Physics is one of the most important sciences studied by man. Its presence is noticeable in all areas of life, sometimes discoveries even change the course of history. This is why great physicists are so interesting and significant for people: their work is relevant even many centuries after their death. Which scientists should you know first?

Andre-Marie Ampère

The French physicist was born into the family of a businessman from Lyon. The parents' library was full of works by leading scientists, writers and philosophers. Since childhood, Andre was fond of reading, which helped him gain deep knowledge. By the age of twelve, the boy had already studied the basics of higher mathematics, and the following year he presented his work to the Lyon Academy. He soon began giving private lessons, and from 1802 he worked as a teacher of physics and chemistry, first in Lyon and then at the Ecole Polytechnique of Paris. Ten years later he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. The names of great physicists are often associated with concepts to which they devoted their lives to study, and Ampere is no exception. He worked on problems of electrodynamics. The unit of electric current is measured in amperes. In addition, it was the scientist who introduced many of the terms still used today. For example, these are the definitions of “galvanometer”, “voltage”, “electric current” and many others.

Robert Boyle

Many great physicists carried out their work at a time when technology and science were practically in their infancy, and, despite this, achieved success. For example, a native of Ireland. He was engaged in a variety of physical and chemical experiments, developing the atomic theory. In 1660, he managed to discover the law of changes in the volume of gases depending on pressure. Many of the greats of his time had no idea about atoms, but Boyle was not only convinced of their existence, but also formed several concepts related to them, such as “elements” or “primary corpuscles.” In 1663 he managed to invent litmus, and in 1680 he was the first to propose a method for obtaining phosphorus from bones. Boyle was a member of the Royal Society of London and left behind many scientific works.

Niels Bohr

Often great physicists turned out to be significant scientists in other fields. For example, Niels Bohr was also a chemist. A member of the Royal Danish Society of Sciences and a leading scientist of the twentieth century, Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, where he received his higher education. For some time he collaborated with the English physicists Thomson and Rutherford. Bohr's scientific work became the basis for the creation of quantum theory. Many great physicists subsequently worked in the directions originally created by Niels, for example, in some areas of theoretical physics and chemistry. Few people know, but he was also the first scientist to lay the foundations of the periodic system of elements. In the 1930s. made many important discoveries in atomic theory. For his achievements he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Max Born

Many great physicists came from Germany. For example, Max Born was born in Breslau, the son of a professor and a pianist. Since childhood, he was interested in physics and mathematics and entered the University of Göttingen to study them. In 1907, Max Born defended his dissertation on the stability of elastic bodies. Like other great physicists of the time, such as Niels Bohr, Max collaborated with Cambridge specialists, namely Thomson. Born was also inspired by Einstein's ideas. Max studied crystals and developed several analytical theories. In addition, Born created the mathematical basis of quantum theory. Like other physicists, the anti-militarist Born categorically did not want the Great Patriotic War, and during the years of battle he had to emigrate. Subsequently, he will denounce the development of nuclear weapons. For all his achievements, Max Born received the Nobel Prize and was also accepted into many scientific academies.

Galileo Galilei

Some great physicists and their discoveries are associated with the field of astronomy and natural science. For example, Galileo, the Italian scientist. While studying medicine at the University of Pisa, he became familiar with Aristotle's physics and began reading ancient mathematicians. Fascinated by these sciences, he dropped out of school and began writing “Little Scales” - a work that helped determine the mass of metal alloys and described the centers of gravity of figures. Galileo became famous among Italian mathematicians and received a position at the department in Pisa. After some time, he became the court philosopher of the Duke of Medici. In his works, he studied the principles of equilibrium, dynamics, fall and movement of bodies, as well as the strength of materials. In 1609, he built the first telescope with a three-fold magnification, and then with a thirty-two-fold magnification. His observations provided information about the surface of the Moon and the sizes of stars. Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. His discoveries created a sensation in the scientific field. The great physicist Galileo was not very approved by the church, and this determined the attitude towards him in society. Nevertheless, he continued his work, which became the reason for denunciation to the Inquisition. He had to give up his teachings. But still, a few years later, treatises on the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, created on the basis of the ideas of Copernicus, were published: with the explanation that this is only a hypothesis. Thus, the scientist’s most important contribution was preserved for society.

Isaac Newton

The inventions and statements of great physicists often become a kind of metaphors, but the legend about the apple and the law of gravity is the most famous of all. Everyone is familiar with the hero of this story, according to which he discovered the law of gravity. In addition, the scientist developed integral and differential calculus, became the inventor of the reflecting telescope, and wrote many fundamental works on optics. Modern physicists consider him the creator of classical science. Newton was born into a poor family, studied at a simple school, and then at Cambridge, while working as a servant to pay for his studies. Already in his early years, ideas came to him that in the future would become the basis for the invention of calculus systems and the discovery of the law of gravity. In 1669 he became a lecturer in the department, and in 1672 - a member of the Royal Society of London. In 1687, the most important work called “Principles” was published. For his invaluable achievements, Newton was given nobility in 1705.

Christiaan Huygens

Like many other great people, physicists were often talented in various fields. For example, Christiaan Huygens, a native of The Hague. His father was a diplomat, scientist and writer; his son received an excellent education in the legal field, but became interested in mathematics. In addition, Christian spoke excellent Latin, knew how to dance and ride a horse, and played music on the lute and harpsichord. Even as a child, he managed to build himself and worked on it. During his university years, Huygens corresponded with the Parisian mathematician Mersenne, which greatly influenced the young man. Already in 1651 he published a work on the squaring of the circle, ellipse and hyperbola. His work allowed him to gain a reputation as an excellent mathematician. Then he became interested in physics and wrote several works on colliding bodies, which seriously influenced the ideas of his contemporaries. In addition, he made contributions to optics, designed a telescope, and even wrote a paper on gambling calculations related to probability theory. All this makes him an outstanding figure in the history of science.

James Maxwell

Great physicists and their discoveries deserve every interest. Thus, James Clerk Maxwell achieved impressive results that everyone should familiarize themselves with. He became the founder of the theories of electrodynamics. The scientist was born into a noble family and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge. For his achievements he was admitted to the Royal Society of London. Maxwell opened the Cavendish Laboratory, which was equipped with the latest technology for conducting physical experiments. During his work, Maxwell studied electromagnetism, the kinetic theory of gases, issues of color vision and optics. He also proved himself as an astronomer: it was he who established that they are stable and consist of unbound particles. He also studied dynamics and electricity, having a serious influence on Faraday. Comprehensive treatises on many physical phenomena are still considered relevant and in demand in the scientific community, making Maxwell one of the greatest specialists in this field.

Albert Einstein

The future scientist was born in Germany. Since childhood, Einstein loved mathematics, philosophy, and was fond of reading popular science books. For his education, Albert went to the Institute of Technology, where he studied his favorite science. In 1902 he became an employee of the patent office. During his years of work there, he would publish several successful scientific papers. His first works were related to thermodynamics and interactions between molecules. In 1905, one of the works was accepted as a dissertation, and Einstein became a Doctor of Science. Albert had many revolutionary ideas about electron energy, the nature of light and the photoelectric effect. The theory of relativity became the most important. Einstein's findings transformed humanity's understanding of time and space. Absolutely deservedly he was awarded the Nobel Prize and recognized throughout the scientific world.

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 2 in the village of Energetik"

Novoorsky district, Orenburg region

Abstract on physics on the topic:

“Russian physicists are laureates

Ryzhkova Arina,

Fomchenko Sergey

Head: Ph.D., physics teacher

Dolgova Valentina Mikhailovna

Address: 462803 Orenburg region, Novoorsky district,

Energetik village, Tsentralnaya st., 79/2, apt. 22

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………3

1. The Nobel Prize as the highest honor for scientists………………………………………………………..4

2. P.A. Cherenkov, I.E. Tamm and I.M. Frank - the first physicists of our country - laureates

Nobel Prize…………………………………………………………………………………..…5

2.1. “Cherenkov effect”, Cherenkov phenomenon……………………………………………………….….5

2.2. The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm…………………………………….…….6

2.2. Frank Ilya Mikhailovich ……………………………………………………….….7

3. Lev Landau – creator of the theory of helium superfluidity…………………………………...8

4. Inventors of the optical quantum generator…………………………………….….9

4.1. Nikolay Basov…………………………………………………………………………………..9

4.2. Alexander Prokhorov………………………………………………………………………………9

5. Pyotr Kapitsa as one of the greatest experimental physicists………………..…10

6. Development of information and communication technologies. Zhores Alferov………..…11

7. Contribution of Abrikosov and Ginzburg to the theory of superconductors…………………………12

7.1. Alexey Abrikosov……………………………..…………………………….…12

7.2. Vitaly Ginzburg…………………………………………………………………….13

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………....15

List of used literature……………………………………………………….15

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………….16

Introduction

Relevance.

The development of the science of physics is accompanied by constant changes: the discovery of new phenomena, the establishment of laws, the improvement of research methods, the emergence of new theories. Unfortunately, historical information about the discovery of laws and the introduction of new concepts is often beyond the scope of the textbook and the educational process.

The authors of the abstract and the supervisor are unanimous in the opinion that the implementation of the principle of historicism in teaching physics inherently implies the inclusion in the educational process, in the content of the material being studied, of information from the history of the development (birth, formation, current state and development prospects) of science.

By the principle of historicism in teaching physics, we understand a historical and methodological approach, which is determined by the focus of teaching on the formation of methodological knowledge about the process of cognition, the cultivation of humanistic thinking and patriotism in students, and the development of cognitive interest in the subject.

The use of information from the history of physics in lessons is of interest. An appeal to the history of science shows how difficult and long the path of a scientist to the truth, which today is formulated in the form of a short equation or law. The information students need, first of all, includes biographies of great scientists and the history of significant scientific discoveries.

In this regard, our essay examines the contribution to the development of physics of the great Soviet and Russian scientists who have been awarded world recognition and a great award - the Nobel Prize.

Thus, the relevance of our topic is due to:

· the role played by the principle of historicism in educational knowledge;

· the need to develop cognitive interest in the subject through the communication of historical information;

· the importance of studying the achievements of outstanding Russian physicists for the formation of patriotism and a sense of pride in the younger generation.

Let us note that there are 19 Russian Nobel Prize laureates. These are physicists A. Abrikosov, Zh. Alferov, N. Basov, V. Ginzburg, P. Kapitsa, L. Landau, A. Prokhorov, I. Tamm, P. Cherenkov, A. Sakharov (peace prize), I. Frank ; Russian writers I. Bunin, B. Pasternak, A. Solzhenitsyn, M. Sholokhov; M. Gorbachev (Peace Prize), Russian physiologists I. Mechnikov and I. Pavlov; chemist N. Semenov.

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to the famous German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen for the discovery of the rays that now bear his name.

The purpose of the abstract is to systematize materials about the contribution of Russian (Soviet) physicists - Nobel Prize laureates to the development of science.

Tasks:

1. Study the history of the prestigious international award - the Nobel Prize.

2. Conduct a historiographic analysis of the life and work of Russian physicists who were awarded the Nobel Prize.

3. Continue developing the skills to systematize and generalize knowledge based on the history of physics.

4. Develop a series of speeches on the topic “Physicists - Nobel Prize winners.”

1. The Nobel Prize as the highest honor for scientists

Having analyzed a number of works (2, 11, 17, 18), we found that Alfred Nobel left his mark on history not only because he was the founder of a prestigious international award, but also because he was a scientist-inventor. He died on December 10, 1896. In his famous will, written in Paris on November 27, 1895, he stated:

“All my remaining realizable wealth is distributed as follows. The whole capital shall be deposited by my executors in safe custody under surety and shall form a fund; its purpose is to annually award cash prizes to those individuals who, during the previous year, have managed to bring the greatest benefit to humanity. What has been said regarding the nomination provides that the prize fund should be divided into five equal parts, awarded as follows: one part - to the person who will make the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the second part - to the person who will achieve the most important improvement or make a discovery in the field of chemistry; the third part - to the person who makes the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth part - to a person who in the field of literature will create an outstanding work of idealistic orientation; and, finally, the fifth part - to the person who will make the greatest contribution to strengthening the commonwealth of nations, to eliminating or reducing the tension of confrontation between armed forces, as well as to organizing or facilitating the holding of congresses of peace forces.

Prizes in physics and chemistry are to be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; awards in the field of physiology and medicine should be awarded by the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; awards in the field of literature are awarded by the (Swedish) Academy in Stockholm; finally, the Peace Prize is awarded by a committee of five members chosen by the Norwegian Storting (parliament). This is my expression of will, and the awarding of awards should not be linked to the laureate’s affiliation with a particular nation, just as the amount of the award should not be determined by affiliation with a particular nationality” (2).

From the section “Nobel Prize Laureates” of the encyclopedia (8) we received information that the status of the Nobel Foundation and special rules regulating the activities of the institutions awarding the prizes were promulgated at a meeting of the Royal Council on June 29, 1900. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded on December 10 1901 Current special rules for the organization awarding the Nobel Peace Prize, i.e. for the Norwegian Nobel Committee, dated April 10, 1905.

In 1968, on the occasion of its 300th anniversary, the Swedish Bank proposed a prize in the field of economics. After some hesitation, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences accepted the role of awarding institute for this discipline, in accordance with the same principles and rules that applied to the original Nobel Prizes. The prize, which was established in memory of Alfred Nobel, will be awarded on December 10, following the presentation of other Nobel laureates. Officially called the Alfred Nobel Prize in Economics, it was first awarded in 1969.

These days, the Nobel Prize is widely known as the highest honor for human intelligence. In addition, this prize can be classified as one of the few awards known not only to every scientist, but also to a large part of non-specialists.

The prestige of the Nobel Prize depends on the effectiveness of the mechanism used for the selection procedure for the laureate in each area. This mechanism was established from the very beginning, when it was considered appropriate to collect documented proposals from qualified experts in various countries, thereby once again emphasizing the international nature of the award.

The award ceremony takes place as follows. The Nobel Foundation invites the laureates and their families to Stockholm and Oslo on December 10. In Stockholm, the honoring ceremony takes place in the Concert Hall in the presence of about 1,200 people. Prizes in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and economics are presented by the King of Sweden after a brief presentation of the laureate's achievements by representatives of the awarding assemblies. The celebration ends with a banquet organized by the Nobel Foundation in the city hall.

In Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony is held at the university, in the Assembly Hall, in the presence of the King of Norway and members of the royal family. The laureate receives the award from the hands of the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In accordance with the rules of the awards ceremony in Stockholm and Oslo, laureates present their Nobel lectures to the audience, which are then published in a special publication “Nobel Laureates”.

The Nobel Prizes are unique awards and are particularly prestigious.

When writing this essay, we asked ourselves the question why these awards attract so much more attention than any other awards of the 20th-21st centuries.

The answer was found in scientific articles (8, 17). One reason may be the fact that they were introduced in a timely manner and that they marked some fundamental historical changes in society. Alfred Nobel was a true internationalist, and from the very foundation of the prizes named after him, the international nature of the awards made a special impression. Strict rules for the selection of laureates, which began to apply since the establishment of the prizes, also played a role in recognizing the importance of the awards in question. As soon as the election for the current year's laureates ends in December, preparations begin for the election of next year's laureates. Such year-round activities, in which so many intellectuals from all over the world participate, orient scientists, writers and public figures to work in the interests of social development, which precedes the awarding of prizes for “contribution to human progress.”

2. P.A. Cherenkov, I.E. Tamm and I.M. Frank - the first physicists of our country - Nobel Prize laureates.

2.1. "Cherenkov effect", Cherenkov phenomenon.

Summarizing sources (1, 8, 9, 19) allowed us to get acquainted with the biography of the outstanding scientist.

Russian physicist Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov was born in Novaya Chigla near Voronezh. His parents Alexey and Maria Cherenkov were peasants. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Voronezh University in 1928, he worked as a teacher for two years. In 1930, he became a graduate student at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad and received his Ph.D. degree in 1935. He then became a research fellow at the Physics Institute. P.N. Lebedev in Moscow, where he later worked.

In 1932, under the leadership of Academician S.I. Vavilova, Cherenkov began to study the light that appears when solutions absorb high-energy radiation, for example, radiation from radioactive substances. He was able to show that in almost all cases the light was caused by known causes, such as fluorescence.

The Cherenkov cone of radiation is similar to the wave that occurs when a boat moves at a speed exceeding the speed of propagation of waves in water. It is also similar to the shock wave that occurs when an airplane crosses the sound barrier.

For this work, Cherenkov received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1940. Together with Vavilov, Tamm and Frank, he received the Stalin (later renamed the State) Prize of the USSR in 1946.

In 1958, together with Tamm and Frank, Cherenkov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.” Manne Sigbahn of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted in his speech that “the discovery of the phenomenon now known as the Cherenkov effect provides an interesting example of how a relatively simple physical observation, if done correctly, can lead to important discoveries and pave new paths for further research.” .

Cherenkov was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1964 and an academician in 1970. He was a three-time laureate of the USSR State Prize, had two Orders of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and other state awards.

2.2. The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm

Studying the biographical data and scientific activities of Igor Tamm (1,8,9,10, 17,18) allows us to judge him as an outstanding scientist of the 20th century.

July 8, 2008 marks the 113th anniversary of the birth of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Tamm's works are devoted to classical electrodynamics, quantum theory, solid state physics, optics, nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and problems of thermonuclear fusion.
The future great physicist was born in 1895 in Vladivostok. Surprisingly, in his youth, Igor Tamm was interested in politics much more than science. As a high school student, he literally raved about the revolution, hated tsarism and considered himself a convinced Marxist. Even in Scotland, at the University of Edinburgh, where his parents sent him out of concern for the future fate of their son, young Tamm continued to study the works of Karl Marx and participate in political rallies.
From 1924 to 1941 Tamm worked at Moscow University (since 1930 - professor, head of the department of theoretical physics); in 1934, Tamm became the head of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now this department bears his name); in 1945 he organized the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, where he was the head of the department for a number of years.

During this period of his scientific activity, Tamm created a complete quantum theory of light scattering in crystals (1930), for which he carried out the quantization of not only light, but also elastic waves in a solid, introducing the concept of phonons - sound quanta; together with S.P. Shubin, laid the foundations of the quantum mechanical theory of the photoelectric effect in metals (1931); gave a consistent derivation of the Klein-Nishina formula for the scattering of light by an electron (1930); using quantum mechanics, he showed the possibility of the existence of special states of electrons on the surface of a crystal (Tamm levels) (1932); built together with D.D. Ivanenko one of the first field theories of nuclear forces (1934), in which the possibility of transfer of interactions by particles of finite mass was first shown; together with L.I. Mandelstam gave a more general interpretation of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation in terms of “energy-time” (1934).

In 1937, Igor Evgenievich, together with Frank, developed the theory of radiation of an electron moving in a medium with a speed exceeding the phase speed of light in this medium - the theory of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect - for which almost a decade later he was awarded the Lenin Prize (1946), and more than two - Nobel Prize (1958). Simultaneously with Tamm, the Nobel Prize was received by I.M. Frank and P.A. Cherenkov, and this was the first time that Soviet physicists became Nobel laureates. True, it should be noted that Igor Evgenievich himself believed that he did not receive the prize for his best work. He even wanted to give the prize to the state, but he was told that this was not necessary.
In subsequent years, Igor Evgenievich continued to study the problem of the interaction of relativistic particles, trying to build a theory of elementary particles that included elementary length. Academician Tamm created a brilliant school of theoretical physicists.

It includes such outstanding physicists as V.L. Ginzburg, M.A. Markov, E.L. Feinberg, L.V. Keldysh, D.A. Kirzhnits and others.

2.3. Frank Ilya Mikhailovich

Having summarized information about the wonderful scientist I. Frank (1, 8, 17, 20), we learned the following:

Frank Ilya Mikhailovich (October 23, 1908 - June 22, 1990) - Russian scientist, Nobel Prize laureate in physics (1958) together with Pavel Cherenkov and Igor Tamm.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank was born in St. Petersburg. He was the youngest son of Mikhail Lyudvigovich Frank, a professor of mathematics, and Elizaveta Mikhailovna Frank. (Gracianova), a physicist by profession. In 1930, he graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in physics, where his teacher was S.I. Vavilov, later president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, under whose leadership Frank conducted experiments with luminescence and its attenuation in solution. At the Leningrad State Optical Institute, Frank studied photochemical reactions using optical means in the laboratory of A.V. Terenina. Here his research attracted attention with the elegance of his methodology, originality and comprehensive analysis of experimental data. In 1935, on the basis of this work, he defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
At the invitation of Vavilov in 1934, Frank entered the Physics Institute. P.N. Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow, where he has worked since then. Together with his colleague L.V. Groshev Frank made a thorough comparison of theory and experimental data regarding the recently discovered phenomenon, which consisted of the formation of an electron-positron pair when krypton was exposed to gamma radiation. In 1936-1937 Frank and Igor Tamm were able to calculate the properties of an electron moving uniformly in a medium at a speed exceeding the speed of light in this medium (something reminiscent of a boat moving through water faster than the waves it creates). They discovered that in this case energy is emitted, and the angle of propagation of the resulting wave is simply expressed in terms of the speed of the electron and the speed of light in a given medium and in a vacuum. One of the first triumphs of Frank and Tamm's theory was the explanation of the polarization of Cherenkov radiation, which, unlike the case of luminescence, was parallel to the incident radiation rather than perpendicular to it. The theory seemed so successful that Frank, Tamm and Cherenkov experimentally tested some of its predictions, such as the presence of a certain energy threshold for incident gamma radiation, the dependence of this threshold on the refractive index of the medium and the shape of the resulting radiation (a hollow cone with an axis along the direction of the incident radiation ). All these predictions were confirmed.

Three living members of this group (Vavilov died in 1951) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 “for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.” In his Nobel lecture, Frank pointed out that the Cherenkov effect “has numerous applications in high-energy particle physics.” “The connection between this phenomenon and other problems has also become clear,” he added, “such as the connection with plasma physics, astrophysics, the problem of generating radio waves and the problem of particle acceleration.”
In addition to optics, Frank's other scientific interests, especially during the Second World War, included nuclear physics. In the mid-40s. he carried out theoretical and experimental work on the propagation and increase in the number of neutrons in uranium-graphite systems and thus contributed to the creation of the atomic bomb. He also thought experimentally about the production of neutrons in the interactions of light atomic nuclei, as well as in the interactions between high-speed neutrons and various nuclei.
In 1946, Frank organized the atomic nucleus laboratory at the Institute. Lebedev and became its leader. Having been a professor at Moscow State University since 1940, Frank from 1946 to 1956 headed the radioactive radiation laboratory at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University. university.
A year later, under Frank's leadership, a neutron physics laboratory was created at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Here, in 1960, a pulsed fast neutron reactor was launched for spectroscopic neutron research.

In 1977 A new and more powerful pulse reactor came into operation.
Colleagues believed that Frank had depth and clarity of thinking, the ability to reveal the essence of a matter using the most elementary methods, as well as special intuition regarding the most difficult to comprehend questions of experiment and theory.

His scientific articles are extremely appreciated for their clarity and logical precision.

3. Lev Landau – creator of the theory of helium superfluidity

We received information about the brilliant scientist from Internet sources and scientific and biographical reference books (5,14, 17, 18), which indicate that the Soviet physicist Lev Davidovich Landau was born into the family of David and Lyubov Landau in Baku. His father was a famous petroleum engineer who worked in the local oil fields, and his mother was a doctor. She was engaged in physiological research.

Although Landau attended high school and graduated brilliantly when he was thirteen years old, his parents considered him too young for a higher educational institution and sent him to the Baku Economic College for a year.

In 1922, Landau entered the University of Baku, where he studied physics and chemistry; two years later he transferred to the physics department of Leningrad University. By the time he was 19 years old, Landau had published four scientific papers. One of them was the first to use the density matrix, a now widely used mathematical expression for describing quantum energy states. After graduating from the university in 1927, Landau entered graduate school at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, where he worked on the magnetic theory of the electron and quantum electrodynamics.

From 1929 to 1931, Landau was on a scientific trip to Germany, Switzerland, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.

In 1931, Landau returned to Leningrad, but soon moved to Kharkov, which was then the capital of Ukraine. There Landau becomes the head of the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology. The USSR Academy of Sciences awarded him the academic degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1934 without defending a dissertation, and the following year he received the title of professor. Landau made major contributions to quantum theory and to research into the nature and interaction of elementary particles.

The unusually wide range of his research, covering almost all areas of theoretical physics, attracted many highly gifted students and young scientists to Kharkov, including Evgeniy Mikhailovich Lifshitz, who became not only Landau’s closest collaborator, but also his personal friend.

In 1937, Landau, at the invitation of Pyotr Kapitsa, headed the department of theoretical physics at the newly created Institute of Physical Problems in Moscow. When Landau moved from Kharkov to Moscow, Kapitsa's experiments with liquid helium were in full swing.

The scientist explained the superfluidity of helium using a fundamentally new mathematical apparatus. While other researchers applied quantum mechanics to the behavior of individual atoms, he treated the quantum states of a volume of liquid almost as if it were a solid. Landau hypothesized the existence of two components of motion, or excitation: phonons, which describe the relatively normal rectilinear propagation of sound waves at low values ​​of momentum and energy, and rotons, which describe rotational motion, i.e. more complex manifestation of excitations at higher values ​​of momentum and energy. The observed phenomena are due to the contributions of phonons and rotons and their interaction.

In addition to the Nobel and Lenin Prizes, Landau was awarded three State Prizes of the USSR. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1946 he was elected to the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was elected as a member by the academies of sciences of Denmark, the Netherlands and the USA, and the American Academy of Sciences and Arts. French Physical Society, London Physical Society and Royal Society of London.

4. Inventors of the optical quantum generator

4.1. Nikolay Basov

We found (3, 9, 14) that Russian physicist Nikolai Gennadievich Basov was born in the village (now city) Usman, near Voronezh, in the family of Gennady Fedorovich Basov and Zinaida Andreevna Molchanova. His father, a professor at the Voronezh Forestry Institute, specialized in the effects of forest plantings on groundwater and surface drainage. After graduating from school in 1941, young Basov went to serve in the Soviet Army. In 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

At the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, Basov and Prokhorov proposed the design of a molecular oscillator based on population inversion, the idea of ​​which, however, they did not publish until October 1954. The following year, Basov and Prokhorov published a note on the “three-level method.” According to this scheme, if atoms are transferred from the ground state to the highest of three energy levels, there will be more molecules in the intermediate level than in the lower one, and stimulated emission can be produced with a frequency corresponding to the difference in energy between the two lower levels. “For his fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle,” Basov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Prokhorov and Townes. Two Soviet physicists had already received the Lenin Prize for their work in 1959.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Basov received the title of twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1969, 1982), and was awarded the gold medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1975). He was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962), a full member (1966) and a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1967). He is a member of many other academies of sciences, including the academies of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and France; he is also a member of the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina", the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and the Optical Society of America. Basov is vice-chairman of the executive council of the World Federation of Scientific Workers and president of the All-Union Society "Znanie". He is a member of the Soviet Peace Committee and the World Peace Council, as well as the editor-in-chief of the popular science magazines Nature and Quantum. He was elected to the Supreme Council in 1974 and was a member of its Presidium in 1982.

4.2. Alexander Prokhorov

A historiographic approach to studying the life and work of the famous physicist (1,8,14,18) allowed us to obtain the following information.

Russian physicist Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, son of Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (nee Mikhailova) Prokhorova, was born in Atherton (Australia), where his family moved in 1911 after Prokhorov’s parents escaped from Siberian exile.

Prokhorov and Basov proposed a method of using stimulated radiation. If excited molecules are separated from molecules in the ground state, which can be done using a non-uniform electric or magnetic field, then it is possible to create a substance whose molecules are at the upper energy level. Radiation incident on this substance with a frequency (photon energy) equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground levels would cause the emission of stimulated radiation with the same frequency, i.e. would lead to strengthening. By diverting some of the energy to excite new molecules, it would be possible to turn the amplifier into a molecular oscillator capable of generating radiation in a self-sustaining mode.

Prokhorov and Basov reported the possibility of creating such a molecular oscillator at the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, but their first publication dates back to October 1954. In 1955, they propose a new “three-level method” for creating a maser. In this method, atoms (or molecules) are pumped into the highest of three energy levels by absorbing radiation with an energy corresponding to the difference between the highest and lowest levels. Most atoms quickly “fall” into an intermediate energy level, which turns out to be densely populated. The maser emits radiation at a frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the intermediate and lower levels.

Since the mid-50s. Prokhorov focuses his efforts on the development of masers and lasers and on the search for crystals with suitable spectral and relaxation properties. His detailed studies of ruby, one of the best crystals for lasers, led to the widespread use of ruby ​​resonators for microwave and optical wavelengths. To overcome some of the difficulties that have arisen in connection with the creation of molecular oscillators operating in the submillimeter range, P. proposes a new open resonator consisting of two mirrors. This type of resonator proved to be especially effective in the creation of lasers in the 60s.

The 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics was divided: one half was awarded to Prokhorov and Basov, the other half to Townes “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, leading to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle” (1). In 1960, Prokhorov was elected a corresponding member, in 1966 - a full member, and in 1970 - a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1969, he was appointed editor-in-chief of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Prokhorov is an honorary professor at the universities of Delhi (1967) and Bucharest (1971). The Soviet government awarded him the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1969).

5. Peter Kapitsa as one of the greatest experimental physicists

When abstracting articles (4, 9, 14, 17), we were of great interest in the life path and scientific research of the great Russian physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa.

He was born in the Kronstadt naval fortress, located on an island in the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg, where his father Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, lieutenant general of the engineering corps, served. Kapitsa's mother Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa (Stebnitskaya) was a famous teacher and collector of folklore. After graduating from the gymnasium in Kronstadt, Kapitsa entered the faculty of electrical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1918. For the next three years, he taught at the same institute. Under the leadership of A.F. Ioffe, who was the first in Russia to begin research in the field of atomic physics, Kapitsa, together with his classmate Nikolai Semenov, developed a method for measuring the magnetic moment of an atom in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, which was improved in 1921 by Otto Stern.

At Cambridge, Kapits's scientific authority grew rapidly. He successfully moved up the levels of the academic hierarchy. In 1923, Kapitsa became a Doctor of Science and received the prestigious James Clerk Maxwell Fellowship. In 1924 he was appointed Deputy Director of the Cavendish Laboratory for Magnetic Research, and in 1925 he became a Fellow of Trinity College. In 1928, the USSR Academy of Sciences awarded Kapitsa the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and in 1929 elected him as its corresponding member. The following year, Kapitsa becomes a research professor at the Royal Society of London. At the insistence of Rutherford, the Royal Society is building a new laboratory especially for Kapitsa. It was named the Mond Laboratory in honor of the chemist and industrialist of German origin, Ludwig Mond, with whose funds, left in his will to the Royal Society of London, it was built. The opening of the laboratory took place in 1934. Kapitsa became its first director. But he was destined to work there for only one year.

In 1935, Kapitsa was offered to become director of the newly created Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, but before agreeing, Kapitsa refused the proposed post for almost a year. Rutherford, resigned to the loss of his outstanding collaborator, allowed the Soviet authorities to buy the equipment from Mond's laboratory and ship it by sea to the USSR. Negotiations, transportation of equipment and its installation at the Institute of Physical Problems took several years.

Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 “for his fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics.” He shared his award with Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson. Introducing the laureates, Lamek Hulten of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences remarked: “Kapitsa stands before us as one of the greatest experimentalists of our time, an undisputed pioneer, leader and master in his field.”

Kapitsa was awarded many awards and honorary titles both in his homeland and in many countries around the world. He was an honorary doctorate from eleven universities on four continents, a member of many scientific societies, the academy of the United States of America, the Soviet Union and most European countries, and was the recipient of numerous honors and awards for his scientific and political activities, including seven Orders of Lenin.

1. Development of information and communication technologies. Zhores Alferov

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in Belarus, in Vitebsk, on March 15, 1930. On the advice of his school teacher, Alferov entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering.

In 1953 he graduated from the institute and, as one of the best students, was hired at the Physico-Technical Institute in the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich. Alferov still works at this institute today, since 1987 - as director.

The authors of the abstract summarized these data using Internet publications about outstanding physicists of our time (11, 12,17).
In the first half of the 1950s, Tuchkevich's laboratory began to develop domestic semiconductor devices based on germanium single crystals. Alferov participated in the creation of the first transistors and power germanium thyristors in the USSR, and in 1959 he defended his PhD thesis on the study of germanium and silicon power rectifiers. In those years, the idea of ​​using heterojunctions rather than homojunctions in semiconductors to create more efficient devices was first put forward. However, many considered work on heterojunction structures to be unpromising, since by that time the creation of a junction close to ideal and the selection of heterojunctions seemed an insurmountable task. However, based on the so-called epitaxial methods, which make it possible to vary the parameters of the semiconductor, Alferov managed to select a pair - GaAs and GaAlAs - and create effective heterostructures. He still likes to joke about this topic, saying that “normal is when it’s hetero, not homo. Hetero is the normal way of development of nature.”

Since 1968, a competition has developed between LFTI and the American companies Bell Telephone, IBM and RCA - who will be the first to develop industrial technology for creating semiconductors on heterostructures. Domestic scientists managed to be literally a month ahead of their competitors; The first continuous laser based on heterojunctions was also created in Russia, in Alferov’s laboratory. The same laboratory is rightfully proud of the development and creation of solar batteries, successfully used in 1986 on the Mir space station: the batteries lasted their entire service life until 2001 without a noticeable decrease in power.

The technology for constructing semiconductor systems has reached such a level that it has become possible to set almost any parameters to the crystal: in particular, if the band gaps are arranged in a certain way, then conduction electrons in semiconductors can move only in one plane - the so-called “quantum plane” is obtained. If the band gaps are arranged differently, then conduction electrons can move only in one direction - this is a “quantum wire”; it is possible to completely block the possibilities of movement of free electrons - you will get a “quantum dot”. It is precisely the production and study of the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures—quantum wires and quantum dots—that Alferov is engaged in today.

According to the well-known “physics and technology” tradition, Alferov has been combining scientific research with teaching for many years. Since 1973, he has headed the basic department of optoelectronics at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (now St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University), since 1988 he has been the dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology at St. Petersburg State Technical University.

Alferov's scientific authority is extremely high. In 1972 he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1979 - its full member, in 1990 - vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences and President of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Alferov is an honorary doctor of many universities and an honorary member of many academies. Awarded the Ballantyne Gold Medal (1971) of the Franklin Institute (USA), the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society (1972), the H. Welker Medal (1987), the A.P. Karpinsky Prize and the A.F. Ioffe Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences, National non-governmental Demidov Prize of the Russian Federation (1999), Kyoto Prize for advanced achievements in the field of electronics (2001).

In 2000, Alferov received the Nobel Prize in Physics “for achievements in electronics” together with the Americans J. Kilby and G. Kroemer. Kremer, like Alferov, received an award for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components (Alferov and Kremer received half of the monetary award), and Kilby for the development of the ideology and technology for creating microchips (the second half).

7. Contribution of Abrikosov and Ginzburg to the theory of superconductors

7.1. Alexey Abrikosov

Many articles written about Russian and American physicists give us an idea of ​​the extraordinary talent and great achievements of A. Abrikosov as a scientist (6, 15, 16).

A. A. Abrikosov was born on June 25, 1928 in Moscow. After graduating from school in 1943, he began to study energy engineering, but in 1945 he moved on to study physics. In 1975, Abrikosov became an honorary doctor at the University of Lausanne.

In 1991, he accepted an invitation from the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois and moved to the United States. In 1999, he accepted American citizenship. Abrikosov is a member of various famous institutions, for example. US National Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Royal Scientific Society and American Academy of Sciences and Arts.

In addition to his scientific activities, he also taught. First at Moscow State University - until 1969. From 1970 to 1972 at Gorky University and from 1976 to 1991 he headed the department of theoretical physics at the Physics and Technology Institute in Moscow. In the USA he taught at the University of Illinois (Chicago) and at the University of Utah. In England he taught at the University of Lorborough.

Abrikosov, together with Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory, a new class of superconductors - superconductors of the second type. This new type of superconductor, unlike the first type of superconductor, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 Tesla). Abrikosov was able to explain such properties, developing the reasoning of his colleague Vitaly Ginzburg, by the formation of a regular lattice of magnetic lines that are surrounded by ring currents. This structure is called the Abrikosov Vortex Lattice.

Abrikosov also worked on the problem of the transition of hydrogen into the metallic phase inside hydrogen planets, high-energy quantum electrodynamics, superconductivity in high-frequency fields and in the presence of magnetic inclusions (at the same time, he discovered the possibility of superconductivity without a stop band) and was able to explain the Knight shift at low temperatures by taking into account the spin- orbital interaction. Other works were devoted to the theory of non-superfluid ³He and matter at high pressures, semimetals and metal-insulator transitions, the Kondo effect at low temperatures (he also predicted the Abrikosov-Soul resonance) and the construction of semiconductors without a stop band. Other studies focused on one-dimensional or quasi-one-dimensional conductors and spin glasses.

At the Argonne National Laboratory, he was able to explain most of the properties of high-temperature superconductors based on cuprate and established in 1998 a new effect (the effect of linear quantum magnetic resistance), which was first measured back in 1928 by Kapitsa, but was never considered as an independent effect.

In 2003, he, jointly with Ginzburg and Leggett, received the Nobel Prize in Physics for “fundamental work on the theory of superconductors and superfluids.”

Abrikosov received many awards: corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (today the Russian Academy of Sciences) since 1964, Lenin Prize in 1966, honorary doctor of the University of Lausanne (1975), USSR State Prize (1972), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( today of the Russian Academy of Sciences) since 1987, Landau Prize (1989), John Bardeen Prize (1991), foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts (1991), member of the US Academy of Sciences (2000), foreign member of the Royal Scientific Society (2001) ), Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003

7.2. Vitaly Ginzburg

Based on data obtained from analyzed sources (1, 7, 13, 15, 17), we have formed an idea of ​​V. Ginzburg’s outstanding contribution to the development of physics.

V.L. Ginzburg, the only child in the family, was born on October 4, 1916 in Moscow and was. His father was an engineer and his mother a doctor. In 1931, after finishing seven classes, V.L. Ginzburg entered the X-ray structural laboratory of one of the universities as a laboratory assistant, and in 1933 he unsuccessfully passed exams for the physics department of Moscow State University. Having entered the correspondence department of the physics department, a year later he transferred to the 2nd year of the full-time department.

In 1938 V.L. Ginzburg graduated with honors from the Department of Optics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, which was then headed by our outstanding scientist, academician G.S. Landsberg. After graduating from the University, Vitaly Lazarevich remained in graduate school. He considered himself not a very strong mathematician and at first did not intend to study theoretical physics. Even before graduating from Moscow State University, he was given an experimental task - to study the spectrum of “channel rays”. The work was carried out by him under the guidance of S.M. Levi. In the fall of 1938, Vitaly Lazarevich approached the head of the department of theoretical physics, future academician and Nobel Prize laureate Igor Evgenievich Tamm, with a proposal for a possible explanation for the supposed angular dependence of the radiation of channel rays. And although this idea turned out to be wrong, it was then that his close cooperation and friendship with I.E. began. Tamm, who played a huge role in the life of Vitaly Lazarevich. Vitaly Lazarevich's first three articles on theoretical physics, published in 1939, formed the basis of his Ph.D. thesis, which he defended in May 1940 at Moscow State University. In September 1940 V.L. Ginzburg was enrolled in doctoral studies in the theoretical department of the Lebedev Physical Institute, founded by I.E. Tamm in 1934. From that time on, the entire life of the future Nobel Prize laureate took place within the walls of the Lebedev Physical Institute. In July 1941, a month after the start of the war, Vitaly Lazarevich and his family were evacuated from the FIAN to Kazan. There in May 1942 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the theory of particles with higher spins. At the end of 1943, returning to Moscow, Ginzburg became I.E. Tamm’s deputy in the theoretical department. He remained in this position for the next 17 years.

In 1943, he became interested in studying the nature of superconductivity, discovered by the Dutch physicist and chemist Kamerlingh-Ohness in 1911 and which had no explanation at that time. The most famous of a large number of works in this area was written by V.L. Ginzburg in 1950 together with academician and also future Nobel laureate Lev Davydovich Landau - undoubtedly our most outstanding physicist. It was published in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETF).

On the breadth of V.L.’s astrophysical horizons Ginzburg can be judged by the titles of his reports at these seminars. Here are the topics of some of them:

· September 15, 1966 “Results of the conference on radio astronomy and the structure of the galaxy” (Holland), co-authored with S.B. Pikelner;

V.L. Ginzburg published over 400 scientific papers and a dozen books and monographs. He was elected a member of 9 foreign academies, including: the Royal Society of London (1987), the American National Academy (1981), and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1971). He has been awarded several medals from international scientific societies.

V.L. Ginzburg is not only a recognized authority in the scientific world, as the Nobel Committee confirmed with its decision, but also a public figure who devotes a lot of time and effort to the fight against bureaucracy of all stripes and manifestations of anti-scientific tendencies.

Conclusion

Nowadays, knowledge of the basics of physics is necessary for everyone in order to have a correct understanding of the world around us - from the properties of elementary particles to the evolution of the Universe. For those who have decided to connect their future profession with physics, studying this science will help them take the first steps towards mastering the profession. We can learn how even seemingly abstract physical research gave birth to new areas of technology, gave impetus to the development of industry and led to what is commonly called scientific and technological revolution. The successes of nuclear physics, solid state theory, electrodynamics, statistical physics, and quantum mechanics determined the appearance of technology at the end of the twentieth century, such areas as laser technology, nuclear energy, and electronics. Is it possible to imagine in our time any areas of science and technology without electronic computers? Many of us, after graduating from school, will have the opportunity to work in one of these areas, and whoever we become - skilled workers, laboratory assistants, technicians, engineers, doctors, astronauts, biologists, archaeologists - knowledge of physics will help us better master our profession.

Physical phenomena are studied in two ways: theoretically and experimentally. In the first case (theoretical physics), new relationships are derived using mathematical apparatus and based on previously known laws of physics. The main tools here are paper and pencil. In the second case (experimental physics), new connections between phenomena are obtained using physical measurements. Here the instruments are much more diverse - numerous measuring instruments, accelerators, bubble chambers, etc.

In order to explore new areas of physics, in order to understand the essence of modern discoveries, it is necessary to thoroughly understand already established truths.

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Application

Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics

1901 Roentgen V.K. (Germany). Discovery of “x” rays (X-rays).

1902 Zeeman P., Lorenz H. A. (Netherlands). Study of the splitting of spectral emission lines of atoms when a radiation source is placed in a magnetic field.

1903 Becquerel A. A. (France). Discovery of natural radioactivity.

1903 Curie P., Sklodowska-Curie M. (France). Study of the phenomenon of radioactivity discovered by A. A. Becquerel.

1904 Strett J. W. (Great Britain). Discovery of argon.

1905 Lenard F. E. A. (Germany). Research of cathode rays.

1906 Thomson J. J. (Great Britain). Study of electrical conductivity of gases.

1907 Michelson A. A. (USA). Creation of high-precision optical instruments; spectroscopic and metrological studies.

1908 Lipman G. (France). Discovery of color photography.

1909 Brown K.F. (Germany), Marconi G. (Italy). Work in the field of wireless telegraphy.

1910 Waals (van der Waals) J. D. (Netherlands). Studies of the equation of state of gases and liquids.

1911 Win W. (Germany). Discoveries in the field of thermal radiation.

1912 Dalen N. G. (Sweden). Invention of a device for automatically igniting and extinguishing beacons and luminous buoys.

1913 Kamerlingh-Onnes H. (Netherlands). Study of the properties of matter at low temperatures and production of liquid helium.

1914 Laue M. von (Germany). Discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals.

1915 Bragg W. G., Bragg W. L. (Great Britain). Study of crystal structure using X-rays.

1916 Not awarded.

1917 Barkla Ch. (Great Britain). Discovery of the characteristic X-ray emission of elements.

1918 Planck M. K. (Germany). Merits in the field of development of physics and the discovery of discreteness of radiation energy (quantum of action).

1919 Stark J. (Germany). Discovery of the Doppler effect in channel beams and splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.

1920 Guillaume (Guillaume) S. E. (Switzerland). Creation of iron-nickel alloys for metrological purposes.

1921 Einstein A. (Germany). Contributions to theoretical physics, in particular the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

1922 Bohr N. H. D. (Denmark). Merits in the field of studying the structure of the atom and the radiation emitted by it.

1923 Milliken R. E. (USA). Work on the determination of the elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect.

1924 Sigban K. M. (Sweden). Contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.

1925 Hertz G., Frank J. (Germany). Discovery of the laws of collision of an electron with an atom.

1926 Perrin J.B. (France). Works on the discrete nature of matter, in particular for the discovery of sedimentation equilibrium.

1927 Wilson C. T. R. (Great Britain). A method for visually observing the trajectories of electrically charged particles using vapor condensation.

1927 Compton A.H. (USA). Discovery of changes in the wavelength of X-rays, scattering by free electrons (Compton effect).

1928 Richardson O. W. (Great Britain). Study of thermionic emission (dependence of emission current on temperature - Richardson formula).

1929 Broglie L. de (France). Discovery of the wave nature of the electron.

1930 Raman C.V. (India). Work on light scattering and the discovery of Raman scattering (Raman effect).

1931 Not awarded.

1932 Heisenberg V.K. (Germany). Participation in the creation of quantum mechanics and its application to the prediction of two states of the hydrogen molecule (ortho- and parahydrogen).

1933 Dirac P. A. M. (Great Britain), Schrödinger E. (Austria). The discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory, that is, the creation of the equations of quantum mechanics.

1934 Not awarded.

1935 Chadwick J. (Great Britain). Discovery of the neutron.

1936 Anderson K. D. (USA). Discovery of the positron in cosmic rays.

1936 Hess W.F. (Austria). Discovery of cosmic rays.

1937 Davisson K.J. (USA), Thomson J.P. (Great Britain). Experimental discovery of electron diffraction in crystals.

1938 Fermi E. (Italy). Evidence of the existence of new radioactive elements obtained by irradiation with neutrons, and the related discovery of nuclear reactions caused by slow neutrons.

1939 Lawrence E. O. (USA). Invention and creation of the cyclotron.

1940-42 Not awarded.

1943 Stern O. (USA). Contribution to the development of the molecular beam method and the discovery and measurement of the magnetic moment of the proton.

1944 Rabi I.A. (USA). Resonance method for measuring the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei

1945 Pauli W. (Switzerland). Discovery of the exclusion principle (Pauli's principle).

1946 Bridgeman P.W. (USA). Discoveries in the field of high pressure physics.

1947 Appleton E. W. (Great Britain). Study of the physics of the upper atmosphere, discovery of a layer of the atmosphere that reflects radio waves (Appleton layer).

1948 Blackett P. M. S. (Great Britain). Improvements to the cloud chamber method and resulting discoveries in nuclear and cosmic ray physics.

1949 Yukawa H. (Japan). Prediction of the existence of mesons based on theoretical work on nuclear forces.

1950 Powell S. F. (Great Britain). Development of a photographic method for studying nuclear processes and discovery of mesons based on this method.

1951 Cockroft J.D., Walton E.T.S. (Great Britain). Studies of transformations of atomic nuclei using artificially accelerated particles.

1952 Bloch F., Purcell E. M. (USA). Development of new methods for accurately measuring the magnetic moments of atomic nuclei and related discoveries.

1953 Zernike F. (Netherlands). Creation of the phase-contrast method, invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

1954 Born M. (Germany). Fundamental research in quantum mechanics, statistical interpretation of the wave function.

1954 Bothe W. (Germany). Development of a method for recording coincidences (the act of emission of a radiation quantum and an electron during the scattering of an X-ray quantum on hydrogen).

1955 Kush P. (USA). Accurate determination of the magnetic moment of an electron.

1955 Lamb W.Y. (USA). Discovery in the field of fine structure of hydrogen spectra.

1956 Bardeen J., Brattain U., Shockley W. B. (USA). Study of semiconductors and discovery of the transistor effect.

1957 Li (Li Zongdao), Yang (Yang Zhenning) (USA). Study of conservation laws (the discovery of parity nonconservation in weak interactions), which led to important discoveries in particle physics.

1958 Tamm I. E., Frank I. M., Cherenkov P. A. (USSR). Discovery and creation of the theory of the Cherenkov effect.

1959 Segre E., Chamberlain O. (USA). Discovery of the antiproton.

1960 Glaser D. A. (USA). Invention of the bubble chamber.

1961 Mossbauer R. L. (Germany). Research and discovery of resonant absorption of gamma radiation in solids (Mossbauer effect).

1961 Hofstadter R. (USA). Studies of electron scattering on atomic nuclei and related discoveries in the field of nucleon structure.

1962 Landau L. D. (USSR). Theory of condensed matter (especially liquid helium).

1963 Wigner Y. P. (USA). Contribution to the theory of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles.

1963 Geppert-Mayer M. (USA), Jensen J. H. D. (Germany). Discovery of the shell structure of the atomic nucleus.

1964 Basov N. G., Prokhorov A. M. (USSR), Townes C. H. (USA). Work in the field of quantum electronics, leading to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.

1965 Tomonaga S. (Japan), Feynman R.F., Schwinger J. (USA). Fundamental work on the creation of quantum electrodynamics (with important consequences for particle physics).

1966 Kastler A. (France). Creation of optical methods for studying Hertz resonances in atoms.

1967 Bethe H. A. (USA). Contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially for discoveries concerning the sources of energy in stars.

1968 Alvarez L. W. (USA). Contributions to particle physics, including the discovery of many resonances using the hydrogen bubble chamber.

1969 Gell-Man M. (USA). Discoveries related to the classification of elementary particles and their interactions (quark hypothesis).

1970 Alven H. (Sweden). Fundamental works and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics and its applications in various fields of physics.

1970 Neel L. E. F. (France). Fundamental works and discoveries in the field of antiferromagnetism and their application in solid state physics.

1971 Gabor D. (Great Britain). Invention (1947-48) and development of holography.

1972 Bardeen J., Cooper L., Schrieffer J.R. (USA). Creation of a microscopic (quantum) theory of superconductivity.

1973 Jayever A. (USA), Josephson B. (Great Britain), Esaki L. (USA). Research and application of the tunnel effect in semiconductors and superconductors.

1974 Ryle M., Hewish E. (Great Britain). Pioneering work in radioastrophysics (in particular, aperture fusion).

1975 Bohr O., Mottelson B. (Denmark), Rainwater J. (USA). Development of the so-called generalized model of the atomic nucleus.

1976 Richter B., Ting S. (USA). Contribution to the discovery of a new type of heavy elementary particle (gipsy particle).

1977 Anderson F., Van Vleck J. H. (USA), Mott N. (Great Britain). Fundamental research in the field of electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.

1978 Wilson R.W., Penzias A.A. (USA). Discovery of the microwave cosmic microwave background radiation.

1978 Kapitsa P. L. (USSR). Fundamental discoveries in the field of low temperature physics.

1979 Weinberg (Weinberg) S., Glashow S. (USA), Salam A. (Pakistan). Contribution to the theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions between elementary particles (the so-called electroweak interaction).

1980 Cronin J. W., Fitch W. L. (USA). Discovery of violation of fundamental principles of symmetry in the decay of neutral K-mesons.

1981 Blombergen N., Shavlov A. L. (USA). Development of laser spectroscopy.

1982 Wilson K. (USA). Development of a theory of critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.

1983 Fowler W. A., Chandrasekhar S. (USA). Works in the field of structure and evolution of stars.

1984 Meer (Van der Meer) S. (Netherlands), Rubbia C. (Italy). Contributions to research in high energy physics and particle theory [discovery of intermediate vector bosons (W, Z0)].

1985 Klitzing K. (Germany). Discovery of the “quantum Hall effect”.

1986 Binnig G. (Germany), Rohrer G. (Switzerland), Ruska E. (Germany). Creation of a scanning tunneling microscope.

1987 Bednorz J. G. (Germany), Muller K. A. (Switzerland). Discovery of new (high temperature) superconducting materials.

1988 Lederman L. M., Steinberger J., Schwartz M. (USA). Proof of the existence of two types of neutrinos.

1989 Demelt H. J. (USA), Paul W. (Germany). Development of a method for confining a single ion in a trap and high-resolution precision spectroscopy.

1990 Kendall G. (USA), Taylor R. (Canada), Friedman J. (USA). Fundamental research important for the development of the quark model.

1991 De Gennes P. J. (France). Advances in the description of molecular ordering in complex condensed systems, especially liquid crystals and polymers.

1992 Charpak J. (France). Contribution to the development of elementary particle detectors.

1993 Taylor J. (Jr.), Hulse R. (USA). For the discovery of double pulsars.

1994 Brockhouse B. (Canada), Schall K. (USA). Technology of materials research by bombardment with neutron beams.

1995 Pearl M., Reines F. (USA). For experimental contributions to particle physics.

1996 Lee D., Osheroff D., Richardson R. (USA). For the discovery of superfluidity of the helium isotope.

1997 Chu S., Phillips W. (USA), Cohen-Tanouji K. (France). For the development of methods for cooling and trapping atoms using laser radiation.

1998 Robert B. Loughlin, Horst L. Stomer, Daniel S. Tsui.

1999 Gerardas Hoovt, Martinas JG Veltman.

2000 Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack Kilby.

2001 Eric A. Comell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Karl E. Wieman.

2002 Raymond Davis I., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giassoni.

2003 Alexey Abrikosov (USA), Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia), Anthony Leggett (Great Britain). The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for important contributions to the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.

2004 David I. Gross, H. David Politser, Frank Vilseck.

2005 Roy I. Glauber, John L. Hull, Theodore W. Hantsch.

2006 John S. Mather, Georg F. Smoot.

2007 Albert Firth, Peter Grunberg.

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Presentation on the topic: Great Russian physicists

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Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in Vitebsk. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in Vitebsk. In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Electronics of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute. V. I. Ulyanova (Lenin). Candidate of Technical Sciences (1961), Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1970), Professor (LETI) - since 1972. Since 1953, Zhores Ivanovich has been working at the Physico-Technical Institute named after. A. F. Ioffe RAS; From 1987 to the present, he holds the post of director at the institute. From 1990 to 1991 - Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad Scientific Center, from 1991 to the present - Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov is one of the largest Russian scientists in the field of physics and semiconductor technology. For his high achievements, Zh. I. Alferov was awarded honorary titles: the Russian Academy of Sciences, the University of Havana (Cuba, 1987); Franklin Institute (USA, 1971); Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland, 1988); National Academy of Engineering (USA, 1990); National Academy of Sciences (USA, 1990) and others.

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Dmitry Ivanovich Blokhintsev (1908–1979) Russian theoretical physicist. Born on December 29, 1907 in Moscow. Blokhintsev made a significant contribution to the development of a number of branches of physics. In solid state theory, he developed the quantum theory of phosphorescence in solids; in semiconductor physics, investigated and explained the effect of rectification of electric current at the interface of two semiconductors; in optics, he developed the theory of the Stark effect for the case of a strong alternating field.

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Vavilov Sergei Ivanovich (1891-1951) Russian physicist, statesman and public figure, one of the founders of the Russian scientific school of physical optics and the founder of luminescence and nonlinear optics research in the USSR, was born in Moscow. In 1914 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. A particularly large contribution by S.I. Vavilov contributed to the study of luminescence - the long-term glow of certain substances previously illuminated with light. Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Vavilov’s graduate student, P.A. Cherenkov, while performing experiments to study the luminescence of luminescent solutions under the influence of radium gamma rays.

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Zeldovich Yakov Borisovich (1914–1987) Soviet physicist, physical chemist and astrophysicist. From February 1948 to October 1965, he was engaged in defense issues, working on the creation of atomic and hydrogen bombs, for which he was awarded the Lenin Prize and three times the title of Hero of Socialist Labor of the USSR. Since 1965, professor at the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University, head of the department of relativistic astrophysics at the State Astronomical Institute named after. P.K. Sternberg (SAI MSU). In 1958 academician. Awarded a gold medal named after. I.V. Kurchatov for predicting the properties of ultracold neutrons and their detection and research (1977). He has been involved in theoretical astrophysics and cosmology since the early 1960s. Developed a theory of the structure of supermassive stars and a theory of compact star systems; He studied in detail the properties of black holes and the processes occurring in their vicinity.

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Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894-1984) Soviet physicist was born in Kronstadt. After graduating from high school in Kronstadt, he entered the faculty of electrical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1918. The creation of unique equipment for measuring temperature effects associated with the influence of strong magnetic fields on the properties of matter led K. to study the problems of low-temperature physics. The pinnacle of his creativity in this area was the creation in 1934 of an unusually productive installation for the liquefaction of helium, which boils or liquefies at a temperature of about 4.3 K. He designed installations for liquefying other gases. In 1938, K. improved a small turbine that liquefied air very effectively. K. called the new phenomenon he discovered superfluidity. K. was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics.”

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Orlov Alexander Yakovlevich (1880-1954) Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927), Full Member of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences (1939), Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1951) Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov was the most authoritative specialist in the study of fluctuations in latitude and the movement of the Earth's poles, one of the creators of geodynamics - a science that studies the Earth as a complex physical system under the influence of external forces. A.Ya. Orlov was also an outstanding gravimetrist who developed new methods of gravimetry and created gravimetric maps of Ukraine, the European part of Russia, Siberia and Altai and connected them into a single network.

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Popov was born in the factory village of Turinskie Rudniki in the Urals. Became the inventor of the first radio. Since childhood, I became interested in technology, built homemade pumps, water mills, and tried to come up with something new. In recent years, Popov was a professor of physics and director of the St. Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute.

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Rozhdestvensky Dmitry Sergeevich (1876-1940) One of the organizers of the optical industry in our country. Born in St. Petersburg. Graduated from St. Petersburg University with honors. Three years later he became a teacher at this university. In 1919 he organized a physical department. Discovered one of the characteristics of atoms. He developed and improved the theory of the microscope and pointed out the important role of interference.

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Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov (1839-1896) Born in the city of Vladimir, into a merchant family. Graduated from Moscow University. Since 1866, A.G. Stoletov was a teacher at Moscow University, and then a professor. In 1888, Stoletov created a laboratory at Moscow University. Invented photometry. Stoletov's main research is devoted to the problems of electricity and magnetism. He discovered the first law of the photoelectric effect, pointed out the possibility of using the photoelectric effect for photometry, invented the photocell, discovered the dependence of the photocurrent on the frequency of the incident light, and the phenomenon of photocathode fatigue during prolonged irradiation.

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Chaplygin Sergey Alekseevich (1869 - 1942) Born in the Ryazan province in the city of Ranenburg. In 1890 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University and, at the suggestion of Zhukovsky, was left there to prepare for a professorship. Chaplygin wrote the university course on analytical mechanics “System Mechanics” and the abbreviated “Teaching Course in Mechanics” for colleges and natural sciences departments of universities. Chaplygin's first works, created under the influence of Zhukovsky, relate to the field of hydromechanics. In his work “On Some Cases of the Motion of a Solid Body in a Liquid” and in his master’s thesis “On Some Cases of the Motion of a Solid Body in a Liquid,” he gave a geometric interpretation of the laws of motion of solid bodies in a liquid. At the end of Moscow University, he received his doctoral dissertation “On Gas Jets,” which presented a method for studying jet gas flows at any subsonic speeds. for aviation.

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Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) Born in Izhevsk. At the age of nine, Kostya Tsiolkovsky fell ill with scarlet fever and, after complications, became deaf. He was especially attracted to mathematics, physics and space. At the age of 16, Tsiolkovsky went to Moscow, where he studied chemistry, mathematics, astronomy and mechanics for three years. A special hearing aid helped him communicate with the outside world. In 1892, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was transferred as a teacher to Kaluga. There he also did not forget about science, astronautics and aeronautics. In Kaluga, Tsiolkovsky built a special tunnel that would make it possible to measure various aerodynamic parameters of aircraft. In 1903, he published a work in St. Petersburg in which the principle of jet propulsion was the basis for the creation of interplanetary spacecraft, and proved that the only aircraft that can penetrate beyond the Earth's atmosphere is a rocket.

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Links http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81&rpt=simage&p=0&img_url=www.nanonewsnet.ru%2Ffiles%2Fusers% 2Fu282%2FAlferov_Zhores.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0% B8%D1%87+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8 %D1%87%0B&rpt=image&img_url=www.nanonewsnet.ru%2Ffiles%2Fusers%2Fu282%2FAlferov_Zhores.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8 %D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+% D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+&rpt=image&img_url=www.nanonewsnet.ru%2Ffiles%2Fusers% 2Fu282%2FAlfero http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1% D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1% 87+&rpt=image&img_url=www.nanonewsnet.ru%2Ffiles%2Fusers%2Fu282%2FAlferov_Zhores.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0% BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE% D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rpt=image http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%A7%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%9B%D0%AB%D0% 93%D0%98%D0%9D+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA% D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+&rpt=image http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%A6%D0%B8% D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1% 81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4% D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rpt=image http://go.mail.ru/search_images?fr=mailru&q=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE% D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9#w=608&h=448&s=162566&pic=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-mRBYg5igHkk%2FTbScaB9K0tI%2FAAAAAAAAAVs%2F6xoHFjriHcU%2Fs1600% 2Ffccce1ffa0_168030.jpg&page=http%3A%2F%2F http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5% D0%B2+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0 %B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rpt=image&img_url=www.nanonewsnet.ru%2Ffiles%2Fusers%2Fu282%2FAlferov_Zhores.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%9E%D1%80 %D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+% D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rpt=image&img_url=www.nanonewsnet.ru%2Ffiles%2Fusers%2Fu282% 2FAlferov_Zhore http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0% BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE %D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87. http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5 %D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9++%D0 %A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.&rpt=image http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch? text=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA %D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C% D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rpt=image

The laws of physics are great and comprehensive. The arena of action of the forces and processes studied by it is the entire universe.

The laws governing physical phenomena need to be known by an astronomer, a geologist, a chemist, a doctor, a meteorologist, and an engineer of any specialty. The victories won by physicists are embodied in a variety of engines, machines, machine tools and structures.

The works of Russian physicists give us wonderful examples of the use of all means of scientific research: observation, experience, theoretical analysis.

Observers have a whole arsenal of devices that sharpen human senses many times over. There are also instruments that detect what a person is unable to sense - picking up radio waves, noticing individual atoms and even electrons.

A well-staged experiment is a skillfully asked question to nature. By carrying out experiments, researchers learn the secrets of nature, as if talking with it.

Like observation, experience, experiment is a necessary link in scientific research. Thousands of experiments are carried out every day in laboratories around the world.

Some experiments clarify the specific gravity of substances, others find out their hardness, others measure the melting point, etc. These are everyday experiments. They are similar to the movement of a pedestrian on a plain. After each such experience - step - we learn more and more details about the world.

But there are experiences similar to climbing a mountain peak or flying high, when a new, unknown country opens up. These great experiments determined the development of all science for many years.

A true researcher carefully uses observation and experience. He is not their slave, but their ruler. The researcher’s thought boldly rushes into a daring flight in order to see the main thing, to learn the basic laws. And the hypothesis, theoretically created today, is brilliantly confirmed tomorrow, with the help of new methods of observation and experiment, experience acts as the supreme judge of the hypothesis.

A common thread running through the entire history of advanced Russian science is the desire to find the main, fundamental laws governing the world. Observation, experiment and mathematical analysis were a means for physicists to penetrate into the very essence of phenomena.

Russian physicists created many theories, the correctness of which was later confirmed with the development of new methods of observation and experiment. Advanced Russian scientists more than once rebelled against the theories accepted in their time and boldly paved the way for something new.

Hello guys. I am glad to welcome you to the conference dedicated to the biography and contribution of famous scientists - physicists to the development of science and theory in Russia.

Physics (from ancient Greek φύσις “nature”) is a field of natural science, a science that studies the most general and fundamental laws that determine the structure and evolution of the material world. The laws of physics underlie all natural science.

The term “physics” first appeared in the writings of one of the greatest thinkers of antiquity - Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. Initially, the terms “physics” and “philosophy” were synonymous, since both disciplines try to explain the laws of the functioning of the Universe. However, as a result of the scientific revolution of the 16th century, physics emerged as a separate scientific direction.

The word “physics” was introduced into the Russian language by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov when he published the first physics textbook in Russia translated from German. The first Russian textbook entitled “A Brief Outline of Physics” was written by the first Russian academician Strakhov.

In the modern world, the importance of physics is extremely great. Everything that distinguishes modern society from the society of past centuries appeared as a result of the practical application of physical discoveries. Thus, research in the field of electromagnetism led to the appearance of telephones, discoveries in thermodynamics made it possible to create a car, and the development of electronics led to the appearance of computers.

The physical understanding of processes occurring in nature is constantly evolving. Most new discoveries soon find application in technology and industry. However, new research continually raises new mysteries and discovers phenomena that require new physical theories to explain. Despite the enormous amount of accumulated knowledge, modern physics is still very far from explaining all natural phenomena.

Message - Russian theoretical physicist.

Graduated

, , , and quantum electronics,, nuclear reactor theories,,

He was awarded four Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the personalized Gold Medal of the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree. Laureate, first degree and State Prize of the USSR. Member of a number of academies of sciences and scientific societies. In 1966-1969 - President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.

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Message - Soviet and. . Three times.

In graduate school

One of the creators of atomic and V .

And an explosion, , , , .

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Message 5 Orlov Alexander Yakovlevich

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov

Was engaged in theoretical And , European part, And

AND .

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dedicated to research V

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Alexander Stoletov was born in 1839, in Vladimir, into the family of a poor merchant. He graduated from Moscow University and was left to prepare for a professorship. In 1862, Stoletov was sent to Germany, worked and studied in Heidelberg.

And he appreciated his delay.

Message born in 1869 in the Ryazan province in the city of Ranenburg.

Russian scientist, one of the founders of aerodynamics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor. Works on theoretical mechanics, hydro-, aero- and gas dynamics. Together with the scientist, he participated in the organization of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute.

And in Sergey Chaplygindied in Novosibirsk

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Message 13 Frank Ilya Mikhailovich

Message 14:

Message 15: Nikolay Basov

Message: 16 Alexander Prokhorov

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I would like to end our conference with a quatrain - a wish, in the words of Igor Severyanin:

We live as if in an unsolved dream,

On one of the convenient planets...

There is a lot here that we don’t need at all,

But what we want is not...

Always think a little more than you can accomplish; jump a little higher than you can jump; strive forward! Dare, create, be successful!

Thank you. Goodbye.

APPLICATION Message 1 Dmitry Ivanovich Blokhintsev (1908–1979) - Russian theoretical physicist.

Born on December 29, 1907 in Moscow. As a child, he became interested in aircraft and rocket engineering and independently mastered the basics of differential and integral calculus.

Graduated . He was the founder of the Department of Nuclear Physics at the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University.

Blokhintsev made a significant contribution to the development of a number of branches of physics. His works are devoted to solid state theory, physics, , , and quantum electronics,, nuclear reactor theories,, , philosophical and methodological issues of physics.

Based on quantum theory, he explained the phosphorescence of solids and the effect of rectification of electric current at the interface of two semiconductors. In solid state theory, he developed the quantum theory of phosphorescence in solids; in semiconductor physics, investigated and explained the effect of rectification of electric current at the interface of two semiconductors; in optics, he developed the theory of the Stark effect for the case of a strong alternating field.

He was awarded four Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the personalized Gold Medal of the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree. Laureate, first degree and USSR State Prize. Member of a number of academies of sciences and scientific societies. In 1966-1969 - President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.

Message 2 Vavilov Sergei Ivanovich (1891-1951) born on March 12, 1891 in Moscow, in the family of a wealthy shoe manufacturer, member of the Moscow City Duma Ivan Ilyich Vavilov

He studied at a commercial school in Ostozhenka, then, from 1909, at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1914. During the First World War, S.I. Vavilov served in various engineering units. In 1914, he enlisted as a volunteer in the 25th sapper battalion of the Moscow Military District. At the front, Sergei Vavilov completed an experimental and theoretical work entitled “Oscillation frequencies of a loaded antenna.”

In 1914 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. A particularly large contribution by S.I. Vavilov contributed to the study of luminescence - the long-lasting glow of some substances previously illuminated with light

From 1918 to 1932 he taught physics at the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU, associate professor, professor), at the Moscow Higher Zootechnical Institute (MVZI, professor) and at Moscow State University (MSU). At the same time, at the same time, he headed the department of physical optics at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR. In 1929 he became a professor.

Russian physicist, statesman and public figure, one of the founders of the Russian scientific school of physical optics and the founder of luminescence and nonlinear optics research in the USSR, was born in Moscow.

Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Vavilov’s graduate student, P.A. Cherenkov, while performing experiments to study the luminescence of luminescent solutions under the influence of radium gamma rays.

Message 3 Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich - Soviet and. . Three times.
Born into the family of lawyer Boris Naumovich Zeldovich and Anna Petrovna Kiveliovich.

Studied as an external student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematicsand Faculty of Physics and Mechanics, in graduate school Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad (1934), Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1936), Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1939).

From February 1948 to October 1965, he was engaged in defense issues, working on the creation of atomic and hydrogen bombs, for which he was awarded the Lenin Prize and three times the title of Hero of Socialist Labor of the USSR.

One of the creators of atomic and V .

The most famous works of Yakov Borisovich in physics and explosion, , , , .

Zeldovich made a major contribution to the development of combustion theory. Almost all of his works in this area have become classics: the theory of ignition by a hot surface; theory of thermal propagation of laminar flame in gases; theory of flame propagation limits; theory of combustion of condensed matter, etc.

Zeldovich proposed a model for the propagation of flatwaves in gas: the shock wave front adiabatically compresses the gas to a temperature at which chemical combustion reactions begin, which in turn support the stable propagation of the shock wave.

Awarded a gold medal named after. I.V. Kurchatov for predicting the properties of ultracold neutrons and their detection and research (1977).

He has been involved in theoretical astrophysics and cosmology since the early 1960s. Developed a theory of the structure of supermassive stars and a theory of compact star systems; He studied in detail the properties of black holes and the processes occurring in their vicinity.

Message 4 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was born 1894, in Kronstadt. His father, Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, was a military engineer and builder of forts at the Kronstadt Fortress. Mother, Olga Ieronimovna, is a philologist, specialist in the field of children's literature and folklore.

After graduating from high school in Kronstadt, he entered the faculty of electrical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1918.

Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa made a significant contribution to the development of the physics of magnetic phenomena, low-temperature physics and technology, quantum physics of condensed matter, electronics and plasma physics. In 1922, he first placed a cloud chamber in a strong magnetic field and observed the curvature of the trajectories of alpha particles ((a particle is the nucleus of a helium atom containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons). This work preceded Kapitsa’s extensive series of studies on methods for creating super-strong magnetic fields and studies of the behavior of metals in them. In these works, a pulsed method of creating a magnetic field by closing a powerful alternator was first developed and a number of fundamental results in the field of metal physics were obtained. The fields obtained by Kapitsa were record-breaking in magnitude and duration for decades.

The need to conduct research in the physics of metals at low temperatures led P. Kapitsa to the creation of new methods for obtaining low temperatures.

In 1938, Kapitsa improved a small turbine that liquefied air very efficiently. K. called the new phenomenon he discovered superfluidity.

The pinnacle of his creativity in this area was the creation in 1934 of an unusually productive installation for the liquefaction of helium, which boils or liquefies at a temperature of about 4.3 K. He designed installations for liquefying other gases.

Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 “for his fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics.”

Message 5 Orlov Alexander Yakovlevich

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov born on March 23, 1880 in Smolensk in the family of a clergyman.

In 1894-1898 he studied at the Voronezh classical gymnasium. In 1898-1902 - at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. In 1901 and 1906-1907 he worked at the Pulkovo Observatory.

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov was an authoritative specialist in the field of studying fluctuations in latitude and the movement of the Earth's poles, one of the creators of geodynamics - a science that studies the Earth as a complex physical system under the influence of external forces.

Was engaged in theoretical And . Developed new methods of gravimetry, created gravimetric maps, European part, And and connected them into a single network. He was engaged in research on the annual and free movement of the instantaneous axis of rotation of the Earth, and obtained the most accurate data on the movement of the Earth's poles. Studied the influenceon sea level, wind speed and direction.

He was actively involved in organizational and scientific activities, did a lot for the development of astronomy in Ukraine, was the main initiator of the creation And .

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov died and was buried in Kyiv

Message 6 Rozhdestvensky Dmitry Sergeevich

Dmitry Sergeevich Rozhdestvensky was born on March 26, 1876 in St. Petersburg in the family of a school history teacher.

The first works of D. S. Rozhdestvensky, dating back to 1909-1920 dedicated to research V . Rozhdestvensky played a leading role in organizing research into optical glass and establishing its industrial production, first in pre-revolutionary Russia and then in the USSR. The creation in 1918 and management of the State Optical Institute (GOI), a scientific institution of a new type, combining fundamental research and applied developments in one team, became for many years the main work of D. S. Rozhdestvensky’s life. A man of amazing modesty, he never singled out his merits and, on the contrary, in every possible way emphasized the successes of his colleagues and students.

In 1919 he organized a physical department. Discovered one of the characteristics of atoms.

He developed and improved the theory of the microscope and pointed out the important role of interference.

To perpetuate the memory of D. S. Rozhdestvensky, readings in his name have been held annually since 1947 at the State Optical Institute. A bust-monument was installed in the foyer of the main building in 1976, and a memorial plaque was installed on the building of the institute where he lived and worked. On August 25, 1969, the Council of Ministers of the USSR established the D. S. Rozhdestvensky Prize for work in the field of optics. In honor of D. S. Rozhdestvensky, the.

Message 7 Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov

Alexander Stoletov was born1839, in Vladimir in the family of a poor merchant. He graduated from Moscow University and was left to prepare for a professorship. In 1862, Stoletov was sent to Germany, worked and studied in Heidelberg.

Since 1866, A.G. Stoletov was a teacher at Moscow University, and then a professor.

In 1888, Stoletov created a laboratory at Moscow University. Invented photometry.

All of Stoletov's works, both strictly scientific and literary, are distinguished by remarkable elegance of thought and execution. He worked in the fields of electromagnetism, optics, molecular physics, and philosophy. Alexander Stoletov was the first to show that with an increase in the magnetizing field, the magnetic susceptibility of iron first increases, and then, after reaching a maximum, decreases

Stoletov's main research is devoted to the problems of electricity and magnetism.

He discovered the first law of the photoelectric effect,

pointed out the possibility of using the photoelectric effect for photometry, invented the photocell,

discovered the dependence of the photocurrent on the frequency of the incident light, the phenomenon of fatigue of the photocathode during prolonged irradiation. Created the first, based on the external photoelectric effect. Considered inertiaand appreciated its delay.

Author of a number of philosophical and historical-scientific works. Active member of the Society of Natural History Lovers and popularizer of scientific knowledge. A list of works by A. G. Stoletov is given in the Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. Stoletov is the teacher of many Russian physicists.

Message 9 Chaplygin Sergey Alekseevich was born 1869 in the Ryazan province in the city of Ranenburg.

After graduating from high school in 1886 with a gold medal, Sergei Chaplygin entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. He studies diligently and does not miss a single lecture, although he still has to give private lessons to earn a living. He sends most of the money to his mother in Voronezh.

Russian scientist, one of the founders of aerodynamics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor. Works on theoretical mechanics, hydro-, aero- and gas dynamics. Together with a scientistparticipated in the organization of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute.

In 1890 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University and, at the suggestion of Zhukovsky, was left there to prepare for a professorship. Chaplygin wrote the university course on analytical mechanics “System Mechanics” and the abbreviated “Teaching Course in Mechanics” for colleges and natural sciences departments of universities.

Chaplygin's first works, created under the influence of Zhukovsky, relate to the field of hydromechanics. In his work “On Some Cases of the Motion of a Solid Body in a Liquid” and in his master’s thesis “On Some Cases of the Motion of a Solid Body in a Liquid,” he gave a geometric interpretation of the laws of motion of solid bodies in a liquid.

At the end of Moscow University he received his doctoral dissertation “On Gas Jets,” which presented a method for studying gas jet flows at any subsonic speeds for aviation.

In 1933, Sergei Chaplygin was awarded the Order, and in In 1941 he was awarded the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor.Sergey Chaplygindied in Novosibirsk1942, not living to see the Victory, in which he sacredly believed and for which he worked selflessly. The last words he wrote were: “While there is still strength, we must fight... we must work.”

Message 10 Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born 1857 in the village of Izhevsk, Ryazan province, in the family of a forester.

At the age of nine, Kostya Tsiolkovsky fell ill with scarlet fever and, after complications, became deaf. He was especially attracted to mathematics, physics and space. At the age of 16, Tsiolkovsky went to Moscow, where he studied chemistry, mathematics, astronomy and mechanics for three years. A special hearing aid helped him communicate with the outside world.

In 1892, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was transferred as a teacher to Kaluga. There he also did not forget about science, astronautics and aeronautics. In Kaluga, Tsiolkovsky built a special tunnel that would make it possible to measure various aerodynamic parameters of aircraft.

Tsiolkovsky's main works after 1884 were associated with four major problems: the scientific basis for the all-metal balloon (airship), the streamlined airplane, the hovercraft, and the rocket for interplanetary travel.

In 1903, he published a work in St. Petersburg in which the principle of jet propulsion was the basis for the creation of interplanetary spacecraft, and proved that the only aircraft that can penetrate beyond the Earth's atmosphere is a rocket. Tsiolkovsky systematically studied the theory of motion of jet vehicles and proposed a number of designs for long-range rockets and rockets for interplanetary travel. After 1917, Tsiolkovsky worked a lot and fruitfully on creating the theory of flight of jet aircraft, invented his own gas turbine engine design; in 1927 he published the theory and diagram of a hovercraft train.

The first printed work on airships was “Metal Controlled Balloon”, which provided scientific and technical justification for the design of an airship with a metal shell.

Message 11 Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov

Russian physicist Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov was born in Novaya Chigla near Voronezh. His parents Alexey and Maria Cherenkov were peasants. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Voronezh University in 1928, he worked as a teacher for two years. In 1930, he became a graduate student at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad and received his Ph.D. degree in 1935. He then became a research fellow at the Physics Institute. P.N. Lebedev in Moscow, where he later worked.

In 1932, under the leadership of Academician S.I. Vavilova, Cherenkov began to study the light that appears when solutions absorb high-energy radiation, for example, radiation from radioactive substances. He was able to show that in almost all cases the light was caused by known causes, such as fluorescence.

The Cherenkov cone of radiation is similar to the wave that occurs when a boat moves at a speed exceeding the speed of propagation of waves in water. It is also similar to the shock wave that occurs when an airplane crosses the sound barrier.

For this work, Cherenkov received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1940. Together with Vavilov, Tamm and Frank, he received the Stalin (later renamed the State) Prize of the USSR in 1946.

In 1958, together with Tamm and Frank, Cherenkov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.” Manne Sigbahn of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted in his speech that “the discovery of the phenomenon now known as the Cherenkov effect provides an interesting example of how a relatively simple physical observation, if done correctly, can lead to important discoveries and pave new paths for further research.” .

Cherenkov was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1964 and an academician in 1970. He was a three-time laureate of the USSR State Prize, had two Orders of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and other state awards.

Message 12 The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm

Studying the biographical data and scientific activities of Igor Tamm allows us to judge him as an outstanding scientist of the 20th century. July 8, 2014 marked the 119th anniversary of the birth of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Tamm's works are devoted to classical electrodynamics, quantum theory, solid state physics, optics, nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and problems of thermonuclear fusion.
The future great physicist was born in 1895 in Vladivostok. Surprisingly, in his youth, Igor Tamm was interested in politics much more than science. As a high school student, he literally raved about the revolution, hated tsarism and considered himself a convinced Marxist. Even in Scotland, at the University of Edinburgh, where his parents sent him out of concern for the future fate of their son, young Tamm continued to study the works of Karl Marx and participate in political rallies.

In 1937, Igor Evgenievich, together with Frank, developed the theory of radiation of an electron moving in a medium with a speed exceeding the phase speed of light in this medium - the theory of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect - for which almost a decade later he was awarded the Lenin Prize (1946), and more than two - Nobel Prize (1958). Simultaneously with Tamm, the Nobel Prize was received by I.M. Frank and P.A. Cherenkov, and this was the first time that Soviet physicists became Nobel laureates. True, it should be noted that Igor Evgenievich himself believed that he did not receive the prize for his best work. He even wanted to give the prize to the state, but he was told that this was not necessary.
In subsequent years, Igor Evgenievich continued to study the problem of the interaction of relativistic particles, trying to build a theory of elementary particles that included elementary length. Academician Tamm created a brilliant school of theoretical physicists.

Message 13 Frank Ilya Mikhailovich

Frank Ilya Mikhailovich is a Russian scientist, Nobel Prize laureate in physics. Ilya Mikhailovich Frank was born in St. Petersburg. He was the youngest son of Mikhail Lyudvigovich Frank, a professor of mathematics, and Elizaveta Mikhailovna Frank. (Gracianova), a physicist by profession. In 1930, he graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in physics, where his teacher was S.I. Vavilov, later president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, under whose leadership Frank conducted experiments with luminescence and its attenuation in solution. At the Leningrad State Optical Institute, Frank studied photochemical reactions using optical means in the laboratory of A.V. Terenina. Here his research attracted attention with the elegance of his methodology, originality and comprehensive analysis of experimental data. In 1935, on the basis of this work, he defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
In addition to optics, Frank's other scientific interests, especially during the Second World War, included nuclear physics. In the mid-40s. he carried out theoretical and experimental work on the propagation and increase in the number of neutrons in uranium-graphite systems and thus contributed to the creation of the atomic bomb. He also thought experimentally about the production of neutrons in the interactions of light atomic nuclei, as well as in the interactions between high-speed neutrons and various nuclei.
In 1946, Frank organized the atomic nucleus laboratory at the Institute. Lebedev and became its leader. Having been a professor at Moscow State University since 1940, Frank from 1946 to 1956 headed the radioactive radiation laboratory at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University. university.
A year later, under Frank's leadership, a neutron physics laboratory was created at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Here, in 1960, a pulsed fast neutron reactor was launched for spectroscopic neutron research.

In 1977 A new and more powerful pulse reactor came into operation.
Colleagues believed that Frank had depth and clarity of thinking, the ability to reveal the essence of a matter using the most elementary methods, as well as special intuition regarding the most difficult to comprehend questions of experiment and theory.

His scientific articles are extremely appreciated for their clarity and logical precision.

Message 14: Lev Landau - creator of the theory of helium superfluidity

Lev Davidovich Landau was born into the family of David and Lyubov Landau in Baku. His father was a famous petroleum engineer who worked in the local oil fields, and his mother was a doctor. She was engaged in physiological research.

Although Landau attended high school and graduated brilliantly when he was thirteen years old, his parents considered him too young for a higher educational institution and sent him to the Baku Economic College for a year.

In 1922, Landau entered the University of Baku, where he studied physics and chemistry; two years later he transferred to the physics department of Leningrad University. By the time he was 19 years old, Landau had published four scientific papers. One of them was the first to use the density matrix, a now widely used mathematical expression for describing quantum energy states. After graduating from the university in 1927, Landau entered graduate school at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, where he worked on the magnetic theory of the electron and quantum electrodynamics.

From 1929 to 1931, Landau was on a scientific trip to Germany, Switzerland, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.

In 1931, Landau returned to Leningrad, but soon moved to Kharkov, which was then the capital of Ukraine. There Landau becomes the head of the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology. The USSR Academy of Sciences awarded him the academic degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1934 without defending a dissertation, and the following year he received the title of professor. Landau made major contributions to quantum theory and to research into the nature and interaction of elementary particles.

The unusually wide range of his research, covering almost all areas of theoretical physics, attracted many highly gifted students and young scientists to Kharkov, including Evgeniy Mikhailovich Lifshitz, who became not only Landau’s closest collaborator, but also his personal friend.

In 1937, Landau, at the invitation of Pyotr Kapitsa, headed the department of theoretical physics at the newly created Institute of Physical Problems in Moscow. When Landau moved from Kharkov to Moscow, Kapitsa's experiments with liquid helium were in full swing.

The scientist explained the superfluidity of helium using a fundamentally new mathematical apparatus. While other researchers applied quantum mechanics to the behavior of individual atoms, he treated the quantum states of a volume of liquid almost as if it were a solid. Landau hypothesized the existence of two components of motion, or excitation: phonons, which describe the relatively normal rectilinear propagation of sound waves at low values ​​of momentum and energy, and rotons, which describe rotational motion, i.e. more complex manifestation of excitations at higher values ​​of momentum and energy. The observed phenomena are due to the contributions of phonons and rotons and their interaction.

In addition to the Nobel and Lenin Prizes, Landau was awarded three State Prizes of the USSR. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Message 15: Nikolay Basov- Inventor of the optical quantum generator

Russian physicist Nikolai Gennadievich Basov was born in the village of Usman, near Voronezh, in the family of Gennady Fedorovich Basov and Zinaida Andreevna Molchanova. His father, a professor at the Voronezh Forestry Institute, specialized in the effects of forest plantings on groundwater and surface drainage. After graduating from school in 1941, young Basov went to serve in the Soviet Army. In 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

At the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, Basov and Prokhorov proposed the design of a molecular oscillator based on population inversion, the idea of ​​which, however, they did not publish until October 1954. The following year, Basov and Prokhorov published a note on the “three-level method.” According to this scheme, if atoms are transferred from the ground state to the highest of three energy levels, there will be more molecules in the intermediate level than in the lower one, and stimulated emission can be produced with a frequency corresponding to the difference in energy between the two lower levels. “For his fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle,” Basov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Prokhorov and Townes. Two Soviet physicists had already received the Lenin Prize for their work in 1959.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Basov received the title of twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1969, 1982), and was awarded the gold medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1975). He was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962), a full member (1966) and a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1967). He is a member of many other academies of sciences, including the academies of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and France; he is also a member of the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina", the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and the Optical Society of America. Basov is vice-chairman of the executive council of the World Federation of Scientific Workers and president of the All-Union Society "Znanie". He is a member of the Soviet Peace Committee and the World Peace Council, as well as the editor-in-chief of the popular science magazines Nature and Quantum. He was elected to the Supreme Council in 1974 and was a member of its Presidium in 1982.

Message: 16 Alexander Prokhorov

A historiographic approach to studying the life and work of the famous physicist allowed us to obtain the following information.

Russian physicist Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov was born in Atherton, where his family moved in 1911 after Prokhorov’s parents escaped from Siberian exile.

Prokhorov and Basov proposed a method of using stimulated radiation. If excited molecules are separated from molecules in the ground state, which can be done using a non-uniform electric or magnetic field, then it is possible to create a substance whose molecules are at the upper energy level. Radiation incident on this substance with a frequency (photon energy) equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground levels would cause the emission of stimulated radiation with the same frequency, i.e. would lead to strengthening. By diverting some of the energy to excite new molecules, it would be possible to turn the amplifier into a molecular oscillator capable of generating radiation in a self-sustaining mode.

Prokhorov and Basov reported the possibility of creating such a molecular oscillator at the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, but their first publication dates back to October 1954. In 1955, they propose a new “three-level method” for creating a maser. In this method, atoms (or molecules) are pumped into the highest of three energy levels by absorbing radiation with an energy corresponding to the difference between the highest and lowest levels. Most atoms quickly “fall” into an intermediate energy level, which turns out to be densely populated. The maser emits radiation at a frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the intermediate and lower levels.

Since the mid-50s. Prokhorov focuses his efforts on the development of masers and lasers and on the search for crystals with suitable spectral and relaxation properties. His detailed studies of ruby, one of the best crystals for lasers, led to the widespread use of ruby ​​resonators for microwave and optical wavelengths. To overcome some of the difficulties that have arisen in connection with the creation of molecular oscillators operating in the submillimeter range, P. proposes a new open resonator consisting of two mirrors. This type of resonator proved to be especially effective in the creation of lasers in the 60s.

The 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics was divided: one half was awarded to Prokhorov and Basov, the other half to Townes “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, leading to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.”

Message 17 Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich

Igor Vasilyevich was born in the Urals, in the city of Sim, in the family of a land surveyor. Soon his family moved to Simferopol. The family was poor. Therefore, Igor, simultaneously with his studies at the Simferopol gymnasium, graduated from an evening vocational school, received a specialty as a mechanic and worked at a small Thyssen mechanical plant.

In September 1920, I.V. Kurchatov entered the Tauride University at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. By the summer of 1923, despite hunger and poverty, he graduated from the university ahead of schedule and with excellent success.

Afterwards he entered the Polytechnic Institute in Petrograd.

Since 1925, I.V. Kurchatov began working at the Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad under the leadership of Academician A.F. Ioffe. Since 1930, head of the physics department of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology.

Kurchatov began his scientific activity with the study of the properties of dielectrics and with the recently discovered physical phenomenon - ferroelectricity.

August 1941 Kurchatov arrives in Sevastopol and organizes the demagnetization of ships of the Black Sea Fleet. Under his leadership, the first cyclotron in Moscow and the world's first thermonuclear bomb were built; the world's first industrial nuclear power plant, the world's first nuclear reactor for submarines; nuclear icebreaker "Lenin", the largest installation for conducting research on the implementation of controlled thermonuclear reactions

Kurchatov was awarded the Big Gold Medal. M. V. Lomonosov, Gold Medal named after. L. Euler of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Recipient of the “Certificate of Honorary Citizen of the Soviet Union”