AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the glands and their type.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GLANDS
1) there are excretory ducts
2) there are no excretory ducts
3) secrete secretion into the blood
4) secrete secretions into the body cavity or organs
5) secrete secretions onto the surface of the body
TYPE OF GLANDS
A) external secretion
B) internal secretion
AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of muscle tissue and its type
FABRIC CHARACTERISTICS
1) forms the middle layer of blood vessels
2) consists of multinucleated cells - fibers
3) provides a change in pupil size
4) forms skeletal muscles
5) has transverse striations
6) contracts slowly
TYPE OF FABRIC
A) smooth
B) striated
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the structural feature of a protein molecule and its structure.
SIGN OF BUILDING
1) the sequence of amino acid residues in the molecule
2) the molecule has the shape of a ball
3) formation of disulfide bridges between amino acid radicals
4) spatial configuration polypeptide chain
5) formation of hydrophobic bonds between amino acid radicals
6) formation of peptide bonds
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
A) primary
B) tertiary
AT 7. Establish the sequence of stages of the carbon cycle in the biosphere, starting with assimilation inorganic carbon.
A) formation of glucose in plant cells
B) absorption carbon dioxide plants during photosynthesis
C) the formation of carbon dioxide during respiration
D) use organic matter during feeding
D) starch formation in plant cells
C1. Why are there no plants or very sparse plants on forest paths?
C2. Why are owls in a forest ecosystem classified as second-order consumers, and mice as first-order consumers?
C3. What are the similarities and differences between the fruits of plants in the families Papiaceae (Legumes) and Cruciferous (Cabbage)?
C4. What adaptations do mammals have to seasonal environmental changes?
C5. Diheterozygous male Drosophila flies with a gray body and normal wings (dominant traits) were crossed with females with a black body and shortened wings (recessive traits). Determine the genotypes of the parents, as well as possible genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 offspring, if dominant and recessive genes! These characteristics are linked in pairs, and crossing over does not occur during the formation of germ cells. Explain your results.
C6. As a result forest fire part of the spruce forest burned out. Explain how its self-healing will occur.
C1.
Constant trampling leads to soil compaction (disturbance of the water and air regime of the roots) and oppression of plants
C2. 1) owls feed on herbivores, so they are classified as consumers
second order;
2) mice eat plant foods, so they are classified as first-order consumers
C3. Similarity between the pods of the legume and cruciferous families: they are formed from the upper multiple ovary, a single pistil. These are dry multi-seeded fruits. The bean is a dehiscent fruit; the pod can also be dehiscent if it has an inarticulate structure. Differences:
1) in legumes, the genice is monocarpous, therefore the fruit - a legume - is a monocarpic of one carpel. When the fruit is opened, the seeds remain on one of the carpel valves.
2) in cabbage genits, the genice is coenocarpic, so the fruit is a pod - a coenocarp of 2 fused carpels. When the fetus is opened, the seeds remain on a membranous frame - the placenta, separating the two nests of the fetus.
C4. 1) hibernate; 2) migrate to other territories; 3) store food and accumulate fat; 4) shed and grow thick fur.
C5. 1) genotypes of the parents: female - aabb, male - AaBb; 2) genotypes of the offspring: 1 AaBb - gray body, normal wings: 1 aabb - black body, shortened wings; 3) since the genes are linked, the male produces two types of gametes AB, ab, and the female produces one type of gamete: ab, therefore the offspring exhibit only two phenotypes in a 1: 1 ratio (other genetic symbolism is allowed that does not distort the meaning of solving the problem)
C6. 1) herbaceous, light-loving plants develop first;
2) then sprouts of birch, aspen, pine appear, the seeds fell with the help of the wind, and a small-leaved or pine forest is formed;
3) under the canopy of light-loving species, shade-tolerant spruce trees develop, which
will subsequently completely replace other trees
Left
Training options for the Unified State Exam in biology
After thematic assignments in biology, start practicing. Since for demonstration high level knowledge, you need to confidently work with diagrams, tables and graphs. Explain biological processes using graphical information.
First of all, download FIPI, which is a sample and gives an idea of the structure and form of complexity of future tasks on the Unified State Exam.
Based on a new demo version developed 10 training options, register and track your knowledge level in personal account.
Identify, analyze mistakes and practice again. Your success is permanent solution options during preparation!
The Unified State Exam test in biology 2019 includes 28 tasks.
- Part 1 contains 21 tasks with a short answer (sequence of numbers, number, word or phrase)
- Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer (give a full answer: explanation, description or justification; express and argue your own opinion).
The option is grouped thematically.
- The first part contains 21 tasks, which are grouped into content blocks presented in:
- On multiple choice;
- To establish correspondences;
- To establish the sequence of processes or phenomena;
- Problems in cytology and genetics;
- To complement the drawings;
- Analysis of a diagram or table.
- The second part contains 7 tasks. To successfully solve which the student is required to thoroughly master conceptual apparatus and competently operate in biological terms.
A short analysis of the conditions of some tasks
Tasks from the block of the first ticket:
- – a biological fragment is presented that requires establishing connections between concepts;
- – count the number of chromosomes and determine the number of cells formed during various processes;
- – find examples in the text that correspond to the concepts;
- – to test knowledge of species properties – select criteria from the test that correspond to the species.
Evaluation of tests in biology of the Unified State Examination
Behind first part maximum ticket – 38 points.
For solving problems second part - 20 points.
The points received for correctly completed tasks are summed up.
Converting points to grades
- 0-35 points - 2,
- 36-54 points - 3,
- 55-71 points - 4,
- 72 and above points - 5;
For admission to budget place V prestigious university you must score more than 84 points.
Decide! Go for it! Strive for the best!
Option No. 743286
When completing tasks 1-22, choose one of the four proposed answer options. The answer to tasks 23-28 is a number or sequence of numbers.
Task 1 No.1863
Which of the following sciences studies the structure of human liver cells?
1) genetics
2) embryology
3) cytology
4) physiology
Answer:
Task 2 No.34
Which chemical element is part of the vital organic compounds cells?
2) carbon
Answer:
Task 3 No.771
Provides strength and elasticity to the plant body
1) conductive fabric
3) main fabric
4) mechanical fabric
Answer:
Task 4 No.36
What is main function chlorophyll in plants?
1) release of carbon dioxide
2) absorption of light energy
3) protection of plants from fungal and viral diseases
4) turning plant leaves into poisonous for insect pests
Answer:
Task 5 No.933
Which picture shows a characteristic characteristic of the class Dicotyledonous plants?
Answer:
Task 6 No.1190
The body of arthropods, unlike annelids,
1) consists of segments combined into departments
2) soft to the touch
3) formed by two layers of cells
4) round in cross section
Answer:
Task 7 No.295
At low air temperatures, birds fluff up their feathers. How does this behavior help birds?
1) It reduces heat loss.
2) This protects the feathers from damage.
3) It increases heat production.
4) This keeps their skin from drying out.
Answer:
Task 8 No.200
The unity of members of a group of primitive people, communication using sounds, and then words, was facilitated by
1) permanent migration
2) eating meat
4) upright posture
Answer:
Task 9 No.778
The human cerebral cortex controls
1) sneezing
3) blinking
Answer:
Task 10 No.619
What number in the picture represents the triceps?
Answer:
Task 11 No.1697
Which of the following glands is involved in maintaining a constant concentration of glucose in human blood?
1) thyroid
2) adrenal gland
3) pituitary gland
4) pancreas
Answer:
Task 12 No.589
Which of the following vessels of the circulatory system has the lowest blood velocity?
1) inferior vena cava
2) carotid artery
4) capillary of the alveoli
Answer:
Task 13 No.270
During digestion, fats are broken down into
1) glucose
2) amino acids
4) glycerol and fatty acids
Answer:
Task 14 No.1263
Which skin structure(s) perform(s) the excretory function?
1) hair roots
2) sebaceous glands
3) stratum corneum cells
4) muscle fibers
Answer:
Task 15 No.1576
Coordinate movement and orientation in space
1) medulla oblongata and cerebellum
2) midbrain and forebrain
3) cerebellum and cerebral cortex
4) spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres of the forebrain
Answer:
Task 16 No.1702
Which one four types The temperament corresponds to the description: a slow, imperturbable person, with stable aspirations and a more or less constant mood, with a weak external expression of mental states.
1) phlegmatic
2) choleric
3) sanguine
4) melancholic
Answer:
Task 17 No.1671
What is the first thing to do to a heatstroke victim?
1) measure the temperature
2) drink sweet tea
3) take it to the shade
4) put on your stomach
Answer:
Task 18 No.1140
A state of summer dormancy, accompanied by the complete death of ground parts, is characteristic of
1) tulip
3) dandelion
Answer:
Task 19 No.1077
What was the basis for the evolution of plants?
2) hereditary variability
3) struggle for existence
4) natural isolation between species
Answer:
Task 20 No.406
Study the graph of the dependence of remembered information on time (along the axis X time is plotted (in hours), and along the axis at- amount of remembered information (in %)).
How much information will a person remember after 30 hours?
Answer:
Task 21 No.1979
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions in the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in the blank in this table?
1) fertilization
2) division
3) embryonic period
Answer:
Task 22 No.56
Are the following judgments about the life processes of plants correct?
A. Organic substances move through the vessels of plants.
B. They move along sieve tubes minerals, soluble in water.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer:
Task 23 No.2376
Which of the following is characteristic only of eukaryotic cells? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
3) flagella
4) mitochondria
5) nuclear membrane
6) ribosomes
Answer:
Task 24 No.1678
Which of the following organelles are present only in plant cells? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) chloroplasts
2) central vacuole
3) endoplasmic reticulum
4) cell wall made of cellulose
5) mitochondria
6) Golgi apparatus
Answer:
Task 25 No.2016
Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the type of plant tissue to which it belongs. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column.
Answer:
Task 26 No.1439
Establish the sequence of taxonomic units in the chamomile classification, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) Dicotyledons
2) Chamomile
3) Plants
4) Astroflowers
5) Flowering, or Angiosperms
6) Asteraceae, or Compositae
Answer:
Task 27 No.220
Insert into the text “Reproduction of freshwater hydra” the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.
FRESHWATER HYDRA
Freshwater hydra reproduce sexually and ___________ (A). In the warm season, ___________ are formed on the body of hydras (B). These outgrowths enlarge, tentacles and a mouth are formed at the free end of their body, then a sole. In the fall, when unfavorable conditions occur, tubercles appear on the hydra’s body, in which ___________ (B) are formed. Both eggs and sperm are formed on the hydra’s body, so the hydra is classified as ___________ (G).
LIST OF TERMS:
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
Answer:
Task 28 No.381
Look at a photo of a Dalmatian dog. Select characteristics that match it external structure, according to the following plan: dog color, head shape, ear shape, neck position, tail shape. Use a ruler and pencil when doing the work.
A. Color
B. Head shape
B. Ear shape
D. Position of the neck (the dotted line, forming an angle with the horizontal plane, is parallel to the back of the neck and passes through the eye)
D. Tail shape
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
Answer:
Task 29 No.2096
1) What class of animals does the liver fluke belong to?
2) Who is the definitive owner of the bovine tapeworm?
3) What other structural features, besides those indicated in the text, associated with a parasitic lifestyle, exist in flatworms?
Task 30 No.2428
Using Table 1 “Origin of the main domestic animals”, as well as using knowledge from the biology course, answer the question next questions.
1) Which animal was domesticated first?
2) The wild ancestor of which animal was the tarpan?
3) Why are bees not used in northern Eurasia?
Task 31 No.2054
Svetlana, a theater school student, always watches her figure and does rhythmic gymnastics at the fitness club three times a week. After an hour and a half lesson, Svetlana enters a fast food restaurant
food to have a snack. Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer the girl the optimal calorie menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during an hour and a half lesson.
When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana chooses dishes with the least amount of carbohydrates and drinks tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption during gymnastics; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; calorie content of lunch and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
Table of energy and nutritional value of fast food cafe products
| Dishes and drinks | Energy value (kcal) | Proteins (g) | Fat (g) | Carbohydrates (g) |
| Double McMuffin (bun) ka, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, pork) | ||||
| Fresh McMuffin (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham) | ||||
| Chicken Fresh McMuffin (bun, mayonnaise, salad, tomato, cheese, chicken) | ||||
| Omelette with ham | ||||
| Vegetable salad | ||||
| Caesar salad (chicken, salad, mayonnaise, croutons) | ||||
| Country style potatoes | ||||
| Small portion of potatoes | ||||
| Ice cream with chocolate | ||||
| Waffle cone | ||||
| Coca Cola | ||||
| Orange juice | ||||
| Tea without sugar | ||||
| Tea with sugar (two teaspoons |
Energy consumption for various types of physical activity
| Types of physical activity | Energy cost |
| Walk – 5 km/h; cycling – 10 km/h; volleyball amateur; archery; folk rowing | 4.5 kcal/min. |
| Walk – 5.5 km/h; cycling – 13 km/h; table tennis; tennis (doubles) | 5.5 kcal/min. |
| Rhythmic gymnastics; walk – 6.5 km/h; riding on bicycle – 16 km/h; canoeing – 6.5 km/h; riding riding - fast trot | 6.5 kcal/min. |
| Roller skates – 15 km/h; walk – 8 km/h; riding on bicycle – 17.5 km/h; badminton - competitions; tennis - singles; easy descent from the mountain by ski; water skiing | 7.5 kcal/min. |
| Jogging; cycling – 19 km/h; vigorous skiing down the mountain; basketball; ice hockey; football; playing with a ball in the water | 9.5 kcal/min. |
Task 32 No.2055
What is dietary fiber? Why is dietary fiber good for the body?
The answers to tasks 1–21 are a sequence of numbers, a number or a word (phrase).
1
Consider the proposed scheme. Write down the missing term in your answer, indicated by a question mark in the diagram.
2
Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
At what levels of living organization do they study the significance of photosynthesis in nature?
1. biosphere
2. cellular
3. biogeocenotic
4. molecular
5. tissue-organ
3
How many nucleotides make up the tRNA anticodon?
Answer: ______
4
All but two of the following characteristics can be used to describe functions nucleic acids in a cage. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. carry out homeostasis
2. transfer hereditary information from nucleus to ribosome
3. participate in protein biosynthesis
4. included cell membrane
5. transport amino acids
5
Establish a correspondence between the process occurring in the cell and the organelle in which it occurs: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A. reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose
B. ATP synthesis during respiration
B. primary synthesis of organic substances
D. conversion of light energy into chemical energy
D. breakdown of organic substances to carbon dioxide and water
ORGANOID
1. mitochondrion
2. chloroplast
6
What ratio of phenotypes will be obtained by crossing two heterozygotes with complete dominance genes? Write the answer as a sequence of numbers in descending order.
7
Below is a list of terms. All but two of them are used to describe genetic processes and phenomena. Find two terms that “fall out” from general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. X chromosome
2. consumer
3. divergence
4. heterozygote
8
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction: For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
CHARACTERISTIC
A. forms new combinations of genes
B. forms combinative variability
V. forms offspring identical to the maternal
G. occurs without gametogenesis
D. caused by mitosis
REPRODUCTION
1. asexual
2. sexual
9
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What characteristics are characteristic of plants of the Dicotyledonous class?
1. reticulated leaf venation
2. root system fibrous
3. tap root system
4. arcuate leaf venation
5. two cotyledons per seed
6. parallel veining of leaves
10
Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of animals and the class for which this characteristic is characteristic: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A. presence of a cervical vertebra
B. absence of ribs
B. indirect development
D. presence of lever limbs
D. two-chambered heart
E. absence of lungs
2. Amphibians
11
Establish the order in which the systematic groups of plants are located, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
2. legumes
3. red clover
4. angiosperms
5. dicotyledons
12
When the sympathetic nervous system as opposed to excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system
1. arteries dilate
2. rises arterial pressure
3. intestinal motility increases
4. the pupil narrows
5. blood sugar increases
6. heart contractions become more frequent
13
Establish a correspondence between the protective property of the human body and the type of immunity: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES
A. the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma, inherited
B. obtaining antibodies with therapeutic serum
B. formation of antibodies in the blood as a result of vaccination
D. the presence in the blood of similar proteins - antibodies in all individuals of the same species
TYPE OF IMMUNITY
1. active
2. passive
3. congenital
14
Establish the order of the organs digestive system starting from the colon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
2. oral cavity
3. colon
4. small intestine
5. stomach
6. esophagus
15
Select three sentences from the text that describe the paths of macroevolution organic world. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
16
Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of a large pond snail and the criterion of the species for which it is characteristic: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SIGN OF A LARGE POND
A. sense organs - one pair of tentacles
B. Brown color shells
V. inhabits fresh water bodies
G. eats soft tissues plants
D. shell spirally twisted
TYPE CRITERION
1. morphological
2. environmental
17
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Which anthropogenic factors influence the population size of the lily of the valley in the forest community?
1. cutting down trees
2. increased shading
3. lack of moisture in summer period
4. collection of wild plants
5. low temperature air in winter
6. trampling the soil
18
Establish a correspondence between the cause of speciation and its method: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A. expansion of the range of the original species
B. stability of the range of the original species
B. division of the species' range by various barriers
D. diversity of variability of individuals within the range
D. diversity of habitats within a stable range
METHODS OF SPECIATION
1. geographical
2. environmental
19
Establish the sequence of ecosystems, taking into account increasing their stability. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1. spruce forest
2. mixed forest
3. birch grove
4. oak grove
20
Analyze the table. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the concepts and terms given in the list. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided.
List of terms:
1. thylakoid membranes
2. light phase
3. fixation of inorganic carbon
4. water photosynthesis
5. dark phase
6. cell cytoplasm
21
Study the graph of fluctuations in the number of hares depending on the number of predators. Select statements that can be formulated based on the analysis of the proposed schedule. Write down the numbers of the selected statements in your answer.
1. Fluctuations in the number of a species are population waves, or “waves of life.”
2. One of the reasons for population waves is an abundant food supply.
3. The increase in the number of predators outpaces the increase in the number of prey.
Part 2.
First write down the task number (22, 23, etc.), then detailed solution. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Malaria is a human disease that results in anemia. Who causes it? Explain the cause of anemia.
Show answer
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The carrier of plasmodium is the mosquito. An infected mosquito bites a person, the malaria pathogen enters the human blood and begins to actively multiply in red blood cells, destroying them. A decrease in the content of red blood cells in the blood is one of the causes of anemia.
Which human organ is indicated in the figure by number 4? What structure does it have? Explain the functions it performs based on its structure.
Show answer
The number 4 in the figure indicates the trachea. This is the tube through which air flows when you breathe. It is surrounded by cartilaginous half-rings that maintain the shape of the trachea, but do not compress the esophagus adjacent to the trachea from behind.
Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, correct them.
1. The polysaccharide cellulose performs a reserve, storage function in a plant cell. 2. Accumulating in the cell, carbohydrates mainly perform regulatory function. 3. In arthropods, the polysaccharide chitin forms the integument of the body. 4. In plants cell walls formed by the polysaccharide starch. 5. Polysaccharides are hydrophobic. 6. By functional properties polysaccharides are divided into three groups: structural, water-soluble and reserve.