The biology exam is selective and only those who are confident in their knowledge will take it. The Unified State Exam in biology is considered a difficult subject, since it tests the knowledge accumulated over all years of study.

The Unified State Exam (USE) tasks in biology are of different types; solving them requires solid knowledge of the main topics of the school biology course. Based on this, teachers developed over 10 test tasks on each topic.

Topics that need to be studied when completing assignments, see from FIPI. Each task has its own algorithm of actions that will help in solving problems.

Changes in KIM Unified State Examination 2019 in biology:

• The model of the task in line 2 has been changed. Instead of a multiple choice task worth 2 points, a task on working with a table worth 1 point has been included.
• The maximum primary score decreased by 1 and amounted to 58 points.

Structure of Unified State Examination tasks in biology:

• Part 1– these are tasks from 1 to 21 with a short answer; approximately 5 minutes are allotted for completion.

Advice: Read the wording of the questions carefully.

• Part 2– these are tasks from 22 to 28 with a detailed answer; approximately 10-20 minutes are allotted for completion.

Advice: express your thoughts in a literary manner, answer the question in detail and comprehensively, define biological terms, even if this is not required in the assignments. The answer should have a plan, not write in continuous text, but highlight points.

What is required of the student in the exam?

• Ability to work with graphic information (diagrams, graphs, tables) - its analysis and use;
• Multiple choice;
• Establishing compliance;
• Sequencing.

Points for each USE biology task

In order to get the highest grade in biology, you need to score 58 primary points, which will be converted to one hundred on the scale.

• 1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 6.
• 2 points - 4, 5, 7-22.
• 3 points - 23-28.

How to Prepare for Biology Tests

1. Repetition of the theory.
2. Proper allocation of time for each task.
3. Solving practical problems several times.
4. Check your knowledge level by solving tests online.

Register, study and get a high score!

Training options for the Unified State Exam in biology

After the thematic assignments in biology, start practicing. Because to demonstrate a high level of knowledge, you need to confidently work with diagrams, tables and graphs. Explain biological processes using graphical information.

First of all, download FIPI, which is a sample and gives an idea of ​​the structure and form of complexity of future tasks on the Unified State Exam.

Based on a new demo version developed 10 training options, register and track your knowledge level in your personal account.

Identify, analyze mistakes and practice again. Your success is constantly solving options during preparation!

The Unified State Exam test in biology 2019 includes 28 tasks.

• Part 1 contains 21 tasks with a short answer (sequence of numbers, number, word or phrase)
• Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer (give a full answer: explanation, description or justification; express and argue your own opinion).

The option is grouped thematically.

1. The first part contains 21 tasks, which are grouped into content blocks presented in:
   • Multiple choice;
   • To establish correspondences;
   • To establish the sequence of processes or phenomena;
   • Problems in cytology and genetics;
   • To complement the drawings;
   • Analysis of a diagram or table.
2. The second part contains 7 tasks. To successfully solve them, the student is required to thoroughly master the conceptual apparatus and competently operate with biological terms.

A short analysis of the conditions of some tasks

Tasks from the block of the first ticket:

• – a biological fragment is presented that requires establishing connections between concepts;
• – count the number of chromosomes and determine the number of cells formed during various processes;
• – find examples in the text that correspond to the concepts;
• – to test knowledge of species properties – select criteria from the test that correspond to the species.

Evaluation of tests in biology of the Unified State Examination

Behind first part maximum ticket – 38 points.
For solving problems second part - 20 points.

The points received for correctly completed tasks are summed up.

Converting points to grades

• 0-35 points - 2,
• 36-54 points - 3,
• 55-71 points - 4,
• 72 and above points - 5;

To be admitted to a budget place at a prestigious university, you must score more than 84 points.

Decide! Go for it! Strive for the best!

The Unified State Exam in biology is taken at the choice of a student who plans to enter a higher education institution with a certain specialization. In terms of popularity, this subject ranks 5th-6th every yearplaces, about 18% of schoolchildren pass it. Which universities require biology? This subject is taken in educational institutions in the following areas: medicine, biology, pedagogy with the specialty “Biology teacher”, agriculture, veterinary medicine, physical education, psychology, garden design, ecology, technical specialties where biology borders on physics. Professions: psychologist, ecologist, athlete, engineer, doctor.

The work consists of tasks that are conventionally divided into two parts. In 2018, there were 28 tasks: 21 - tests, you need to choose an option from the proposed ones, 7 - of increased complexity, you need to give a detailed answer.

The work is given 210 minutes - the student decides independently how to allocate time for answers.

The threshold score for admission to various universities depends on the requirements of a particular educational institution - this information must be clarified with the university.

• The first part contains tasks on knowledge of theory and the ability to use this knowledge. Types of tasks in the first part: multiple choice (can be accompanied by a picture), establishing a logical sequence, solving problems, adding data to a table, analyzing data.
• The second part aims to identify the characteristics and depth of knowledge of the subject. The purpose of such tasks is to test the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships, draw conclusions, use theory in practice, justify one’s position, and think logically. It is this part of the test that is key in the selection process of potential university students.

The first part is checked automatically using a computer. The second is analyzed by specialists.

How difficult is the biology exam?

• The main difficulty is the significant amount of information that needs to be repeated. The school course begins in grades 5-6, so when preparing you will have to “dig deep.”
• Difficulties are also associated with the structure of the exam. High-quality theoretical knowledge does not necessarily guarantee successful passing of the Unified State Exam - you need to learn how to perform certain types of tasks. You can learn this with the help of a professional tutor or by taking an online test. Every year, tasks of a new type are introduced into the structure - you need to be prepared for this.
• The most difficult topics are: photosynthesis, DNA, energy metabolism. It is better to contact a tutor for these sections and assignments on this topic.

How to effectively prepare for the exam?

• The main thing is to listen carefully in class and study textbooks. This will provide a solid basis for successfully passing the exam.
• Planning: systematic preparation requires a stable and thorough study of the material of the Unified State Examination program.
• Self-education: read reference books, on one's own.
• Take the online test.

The main advantage of online testing is the opportunity to develop the ability to solve tasks of different types and levels of complexity to the point of automaticity, and to correctly allocate time during the exam. It is recommended to prepare for the second part with a teacher or tutor.

Secondary general education

Biology

We are preparing for the Unified State Exam in biology. Task 26

The Unified State Exam in biology is just around the corner. This year's knowledge test will be slightly different from previous years' exams. The Russian Textbook Corporation presents a series of webinars in which MIOO professor Georgy Lerner analyzes assignments and tells how the preparation should proceed. This time we are studying line 26 from the demo version, the tasks of which are related to evolutionary teaching and the basics of ecology - it is one of the most difficult in the Unified State Exam.

Biology. Unified State Exam 2018. Peculiarities

• From 2018, special attention will be paid to the conceptual apparatus. It is possible that next year the codifiers for the exam will include the terminology that the student must master.


• The number of questions related to eras and periods, the evolution of plants and animals will increase. They had hardly met before. Graduates need to study the geochronological table, be prepared for tasks to identify an organism belonging to a particular period, to a particular era, to determine an imprint, to calculate the time of existence of a given organism.


• The number of questions devoted to the origin of life on Earth will increase. Previously, there were practically none.


• The formulation “What will happen if they disappear...” will almost be eliminated. Some consequences cannot be predicted. In return, applicants will be asked to name factors that could lead to a decline in the size of a particular population.


• This year, applicants will not be able to limit themselves to laconic answers. Examinees must demonstrate knowledge of the subject - for this, during preparation it is necessary to avoid “coaching”.

Options for task No. 26, solutions and explanations

Example 1

What aromorphoses ensured the development of the most ancient organisms in the Archean and Proterozoic? List at least four aromorphic characters and their significance in evolution. Response elements:

Response elements:

1. The emergence of photosynthesis ensured the primary synthesis of organic substances from inorganic ones, the accumulation of oxygen in water and the atmosphere, and the formation of an ozone screen.


2. The emergence of aerobic metabolism ensured the synthesis of large amounts of ATP and the supply of energy to the body.


3. The sexual process led to the appearance of various characteristics in organisms - material for evolution.


4. The emergence of multicellularity led to the differentiation of cells, tissues and organs.


5. The emergence of eukaryotes provided diversity in the kingdoms of living nature.

Note: The wording of the answer may be different, the main thing is the correct use of terms. In addition, if the examinee does not complete the task “Indicate”, “Explain”, he will lose 2 points.

Example 2

A population is stable if it has a large number. Why are small populations more likely to go extinct than large ones?

Response elements:

1. The probability of death of small populations from exposure to unfavorable environmental factors is higher than that of a large population.


2. The connections between members of the population weaken (sound signaling, release of chemicals).


3. Reproduction of offspring is difficult.


4. Inbreeding of individuals in small populations leads to the appearance of harmful recessive genes. At high numbers, the population is relatively heterogeneous.

Note: The task does not indicate the number of criteria to which an answer must be given - therefore, it is necessary to name at least three. The answer must correspond to the meaning of the question, and if this correspondence is not present, then the score is reduced. To complete the task, you need to identify events that lead to the extinction of small populations. Criterion No. 2 is the most difficult for applicants; it is rarely mentioned in the algorithm for solving such a problem.

Example 3

In cod, pike and many other fish, the number of eggs spawned is in the millions. At the same time, there are fish that lay several hundred or tens of eggs. Explain why these and other fish exist in nature.

Response elements:

1. Female fish, as a rule, spawn a large number of eggs into the water and they are fertilized there. Fertilization is external.


2. Adaptation to survival during external fertilization - a large number of eggs.


3. Fish with low fertility have well-developed care for their offspring, otherwise they could not exist.

Note: Such tasks are difficult. Criterion #1 is difficult to derive from the question since the vast majority of fish have external fertilization. If the examinee answers that some of the eggs are not fertilized, are washed ashore by waves, or are eaten by other fish, this will be more consistent with the meaning of the question. It is necessary to introduce students to different answer options.

Example 4

It is believed that on hillsides, fields should be plowed across the slope (horizontally, in terraces), and not along (from top to bottom). Explain why it is necessary to do this and what plowing fields along a slope can lead to.

Response elements:

1. When plowing along a slope, both water used for irrigation and natural precipitation will flow along the beds to the foot of the hill.


2. This water will leach fertilizers and other nutrients from the soil, accelerating soil erosion.


3. When plowing across a slope, water will remain in the soil longer and substances will be washed out much more slowly.

Note: Schoolchildren, as a rule, are not familiar with the term “terracing”. This task causes serious difficulties for them due to lack of experience in traveling to places where this method of plowing is common.

Example 5

The body of penguins is covered with a very thick dense layer of contour feathers, under which there is a thick layer of down feathers. At the same time, penguins, unlike other birds, change their down feathers all at once, and not gradually throughout their lives. Explain why penguins developed such features of the downy layer of feathers during evolution and how these features increase their adaptability to environmental conditions.

Response elements:

1. Penguins live in cold conditions, so they need a thick layer of down (down feathers of a special structure) as thermal insulation.


2. If the down feathers were changed gradually, this would lead to a disruption in the density of the contour feathers, which, in turn, would lead to the feathers getting wet when swimming.


3. Therefore, penguins have evolved to replace all their down feathers at once, so that the replacement period is as short as possible.

Note: The applicant may not understand the meaning of the question. You need to devote time to this task and present a range of answers. Better - using additional information. It is necessary to say that molting in penguins lasts about 20 days - this is a short time during which the birds starve and gather in flocks to keep warm. Down feathers are pushed out by new feathers. If the phrase “all at once” is understood by the applicant as “very quickly” (which is quite likely), difficulties will arise with the answer.

Example 6

What happens to the traits and characteristics of organisms during divergent speciation? What are the driving forces of evolution that underlie this process? What form of natural selection underlies this process?

Response elements:

1. With divergence, there is a divergence of characteristics.


2. Divergence is caused by hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection.


3. The driving form of natural selection leading to polymorphism.

Note: Term polymorphism will appear frequently in 2018 assignments. In some questions of this type it will be necessary to talk about a disruptive form of selection.

Example 7

Why does biological regression often lead to the extinction of a species? Justify your answer, give at least four arguments.

Response elements:

1. With biological regression, the number of species sharply decreases due to a decrease in the adaptation of organisms when environmental conditions change.


2. The range is decreasing due to a decrease in numbers.


3. Inbreeding occurs, which leads to harmful mutations and death of organisms.


4. Random factors increase the likelihood of a species becoming extinct.

Note: The task requires the ability to operate with the concepts of “regression”, “adaptation”, “area”, “mutation”. It is simple, but applicants cannot always provide exactly four complete criteria. Possible range of answers: organisms do not have time to adapt to changing environmental conditions; they cannot withstand competition with other species; as a result, they are eliminated by natural selection; Due to the decline in numbers, the range is shrinking. Each of these formulations fully corresponds to the algorithm given in the criteria.

A new textbook is offered to students and teachers that will help them successfully prepare for the unified state exam in biology. The reference book contains all the theoretical material on the biology course required to pass the Unified State Exam. It includes all elements of content, verified by test materials, and helps to generalize and systematize knowledge and skills for a secondary (high) school course. Theoretical material is presented in a concise, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks that allow you to test your knowledge and degree of preparedness for the certification exam. Practical tasks correspond to the Unified State Exam format. At the end of the manual, answers to tests are provided that will help schoolchildren and applicants test themselves and fill in existing gaps. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.

Example 8

Prove that most modern birds are in a state of biological progress (taking into account the characteristics of birds).

Response elements:

1. Large species diversity due to diversity and adaptation to their ecological niches.


2. High intraspecific number of individuals associated with complex behavior (caring for offspring, migration, construction of various nests, etc.).


3. Wide habitat due to its warm blood and ability to fly.

Note: In this example, we should not talk about a four-chambered heart, double breathing, a beak without teeth and other adaptations for flight, since this is not asked. Warm-bloodedness is correctly referred to as an adaptation to experience different environmental conditions. The answer to this task, as in the previous example, can be algorithmized: everything that decreases with regression increases with progress, and vice versa.

Example 9

Describe the composition of the Earth's primary atmosphere and the conditions under which the abiogenic synthesis of the first organic substances occurred. What substances did Miller and Urey synthesize in their experiment? Why are these substances not formed at the present time, for example, during volcanic eruptions?

Response elements:

1. The Earth's primary atmosphere contained water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen and methane.


2. The conditions for synthesis were electrical discharges and high temperature.


3. As a result of the experiment, scientists obtained several amino acids, urea and lactic acid.


4. The resulting organic substances are immediately absorbed by microorganisms or oxidized by atmospheric oxygen.

Note: Obviously, the answer must have 4 criteria. This example shows that it is necessary to know the names of some scientists and their works.

Example 10

Clover grows in meadows and is pollinated by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in clover populations?

Response elements:

1. Decrease in the number of bumblebees.


2. Increase in the number of herbivorous animals.


3. Reproduction of competing plants (cereals, etc.).

Note: The assignment may include other criteria:

1. Trampling clover by cows.


2. Destruction of bumblebee nests by birds.


3. Destruction of bumblebee eggs by parasitic insects, etc.

Example 11

Which plants under natural conditions receive mineral nutrition not from the soil, and explain how?

Example 12

Explain why two eggs in a clutch are enough to renew the species of a white-tailed eagle, and 6-7 eggs in a nightingale’s clutch.

Response elements:

1. High fertility is distinguished by species in which the death of individuals in nature is high.


2. In the nightingale, the excess production of eggs seems to cover their possible death (nesting type of chicks, many enemies, long flights to wintering areas, etc.).


3. In species with well-developed care for offspring, the death of chicks is low (more mature chicks, absence of natural enemies, sedentary lifestyle).

Note: The assignment requires applicants to have at least some understanding of the white-tailed eagle. The condition partly leads to the correct answer - at least students can compare the sizes of birds, assume care for the offspring of eagles, and thus derive the first criterion.

A new textbook is offered to students and teachers that will help them successfully prepare for the unified state exam in biology. The collection contains questions selected according to sections and topics tested on the Unified State Exam, and includes tasks of different types and levels of difficulty. Answers to all tasks are provided at the end of the manual. The proposed thematic assignments will help the teacher organize preparation for the unified state exam, and students will independently test their knowledge and readiness to take the final exam. The book is addressed to students, teachers and methodologists.

Example 13

Explain the influence of the density of the aquatic habitat on the “living organisms” of biocenoses.

Response elements:

1. Light penetrates water to a shallow depth, so plant organisms can only exist in the upper layers (up to 150-200 m).


2. The density of the aquatic environment affects the streamlined body shape and strong muscles of fast-moving animals.


3. The density of the environment lightens the weight of organisms and creates the opportunity to constantly remain in the thickness of the environment (plankton).


4. The presence of plankton makes the filtration type of feeding possible for many animals.

Note: Criterion No. 4 is hardly directly related to the issue, since the direct influence of water on the life activity of organisms is not indicated. Possible range of answers: aquatic plants have poorly developed mechanical tissue and high buoyancy; Animals have developed adaptations such as mucus on the skin, fins, adaptation to different depths, and so on. Assignments on the topic “Ecology of Organisms” require the ability to apply knowledge in a changed situation. The questions include the influence of light, humidity, salinity and other factors.

Example 14

List at least four aquatic habitat factors. Explain their role in the life of organisms.

Response elements:

1. The density of water determines its buoyant force (distribution of the organism over different depths).


2. The temperature regime is smoother, there are no excessively high or low temperatures.


3. Limited amount of oxygen. Deaths occur in reservoirs for various reasons.


4. The salt composition limits the distribution of freshwater and marine life.

Note: Similar types of tasks may concern ground-air, soil, and intraorganismal habitats. We are talking about physicochemical properties and their role in the life of organisms. The applicant will answer correctly if such properties have been well studied by him.

Biology is a fairly broad field of knowledge, which includes the structure and various processes in humans, animals and plants. In this regard, to successfully pass the final exam, you must have a wide range of knowledge. Despite the fact that the structure of organisms of different species and classes is similar, they also have differences that must be accurately remembered when answering test questions. Due to the complexity of the Unified State Exam in Biology, it is necessary to prepare even more carefully.

Ways to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Biology

There are many ways to prepare for any exam. Only language technical and humanitarian subjects differ from each other. But the main areas of training are preserved. So the Unified State Examination in biology should not fall out of the general course of preparation for the unified exam. It is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to this issue.

Don't forget about schoolwork. In general, the school can prepare a child well for the exam. It all depends on his abilities, memory and psyche. Therefore, you should not write off school when preparing for the difficult Unified State Exam in biology.

When choosing training courses To Unified State Examination is worth paying attention to the reviews and the period of existence of the office. If the courses have opened recently, then they have less experience and there is a possibility of cheating or closing the courses halfway through preparation. But you can turn to young courses for preparing for the Unified State Exam if they attract low prices and do not have an advance payment. But still, talk carefully with the teachers and decide whether they can prepare you for the Unified State Exam. You shouldn’t skimp on USE results, but you can’t completely refuse the services of young specialists. The main thing is not to waste your money.

Biology tutors will be able to improve your level of knowledge, including helping you prepare for the Unified State Exam. But you need to choose a tutor more carefully than training courses. The courses have received a state license and have passed inspections, while anyone can engage in private tutoring. So look for reviews and recommendations before you start paying such a specialist. After all, your time is limited, and you shouldn’t waste it. So it’s better to spend a couple of days looking for a good specialist than to work with someone who cannot teach important things.

Trial online tests for the Unified State Exam in biology

The website is posted on the educational portal trial options Unified State Examination in biology, which is available to all visitors. On our website, you can take the test an unlimited number of times, without any time frame. This will allow you to identify gaps in knowledge and address them. So don’t forget about self-preparation. After all, practice exams immerse you in the atmosphere of a test exam, making it more familiar. Repeating tests will help you get rid of stress during the exam itself, and this will increase your final grade. In a stressed state, memory works worse and errors are possible. For this reason, it will be useful for everyone to take time to prepare independently using online Unified State Exam tests in biology on the educational portal Uchistut.ru.