The role of Adashev in the elected council. As the leader of the Chosen Rada

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

The son of boyar Fyodor Grigorievich, he is one of the most remarkable Russian people XVI century. The strong impressions that the young Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich IV made from the terrible Moscow fire on June 21, 1547 and the popular revolt that followed it were sharply reflected in the history of the next decade, which became one of the brightest moments of Russian history. state life. The passionate nature of the royal youth temporarily submitted to the court party, the soul of which was the Archpriest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester and Alexey Adashev. Both of these figures, due to their social status, did not stand at the head of the “elected council,” as Prince Kurbsky calls the circle of newly promoted tsar’s advisers, but they led it, like the tsar himself, by the power of the charm of their personalities. Tsar Ivan himself calls them party leaders in a letter to Kurbsky. If some authoritative historians, like S. M. Solovyov and K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, point out the limited political horizon of the “elected Rada” and note the pettiness of Sylvester, then regarding Adashev as a person, it seems impossible to find evidence that is not in his benefit. This personality, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines like this bright light kindness and purity, is such an example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around her. It is not for nothing that Prince Kurbsky makes an enthusiastic review: “... and he (that Alexey) was extremely useful to the general thing, and in part, in some morals, he was like an angel. rude and worldly people." The influence of Sylvester and Adashev was so strong, so incomprehensibly irresistible, that those subordinate to him subsequently explained everything by sorcery. When Sylvester and Adashev fell into disgrace in 1560, they were convicted in absentia. The Tsar's new advisers were afraid of personal interrogation; They were convinced and expressed it that “...these driven villains and great enchantresses will charm the king and destroy us if they come!” Adashev's fame spread beyond the Moscow state. When he was sent to Livonia, his mere appearance already made an impression: many cities that had not yet been taken wanted to succumb to him “for the sake of kindness.” In 1585 in Poland, when asking the envoy Luka Novosiltsev about the “sovereign's brother-in-law,” Boris Fedorovich Godunov, they compared him with Adashev. Godunov, as the ruler of the earth and a great merciful man,” as “a reasonable and merciful man to his neighbor,” reminded the influential Archbishop Stanislav Karnkovsky of the adviser to the “former sovereign” Alexei Adashev, who “ruled the Moscow state in the same way” and was a man of the same “prosperity.” He himself the ambassador had to explain to the foreigners that Godunov was no match for Adashev: “and I told him: Alexey was reasonable, but he was not Alekseev’s mile: then great man, boyar and equerry, and brother-in-law to our sovereign...” Alexey Adashev was born into a rich, but not particularly well-born family of Kostroma patrimonial landowners. His father, thanks to his abilities and long service, rose from among his relatives and managed to get closer to the court. Not known , how and when Fyodor Adashev managed to bring his sons into the palace, but the very first mentions of Alexei Adashev in the sources speak of his closeness to the young Grand Duke. It was even suggested that Alexei Adashev was brought up together with Ivan IV. Judging by the fact that in In 1547, Adashev was already married to Anastasia Satina, one should think that he was several years older than the sovereign. The age difference, in any case, was insignificant, which explains the rapprochement of Tsar Ivan with the young Kostroma “son of a boyar.” Two brothers - Alexey and Danila Fedorovich Adashev participated as solicitors and made the newlyweds’ bed at the wedding of Ivan IV - February 3, 1547. Alexey Fedorovich is, in addition, sleeping bag and according to the ritual he goes with the Grand Duke to the bathhouse: “And in the soap bar we washed ourselves with the Grand Duke: boyar Prince Yurya Vasilyevich Glinskaya yes treasurer Fyodor Ivanov son bitch; sleeping bags and movniks - Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavskaya yes Prince Yurya Shemyakin yes Nikita Romanov yes Alexey Adashev". It is impossible not to turn to in this case attention to the nobility of all the “movniks”, except Adashev, whose name is mentioned here for the first time. In the discharges in July 1547, Alexey Fedorovich is mentioned among bell under the sovereign. These facts indicate the position of the young Adashev at the time of his rise: he was a roommate and a solicitor. As always, the sovereign's bed servants and the officials subordinate to them became close to the sovereign's person and acquired greater or lesser importance in the court world, depending on their abilities and the degree of influence on the king. Alexey Adashev is also recorded as a bell in the category of Tsar Ivan’s first campaign near Kazan, but he is no longer among the bells in the campaign of 7058 (1549-1550). The natural assumption that around this time Adashev was promoted and received a new appointment is confirmed by facts. Prince A. M. Kurbsky calls Alexei Adashev lying royal. This Polish term can designate both the position of a bed keeper and the position of a sleeping person. Was Adashev the bed servant of Tsar Ivan IV? In 1547, two bed servants are mentioned - Matvey Fedorovich Burukhin and Andrey Vladimirovich Mansurov. The first of them leaves the scene before September 1551, the second dies in 1551 and is replaced by Ignatius Mikhailovich Veshnyakov. It is quite possible to assume that Alexey Fedorovich Adashev replaced Burukhin in 1550, becoming both a bed guard and the head of the newly established Petition Prikaz in one day. This is exactly what historians interpret famous speech Tsar Ivan IV to the people, which has come down to us in lists and with undoubted distortions, at least, for example, in the words: “and on that day he granted okolnichy Alexey Adasheva". Sources do not call Adashev a bed servant. In the categories (handwritten) under the year 7061 in the king’s retinue it is noted: “the sovereign had attorneys in the hut there are boyars- Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, Ignatiy Mikhailovich Veshnyakov". In view of the fact that Veshnyakov at that time was undoubtedly already a bed-rider, one might think that in this case litigation connected to bedfellowship. The “Royal Book,” describing the oath of the boyars to the son of the sick king in 1553, adds: “and which noblemen were not in the sovereign’s Duma - Alexei Fedorov’s son Adashev yes Ignatius Veshnyakov and the sovereign brought them to kiss in the evening." Here again, neither Adashev nor Veshnyakov are designated by their positions, but their very comparison indicates that Adashev was the same as Veshnyakov, i.e., a bed servant. In the significant year of the conquest kingdom of Kazan, Alexey Fedorovich took an active part in all events: he negotiated with the Kazan ambassadors, he himself went to Kazan (and more than once) to first imprison and then depose Shig-Aley from the Kazan throne. When the proper siege of Kazan began, Adashev was entrusted with enterprises that required intelligence, knowledge and energy. Together with Prince Dmitry Paletsky, Alexey Fedorovich staged tours(August 29, 1552) against the city from the Arskoe field; together with Prince Vasily Semenovich Serebryany, he excavated under the Kazan cache, from where the besieged took water. A few months after returning from Kazan, the tsar fell ill with fever in 1553. In moments of terrible discord over the oath, Alexey Adashev turned out to be a devoted servant: he unquestioningly swore allegiance to the baby prince. Perhaps it was this fact that delayed the fall of the “elected Rada”. Upon recovery, the king did not change at all in his attitude towards his friend: in recent months the same year 1553 Alexey Fedorovich Adashev was told okolnichy. The new rank brought him independent position in the Duma. Back in 1552, Adashev went on an important diplomatic mission to Tsar Shig-Aley in Kazan, but now he began to manage diplomatic relations in general, received ambassadors, and took precedence in negotiations with them. The range of activities of this talented and handsome man expanded more and more. He was put in charge state archive, kept a state chronicle, preparing what to write in the “chronicler of new years.” One can hardly be mistaken if we attribute to him an active participation both in the collection of discharge books and in the compilation of the “sovereign genealogy”, which was just completed by the Adashev family. From 1553 to 1560, Alexei Fedorovich lived constantly in Moscow, traveling only with the sovereign and accompanying him everywhere on all campaigns. Adashev's fame spread more and more, his influence, apparently, grew stronger and stronger. The revolution in the fate of the Adashevs was being prepared slowly and imperceptibly. Didn't last for many years government activity Alexei Adashev, but remained sharply noticeable, “for, as Karamzin put it, this famous temporary worker appeared along with the tsar’s virtue and died with it...”. The death of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna (August 7, 1560) disrupted the usual normal course of Tsar Ivan’s life and was the last, final push that destroyed the charm of the “elected Rada.” The charm is last years it was maintained only by habit, and the tsar had long been burdened by his powerful advisers, who were included in everything. Since his illness in 1553, the sovereign harbored distrust of the “elected Rada,” and how could he trust it when it was almost in full force on the issue of succession to the throne for Prince Vladimir Andreevich. And then new misunderstandings arose. The "Rada" insisted on the conquest of Crimea, Ivan IV and the Zakharyins sought Baltic Sea and wanted the complete conquest of Livonia. The state of affairs became more and more tense, Alexey Adashev could not stand it and, as they say, at his own request in May 1560 he was sent to Livonia as the third commander of a large regiment (the first was Prince I. F. Mstislavsky, second M. Ya. Morozov). In September of the same year, by order of the tsar, the okolniks Alexei and Danila Fedorovich Adashev were left as governors in the newly conquered Fellin. This was already a clear fall from grace. Prince Kurbsky notes that Alexei was an “antipat” (vicar) in Fellin “for quite a while.” This is a considerable time - very relative. A few months later, Alexey Adashev was already in captivity in Dorpat. More precisely, the handwritten digit book explains the whole matter: “...and the sovereign king and Grand Duke wrote to the boyar and the governor to Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky with comrades, and ordered in Vilyana ( in Fellin) leave Okolnichev and governor Alexei Fedorovich Adasheva, yes Osip Vasilievich Poleva yes Romana Alferyeva. And Osip Polev on Alexey Adasheva sent to beat the sovereign with his forehead, that he mensch Alexei to be out of place, and the sovereign ordered Alexei Adashev to be in Yuryev Livonsky, and Osip Polev The sovereign ordered Roman Alferyev and Grigory to be in Vilyana and with him Nazimov Novgorodian..." This is a place of discharges that speaks of the only famous case Adashev’s localism, explains the reason for Adashev’s unexpected transfer to Dorpat. Tsar Ivan did not begin to sort out the local matter: he simply separated the disputants, thus satisfying the petitioner, but the very removal of Adashev from Fellin was a new insult to him, a new sign of disfavor. And indeed, the storm broke out with terrible speed: at the beginning of October 1560, the estates of Alexei Adashev were already assigned to the sovereign, he himself was imprisoned, and a ferocious search began, ending with the extermination of all living Adashevs and their closest relatives. Evidence has been preserved that Alexei Fedorovich’s daughter, Anna, who was married to Ivan Petrovich Golovin, allegedly survived the pogrom, but this still requires documentary confirmation. Among those executed there were also children: Danila Fedorovich’s son Tarkh was only about twelve years old. Alexey Fedorovich himself escaped execution. Outraged and upset, he could not withstand the moral shock: he came down with a fever and died in Dorpat at the beginning of 1561, having been ill with a “fiery illness” for no more than two months. This meek and pure personality stands out clearly among the rude morals of his time.

"Tales of Prince Kurbsky" (St. Petersburg, 1842), pp. 215, 188, 189, 92, 42, 62, 10 and 81. "Monuments of diplomatic relations.", vol. I (St. Petersburg, 1851), art. 932-934. N. A. Polevoy, “History of Russian People,” vol. VI (M., 1833), p. 222, pr. 182; A. N. Yasinsky, “Works of Prince Kurbsky” (Kyiv, 1889), pp. 122-123. "Ancient Ros. Vivliofika", part XIII, pp. 33, 34, 38, 253, 293, 310-312 and 316; Part XX, p. 38. In the so-called “thousandth” book of 1550 Alexey Adashev z registered in first article by the son of a boyar from Kostroma. "Discharge book." P. F. Likhachev under 7055. Ibidem under 7056, page 177. Ibidem, page 190 (7058). N. S. Artsybashev, “Narrative of Russia”, vol. II, book. IV, pp. 169-170. "Description of the Simonov Monastery" (M., 1843), p. 70. "Collection of State. Gram. and Dog.", Part II, p. 45. "Royal Book", pp. 80, 285, 286, 342. N. P. Likhachev, “On the origin of Adashev” (“Historical Bulletin” for 1890, No. 5), p. 383, approx. 2. Details of Alexey’s diplomatic activities Adasheva - cm. Nikon Chronicle, part VII; “The Russian Chronicler” by N. Lvov (St. Petersburg, 1792), part V, pp. 24, 36, 165, 167, 210, 221, 281, 286, 311; "Collected. Imp. Russian. Ist. General.", vol. LIX (edited by G. F. Karpov); I. Gamel, “The British in Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1865), pp. 25, 26, 51, etc. “Acts of Archeogr. Expedition,” vol. I, 354; Ustryalov, approx. to "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" research by A. N. Yasinsky. Handwritten ranks under years 7063, 7064, 7065 and 7067; "Sinbirsky Collection", page 3. Rank book by P. F. Likhachev, page 287. "The village of Novospasskoye" (P. Kazansky), pp. 119-120.

N. Likhachev.

(Polovtsov)

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

Son of minor origin service man Fyodor Grigorievich Adashev, glorified his name during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. Adashev was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3rd) in the position false And movnik, i.e. he laid marriage bed sovereign and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle, Prince Yuri Glinsky, by the indignant people. These events, considered as God's punishment for sins, produced a moral revolution in the young, impressionable king. This is what he himself says: “Fear came into my soul and trembling into my bones, my spirit was humbled, I was touched and recognized my sins.” From that time on, the tsar, disliked towards noble boyars, brought two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and Adashev. John found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his nature, spoiled since childhood, and directed his thoughts for the good of Russia. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and Adashev was a time of broad and beneficial government activity for the earth (the convocation of the 1st Zemsky Cathedral for the approval of the Code of Law in 1550, the convening of the Stoglav Church Council in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1862 and Astrakhan (1654); the granting of charters that determined independent community courts: a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people in 1553). There is no doubt that John, gifted by nature brilliant abilities and unusually imbued with the consciousness of his autocratic power, did not play a passive role in these glorious events, as some historians say, but in any case, he acted on the advice of Sylvester and Adashev, and therefore the latter must be recognized for their great historical merits. In 1550, John granted Adashev a okolnichy and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul; although your desire is not for this, I wished for you, and not only you, but also others like you, who would quench my sorrow and look upon the people given to me by God. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; despite the false tears of the poor, slandering the rich, with false tears, wanting to be right: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; elect truthful judges from the boyars and nobles." internal affairs State activities of Adashev can be characterized by the words of Kurbsky: “he was extremely useful to the common thing.”

Issued and diplomatic activity Adashev in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1653), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559). The importance of Sylvester and Adashev at court also created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. His enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for Adashev during the tsar’s illness in 1553. Having become dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that cousin his prince Vladimir Andreevich Storitsky and the boyars swore allegiance to his son, baby Dmitry. But Vladimir Andreevich refused to take the oath, exposing own rights to the throne after the death of John and trying to form a party for himself. Sylvester apparently leaned towards Vladimir Andreevich. Alexey Adashev, however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor Adashev, directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood. John recovered and began to look at his former friends with different eyes. Likewise, Sylvester's supporters now lost the favor of Queen Anastasia, who could suspect them of not wanting to see her son on the throne. However, the tsar did not show any hostile feelings at first, either under the joyful impression of recovery, or for fear of affecting the powerful party and breaking old relations, and even in the same 1533 he granted Fyodor Adashev the boyar hat. The Tsar’s trip to the Kirillov Monastery, undertaken in the same 1553 with the Tsarina and his son Dmitry, was accompanied by circumstances that were also unfavorable for Adashev: firstly, Tsarevich Dmitry died on the way, and thus the prediction of Maxim the Greek, conveyed to the Tsar by Adashev, was fulfilled; During this trip, John met with the former ruler of Kolomna Vassian Toporkov, the favorite of Father Ioannov, and, of course, Vassian’s conversation was not in favor of Sylvester and his party. From that time on, the tsar began to feel burdened by his former advisers, especially since he was more far-sighted than them in political matters: the Livonian War was started in spite of Sylvester, who advised to conquer the Crimea. John's painful suspicion, strengthened by the slander of people hostile to Sylvester's party, the enmity of Sylvester's supporters towards Anastasia and her relatives, Sylvester's inept efforts to maintain influence on the king with the threat of God's wrath gradually produced a complete break between John and his former advisers. In May 1560, the tsar’s attitude towards Adashev was such that the latter found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia as the 3rd governor of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Queen Anastasia († August 7, 1560), John’s dislike for Adashev intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here Adashev fell ill with a fever and died two months later. Natural death saved him, perhaps, from the further vengeance of the king. See "Tales of Prince Kurbsky", ed. Ustryalov, Karamzin, "Historical state of Russia." Vol. VIII; Soloviev, "Russian History", vol. VI, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, "Russian History", vol. II, Encyclopedia. Words 1861 , vol. I, Kostomarov, "Russian history in biographies", vol. I, XVIII.

(Brockhaus)

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

okolnichy and favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible; † 1561 in Dorpat.

(Polovtsov)

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

A favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, an insignificant Kostroma patrimonial owner, after the Moscow fire of 1547, together with Sylvester, a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral, he became one of the leaders of the “Elected Rada,” a council elected by the boyar duma and having great influence on the external and domestic policy Grozny. In the "Elected Rada" A. was a representative of the interests of the small serving nobility who needed new lands. A.'s range of activities was very diverse: he, by order of the tsar, received petitions from the poor and offended, conducted diplomatic negotiations with Kazan, supervised engineering work during its siege; at the same time he collected material for the royal official chronicle, compiled Genealogist and vault bit books, was in charge of receiving foreign ambassadors. A.'s closeness to the tsar, separating him from his class, little by little made A. a “boyar man” and, together with the collapse of the noble-merchant bloc, prepared his downfall. In 1560, A. fell out of favor: he was sent by the governor to Fellin, and then to Dorpat, taken into custody, where he died (1561); his estates were “assigned to the sovereign,” that is, confiscated.

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich, a famous favorite of Ivan the Terrible, the son of an insignificant serviceman by origin, Fyodor Grigorievich A. This personality, perhaps, is less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen... ... Biographical Dictionary

- (? 1561) okolnichy, member The chosen one is pleased. Brother of D. F. Adashev. From the end 40s led eastern Russian policy, from the middle. 50s all diplomacy. Initiator of reforms, ser. 16th century, strengthened central government. Headed the compilation of discharge... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (died 1561), Russian statesman. He came from Kostroma nobles, related to the Moscow boyars. Since the late 40s. 16th century one of the leaders of the government of the Elected Rada, which contributed to the implementation most important reforms … Great Soviet Encyclopedia Encyclopedic Dictionary

Brother of the favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Alexei Fedorovich Adashev. In sources, Danila Adashev first appears in the category of the first wedding of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich: on February 3, 1547, the boyar was entrusted with “making the bed” for the newlyweds... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

- (? 1561), okolnichy (from November 1553), bed servant; member of the Chosen Rada. Brother of D. F. Adashev. Headed the Petition Order. Since the late 40s. led eastern Russian policy from the mid-50s. all diplomacy. Initiator of reforms in the middle... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

K.V.VOROTNOY

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ALEXEY ADASHEV

The Adashevs were native Kostroma patrimonial people, from the Olgov family, that is, descendants of some Oleg. In the middle of the 15th century. lived in Kostroma nobleman Ivan Golova Olgov, one of whose sons was Grigory Adash, who became the founder of the Adashevs themselves. The Adashevs’ estate was located on the so-called “Gnoische”, at the end of Mshanskaya Street (now Ostrovsky Street), on the banks of the Kostroma River, now there is a complex of buildings of the “X October” factory...

Grigory Ivanovich Adash Olgov (d. 1510), who rose to the rank of “son of a boyar,” had a son, Fyodor Adashev (born around 1490). To the board Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya, he moved to Moscow with his family, proved himself to be a talented diplomat, in 1538-39 he headed the Russian embassy in Turkey, which was very difficult, he coped with this assignment very successfully, for which he received the rank of okolnichy, and soon the title of boyar. He died in 1556...

Around 1520, a son was born into the family of Fyodor Adashev, who was named Alexei, in the near future he was destined to become one of the most prominent figures in the history of the Russian state. Perhaps it played a role that his father took him to Turkey, where at the Russian embassy he received good upbringing and education.

A. Adashev was first mentioned in 1547 at the wedding of Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, who had just been crowned king, which took place on February 3, in the position of lieutenant and mover, i.e. he made the sovereign's wedding bed and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous priest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle Yuri Glinsky by the indignant people. From that time on, the tsar, who had previously been virtually subordinate to the noble boyars, brought these two low-born people closer to him.

Already in his youth, Alexey Fedorovich showed himself to be an intelligent politician and diplomat, and became a regular participant in the royal campaigns, in particular, in the spring of 1548 he went to Kazan. The campaign was unsuccessful, the city survived, Russian troops burned only the suburbs. Six months later, the Kazan people tried to take revenge, attacked the Galich volost under the command of the famous governor Arak, but the Kostroma governor Yakovlev killed the entire Tatar army, and killed Arak himself.

In 1550, the tsar granted Adashev a okolnichy and at the same time told him the words by which one can best judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds, and Now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul; although your desire is not for this, I desired you, and not only you, but also others like you, who would quench my sorrow and look upon the people entrusted to me by God. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and to examine them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich, who want to be right with false tears: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles" (Brockhaus and Efron. St. Petersburg, 1898, vol. 1, art. "Adashev A.F.").

The beginning of a successful career almost turned into disgrace. In 1553, the tsar became seriously ill and was preparing for death, so he ordered everyone to swear allegiance to his son, three-year-old Dmitry, and even wrote a special letter. Alexei Adashev opposed this idea, and only after much thought silently put his hand on the letter, Fyodor Adashev stubbornly resisted, not wanting to swear allegiance to the prince, only long persuasion forced him to do this.

Alexei Fedorovich's career was rapid - okolnichy, head of the Petition Prikaz, bed servant, who was in charge of the tsar's personal archive along with the seal “for urgent and secret matters.” It is quite possible that Adashev also had access to the famous royal library. It was he who was entrusted with leading the work on drawing up the official bit book and “the sovereign’s genealogist”, as well as edit the materials of the official chronicle - “The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom”.

Alexey Adashev was outstanding diplomat, he was entrusted with the most complex negotiations, which he successfully carried out: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1553), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . It was Adashev who was engaged in diplomatic preparations for the annexation of Kazan to the Moscow kingdom (1552) and Astrakhan Khanates(1556), he conducted such successful negotiations with Turkey that the latter took a neutral position on this issue, although these khanates were part of the most important strategic interests of the Turkish Empire.

It was Alexey Adashev who gave Tsar Ivan the Terrible the idea of creating a service that would deal exclusively with the internal security of the state. He took as an example the Turkish Sultan, who “keeps the Janissaries with him, strong archers, and gives them a salary. So that an enemy does not appear to him in his lands and commit treason.” And in the famous “The Tale of Magmet-Saltan,” the author of which was either Adashev himself or a person in his circle, it directly speaks of the need to create special military units, who are on a state salary, to protect the state from internal treason, an appeal to the king to be formidable and merciless in relation to guilty subjects.

The time of the actual reign of Adashev and Sylvester was a time of diverse government activities: the convening of the first Zemsky Sobor to approve the Code of Law in 1550, the convening of the Church Council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1556; the granting of charters that determined the self-government of communities; a large expansion of estates, strengthening the maintenance of service people. Let us note that both Adashev and Sylvester were categorically against the enslavement of the peasantry.

The reforms carried out by the Elected Rada under the leadership of A. Adashev were far ahead of their time: the zemstvo provided for the creation of local self-government, the judicial - the rule of law, the military - unified army with centralized control. After the dispersal of the government by Tsar Ivan the Terrible and the disgrace of the reformers, many of their initiatives were liquidated. Judicial rulings turned out to be so progressive that only judicial reform 1864 was able to rise to the level of the reforms of 1551. Oh local government They remembered even that later - already in our days.

If Alexei Adashev’s ideas for reforming the management system of the Russian state had been continued and developed, the country would have followed a completely different path - an estate-representative monarchy, which would gradually reform into a bourgeois state. Moreover, Adashev, trying to reform the country’s economy, relied on the wealthy trading and fishing population. Confirmation of his far-sighted policy was the unprecedented flourishing of trade and crafts precisely during the years of the Elected Rada, which is noted by almost all researchers studying the times of Ivan the Terrible.

Alexey Adashev has another idea - to connect the Volga and Northern Dvina. It was he who first substantiated the feasibility of creating good ways messages, since they can bring considerable benefits to the country, both commercially and militarily. Rus' had no access to the Baltic Sea, was actually cut off from Europe, from trade routes, and therefore the most northern port Rus' - Arkhangelsk on the White Sea, acquired vital importance. So the idea arose to connect it with the Volga, so as not to drag ships overland for hundreds of miles to the Northern Dvina from the Volga and its tributaries. After much calculation, the project of connecting the tributaries of the Kostroma and Sukhona rivers - Monza and Lezha - was considered the most successful. The construction of a canal between these rivers even began, but the enterprise ended in failure - money was needed for other needs, the work was curtailed, and A. Adashev himself found himself in disgrace...

In 1557, together with clerk I. Viskovatov, Adashev began diplomatic preparations for the Livonian War, so that neighbors - Rzhe Pospolita, Sweden and Prussia would not interfere in this campaign. Despite the fact that the war started successfully for Moscow, clouds gathered over Alexei Adashev. Sent to Livonia, he performed well during the siege and capture of the city of Viljandi, immediately becoming the first governor. But there he realized that Rus' did not need this war, and began to actively oppose its continuation.

In May 1560, relations between the tsar and his advisers became so strained that Adashev found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia, the third commander of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and boyar Morozov. Soon there followed an explanation with the king, dispersal latest government Adashev - Sylvester, and sending Adashev to Dorpat (Yuryev). There he was taken into custody and placed under house arrest. And soon he died under strange circumstances, most likely poisoned.

Relatives of Alexei Fedorovich were also repressed. Executed were Danila Adashev, his 12-year-old son and his father-in-law Turov, three Satin brothers, whose sister was married to Alexei Adashev, I. Shishkin with his wife and children, Prince M. Repnin, as well as Prince Dm. Ovchina-Obolensky, nephew famous Ivan Obolensky. Prince Dmitry Kurlyatev with his wife and children were exiled to a monastery and then killed...

Alexey Adashev was married to Anastasia, daughter of Zakhary Andreevich Postnik Satin. Their daughter, Anna (d. 1612), was married to Ivan Petrovich Bolshoi Golovin...

This is what the famous writer writes about Alexey Adashev Russian historian N.P. Likhachev: “This person, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines with such a bright light of kindness and integrity, is such an example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything surrounding."

Unfortunately, we could not find any hand-drawn images or verbal description appearance of A.F. Adashev. Perhaps it was, but it is quite possible that after his disgrace, Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered all his portraits to be destroyed. As for the characteristics of this outstanding statesman, historian N.I. Kostomarov probably said the best about him: “His long-term closeness to the tsar and his management state affairs gave him the opportunity to acquire great wealth, but he did not leave behind any fortune; everything he acquired, he distributed to the needy” (N.I. Kostomarov. The Dominion of the House of St. Vladimir. M. 1993. p. 465).

Meaning of ADASHEV ALEXEY FEDOROVICH in Brief biographical encyclopedia

ADASHEV ALEXEY FEDOROVICH

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich, a well-known favorite of Ivan the Terrible, the son of a serviceman of insignificant origin, Fyodor Grigorievich A. “This person, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines with such a bright light of kindness and integrity, is such an example philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century, that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around her" (N.P. Likhachev). A. was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3) in the position of a lieutenant and a mover, i.e. he made the sovereign's wedding bed and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. A. began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle Yuri Glinsky by the indignant people. From that time on, the tsar, who was not disposed towards the noble boyars, brought closer to himself two unborn, but the best people of their time, Sylvester and A. John found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his spoiled childhood. nature. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and A. was a time of diversified government activities (convening the first Zemsky Sobor to approve the Code of Law in 1550, convening the Church Council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1557; the granting of statutory charters that determined self-government communities; large expansion of estates, strengthening the maintenance of service people). In 1550, John granted A. a okolnichy and at the same time told him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds, and Now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul; although your desire is not for this, I desired you, and not only you, but also others like you, who would quench my sorrow and look upon the people entrusted to me by God. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and to examine them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich, who want to be right with false tears: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing God’s judgment; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles.” At the same time, he was in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle and participated in the compilation of a set of discharge books and the “sovereign genealogy”. In the years 1553 - 1560, being not separated from the tsar, according to Kurbsky, “he was extremely useful to the common thing.” Adashev’s diplomatic activity was also outstanding in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1553), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and A. at court also created enemies for them, of whom the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. These enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for A. during the king’s illness in 1553. Having become dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that his cousin, Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, the infant Dmitry. Alexei A., however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor A., directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood. John recovered, and from then on the king began to cool off towards his former friends. In May 1560, relations between the tsar and his advisers became so strained that A. found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia, the third commander of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Queen Anastasia (died August 7, 1560), John’s dislike for A. intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here A. fell ill with a fever and died two months later. - See Kostomarova, “Russian history in biographies,” vol. I; articles by N. Likhachev about A. in "Russian Biographical Dictionary"(ed. Imperial Russian Historical Society, vol. I).

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev

Adashev Alexey Fedorovich (? -1560) - a major statesman during his reign Ivan the Terrible, son of F.G. Adasheva. In the late 40s of the 16th century - one of the most influential advisers to the tsar, a member of the Chosen Rada. Under his leadership, important reforms were carried out that strengthened the central government. Among the most important titles and positions were the following: okolnichy, head of the Petition Prikaz, bed servant and keeper of the tsar’s personal archive along with the seal “for quick and secret desires.” He supervised the work on compiling the official rank book of the "sovereign genealogy", edited the materials of the official chronicle - "The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom." With his active participation, the following khanates were annexed to the Russian state: Kazanskoye(1552) and Astrakhan(1556). Together with the clerk THEM. Viskovaty led diplomatic preparations Livonian War 1558-1583. In 1560 he was sent by the third voivode with a large regiment to Livonia, to Viljandi, after the siege and capture of which he was left there by the first voivode. In the same year he fell into disgrace due to his opposition to the continuation of the war. In Yuryev (Dorpt) he was first taken into custody, then put under house arrest and soon died.

Materials used from the book: Boguslavsky V.V., Burminov V.V. Rus' of the Rurikovichs. Illustrated Historical Dictionary.

Adashev Alexey Fedorovich (d. 1561, Yuryev (Tartu) - statesman. Descended from Kostroma nobles - a family not very noble, but “good”. One of the leaders of the Chosen Rada - the government of the tsar’s “advisers, wise and perfect men” that arose about . He was known for asceticism and deep religiosity. He pursued a policy of reforms that reflected the interests of wide circles of feudal lords and contributed to the centralization of power. He carried out reforms in the army: he limited localism, laid the foundation for the Streltsy army. Participated in the creation Code of Law 1550. At this time, what started with Ivan III creation of governing bodies for government sectors. life - orders. The highest control body - the Petition Order - was controlled by Adashev himself. He was stern and domineering: he once ordered a person who did not obey him to be sent to service “shackled.” Adashev was also a bed guard, in charge personal archive Ivan IV and edited the materials of the official chronicle - “The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom.” Around 1550 he became treasurer and headed the financial department. From the same year, he constantly participated in negotiations with foreign ambassadors. He pursued an active foreign policy, led the diplomatic preparations for the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, and engineering work during the siege of Kazan in 1552. In 1560, Adashev, suspected of poisoning Queen Anastasia, was removed from power by the tsar and sent to serve in Livonia, where he died of a “fiery illness." Formally, Adashev’s government fell as a result of disagreements with Ivan IV in carrying out foreign policy. In fact, a line was drawn under the long-standing rivalry between the tsar and the reformers who did not want accelerated centralization with the inevitable terror.

Book materials used: Shikman A.P. Figures of Russian history. Biographical reference book. Moscow, 1997

Adashev Alexey Fedorovich (b. 1561), statesman. He came from Kostroma nobles, related to the Moscow boyars. From the beginning of the 1540s - one of the leaders of the government of the Chosen Rada, which was formed as a result of the growth of the anti-feudal movement in the country and pursued a policy of compromise between all layers of the feudal class, beneficial primarily to the nobility. Adashev was the conductor of this policy, contributing to the implementation of the most important reforms that strengthened the central government (Code Code 1550, execution of orders, abolition of feeding, military and financial reforms). Adashev was the head of the Petition Prikaz and the bed guard, who was in charge of the personal archive of Tsar Ivan IV and kept the seal “for urgent and secret matters.” He supervised the work on compiling the official rank book and the “sovereign genealogy book”, edited the materials of the official chronicle - “The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom.”

Adashev led the diplomatic preparations for the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates; in 1552 he headed engineering work during the siege of Kazan. Together with THEM. Viskovaty conducted diplomatic training Livonian War 1558-1583 and was in charge of Russian foreign relations in the first years of the war. He contributed to the conclusion of a truce with Livonia that was unfavorable for Russia in the spring of 1559. In May 1560 he was sent as a governor to Livonia. Adashev opposed the further intensification of the Livonian War, as well as the strengthening of the influence of the Zakharyins, the queen’s relatives, which could have been the reason for his disgrace. In 1560 he was taken into custody in Yuryev, where he died.

Site materials used Great encyclopedia Russian people - http://www.rusinst.ru

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich (d. 1561) - Kostroma nobleman, under Ivan IV, headed the government known as the “Chosen Rada”. Together with I.M. Viskovaty (...) Adashev led foreign policy and conducted direct negotiations with Kazan, the Nogais, Livonia, Denmark, the Polish-Lithuanian state and Sweden in the 1550s, and showed great diplomatic skill. Adashev was a supporter of an active foreign policy towards the Tatar khanates and, after the annexation of Kazan and Astrakhan, insisted on a campaign in the Crimea. Until the Tatar problem was resolved, he considered it impossible to begin another, even more urgent task facing the Moscow state - the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea. Therefore, he opposed the war with Livonia. Disagreements between the tsar and Adashev forced the latter to resign in 1560.

Diplomatic Dictionary. Ch. ed. A. Ya. Vyshinsky and S. A. Lozovsky. M., 1948.

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich (1530 - early 1561) - favorite of Ivan the Terrible, son of an insignificant serviceman, Fyodor Grigorievich. A. was first mentioned in 1547: at the royal wedding he served as a lieutenant and a liaison (he made the sovereign’s wedding bed and accompanied him to the bathhouse). After the Moscow fires, which became the reason for the rebellion of Muscovites (1547), together with Abbot Sylvester and Metropolitan. Makariem became one of the king’s especially trusted confidants. The period of activity of the so-called government of Adashev (“The Chosen Rada,” as A. M. Kurbsky called it) became a period of reforms (the first Zemsky Sobor, the Sudebnik of 1550, the church Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1557; reforms of local and central government, establishment of a system of orders, abolition of feeding, local reform). In 1550, John granted A. a okolnichy. A. was in charge of the state archive, kept a chronicle, participated in the compilation of discharge books and the Sovereign's genealogy, negotiated with the Kazan Tsar Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1553), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559).

After the Tsar’s illness in 1553, when Alexei’s father, the okolnichy Fyodor A., refused to kiss the cross (swear oath) to the young Tsarevich Dmitry, fearing that power would pass to the relatives of the Tsar’s wife, Anastasia Romanova, A.’s relationship with Ivan IV deteriorated. In May 1560, A. went into honorable exile during the Livonian War, the third commander of a large regiment. After the death of Queen Anastasia (August 7, 1560), the king ordered A. to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here A. fell ill with a fever and died 2 months later.

T. A Bakhareva.

Russian historical encyclopedia. T. 1. M., 2015, p. 150-151.

Adashev Alexey Fedorovich (d. 1561) - Russian statesman. He came from Kostroma nobles, related to the Moscow boyars. Since the late 40s of the 16th century, he was one of the leaders of the government of the Elected Rada, which was formed as a result of the growth of the anti-feudal movement in the country and pursued a policy of compromise between all layers of the feudal class, beneficial primarily to the nobility. Adashev was the conductor of this policy, contributing to the implementation of the most important reforms that strengthened the central government (Code Code of 1550, execution of orders, abolition of feeding, military and financial reforms). Adashev was the head of the Petition Prikaz and the bed guard, who was in charge of the personal archive of Tsar Ivan IV and kept the seal “for urgent and secret matters.” He supervised the work on compiling the official rank book and the “sovereign genealogy book”, edited the materials of the official chronicle - “The Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom.”

A supporter of an active foreign policy towards the Tatar khanates, Adashev led the diplomatic preparations for the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates; led engineering work during the siege of Kazan in 1552. Together with I.M. Viskovaty, he led diplomatic preparations for the Livonian War of 1558-1583 and was in charge of Russia’s foreign relations in the first years of the war. He contributed to the conclusion of a truce with Livonia that was unfavorable for Russia in the spring of 1559. In May 1560 he was sent as a governor to Livonia. Adashev opposed the further intensification of the Livonian War, as well as the strengthening of the influence of the Zakharyins, the queen’s relatives, which could have been the reason for his disgrace. In 1560 he was taken into custody in Yuryev (Tartu), where he died. main reason The downfall of Adashev was that the policy of the “Chosen Rada” ceased to correspond to the interests of the nobles - the social support of Ivan IV, and Adashev himself gradually became closer to the boyar reactionary group.

S. O. Schmidt. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 1. AALTONEN – AYANY. 1961.

Literature: Bakhrushin S.V., “The Chosen Rada” of Ivan the Terrible, in the book: Scientific. works, vol. 2, M., 1954; Schmidt S.O., Government. activities of A.F. Adashev, "MSU Academic Register", 1954, century. 167; Smirnov I.I., Essays on politics. history of Rus. state 30-50s. XVI century, M.-L., 1958; Zimin A. A., I. S. Peresvetov and his contemporaries, M., 1958; by him, Reforms of Ivan the Terrible, M., 1960.

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Adashev Daniil Fedorovich(+ 1562 or 1563), brother of Alexei.

Literature:

Zimin A. A. Reforms of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1960; Zimin A. A. Oprichnina. 2nd ed. M., 2001;

Skrynnikov R.G. The beginning of the oprichnina. L., 1966;

Skrynnikov R.G. Oprichnina terror. L., 1969;

Skrynnikov R.G. The reign of terror. St. Petersburg, 1992;

Skrynnikov R.G. Reign of Terror. St. Petersburg, 1993. Ch. 4 - 6.

Kobrin V.B. Ivan the Terrible. M., 1989;

Schmidt S.O. Government activities of A.F. Adashev // Uch.zap. Moscow State University. Vol. 167. M. 1954;

Shmidt S. O. Government activities of A. F. Adashev // Shmidt S. O. Russia of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1999;

Filyushkin A.I. The story of a hoax: Ivan the Terrible and the elected Rada. M., 1998;

de Madariaga, I. Ivan the Terrible: The First Russian Tsar. M., 2007.

The role of Adashev in the elected council. As the leader of the Chosen Rada

Meaning of ADASHEV ALEXEY FEDOROVICH in Brief biographical encyclopedia

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what ADASHEV ALEXEY FEDOROVICH is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev

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