This chapter will discuss the most important points related to issues foreign policy Russian state in the 17th century. IN early XVII century a necessary condition To get the country out of a deep crisis was to stop foreign intervention and stabilize the foreign policy situation. In the external politics XVII century, several tasks can be traced: 1) overcoming the consequences of the Troubles; 2) exit to Baltic Sea; 3) fight against the Krymchaks on southern borders Oh; 4) development of Siberia.
Foreign policy of Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645)
Restoring the state after the Time of Troubles, the new government was guided by the principle: everything should be as of old. One of his main concerns was overcoming the consequences of the intervention, but all attempts to expel the Swedes from Russian lands failed. Then, using the mediation of the British, Mikhail began peace talks, which ended in 1617 with the signing of the “eternal peace” in the village of Stolbovo. According to this treaty, Novgorod was returned to Russia, but the coast Gulf of Finland, the entire course of the Neva and Karelia remained with Sweden.
The situation with Poland was even more complicated. While the Swedes had no reason to expand their aggression beyond the territories they had already captured, the Poles had such reasons. The Polish king Sigismund did not recognize the accession of Mikhail Romanov to the Moscow throne, still considering his son to be the Russian Tsar. He launched a campaign against Moscow, but failed. The king did not give up his claims to the Russian throne, but he could not continue the war, so in the village of Deulino in 1618 only a truce was signed for a period of 14 years. Smolensk, Chernigov and 30 other Russian cities continued to remain under Polish occupation. In 1632, Moscow troops tried to free them, but to no avail. In 1634, an “eternal peace” was signed with Poland, but it did not become eternal - hostilities resumed a few years later. True, Prince Vladislav renounced the Russian throne.
Foreign policy of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1678)
Foreign policy the next ruler - Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, who ascended the throne after the death of his father in 1645 - turned out to be quite active. The consequences of the Time of Troubles made it inevitable that the fight against Russia's main enemy, Poland, would resume. After the Union of Lubin of 1569, which united Poland and Lithuania into one state, the influence of Polish gentry and Catholic clergy on the Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox population. The inculcation of Catholicism and attempts at national and cultural enslavement provoked sharp opposition. In 1647, a powerful uprising began under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, which grew into real war. Unable to cope with a strong enemy alone, Bogdan Khmelnitsky turned to Moscow for help and protection.
The Zemsky Sobor of 1653 was one of the last in the history of Russia. He decided to accept Ukraine into the Russian lands, and Pereyaslavl Rada, representing the Ukrainian population, on January 8, 1654, also spoke out in favor of reunification. Ukraine became part of Russia, but received broad autonomy, retained self-government and its own judicial system.
Moscow's intervention in Ukrainian question inevitably entailed war with Poland. This war lasted, with some interruptions, for thirteen years - from 1654 to 1667 - and ended with the signing of the Andrusovo Peace. Under this agreement, Russia regained Smolensk, Chernigov-Seversk land, acquired Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine. The Right Bank part and Belarus remained under Polish domination. The lands that had once gone to Sweden could not be reconquered in the 17th century. Thus ended another attempt to reunite ancient Russian lands under the auspices of Moscow.
But one should not assume that the peoples inhabiting them unconditionally supported this process. Over the centuries of separate living, Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians have experienced various influences, they developed their own characteristics of language, culture, way of life, as a result of which three nationalities were formed from what was once a single ethnic group. The struggle for liberation from Polish-Catholic enslavement was aimed at gaining national independence and independence. Under these conditions, turning to Russia for protection was considered by many as a forced step, as an attempt to choose the lesser of two evils. Therefore, this kind of unification could not be sustainable. Influenced various factors, including the soon appeared desire of Moscow to limit the autonomy of the region, part of the Ukrainian and Belarusian population came out from under Russian influence and remained in Poland's sphere of influence. Even in Left Bank Ukraine, the situation remained turbulent for a long time: both under Peter 1 and Catherine 2, anti-Russian movements took place.
A significant expansion of the country's territory in the 17th century was also observed due to Siberia and Far East- Russian colonization of these lands began. Yakutsk was founded in 1632. In 1647, Cossacks under the leadership of Semyon Shelkovnikov founded a winter quarters on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, on the site of which Okhotsk, the first Russian port, is located today. In the mid-17th century, Russian explorers such as Poyarkov and Khabarov began to explore the south of the Far East (Amur and Primorye). And already at the end of the 17th century, Russian Cossacks - Atlasov and Kozyrevsky began to explore the Kamchatka Peninsula, which at the beginning of the 18th century was included in Russian Empire. As a result, the territory of the country from the mid-16th to the end of the 17th century. increased annually by an average of 35 thousand km², which is approximately equal to the area of modern Holland.
So, during the reign of the first Romanovs, much changed in the country’s foreign policy situation. Firstly, it was overcome foreign intervention from Poland and Sweden as a relic of the Time of Troubles. Secondly, the territory of Russia was significantly expanded due to the annexation of Ukraine, as well as through the colonization of Siberia and the Far East.
TO mid-17th century centuries, the severe consequences of the Time of Troubles were largely overcome. There was a further growth of large landholdings (mainly estates). Its connections with the market developed, specialization increased Agriculture, small-scale production took shape, the number of cities grew (by the end of the century - 300). The exchange of goods between individual regions of the country expanded, and a unified economic system. However, the country's economy continued to develop within the framework of the serfdom system, which was reflected in the Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich adopted by the Zemsky Sobor. It also contained articles about prestige royal power and crimes against her. The power of the tsar increased, the state began to turn from an autocratic zemstvo into an autocratic bureaucratic one. The number of orders increased (up to 80), and the size of the bureaucracy increased. Attempts have been made military reform- regiments of the “new order” were created.
The growing influence of the church in the state in the first third of the 17th century was complicated by intra-church disagreements and led to a split in Russian Orthodox Church(1650-1660). At the same time, Patriarch Nikon (since 1652) began to lay claim to state power. The struggle continued for eight years, ending with the overthrow of Nikon in 1666. The Church compromised with the secular authorities.
From the middle of the 17th century, the country experienced an increase in social activity, developing into a series of uprisings and riots, the most significant of which were:
1648 - Salt riot in Moscow;
1650 - Bread riot in Novgorod and Pskov;
1662 - Copper Riot in Moscow;
1670-1671 - uprising led by Stepan Razin.
Expansion of Russia's borders in the 17th century
Class, national and religious contradictions caused mass protests by the population of Ukraine and Belarus, which were annexed to Poland under the Union of Lublin in 1569. The population of Ukraine, led by the Cossacks, repeatedly rose up to fight the Poles. In 1648, a new uprising began, led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky. Forced to remain on the sidelines for some time, Russia only in 1653 at the Zemsky Sobor decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. A delegation was sent to Ukraine, headed by the boyar Buturlin. On January 8, 1654, the Rada (council) assembled in the city of Pereyaslavl spoke in favor of Ukraine joining Russia (it should be noted, however, that only Left Bank Ukraine became part of Russia).
In the 17th century, the process of development of Siberia continued. By 1620 in Western Siberia The cities of Berezov, Verkhoturye, Narym, Turukhansk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk were founded. In 1632, the Yakut fort was founded. By 1640, Russian pioneers found themselves in Transbaikalia. The cities of Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk, and Selenginsk were built. The expedition of Ivan Moskvin (1639) reached the Pacific Ocean. Further expeditions of Semyon Dezhnev, Vasily Poyarkov, Erofey Khabarov significantly expanded the ideas of Russian people about Siberia.
Foreign policy
The main directions of foreign policy by the middle of the 17th century were: western - the return of lands lost in the Time of Troubles and southern - achieving security from the raids of the Crimean khans.
The fighting against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1632-1634 ended unsuccessfully for Russia. According to the Polyanovsky Peace Treaty (1634), the cities captured at the beginning of the war were returned to the Poles. A new conflict began in 1654 and continued from with varying success until 1667, when the Truce of Andrusovo was signed (Smolensk and all lands east of the Dnieper were returned to Russia). In 1686, the “Eternal Peace” was concluded with Poland, which assigned Kyiv to Russia. During these military operations, Russia fought unsuccessfully combat operations and against Sweden. In 1661, the Treaty of Kardis was concluded, according to which the entire Baltic coast remained with Sweden.
In the south, the Crimean Khanate posed the greatest danger. In 1637 Don Cossacks managed to master Turkish fortress Azov, which they held for five years. In 1681, the Peace of Bakhchisarai was concluded. The Dnieper was recognized as the border between Russia and Crimea. The Crimean Khanate promised not to attack Russia or help its enemies for 20 years. However, in 1686 the peace was dissolved by Russia, which united with Poland to fight against Turkish-Tatar aggression.
Development of Russia in the last quarter of the 17th century
After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, 14-year-old Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682) became tsar. In the years 1670-1680 there was a continuous struggle for power between the court groups of the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins. After the death of the childless Fyodor Alekseevich, taking advantage of the support of the archers, Princess Sophia came to rule the country, whose relationship with the growing Tsarevich Pyotr Alekseevich gradually worsened. An armed conflict took place in August 1689. Peter, supported by the “amusing” regiments and part of the archers, came to power.
In history Russia XVII century is important point in its development. Being surrounded by numerous enemies, inside the country there were important processes that influenced further development states.
The main tasks of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century
At the beginning of the 17th century in Russia came Troubled times. The Rurik dynasty was interrupted and the Polish-Swedish intervention began. Only in 1612 was the country able to defend its sovereignty and reassert itself on the world stage by launching extensive foreign policy activities.
The main task of the new Russian dynasty was the return of Russian territories lost during the Time of Troubles. This also included local problem gain access to the Baltic Sea, because during the Russian Troubles these lands were occupied by Sweden.
Rice. 1. Map of Russia at the beginning of the 17th century.
The task of uniting the territories of the former Kievan Rus. Moreover, it was not only about uniting the people, but also about increasing arable land and the number of taxpayers.
In other words, Russian foreign policy in the 17th century responded to the tasks of unifying and restoring the integrity of the country.
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And, of course, with destruction Khanate of Siberia Russia's road to Siberia was open. The development of wild but rich regions remained a priority for the weakened state.
Rice. 2. Siege of Chigirin.
Table “Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th Century”
|
Task |
Event |
date |
Bottom line |
|
Eliminate the raids of the Crimean Tatars |
Russo-Turkish War |
Defeat in the war |
|
|
Crimean campaigns |
Failed to stop the raids |
||
|
Return of Smolensk |
Smolensk War |
Mikhail Romanov is recognized by the Poles as legitimate. Serpeisk and Trubchevsk went to Russia |
|
|
Gaining access to the Baltic Sea |
War with Sweden |
It was not possible to return access to the sea |
|
|
Support for the Orthodox population in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Russian-Polish War |
Smolensk land returned to Russia, as well as Kyiv and surrounding lands |
|
|
Russo-Turkish War |
|||
|
Development of Siberia and the Far East |
Accession Eastern Siberia |
Throughout the 17th century |
Vast Siberian territories have been developed |
Many modern European historians consider the development of Siberia to be colonization and the relationship between Moscow and local population like colonies with a metropolis.
It is worth noting the emergence of the “Caspian issue” for Russia. The Rurikovichs did not have contact with all countries located in Eurasia. One of these was Persia.
In 1651, the Persian army entered Dagestan and the Caspian lands, wanting to claim their rights to them. As a result, military campaigns ended in nothing. In 1653, Alexei Mikhailovich managed to achieve the preservation of the position of the borders before the start of the Persian campaign. However, the struggle for the coast of the Caspian Lake was just beginning for Russia from that moment on.
Rice. 3. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
One of the reasons for the unresolved majority of problems remained Russia’s technological backwardness from European countries. After Thirty Years' War In Europe, military science has stepped far forward, but it has bypassed Russian military art.
What have we learned?
Speaking briefly about Russian foreign policy in the 17th century, it should be noted that Russia was concerned with the restoration of its historical borders and the return of territories lost during the Time of Troubles. Most of the problems facing it in the 17th century were never solved.
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Domestic politics of Russia in the 17th century
All R. In the 17th century, during the reign of the second Romanov, Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet, tax oppression increased and the living conditions of peasants and townspeople worsened. It's causing deep social crisis, which resulted in numerous riots. In the 17th century There are more than 20 uprisings, for which it received the name “rebellious” century. To the number largest uprisings include: “Salt Riot” 1648, “Copper Riot” 1662, Solovetsky uprising 1668-1676, uprising under the leadership of S. Razin.
The largest was uprising XVII V. under the leadership of S. Razin (1670-1671). The uprising forced the government to look for ways to strengthen the existing system. The power of local governors was strengthened, a reform of the tax system was carried out (a transition was made to household taxation), the process of spreading serfdom to southern regions countries.
The order system is undergoing further development. The number of orders began to reach 80 (of which 40 were permanent).
In 1648-1649 The largest Zemsky Sobor in the history of Russia takes place. 340 people took part in it, most of whom belonged to the nobility and the top of the settlement. The Zemsky Sobor adopted " Cathedral Code", which regulated the performance of various services, the ransom of prisoners, customs policy, the position of various categories of the population, increased responsibility for speaking out against the tsar, boyars, governors, churches, established unlimited investigation runaway peasants and prohibited peasant transfers from one owner to another. This meant the legalization of the serfdom system. Serfdom extended to the black sowing and palace peasants. In cities, “white” settlements were included in the settlement, now all urban population had to bear the tax on the sovereign. The “Conciliar Code” was the first Russian legislative act, published by typographic method.
Since 1652, to strengthen order, discipline and moral principles of the clergy, establish uniformity of church service, unify church books church reform Patriarch Nikon. He took Greek rules and rituals as a model. There is a schism in the Russian church. Adherents of the old order - the Old Believers (schismatics) - refused to recognize Nikon's reform and advocated a return to the pre-reform order. Archpriest Avvakum stood at the head of the Old Believers. The split became one of the forms of social protest of the masses. Thousands of peasants and posad residents fled to the outskirts of the country, where they founded Old Believer settlements.
Russian foreign policy in the 17th century
In foreign policy main task there was a return of those lost during the period Polish-Swedish intervention Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The solution to this problem became aggravated in connection with the struggle of the Ukrainian people against Polonization and Catholicization by Poland. Bogdan Khmelnitsky became the leader of the national liberation movement in Ukraine. In 1654, the Great Rada was held in Pereyaslavl, which decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. Ukraine was granted significant autonomy within the Russian state. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not recognize the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The Russian-Polish War began (1654-1667). It was marked by the success of Russian and Ukrainian troops. Russian troops occupied Smolensk, Belarus, Lithuania; Ukrainian troops– Lublin, a number of cities in Galicia and Volyn. However, after the death of B. Khmelnitsky frequent change hetmans led to the fact that Ukraine switched either to the side of Poland or to the side of Russia. These years in Ukraine became a time of ruin and strife. The grueling Russian-Polish war ended with the signing Truce of Andrusovo, according to which Russia abandoned Belarus, but retained Smolensk and Left Bank Ukraine with the city of Kiev.
During the Russian-Polish War, Alexei Mikhailovich conducted fighting against Sweden (1656-1658). Russian troops took Dinaburg, Dorpat, and besieged Riga. But the complicated situation in Ukraine and its transition to the side of Poland under Hetman I. Vyhovsky forced him to conclude peace with Sweden. Russia returned the conquered territories. The Baltic remained with Sweden.
Thus, during the period of the estate-representative monarchy, there was a significant expansion of the territory of Russia. The Lower and Middle Volga regions, as well as Siberia, became part of Russia. The increase in Russian territory in the West occurred due to the annexation of Ukraine.
Socio-economic development of Russia in the 17th century
Population of the country by the end. XVII century amounted to 10.5 million people. (4th place in Europe). Agriculture remained the leading sector of the economy.
A new phenomenon in its development was the strengthening of connections with the market. Nobles, boyars, and especially monasteries became increasingly involved in trade and fishing activities. In the 17th century there was a development of crafts into small-scale production. It, in turn, prepared the basis for the emergence of manufactories. In the 17th century in Russia there were approx. 30 manufactories, mainly in metallurgy, leather production and salt making. The peculiarity of Russian manufacture was that it was based not on civilian labor, as was the case in Europe, but on serf labor (peasants were either bought or assigned to the manufacture).
In the 17th century The all-Russian market begins to form. Great importance acquired the constantly gathering fairs: Makaryevskaya, Svenskaya, Irbitskaya, in Arkhangelsk, etc. It grew international trade through Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan.
Social structure Russian society was quite difficult. The highest class was the boyars, they served the tsar and held leadership positions in the state. The nobles made up upper layer sovereign's service people in the homeland. This layer of feudal lords included persons who served under royal court(stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles, etc.). The lower stratum of service people included military service people - archers, gunners, coachmen, etc. The rural peasant population consisted of two categories: landowners (belonged to boyars and nobles) and black-footed peasants who lived on state land and bore taxes in favor of the state. The top of the urban population were merchants. The bulk of the urban population were called townspeople. Urban artisans were united along professional lines into settlements and hundreds. In cities and rural areas There lived a significant number of slaves. A special class was the clergy. There was a category of free and walking people (Cossacks, hired workers, wandering musicians, beggars, tramps).
The video lesson “Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th Century” examines the goals, objectives, and directions of Russian foreign policy. The focus is on the main events that left their mark on Russian foreign policy in the 17th century. The inconsistency of Russian foreign policy is emphasized: the first half of the century was the desire to retain what they had, the second half of the century was the desire to return lost lands in the west and south, as well as the designation Russian borders in the east of the country.
Main directions of foreign policy
Russia's foreign policy throughout the 17th century. was aimed at solving four main problems: 1. The return of all the original Russian lands that were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; 2. Providing access to the Baltic Sea, lost after the Stolbovo Peace Treaty; 3. Ensuring reliable security of the southern borders and combating Crimean Khanate And Ottoman Empire for access to the Black Sea and 4. Further advance to Siberia and the Far East.
Smolensk War (1632-1634)
Rice. 1. Episode of the Smolensk War ()
After the death of the elderly Polish king Sigismund III, Vasa in June 1632, on the initiative of Patriarch Philaret, was convened Zemsky Sobor, who decided to start new war with Poland for the return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Patriarch Filaret blesses his son ()
IN August 1632G. The Russian army was sent to Smolensk, consisting of three regiments - Bolshoi (Mikhail Shein), Advanced (Semyon Prozorovsky) and Storozhevoy (Bogdan Nagoy). In the fall of 1632, they captured Roslavl, Serpeysk, Nevel, Starodub, Trubchevsky and in early December began the siege of Smolensk, the defense of which was held by the Polish garrison under the command of Hetman A. Gonsevsky (Fig. 1).
Due to the lack of heavy guns, the siege of Smolensk obviously dragged on, and in the meantime, by agreement with Warsaw, Crimean Tatars made a devastating raid on the lands of Ryazan, Belevsky, Kaluga, Serpukhov, Kashira and other southern districts, as a result of which mass desertion of nobles began in the army of M. Shein.
Meanwhile, the dynastic crisis ended in Poland, and Sigismund’s son Wladyslaw IV secured the throne, leading big army hastened to help the besieged Smolensk. In September 1633, the Polish army forced M. Shein to lift the siege of Smolensk, and then surrounded the remnants of his army east of the Dnieper. In February 1634 M. Shein capitulated, leaving the siege artillery and camp property to the enemy.
Then Vladislav moved to Moscow, but, having learned that the defense of the capital was held by the Russian army led by princes D. Pozharsky and D. Cherkassky, he sat down at the negotiating table, which ended in June 1634. signing of the Polyanovsky Peace Treaty. Under the terms of this agreement: 1. Vladislav renounced claims to the Russian throne and recognized Mikhail Romanov as the legitimate tsar; 2. Poland returned all Smolensk and Chernigov cities; 3. Moscow paid Warsaw a huge war indemnity of 20 thousand rubles. The Tsar took the defeat in this war very painfully and, according to the boyar verdict, the governors M.B. Shein and A.V. Izmailov was beheaded on Red Square in Moscow.
Annexation of Eastern Siberia and the Far East
IN first halfXVIIV. Russian Cossacks and “eager” people continued the development of Eastern Siberia and founded here the Yenisei (1618), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Bratsk (1630), Kirensky (1631), Yakut (1632), Verkholsky (1642) and other forts, which became their strongholds in these harsh but fertile lands.
IN middleXVIIV. Russian government began to pursue a more active policy on the eastern borders of the state, and for this purpose, a new Siberian Order was separated from the Kazan Order, which long years headed by Prince Alexei Nikitich Trubetskoy (1646-1662) and okolnichy Rodion Matveevich Streshnev (1662-1680). It was they who initiated many military expeditions, including special place were occupied by the expeditions of Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov (1643-1646), Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (1648) (Fig. 3) and Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov (1649-1653), during which the eastern coast was explored Pacific Ocean and the southern regions of the Far East, where the Okhotsk (1646) and Albazinsky (1651) forts were founded.
Rice. 3. Expedition of S. Dezhnev ()
TO endXVIIV. the number of military garrisons of Siberian forts and fortresses already exceeded 60 thousand servicemen and Cossacks. This seriously alarmed neighboring China, which in 1687 attacked the Albazinsky fort and ruined it. Military operations with the Manchus continued for two years, until the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed in 1689, according to which Russia lost lands along the Amur River.
National liberation war of Little Russia against Poland (1648-1653)
New Russian-Polish War (1654-1667) became a direct consequence of a sharp aggravation of the situation in the Little Russian voivodeships of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the Russian Orthodox population was subjected to severe national, religious and social oppression. New stage The struggle of the Little Russian people against the oppression of lordly Poland is associated with the name of Bogdan Mikhailovich Zinoviev-Khmelnitsky, who in 1648 was elected Kosh hetman of the Zaporozhye army and called on the Zaporozhye Cossacks and Ukrainian villagers to start a national liberation war against gentry Poland.
Conventionally, this war can be divided into two main stages:
1. 1648-1649- the first stage of the war, which was marked by defeat Polish armies hetmans N. Pototsky and M. Kalinovsky in 1648, the battles of Zheltye Vody, Korsun and Pilyavtsy and the solemn entry of B. Khmelnytsky into Kyiv.
IN August 1649 after the grandiose defeat of the Polish crown army near Zborov, the new Polish king John II Casimir signed the Treaty of Zborow, which contained the following items: 1. B. Khmelnytsky was recognized as the hetman of Ukraine; 2. The Kiev, Bratslav and Chernigov voivodeships were transferred to his control; 3. Cantonment was prohibited on the territory of these voivodeships. Polish troops; 4. The number of registered Cossacks increased from 20 to 40 thousand sabers;
2. 1651-1653-the second stage of the war, which began in June 1651 with the battle of Berestechko, where due to betrayal Crimean Khan Ismail-Girey B. Khmelnitsky suffered a major defeat from the army of Jan Casimir. The consequence of this defeat was the signing in September 1651. Belotserkovsky Peace Treaty, under the terms of which: 1. B. Khmelnitsky was deprived of the right to foreign relations; 2. Only the Kiev Voivodeship remained under his control; 3. The number of registered Cossacks was again reduced to 20 thousand sabers.
IN May 1652G. in the battle of Batog, B. Khmelnytsky (Fig. 4) inflicted a major defeat on the army of Hetman M. Kalinovsky. And in October 1653 The Cossacks defeated the Polish crown army near Zhvanets. As a result, Jan Casimir was forced to sign the Zhvanetsky Peace Treaty, which exactly reproduced the conditions of the Zborovsky Peace Treaty.
Rice. 4. Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Painting by Orlenov A.O.
Meanwhile October 1, 1653 A Zemsky Council was held in Moscow, at which a decision was made to reunite Little Russia with Russia and start a war with Poland. To formalize this decision, a Grand Embassy was sent to Little Russia, headed by the boyar V. Buturlin, and on January 8, 1654, the Great Rada was held in Pereyaslavl, at which all articles of the treaty were approved, which determined the conditions for Little Russia to join Russia on the basis of autonomy.
5. Russian-Polish War (1654-1667)
IN historical science this war is traditionally divided into three military campaigns:
1. Military campaign 1654-1656 It began in May 1654 with the entry of three Russian armies into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the first army (Alexey Mikhailovich) moved to Smolensk, the second army (A. Trubetskoy) to Bryansk, and the third army (V. Sheremetyev) to Putivl. In June - September 1654, Russian armies and Zaporozhye Cossacks, having defeated the armies of hetmans S. Pototsky and J. Radziwill, occupied Dorogobuzh, Roslavl, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Gomel, Orsha and other Russian and Belarusian cities. In 1655, the first Russian army captured Minsk, Grodno, Vilna, Kovno and reached the Brest region, and the second Russian army, together with the Cossacks, defeated the Poles near Lvov.
They decided to take advantage of the military failures of the Polish crown in Stockholm, which forced Moscow and Warsaw in October 1656. sign the Vilna Truce and begin joint military operations against Sweden.
2. Military campaign 1657-1662. After the death of B. Khmelnitsky, Ivan Vygovsky became the new hetman of Ukraine, who betrayed Moscow and 1658. signed the Gadyach Peace Treaty with Warsaw, recognizing himself as a vassal of the Polish crown. At the beginning of 1659, the united Crimean-Ukrainian army under the command of I. Vygovsky and Magomet-Girey inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian troops near Konotop. In 1660-1662. The Russian army suffered a number of major setbacks at Gubarevo, Chudnov, Kushlik and Vilna and abandoned the territory of Lithuania and Belarus.
3. Military campaign 1663-1667.
The turning point in the course of the war occurred in 1664-1665, when Jan Casimir suffered a series of major defeats from the Russian-Zaporozhye army (V. Buturlin, I. Bryukhovetsky) near Glukhov, Korsun and Bila Tserkva. These events, as well as the rebellion of the Polish gentry, forced Jan Casimir to the negotiating table. In January 1667 The Truce of Andrussov was signed near Smolensk, under the terms of which the Polish king: A) returned Smolensk and Chernigov lands; b) Moscow recognized Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv; V) agreed to joint management of the Zaporozhye Sich. In 1686, these conditions would be confirmed by the conclusion of “ Eternal peace"with Poland, which from a centuries-old enemy will turn into a long-term ally of Russia.
Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658/1661)
Taking advantage of the Russian-Polish war, in the summer of 1655 Sweden began military operations against its southern neighbor and soon captured Poznan, Krakow, Warsaw and other cities. This situation radically changed the course of further events. Not wanting to strengthen Stockholm's position in this region, on the initiative of the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz A. Ordin-Nashchokin and Patriarch Nikon in May 1656, Moscow declared war on the Swedish crown, and the Russian army hastily moved to the Baltic states.
The beginning of the war turned out to be successful for the Russian army. Having captured Dorpat, Noteburg, Marienburg and other fortresses in Estland, Russian troops approached Riga and besieged it. However, having received news that Charles X was preparing a campaign in Livonia, the siege of Riga had to be lifted and retreat to Polotsk.
Military campaign 1657-1658 went with varying degrees of success: on the one hand, Russian troops were forced to lift the siege of Narva, and on the other, the Swedes lost Yamburg. Therefore, in 1658 The warring parties signed the Truce of Valiesar, and then in 1661 - the Treaty of Kardis, according to which Russia lost all its conquests in the Baltic states, and therefore access to the Baltic Sea.
Russian-Ottoman and Russian-Crimean relations
IN 1672 the Crimean-Turkish army invaded Podolia, and Hetman P. Doroshenko, having concluded a military alliance with Turkish Sultan Mohammed IV, declared war on Poland, which ended with the signing of the Buchach Peace Treaty, according to which the entire territory of Right Bank Ukraine was transferred to Istanbul.
Rice. 5. Black Sea Cossack ()
IN 1676 The Russian-Zaporozhye army under the leadership of Prince G. Romodanovsky made a successful campaign against Chigirin, as a result of which P. Doroshenko was deprived of the hetman's mace and Colonel Ivan Samoilovich became the new hetman of Ukraine. As a result of these events began Russian-Turkish war(1677-1681). In August 1677, the enemy began the siege of Chigirin, whose defense was led by Prince I. Rzhevsky. In September 1677, the Russian army under the command of G. Romodanovsky and I. Samoilovich defeated the Crimean-Turkish army at Buzhin and put them to flight.
On next year The Crimean-Ottoman army again invaded Ukraine. IN August 1678G. The enemy captured Chigirin, but he failed to cross the Dnieper. After several local skirmishes, the warring parties sat down at the negotiating table, and January 1681G. The Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty was signed, under the terms of which: A) Istanbul and Bakhchisarai recognized Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine as Moscow; b) Right Bank Ukraine remained under the authority of the Sultan; V) The Black Sea lands were declared neutral and were not subject to settlement by subjects of Russia and Crimea.
IN 1686 after signing the “Eternal Peace” with Poland, Russia joined the anti-Ottoman “Holy League”, and in May 1687. Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of Prince V.V. Golitsyn and Hetman I. Samoilovich set out on the First Crimean Campaign, which ended in vain due to its disgraceful preparation.
In February 1689 The Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of Prince V. Golitsyn began the Second Crimean Campaign. This time the campaign was much better prepared, and the army managed to reach Perekop. However, V. Golitsyn was unable to break through the enemy’s defenses and, “slurping empty,” turned back.
A logical continuation Crimean campaigns became the Azov campaigns of Peter I 1695-1696. In May 1695 Russian army under the command of F.A. Golovina, P.K. Gordon and F.Ya. Lefort went on a campaign to Azov, which closed the exit to Azov and Black Sea. In June 1695 Russian regiments began the siege of Azov, which had to be lifted after three months, since the Russian army was never able to completely blockade it. Thus, the first Azov campaign ended in vain.
IN May 1696G. Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter, A.S. Shein and F.Ya. Leforta began the Second Azov Campaign. This time, the fortress was surrounded not only from land, but also from the sea, where several dozen galleys and hundreds of Cossack plows reliably blocked it, and in July 1696 Azov was taken.
IN July 1700 clerk E.I. Ukraintsev signed the Constantinople (Istanbul) peace treaty with the Turks, according to which Azov was recognized as Russia.
List of references on the topic "Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th Century":
- Volkov V.A. Wars and troops of the Moscow state: the end of the 15th - first half of the 17th century. - M., 1999.
- Grekov I.B. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654 - M., 1954.
- Rogozhin N.M. Ambassadorial order: cradle Russian diplomacy. - M., 2003.
- Nikitin N.I. Siberian epic of the 17th century. - M., 1957.
- Chernov V.A. Russian Armed Forces states XV-XVII centuries - M., 1954.
- Federationcia.ru ().
- Rusizn.ru ().
- Admin.smolensk.ru ().
- Vokrugsveta.ru ().
- ABC-people.com ().