov, Wrangel’s army in the Crimea was defeated by one of the most famous Red commanders, M. Frunze.
Answer: 4356.
- Read an excerpt from the memoirs and write the author's last name.
“I saw not only the uselessness, but also the harm of combining posts, and I even said: “Imagine my situation, I criticized Stalin for combining in one person two such responsible posts in the state and in the party, and now I myself...” I raise this question to court of historians. My weakness took its toll, or maybe an inner worm was eating at me, weakening my resistance. Even before I became Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Bulganin made a proposal to appoint me as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Moreover, in the Presidium of the Central Committee, military issues, the army, and weapons related to my diocese. This happened without publication in the press and was decided purely internally, in case of war. Inside armed forces The senior command staff was notified about this.”
The text must be read very carefully. The passages are chosen for a reason; there will definitely be a “beacon” in them. IN in this case we're talking about about the post-Stalin period and the man who criticized Stalin while occupying a very high position. Already a clear hint at N.S. Khrushchev. Finally, we should be convinced by the name of the post he holds - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Starting with L.I. Brezhnev, the leader of the country was called Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU.
Answer: Khrushchev.
Unified State Exam in Social Studies: analysis of tasks with a teacher - Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each blank, indicated by a letter, select the number of the required element.
Missing elements:
1) adoption of the US Constitution
3) Civil War in England
4) ending Hundred Years' War
5) annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire
8) abolition of serfdom in Russia
9) speech by M. Luther with 95 theses, the beginning of the Reformation in Germany
In my opinion, this is one of the most difficult tasks. It requires knowledge of dates not only domestic, but also foreign history. The only concession is that there are options to choose from and you just need to specify the age. XIX century in Russian history is, of course, the abolition of serfdom ( 1861 G.). Vladimir Monomakh ruled practically right before the fragmentation and this is the 12th century. ( 1113–1125). Annexation of Pskov ( 1510), along with Ryazan and Smolensk, to the Principality of Moscow in early XVI V. completed the process of forming a unified Russian state. Around the same time ( 1517 g.) in Germany, the priest Martin Luther published his “95 Theses”, which became the beginning of the Reformation. And in late XVIII V. ( 1783) Russian empire annexed Crimea, and in the British colonies in North America after the revolution and liberation war The US Constitution was adopted 1787).
Answer: 862951.
- Read an excerpt from the military commander's telegram.
“Everyone was well aware that in the current situation and with the actual leadership and direction domestic policy irresponsible public organizations, as well as the enormous corrupting influence of these organizations on the mass of the army, the latter cannot be recreated, but on the contrary, the army as such should collapse in two to three months. And then Russia will have to conclude a shameful separate peace, the consequences of which would be terrible for Russia. The government took half-measures, which, without correcting anything, only prolonged the agony, and, while saving the revolution, did not save Russia. Meanwhile, the gains of the revolution could only be saved by saving Russia, and for this, first of all, it was necessary to create a truly strong government and improve the health of the rear. General Kornilov presented a number of demands, the implementation of which was delayed. Under such conditions, General Kornilov, not
pursuing no personal ambitious plans and relying on the clearly expressed consciousness of the entire healthy part of society and the army, which demanded the speedy creation of a strong government to save the Motherland, and with it the gains of the revolution, I considered it necessary to take more decisive measures that would ensure the establishment of order in the country...” Using passage and knowledge of history, choose three correct judgments from the list given.Write it down in the table numbers , under which they are indicated.
1) The events described in the telegram took place in 1916.
2) The government referred to in the telegram was called the SNK.
5) The Bolsheviks supported the actions of General Kornilov.
6) General Kornilov’s “decisive measures”, which were indicated in the telegram, were not implemented.
A huge number of conclusions can be drawn from this large and capacious text, so it is better to act by the method of elimination, analyzing the proposed options.
1) – no, the events described occurred in 1917 after the overthrow royal power, since the text talks about the management of politics by “irresponsible public organizations” (apparently, we are talking about the Provisional Government and the Soviets).
2) - no, SNK - the first Soviet government was created only in October 1917 at the Second Congress of Soviets, and judging by the text, at the time described, the “Kornilov rebellion” in August 1917 had not yet happened.
5) - no, the Bolsheviks did not support Kornilov, but opposed with all their might, since Kornilov directly threatened their existence.
6) - yes, the “decisive measures” of Kornilov, who marched with his troops to Petrograd, were not carried out. He was stopped joint forces Provisional Government and Soviets.
Answer: 346.
Methodological assistance to history teachers
- Write the name of the commander-in-chief who carried out the campaign indicated by arrows on the diagram.
Before studying a map, you should carefully read its legend.
We see that the Russian principalities are highlighted separately. This means that we are talking about a period of specific fragmentation. Besieged cities are indicated. We read their names on the map: Kolomna, Moscow, Suzdal, etc. Let’s compare the data: who during the period of fragmentation en masse besieged Russian cities? Mongols. Who was their leader? Batu.
Answer: Dad.
- Write the name of the city indicated on the diagram by the number “1”.
We know that during Batu’s first campaign against Rus', he destroyed the cities of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. The capital, the city of Vladimir, was taken by storm in 1238 It is he who is indicated by number 1 on the map. The city of Suzdal, located not far from it in the north, also helps us determine this.
Answer: Vladimir.
- Indicate the name of the city, indicated by a number on the diagram, where a republican form of government existed during the period of this campaign.
IN XIII century., and it was then that Batu’s campaign took place, almost all Russian principalities existed monarchical form boards with minor differences. A republic was established in Novgorod and Pskov, where the townspeople elected their own officials. Number 2 on the map indicates Novgorod.
Answer: Novgorod.
- Which judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) The conquerors invaded Rus' in winter period.
2) None of the cities captured by the conquerors withstood the siege for more than one week.
3) Yam and Koporye were captured by the conquerors during the events indicated by arrows in the diagram.
4) One of the consequences of the events indicated in the diagram was the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
5) The conquerors, whose campaign is indicated by arrows in the diagram, invaded Rus' from the southeast.
6) The military leader whose campaign is indicated in the diagram is the founder of the state.
Working with judgments again.
- - that’s right, it was during the winter that the Mongols preferred to attack, since they could not be afraid of muddy roads and use frozen rivers as roads.
- – incorrectly, Kozelsk withstood a 49-day siege, for which the Mughals called it the “evil city.”
- - wrong, Batu didn’t even reach them. And besides, these cities belonged to the Novgorod land, and Novgorod managed to buy off the defeat.
- – incorrect, fragmentation began more than 100 years before Batu’s campaign.
- – that’s right, precisely from the southeast, which is clear from the map.
- - that’s right, Batu founded the state of the Golden Horde, to which the Russian lands were subordinated.
Answer: 156.
- Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Cultural issues are among the most difficult. Let's try to figure it out.
A) “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was written by an unknown author, and for some time was considered a falsification. It describes the unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsians in the 12th century.
B) “Domostroy” - a collection of teachings and rules of conduct household, written by the priest Sylvester for the education of the young Tsar Ivan the Terrible, based on Novgorod instructive texts.
C) The painting “Boyaryna Morozova” was painted by Surikov. Boyarina Morozova is a real historical character, one of the leaders church schism XVII century
D) Roman " Quiet Don“wrote Sholokhov, who received the Nobel Prize for it in 1966.
Answer: 4365.
Learning to work with atlases and contour maps on history
- Which judgments about this brand are correct? Choose two judgments from the five proposed. Write it down in the table numbers
, under which they are indicated.
1) The military leader depicted on the stamp was subjected to repression.
2) The military leader depicted on the stamp was born during the reign of Nicholas II in Russia.
3) The events depicted on the stamp with arrows took place during the First World War.
4) The military leader depicted on the stamp was a participant in the Great Patriotic War.
5) This stamp was issued during the leadership of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev.
In this task, it seems more convenient to me to find correct judgments, without wasting time analyzing all the proposed ones. On the stamp we see the image of Marshal Tukhachevsky, who was shot in 1937 The date is also indicated on the stamp - 1963, dating back to the reign of N.S. Khrushchev.
Answer: 15.
- Which of the presented coins are dedicated to the anniversaries of events that occurred during the life of the military leader depicted on the stamp? Write down in your answer two digits
, with which these coins are designated.
So, the first coin is dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War in 1945. By this time, Tukhachevsky was dead. The second coin was issued in honor of the 170th anniversary of the Russian railways. The road St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo was opened in 1837, when the executed marshal was not yet born. The third celebrates the 100th anniversary of Russian parliamentarism. Parliament ( The State Duma) was opened in 1906. Tukhachevsky was repressed at the age of 40, so he found the Duma. The USSR was created in 1922, which also dates back to Tukhachevsky’s life.
Answer: 34.
- Indicate the decade in which the events mentioned in the resolution took place. Indicate the name of the political figure who was the leader of the country during the period when these events took place. Indicate the name of the period in the history of the USSR when this political figure was the leader of the country.
This question again requires us careful reading text. The concepts mentioned in it, such as: “cost accounting”, “Law on State Enterprise”, “cooperation”, “individual labor activity” and, most importantly, “perestroika”, allow us to determine the period - this 1980 – years. The state at that time was led by M.S. Gorbachev, and the period of his reign went down in history under the name "perestroika".
- What directions of the internal policy of the CPSU and the state are named in the resolution? Specify any three directions.
We read carefully and see that the text mentions: 1) introduction of new management methods, 2) education and health reforms, 3) expansion of housing construction.
- What is the result of the implementation of the party’s strategic course under consideration? Using historical knowledge, indicate at least two reasons that led to this outcome.
Despite the optimistic spirit that permeated the resolution of the party conference, things in the USSR were not so rosy. Spasmodic and often ill-conceived attempts at reform Soviet economy, which even in the party resolution was called “sliding towards crisis,” did not bring success. The result was an acute economic and socio-political crisis, ended with the collapse of the USSR.
There are still debates about the reasons for this large-scale phenomenon that has changed the world in many ways. different levels. This issue has very strong political implications. The differences between modern political parties and movements. But we will try to be as objective and impartial as possible.
1) By the end of the 1980s, the Soviet planned economy had exhausted the resources for its development; it was unable to adequately respond to the changing economic situation and compete on equal terms with market economies developed countries.
2) Despite the declared monolithic nature of Soviet society, which united peoples with different cultural and social traditions, separatist tendencies, encouraged by political elites union republics who wanted political independence.
Unified State Examination in History: reviewing assignments with the teacher
- Many cities Ancient Rus' arose on the banks of rivers. Explain the advantages of this location of the city (give three explanations).
Riverside cities arose in many countries for similar reasons:
1) water is necessary for a person himself and for maintaining a settled economy (watering plants, watering livestock);
2) rivers in Rus' were of paramount importance for trade. No wonder the main Russian cities were located on waterway"from the Varangians to the Greeks."
3) a city located on the bank of a river has protection in the event of an attack by enemies on at least one side (strong walls will protect the other).
- In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science.
“The internal policy of Alexander III contributed progressive development social and economic spheres public life."
Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point view, and two arguments that can be used to refute it. Be sure to use historical facts when presenting your arguments.
Write your answer in the following form.
Arguments in support:
Arguments to refute:
Reign of Alexander III from light hand one St. Petersburg journalist late XIX V. began to be called the “period of counter-reforms”, with negative connotations, but even some Soviet historians, despite the generally negative attitude towards Alexander III, they recognized that certain measures of his domestic policy had a positive impact on the development of the socio-economic development of Russian society.
Arguments in support:
- Under Alexander III, active railway construction was carried out, including on public funds, which had a positive impact on the economic development of the country.
- The formation of labor legislation began, facilitating the working conditions of women and children.
Arguments to refute:
- An urban “counter-reform” was carried out, increasing the property qualification for voters, which limited the social base of self-government bodies.
- The institution of zemstvo chiefs was introduced, who had power over the peasant similar to the power of a landowner over a serf.
- You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:
The essay must:
– indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;
– name two historical figures whose activities are connected with specified events(phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the individuals you named in these events (phenomena, processes);
– indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the reasons for the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period;
– using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, evaluate the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the further history of Russia.
During the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.
To write the essay, I will choose the period from March 1801 to May 1812. - “the days of the Alexandrovs are a wonderful beginning,” as A.S. defined it. Pushkin in the poem “To the Censor”. This is the time from the accession to the throne of Alexander I and, almost, until the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812.
It is not for nothing that the poet designated this era this way. The young emperor was full of ideas for reforming Russia in order to bring its standard of living closer to Western European countries. To do this, according to Alexander I, it was necessary, first of all, to limit autocracy and destroy the shameful serfdom. And, if even his teacher with republican convictions, La Harpe, advised the tsar not to limit the autocracy, then the first step towards the abolition of serfdom was taken by the publication in 1803 of the decree “On Free Plowmen.” This decree, which became a compromise between the desire of Alexander I to completely abolish serfdom as far as possible and the fear of the indignation of the nobles, allowed landowners to release serfs with land and for ransom. Despite the small number of those released In a similar way peasants, the significance of the decree is enormous. The Emperor demonstrated to society his attitude towards serfdom, and, in addition, some provisions of the “Decree” were implemented in the peasant reform of 1861.
The second person who determined the image of the era was M.M. Speransky. Coming from the family of a rural priest, thanks to his talents, he made a dizzying career, becoming, according to Emperor Alexander I, his right hand. In the first years of his reign, the emperor had not yet given up the idea of reforming the archaic Russian government system. Brilliantly educated and possessing an exceptionally deep mind, M.M. Speransky nurtured grandiose plans for transforming the Russian system of government: limiting autocracy to elected officials legislative body– The State Duma, the creation of the State Council, uniting all branches of government, granting civil rights to the entire population, which, in essence, made the implementation of serfdom impossible. Only the creation of the State Council in 1810 came to fruition and only with legislative functions. Yielding to pressure from “high society,” who hated the upstart reformer and accused him of having connections with Napoleon, Alexander I, on the eve of the war of 1812, sent M.M. Speransky into exile. His mind and transformative plans were not in demand at this time, and this slowed down the development of statehood in our country. Many ideas of M.M. Speransky will be implemented, but only a century later and under pressure from the first Russian revolution. There will be a State Duma and civil rights for the population, but it’s too late.
Arrange in chronological order historical events. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.
1) Crimean War
2) reform of Patriarch Nikon
3) fall Byzantine Empire
For solutions of this assignment we, of course, need to know the dates, but since it is not a comparison that is required here, but a chronological sequence, it becomes a little easier. The Crimean War, also known as the Eastern War in European historiography, was fought in the middle of the 19th century. ( 1853–1856). The reform of Patriarch Nikon was carried out in 50s of the 17th century., and the fall of the Byzantine Empire happened after the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 As you can see, the events are widely separated in time, and it is not difficult to restore the chronology.
Answer: 321.
Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Here again there are dates, but it’s more complicated - you need to accurately correlate them with the event, and there are two more dates than events. However, the events are very well known, certainly for those who chose history for the Unified State Examination. The first mention of Moscow in the chronicle - 1147, Caribbean crisis- of course, Khrushchev and 1962, Battle of Borodino and Patriotic War 1812 known to anyone, the Copper Riot under the “Quiet” Tsar - 1662
Answer: 2643.
Below is a list of terms. All of them except two , relate to events (phenomena) of the 19th century.
1) free cultivators; 2) ministries; 3) Decembrists;
4) June 3rd coup; 5) justices of the peace; 6) Octobrists.
Find and write down serial numbers terms relating to another historical period.
And here are the terms! Free farmers appeared thanks to the decree of Alexander I 1803, ministries almost at the same time - in 1802, Decembrists began to be called participants in the December uprising 1825, the June Third coup is a sharp change in the law on elections to the State Duma, adopted by Nicholas II without the consent of the Duma itself in 1907, justices of the peace appeared in Russia as a result judicial reform 1864, and Octobrists were the members of the Union of October 17 party, created in 1905 Accordingly, by the 19th century. does not include the June Third coup and the Octobrists.
Answer: 46.
From the resolution of the XIX All-Union Party Conference
“The 19th All-Union Party Conference... states: the strategic course developed by the party at the April Plenum of the Central Committee and the 27th Party Congress for a comprehensive and revolutionary renewal of Soviet society and the acceleration of its socio-economic development is being steadily implemented. The country’s slide into an economic and socio-political crisis has been stopped...
The process of improving the country's economy and its turn towards meeting the urgent needs of people has begun. New management methods are gaining momentum. In accordance with the Law on State Enterprises (Associations), associations and enterprises are being transferred to self-financing and self-sufficiency. The Law on Cooperation was developed, widely discussed and adopted. New, progressive forms of intra-production are coming into use labor relations on a contract and rental basis, as well as individual labor activity. Perestroika is underway organizational structures management, aimed at creating favorable conditions for the effective management of the primary links of the economy.
The work launched at the initiative of the party made it possible to resume the growth of real incomes of workers. Practical measures are being implemented to increase the production of food and consumer goods and expand housing construction. Education and health reforms are being implemented. Spiritual life becomes a powerful factor in the progress of the country. Significant work has been done to rethink modern realities global development, renewal and dynamism foreign policy. Thus, perestroika is entering deeper and deeper into the life of Soviet society and has an ever-increasing transformative effect on it.”
Rumors are spreading pretty quickly online that another must-have subject will appear in 2017 - and it will be history. Graduates of Russian schools, of course, are concerned about this news, because everyone knows that history is one of the most difficult disciplines.
Let us remind you that until 2017, children took only two compulsory subjects: Russian language and mathematics. Will there also appear on this list? Unified State Examination in History— 2017 will tell. In addition, by 2022 the number will increase to four.
Rosobrnadzor plans to add foreign language, knowledge of which is extremely important in our time. As for the history exam, a number of innovations are already ready for 2017. This is exactly what it's about we'll talk in our article.
Officials' opinion
Russian deputies are confident that history is a subject that should be studied thoroughly by students. According to the conducted statistical research, majority modern schoolchildren they are poorly oriented in the history of Russia, they cannot name even the most important dates for the country. This fact extremely upsets officials, because every citizen is obliged to honor and remember how the history of his Motherland was made.
It is for these reasons that from now on Russian students will be subjected to a thorough test of knowledge in the field of history, which will undoubtedly help them grow smart and comprehensive in the future. developed people. In addition, students must navigate not only national history, but also in the world, because some questions on the exam will concern her too.
If we talk about the main ones, then they primarily consist in the fact that the subject is intended to be made mandatory. From now on, in all educational educational institutions countries, graduates will take the Unified State Exam in History. This method of testing knowledge, according to officials, is the most revealing and helps to evaluate real level the student's performance in this discipline.
Another important amendment to the exam structure is the abolition of the test part. Starting in 2017, the history test will include an oral unit that will eliminate guessing and demonstrate how deftly the student maneuvers between basic historical concepts.
How dangerous is the oral part?
Let us note that despite all the conversations of the deputies, oral part has not yet been officially approved for this exam. In addition, now it is necessary to conduct several trial versions so that students evaluate the positive (or negative) aspects of the innovation. This also takes some time. And officials may come to the conclusion that the procedure for replacing the test block will be inappropriate and will negatively affect the performance of schoolchildren.
Based on this, there is no need to panic ahead of time and headlong to cram history books. Approach the task calmly and confidently, then even the oral part will not be so scary for you. Only by repeating, if possible, all the material covered, can a student easily cope with both tests and oral questions.
Specific exam changes
If we talk about the changes in the structure themselves, they will affect parts 1 and 2 of the subject. 22 tasks will be removed from the program that was previously developed by Rosobrnadzor. But this is not a reason for boundless joy, because in their place, experts plan to set tasks that can show the level of knowledge of students in the field of historical facts, dates, culture, process phenomena and other data.
In addition, graduates will have a historical source at their disposal, which they will have to work through and respond to. questions asked. The tasks will be presented both in the form of short answers and in the form of sentences with blanks for mandatory completion.
According to preliminary information, the history test will also receive another important task - writing historical essay on a specific topic. The topic of the essay will be discussed with the commission in advance.
In addition, the time allotted for passing this exam will increase. From 2017, the student will have 3 hours 55 minutes at his disposal. This will help students think carefully about each question without rushing, thereby helping them qualify for a higher score.
Reaction to innovations
The news that several amendments are planned to be made to the history exam caused a lot of negative emotions among schoolchildren. They were only happy about the increased time. Not only students are indignant, but also their parents, because they understand that now the burden on their children will be even greater. Now graduates are so busy homework and preparation for the Unified State Exam, so parents are extremely concerned about their health.
These innovations may entail additional material expenses for the family. Since history is considered a difficult subject, parents try to turn to tutors so that they properly prepare their child for final exams, - and this “pleasure” is not cheap.
At the same time, deputies urge all citizens to remain calm and direct their energy in the right direction. Now there are a lot of online sources for preparing for the Unified State Exam, in addition, various manuals and textbooks have been published that help you learn the material more deeply and consolidate your knowledge.
Another useful resource— demo version of the exam. She will be able to show students exactly how the exam is going and even get an approximate grade. All you need to do is go to a specific site and start checking. It is worth noting that the demo version is available to all users and requires repeated passing of the virtual exam.
As you can see, an additional subject will not be a burden for a student only if he carefully and systematically prepares for it. In addition, this fact must be looked at from the positive side: an additional mandatory exam will allow students to develop deep knowledge history of the fatherland, thereby preparing conscious and patriotically minded citizens.
Video news, demo versions
The Unified State Exam in History has a good chance of becoming mandatory for all eleventh graders in 2017. The Ministry of Education seriously plans to increase the number of mandatory exams to four by 2022 from today’s two. History and a foreign language will most likely be added to the Russian language and mathematics. Rumors persist that history will debut as a compulsory subject in 2017, so the likelihood of this happening is very high. Of course, in such a situation, information about whether changes are planned in the Unified State Examination in History in 2017 and what kind of changes, begins to worry absolutely all graduates, and not just those planning to take the exam in this subject in the humanities.
Unified State Examination in History as a mandatory exam
So, what reasons are there for upgrading the history exam to compulsory status? Officially it is said that the quality of history knowledge among young people is absolutely appalling. Even applicants who enter specialized universities, demonstrate complete confusion in facts and dates and do not have any coherent picture of the historical process in their heads. Those who are not interested in history even think in extremely strange and far from reality categories, demonstrating in full glory the absurdity of modern postmodernism, as it becomes without knowledge of the factual background.
There is probably another reason for the special emphasis on history in school education. The ruling group in Russia, the more and more it can find its legitimacy only in endless wars and reliance on the “correct” view of Russian history. How can you criticize us, says the authorities, when there are only enemies around, only thinking about how to tear the country apart. This simple idea was also used Russian tsars, it was in this vein that they were written according to their order historical works that time. Therefore, Russians are asked to endure all the hardships, low quality of life, disgusting medicine and the backwardness of the country, and any fair criticism and desire to live better becomes an encroachment on the government that protects the country from aggressive neighbors. Of course, in order to instill such a view of itself, the authorities are obliged to teach history “correctly” at school and do everything to ensure that this school subject arouses increased interest.
Exam dates
The Ministry of Education published in advance a preliminary schedule for unified state exams in 2017. Early and main stage planned conducting the Unified State Exam. If the schedule does not change, the history exam in 2017 will take place on the following dates:
- Early stage: March 16, Thursday (reserve: April 3, Monday).
- Main stage: June 2, Friday (reserve: June 19, Monday).
Thus, if history is indeed made a compulsory subject, and the planned dates remain the same, the graduates of 2017 will have a tough time - the Unified State Examination in this subject is a day after the compulsory exam in the Russian language and three days before the compulsory exam in mathematics.
Changes in the Unified State Examination in History
Of course, the main thing that graduates and teachers are interested in regarding this exam is whether tests will remain in the 2017 Unified State Exam in History as a way to test the knowledge of eleventh-graders. Apparently, we will not see tests in history in the Unified State Exam; they will be replaced by an oral stage, as well as tasks to fill in the gaps in the text, or tasks that require a short answer. In this case, the proposed options will no longer exist as before.
The exam will take 3 hours and 55 minutes. The graduate will be required to know the dates of historical events, as well as the essence of these events and how they influenced subsequent history. You will also need to know the main characters of the story and what contribution they made to the development of their country and the whole world.
In addition to knowledge of national history (including the history of Russian culture), knowledge of world history is also necessary. Two tasks in the exam will be devoted specifically to it.
Regarding what changes have been prepared for the Unified State Examination in history in 2017, the latest news suggests that simple knowledge facts and dates will not be enough. Now the graduate needs the ability to work with historical documents. Based on the proposed text, the graduate will have to determine the author of the text, the time of its creation and the topic of the text, that is, what is being discussed, what historical events.
Based on the proposed historical map, the examinee will have to determine the period of history to which the map relates, the objects marked on the map, as well as those historical events that can be indicated on the map and how these events influenced further development stories.
Also, the graduate will be offered some kind of historical illustration - from a postage stamp to a caricature, based on which he will be asked to make historical analysis Images.
Finally, to get maximum score the graduate will have to complete creative assignments, which are short essays in historical topic. In the first of them, the eleventh grader will have to argue his point of view on one issue or another, with an emphasis on historical facts. The second similar task is a historical essay written according to the proposed structural plan.
These are the main changes to the Unified State Examination in History in 2017. Latest FIPI news ( Federal Institute pedagogical measurements) allow us to conclude that the described structure of the exam and the list of knowledge required for testing have been finally approved, therefore graduates should prepare for the exams in accordance with the codifiers published by FIPI.
The Unified State Examination in history is another rather controversial subject. Most of the students on the Unified State Exam can test their knowledge of certain facts. But what do facts mean without surrounding factors? A fact taken out of context is not knowledge of history, and this is what the Unified State Exam evaluates. For this reason, the Unified State Exam in History is experiencing a lot of attacks. But while the knowledge of graduates is assessed by the Unified State Exam, it is necessary to prepare for it.
Ways to prepare for the Unified State Exam in History
There are many ways to prepare a high school student for test exam on history. Classes at school will certainly have a positive impact on the final result, so do not neglect them. In addition, teachers are interested in the positive results of students, and do everything possible to train children to successful completion schools. But not all teachers can fully prepare their students for such a difficult test as the unified state exam.
In such cases, it is worth resorting to the additional services of qualified teachers. One of best solutions will send the child to classes that will help the student prepare for a difficult exam and quickly teach him how to cope with Unified State Examination tasks
There are also tutors who will study with the child at home and prepare him for the exam. But it’s difficult to check a tutor’s qualifications, and those whose level is beyond doubt cost a lot of money
Self-preparation using online Unified State Exam tests
If you don’t have a lot of money to prepare your child for the Unified State Exam, then you should think about preparing yourself. The child can independently study history textbooks and encyclopedias. But such a large amount of information will only cause panic in the child. He won't know which of these he needs. Help with this online courses Unified State Examination in History. The child will know what types of questions he will face on the Unified State Exam, and will sort the knowledge in his head. After training online Unified State Examination for a student It’s easier to prepare for the Unified State Exam at school. The more prepared you are for the exam, the less stress you will experience. Experts recommend undergoing as often as possible Unified State Exam test on the Internet to minimize the child’s anxiety. Moreover, on educational portal Uchistut.ru you can take the trial Unified State Exam an unlimited number of times without registering or sending any SMS. It does it online Unified State Exam tests on our website is one of the most convenient tools for self-preparation for the Unified State Exam. A joint self-study with training in specialized courses will help you achieve maximum results in the shortest possible time.
Specification
control measuring materials
for holding a unified state exam
in HISTORY
1. Purpose of KIM Unified State Exam
The Unified State Exam (USE) is a form of objective assessment of the quality of training of persons who have mastered educational programs average general education, using tasks of a standardized form (control measuring materials).
The Unified State Examination is conducted in accordance with Federal law dated December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On education in the Russian Federation.”
Tests measuring materials allow you to establish the level of graduates’ mastery of knowledge and skills in a history course in accordance with the requirements Federal component state standards secondary (complete) general education, basic and specialized levels.
The results of the Unified State Examination in History are recognized educational organizations higher vocational education what are the results entrance examinations on history.
2. Documents defining the content of CMM
3. Approaches to selecting content and developing the structure of CMM
The examination paper covers the content of the course on the history of Russia from antiquity to the present, including elements general history(history of wars, diplomacy, culture, economic ties etc.) and is aimed at identifying educational achievements graduates of secondary educational institutions.
CMM tasks include a significant layer of factual material. At the same time, special attention is paid to testing the analytical and information and communication skills of graduates. Attention is focused on tasks aimed at testing skills: systematize historical facts; establish cause-and-effect, structural and other relationships; use different types of information sources ( text source, table, historical map, illustration) to solve cognitive problems; argue your own position using historical knowledge; present the results of historical and educational activities in free form with a focus on the given parameters of the activity. Focus on active work examinees, as well as the involvement of a wide range of historical sources, problematic historical materials create
opportunities to identify graduates, in to the greatest extent focused on continuing education in this profile. All of the above allows us to qualitatively differentiate exam participants according to their level of preparation in history.
4. Structure of KIM Unified State Exam
Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of difficulty.
Part 1 contains 19 short answer questions.
IN exam paper The following types of short-answer tasks are proposed:
- tasks for choosing and recording one or more correct answers from the proposed list of answers;
- tasks to determine the sequence of arrangement of these elements;
- tasks to establish the correspondence of elements given in several information series;
- tasks to determine according to the specified characteristics and write in the form of a word (phrase) a term, name, name, century, year, etc.
The answer to the tasks of Part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a number or sequence of numbers written without spaces or other delimiters; words; phrases (also written without spaces or other separators).
Part 2 contains 6 tasks with detailed answers that identify and evaluate graduates’ mastery of various complex skills.
20-22 - a set of tasks related to analysis historical source(attribution of the source; extraction of information; attraction of historical knowledge to analyze the problems of the source, the position of the author).
23-25 - tasks related to the use of techniques of cause-and-effect, structural-functional, temporal and spatial analysis to study historical processes and phenomena. Task 23 is related to the analysis of any historical problem or situation. Task 24 - analysis of historical versions and assessments, argumentation various points vision using course knowledge. Task 25 involves writing a historical essay. Task 25 alternative: the graduate has the opportunity to choose one of three periods history of Russia and demonstrate his knowledge and skills in the most familiar historical material. Task 25 is assessed according to a system of criteria.
Table 1. Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper
5. Distribution of KIM Unified State Exam tasks by content, types of skills and methods of activity
The work is based on the requirements of the Historical and Cultural Standard, each section of which consists of the following components: a brief description of period, including main events, phenomena, processes; list of concepts and terms; list of personalities; List of sources; list of main dates. Each of these parts contains a significant amount of information that is required for study at school. Particular attention in the Historical and Cultural Standard is paid to the study of cultural issues. The concept of a new educational and methodological complex on Russian history, of which the Historical and Cultural Standard is a part, indicates the need to work with historical map. It is also necessary to take into account the general patriotic orientation of the ICS, which, in particular, is manifested in increased attention to the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War.
The specified requirements of the Historical and Cultural Standard became the basis for determining the structure of the examination work.