1801–1825- reign of Alexander I. 1801–1804– occurrence Eastern Georgia into Russia. 1801–1805– activities of the Secret Committee under Alexander I for the preparation of reform projects.
1802. - establishment of ministries instead of collegiums. Expanding the rights of the Senate to monitor compliance with the rule of law and govern the country.
1803. - the publication of a decree on “free cultivators”, landowners received the right to release peasants into freedom with the allocation of land as property rights for a ransom).
1804–1813- Russian-Persian war.
According to the Gulistan Peace Treaty (1813), Georgia and Azerbaijan finally became part of the empire, Russia received exclusive right maintain a navy in the Caspian Sea.
1805. - creation of a third anti-French coalition consisting of England, Austria, Russia, and Sweden.
1805., December- defeat of the Russians and Austrian troops in the battle of Austerlitz.
1806–1812 – Russian-Turkish war. The purpose of the war: ensuring border security and maintaining authority in the Balkans. Bessarabia and a number of regions of Transcaucasia went to Russia, the privileges of Moldova, Wallachia, Serbia and Russia’s right to patronage Christians - subjects of Turkey were confirmed.
1807. - creation of a fourth anti-French coalition consisting of Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
1807. - defeat of the Russian-Prussian army near Friedland. Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte accession to continental blockade England, Russia's consent to the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw).
1808–1809 – Russian-Swedish war. Accession of Finland.
1809. - project political reform MM. Speransky.
1810. – establishment State Council– the highest legislative body. Members of the Council were appointed by the king from among the highest dignitaries.
1812., June – December– Russian Patriotic War against Napoleon.
1812., June 12 – Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, transition French troops via Neman.
1812., July 22 – formation of the 1st M.B. Bark-lay de Tolly and 2nd P.I. Bagration of the Russian armies near Smolensk.
1812., September 1– military council in Fili (making a decision to leave Moscow without a fight in order to preserve the army).
1812., September 2- entry of French troops into Moscow. The beginning of the Moscow fire.
1812., September October – Tarutino maneuver Russian army.
1812., December 25- publication of the manifesto of Alexander I on the expulsion of the enemy from Russia and the end of the war.
1813–1814- foreign campaign of the Russian army.
1813. - “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig.
1814., September - 1815, May– Congress of Vienna European countries. Annexation of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland) to Russia.
1815. - Creation Holy Alliance Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later France to maintain the inviolability of post-war borders in Europe and fight revolutionary uprisings. Collapsed in the early 182s. due to contradictions between European powers.
1815. - Granting the Constitution to the Kingdom of Poland. Guaranteed personal integrity, freedom of the press, abolished punishments without a court decision, legislative branch provision to parliament (Sejm) and the emperor, represented in Poland by the governor.
1816–1819– abolition of serfdom in the Baltic states.
1816–1817- the activities of the secret noble opposition organization Union of Salvation.
1817–1864 – Caucasian War mountain peoples against Russia. Caused by the colonial policy of tsarism. Ended with the annexation of peoples North Caucasus to Russia.
1818–1821- the activities of the secret noble organization of the Union of Welfare.
1821–1822- education Northern Society In Petersburg, Southern Society in Ukraine.
1822. – adoption of the Charter on the management of foreigners.
1825., December 14- speech of the Decembrists at Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
1825–1855- reign of Nicholas I.
1826–1828- Russian-Persian war. According to the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty, the Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates were transferred to Russia, the freedom of navigation of Russian merchant ships in the Caspian Sea and the exclusive right of Russia to have a military fleet in the Caspian Sea were confirmed.
1828– formation of the Imamate (Muslim military-theocratic state of the mountain peoples).
1828–1829- Russian-Turkish war. According to the Treaty of Adrianople, Russia received the Danube Delta, the eastern coast of the Black Sea with the ports of Anapa and Poti, and fortresses in the Caucasus; the Mediterranean straits were opened for the free passage of all merchant ships; Türkiye recognized the autonomy of Greece as part of Ottoman Empire and the autonomy of Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia under the auspices of Russia.
1830. – publication of the 45-volume edition of the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire”.
1830., November -1831, September- Polish uprising. Repeal of the Polish Constitution of 1815
1831–1839– activities of the literary and philosophical circle of N.V. Stankevich.
1830s XIX century– the beginning of the industrial revolution in Russia.
1834–1859- reign of Imam Shamil.
1837. – opening of the first railway in Russia between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo length 26 km.
1837–1841– carrying out P.D. Kiselev reforms local government state peasants (introduction of peasant self-government, creation of schools and hospitals, resettlement of peasants to free lands V eastern regions countries).
1839. – beginning of the E.F. Kankri-nym monetary reform. Official currency unit- silver ruble.
1839–1849- construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace.
40-5 0s XIX century - disputes between Slavophiles and Westerners. Formulation of liberal and socialist directions of social thought.
1842. - decree on " obligated peasants“The peasants, with the consent of the landowners, received personal freedom without being allocated land and, for the use of the land, were obliged to fulfill the duties specified in the contract).
1845–1849– activities of the secret circle of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
1846. – formation of the Cyril and Methodius Society.
1849. - campaign of Russian troops to suppress the revolution in Hungary.
History of Russia 19th century. Dates.
Nineteenth century Russian history turned out to be rich in epoch-making events that played a huge role in the development of not only our country, but also influenced the course of world history.
1801 At night (March 11-12), Emperor Paul the First is killed in St. Petersburg as a result of a palace conspiracy. He reigned for less than five years. But even during these years, Paul the First managed to do a lot: he published the “Institution on the Imperial Family”, improved the situation of the serfs, resolved some contradictions of a religious nature, under him a university was opened in Dorpat, theological academies in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and even women’s institutes. In the same year, the son of the murdered Paul the First, Alexander the First (Blessed), who reigned until 1825, was crowned king.
1802 Ministries were established, in particular, for the first time, the Ministry of Education, and education began to be considered the most important state matter.
1803 Alexander the First issues a decree “On Free Plowmen”, following which the landowner was severely punished for cruel treatment of serfs, and the peasants themselves could be freed by paying a ransom to the landowner.
1805 In Europe there are wars with Napoleon, who has aimed at world domination. Russia, together with England and Austria, enters the war. Happening decisive battle near Austerlitz (November 20, 1805), in which the Russian-Austrian army of Kutuzov was defeated, after which the anti-French coalition collapsed.
1806 A new Russian-Turkish war begins, which lasted until 1812. 1807 Two emperors meet in Tilsit: Alexander the First and Napoleon (June 25), as a result a document was signed according to which Russia agrees to the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and joins the blockade (Continental). A special document An offensive and defensive Russian-French alliance is formed. This event went down in history as the Peace of Tilsit.
1809 M. M. Speransky, outstanding statesman, advisor to Alexander the First, presents a project of reforms in Russia. In the same year, at the end of the Russian-Swedish war, Finland joins Russia.
1811 Napoleon invites Alexander the First to conclude a peace treaty (instead of the Tilsit Treaty). The Russian emperor refuses, suspecting treachery: Napoleon planned to marry his sister immediately after the agreement. In the same year, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum opened.
1812 Napoleon with an army of six hundred thousand invades Russia. His plans: to give one battle and within a month to force Alexander to conclude a peace treaty. But the war was on whole year. On August 26, Commander-in-Chief M.I. Kutuzov gives a general battle near the village of Borodino and defeats Napoleonic army. Both sides - with huge losses. History keeps the memory of this great event called the Battle of Borodino.
1814 The sixth anti-Napoleonic coalition signs with France on May 30 Parisian world, in which the boundaries of this country are determined by the position of the first of January 1792.
1815 On November 20, the seventh anti-Napoleonic coalition concludes a new agreement with France, according to which it returns to the borders of 1790 and pays an indemnity of 700 million francs.
1817 The Caucasian War begins, which lasted until 1864 with the goal of conquering Chechnya, Dagestan and the North-West Caucasus.
1825 Ascends to the throne younger brother Alexander the First - Nicholas the First, and reigned until 1855. On the fourteenth of December, members of the Northern and Southern secret societies, where they included the best people noble blood, young generals Patriotic War 1812, reprisal against the Decembrists.
1826 On the initiative of Persia, the Russian-Persian War begins and lasts until 1828. Nakhchivan, Erivan and Tabriz join Russia. The year ends with the conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace.
1828 Russia enters the Russian-Turkish War, which lasted until 1829. It ends with the signing of the Peace of Adrianople.
1841 M.Yu dies in a duel. Lermontov. 1853 Crimean War (Eastern War) begins as Russian-Turkish. Its goal is the conquest of the Middle East. Ends in 1856 with the conclusion of the Peace of Paris.
1854 The beginning of the defense of Sevastopol, which lasted until 1855.
1855 Russia is falling into diplomatic isolation. The struggle for Sevastopol ends with its fall and the cessation of hostilities. In the same year, Emperor Alexander II occupied the royal throne and ruled until 1881.
1858 The Amur region joins Russia. China signs the Treaty of Aigun with Russia (May 28), according to which the border is established along the Amur River, and the territory separated from it is returned to Russia Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689.
1861 One of the main events in the history of Russia is taking place - the abolition of serfdom as a result of peasant reform. The long-awaited Manifesto is released on February 19. Alexander II gains worldwide fame. He is and will be called the Tsar Liberator.
1862 Great reforms begin. 1863 Russia is sending an expedition to North America.
1864 The project is being implemented judicial reform, zemstvos are established, the University Charter is adopted and the autonomy of universities is restored.
1865 Censorship reform tightens the rules on the press and establishes judicial liability for their violation.
1867 Emperor Alexander II sells Alaska to America, discovered in the seventeenth century by Russian explorers who founded their settlements on the peninsula.
1874 Begins mass movement revolutionary-minded youth to the village. History calls this phenomenon “Walking among the people.”
1877 A new Russian-Turkish war begins, ending in 1878 with the Berlin Congress, convened European countries to weaken Russian positions in the Balkans. Russia gives in and signs the Berlin Treaty.
1881 The Narodnaya Volya kill Alexander the Second, and his son, Alexander the Third, ascends the throne.
1891 Construction of the railway begins Trans-Siberian Railway, which lasted until 1902.
1894 On October 20, Alexander the Third unexpectedly dies and on October 21, Nicholas the Second ascends to the throne.
1896 Happening tragic event on Khodynka in Moscow - “Khodynka disaster”. In honor of the anniversary of the coronation of Nicholas II, on May 18, gifts from the Tsar are distributed. There is a stampede, 1389 people die, 1300 are injured. Hence the nickname of the peace-loving tsar - Nicholas the Bloody.
1897 A monetary reform initiated by the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte is being introduced.
1898 The First Congress of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Party) took place.
After the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire, Russia's authority grew sharply and it stood at the head of the Holy Alliance of all the monarchies of Europe (except the English and Ottoman). The purpose of the Union was to support European monarchies in their fight against revolutionary and national liberation movements. Russia becomes the “gendarme of Europe” for a forty-year period.
1801-1825 - reign of Alexander I (son of Paul I).
1801-1803 - activities of the Secret Committee (Alexander I, V.P. Kochubey, N.N. Novosiltsev, A.S. Stroganov, A-Yu. Czartorysky).
1801 - annexation of Eastern Georgia (Kratli and Kakheti) to Russia.
1802 - formation instead of boards of 8 ministries: internal affairs, foreign affairs, military, naval, justice, commerce, finance, public education.
1803 - decree on free cultivators, which gave landowners the right to release serfs with land for ransom.
1803-1806 - first Russian trip around the world(I.F. Kruzenshtern).
1804 - university charter.
1804 - Cossacks founded the 3rd Khoper Regiment of Cherkessk (now the capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic).
1804-1813 - Russian-Iranian war.
1805-1807 - Russian participation in the 3rd and 4th anti-French coalitions.
1805, November - crushing defeat Russian-Austrian troops from Napoleon I near Austerlitz.
1807, June 25 - Peace of Tilsit with France. Russia's recognition of all Napoleonic conquests and joining the continental blockade of England.
1808-1809 - Russian-Swedish war, annexation of Finland.
1809 - plan government reforms M. M. Speransky (“Introduction to the Code of State Laws”).
1809 - Peace of Friedrichsham with Sweden. Annexation of Finland to Russia.
1810 - creation of the State Council - the highest legislature under the king.
1811 - reform of the ministerial system. Abolition of the Ministry of Commerce, creation of the Ministry of Police, Department of Communications and State Control.
1812 - Treaty of Bucharest with Turkey. Annexation of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June 12 - beginningPatriotic War . The invasion of Napoleon's troops into Russia.
1812, end of July - beginning of August - Battle of Smolensk.
1813-1814 - foreign trips Russian army. Liberation of Europe from French domination.
1813 - Gulistan peace treaty with Iran. Transfer of part of Azerbaijan to Russia.
1815 - creation of the Holy Alliance.
1815 - granting of a constitution to the Kingdom of Poland.
1816-1817 - activities of the Union of Salvation (S. Trubetskoy, N. Muravyov, I. Yakushin, M. and S. Muravyov-Apostles and others).
1817-1864 - Caucasian War.
1818 - the Grozny fortress was founded, later the city of Grozny (now the capital of Chechnya).
1818-1821 - activity of the Union of Welfare.
1818 - publication of the first 8 volumes of “History of the Russian State” by N. M. Karamzin.
1818 - foundation of the Nalchik fortress on the site of the Toglan village, known since 1743 (now the city of Nalchik - the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria).
1819 - Russian expedition to Antarctica (F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev).
1819 - uprising of the Chuguev and Taganrog settled regiments.
1820 - uprising of the Semenovsky regiment.
1821-1822 - creation of the Southern and Northern societies.
1824 - founding of the village of Ulala on the site by Russian settlers modern city Gorno-Altaisk (now the administrative center of the Altai Republic).
For Nicholas I the ideal government structure- a well-functioning mechanism of the army with its life clearly regulated by regulations. That is why, under Nicholas I, systematization was carried out Russian laws and are created " Complete collection laws" of the Russian Empire (starting from Cathedral Code 1649) and Code current laws. The government system pays special attention to improving finances and developing trade and industry.
1825-1855 - reign of Nicholas I (son of Paul I).
1825 - creation of the II and III departments of its own Imperial Majesty office.
1826-1828 - Russian-Iranian war.
1826 - censorship (“Cast Iron”) charter (valid until 1828).
1827 - defeat of the circle of the Kritsky brothers at Moscow University.
1827 - Battle of Navarino. Destruction Turkish fleet united Anglo-Franco-Russian squadron.
1828 - Turkmanchay peace treaty with Iran. Annexation of Eastern Armenia to Russia.
1828-1829 - Russian-Turkish war.
1829 - Peace of Adrianople with Turkey. Joining Russia eastern Armenia and the Danube delta, as well as the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from the mouth of the Kuban to Poti. Turkey grants autonomy to Greece, Serbia, Wallachia and Moldova.
1830-1831 - Polish uprising. Repeal of the Polish Constitution.
1831 - defeat of N.P. Sungurov’s circle.
1832 - publication of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire (15 volumes).
1833 - Unkyar-Iskelesi peace treaty. Closing the Black Sea straits for military vessels of foreign powers. Conclusion of a military-political alliance with Turkey.
1834 - defeat of the Herzen-Ogarev circle.
1834 - proclamation of Shamil as the third imam of Chechnya and Dagestan.
1835 - new university charter. Limiting the autonomy of universities.
1836 - publications in the magazine “Telescope” “ Philosophical writing» P. Ya. Chaadaeva.
1837 - opening of the first railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo.
1837-1841 - reform of management of state peasants (“reform of P. D. Kiselev”).
1839-1843 - financial reform E. F. Kankrina (issue of credit notes freely exchangeable for silver). Stabilization monetary system Russia.
1842 - decree on obligated peasants.
1844 - foundation of the Petrovskoye fortification near the village of Tarka (known since the 7th century). Since 1921 Makhachkala (now the capital of Dagestan).
1845-1849 - circle of Petrashevites.
1847 - publication abroad of a letter from V. G. Belinsky to N. V. Gogol.
1847 - emigration of A. I. Herzen.
1849 - suppression of the Hungarian revolution by Russian troops.
1853-1856 - Crimean War.
1853, November - Battle of Sinop. Destruction of the Turkish fleet by the Russian squadron under the leadership of P. S. Nakhimov.
1855 - beginning of publication by A. I. Herzen of the almanac “ polar Star" in London.
1855-1881 - reign of Alexander II (son of Nicholas I).
1856, March 18 - Treaty of Paris, ending the Crimean War. Russia's loss of Southern Bessarabia. Neutralization of the Black Sea (prohibition of keeping a navy and building military fortifications on the coast).
1856 - Blagoveshchensk (now the center of the Amur region) was founded.
1857 - beginning of the publication of “The Bell” by A. I. Herzen.
1857, November - rescript from Alexander II to V.I. Nazimov, which ordered the Lithuanian nobles to create provincial committees to develop projects for the liberation of peasants.
1857 - "temperance movement".
1858 - Aigun Peace Treaty with China.
1858, May 31 - the settlement of Khabarovka was founded, which laid the foundation for the city of Khabarovsk (now administrative center Khabarovsk Territory).
1859 - Surrender of Shamil’s troops in the village of Gunib.
1859-1860 - activities of the Editorial Commissions.
1860 - Beijing peace treaty with China.
1860, July 2 - Vladivostok (now the administrative center of the Primorsky Territory) was founded.
1863-1864 - uprising in Poland.
1863 - university charter. Expanding university autonomy.
1863-1866 - existence of N. Ishutin’s circle.
1864, January 1 - zemstvo reform. Creation of all-class local governments.
1864 - gymnasium charter, which established the equality of all classes in receiving secondary education. Creation of classical and real gymnasiums.
1864, November 20 - Creation of classless, public and independent courts. Introduction of jury trials.
1865 - “Temporary rules for the press.” Abolition of preliminary censorship for books and the press.
1865 - capture of Tashkent by Russian troops under the command of M. G. Chernyaev.
1865 - founding of Elista (now the capital of Kalmykia).
1867 - sale of Alaska by Russia to the USA for $7 million.
1867 - creation of the Turkestan General Government.
1870 - urban reform. Creation of a system of city self-government.
1870 - creation of the Association of Itinerants.
1871 - London Conference. Cancellation of articles Treaty of Paris on the neutralization of the Black Sea.
1871 - the city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk was formed, since 1930 the city of Ivanovo (now the administrative center of the Ivanovo region).
1873 - Khiva campaign. Transformation Khanate of Khiva a vassal of the Russian Empire.
1873 - creation of the Union of Three Emperors (Russia, Austria and Prussia).
1874 - “Walking among the people.”
1875 - Treaty of St. Petersburg between Russia and Japan. Recognition of Sakhalin Island as exclusively Russian possession.
1876-1879 - populist organization"Land and Freedom".
1877-1878 - Russian-Turkish war.
1878, February - San Stefano peace treaty with Turkey. Turkey recognizes the independence of Serbia, Romania and Montenegro. Granting autonomy to Bulgaria. The return of Southern Bessarabia to Russia and the transfer of fortresses in the Caucasus to it.
1878 - Berlin Congress. Revision of the terms of the San Stefano Peace Treaty.
1879-1881 - activities of the organization " People's will" "Hunt for the Tsar"
1879-1881 - “Dictatorship” by M. T. Loris-Melikov. Draft "constitution"
The period of Alexander III's reign was marked in the history of Russia by the curtailment of liberal reforms. Repressions are being carried out against the radical and liberal press, a struggle is being waged against university autonomies, the powers of zemstvos are being narrowed, administrative control over the activities of courts is being introduced, chauvinism and forced Russification of the outskirts are becoming the norm.
1881-1894 - reign Alexandra III(son of Alexander II). The period of counter-reforms.
1881 - decree on the transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
1882 - the village of Vladimirovka was founded, later the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (now the administrative center of the Sakhalin region).
1883, February 23 - the Middle and two versions of the Small coat of arms of the Russian Empire were approved.
1883 - creation of the “Emancipation of Labor” group in Geneva (G.V. Plekhanov, V.I. Zasulich, P.B. Axelrod and others).
1884 - introduction of a new university charter. Elimination of university autonomy.
1885 - Merv voluntarily joined the Russian Empire. Completing the connection Central Asia to Russia.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1885 - establishment of the Noble Bank for preferential lending to the nobility.
1887 - Russian-German “reinsurance treaty” Confirmation of the existence of the Union of Three Emperors.
1889 - “Regulations on district zemstvo chiefs.” Liquidation of the World Court.
1889, August - the city of Anadyr was founded (now the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug).
1890 - zemstvo counter-reform.
1891 - construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway begins.
1889 - new “City Regulations”.
1893-1899 - industrial boom.
1893 - Novo-Nikolaevsk was founded, since 1923 the city of Novosibirsk (now the administrative center of the Novosibirsk region).
1894-1917 - reign of Nicholas II (son of Alexander III).
1895 - state monopoly for sale of vodka.
1895-1897 - monetary reform by S. Yu. Witte (introduction of the gold standard of the ruble).
1895 - St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
1897 - introduction of gold circulation (monetary reform of S. Yu. Witte).
1897 - the first All-Russian population census.
1898 - I Congress of the RSDLP in Minsk. Formation of the party.
1899-1903 - economic crisis.
1901 - “Obukhov Defense” - open confrontation between workers and soldiers in St. Petersburg.
1901-1902 - creation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) - the successor to populist ideology and tactics. The main theorist is V. M. Chernov. At the head of the Combat Organization of the party are G. Gershuni, E. Azef (provocateur) and B. Savinkov. The most notorious terrorist attacks were the murder of the Ministers of Internal Affairs D.S. Sipyagin (1902), V.K. Pleve (1904) and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (1905).
1902 - the beginning of publication in Stuttgart of the liberal opposition magazine “Liberation”, edited by P. B. Struve.
1903 - II Congress of the RSDLP. Adoption of the first program and party charter. The party split into Bolsheviks (leader - V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin)) and Mensheviks (leader - Yu. O. Martov).
1903 - creation of the moderate liberal organization “Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists” and the left-liberal “Union of Liberation”.
1904-1905 - Russian-Japanese War.
1904, March - death of Admiral S. O. Makarov, commander Pacific Fleet and the defense of Port Arthur.
Historical events Russia in the 19th century Work completed by: Grigory Onuchin, 10th grade
Plan Alexander I Decree on free cultivators Patriotic War of 1812 Decembrist uprising Causes Outcome Nicholas I Pavlovich Crimean War Battle of Sinop Defense of Sevastopol Reasons for the defeat Congress of Paris Alexander II Reforms of Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II
Alexander I Alexander I Pavlovich the Blessed (December 12 (23), 1777, St. Petersburg - November 19 (December 1), 1825), Protector of the Order of Malta (since 1801), Grand Duke of Finland, Tsar of Poland, eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Maria Feodorovna . 1801
At the beginning of his reign he spent moderately liberal reforms, developed by the Secret Committee and M. M. Speransky. In foreign policy maneuvered between Great Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in anti-French coalitions. In 1807-1812 he temporarily became close to France. Led successful wars with Turkey, Persia and Sweden. Under Alexander I, the territories of Eastern Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia, and the former Duchy of Warsaw were annexed to Russia. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he led the anti-French coalition of European powers in 1813-1814. Was one of the leaders Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 and the organizers of the Holy Alliance. IN last years life, he often spoke about his intention to abdicate the throne and “remove himself from the world,” that after his unexpected death from typhoid fever in Taganrog gave rise to the legend of “elder Fyodor Kuzmich.” According to this legend, it was not Alexander who died and was then buried in Taganrog, but his double, while the tsar lived for a long time as an old hermit in Siberia and died in Tomsk in 1864.
Decree on free cultivators of February 20, 1803 - an act of Alexander I, according to which landowners received the right to free serfs individually and in villages with extradition land plot. For their will, the peasants paid a ransom or performed duties. If the agreed obligations were not fulfilled, the peasants returned to the landowner. However, nothing prevented the landowner from releasing the peasant free of charge - everything was determined by the agreement between the peasant and the landowner. The peasants who received their freedom in this way were called free or free cultivators. In total, during the life of the decree, about 1.5% of serfs were freed from serfdom. The decree had important: it for the first time asserted the possibility of releasing peasants with land for a ransom, if one was stipulated in the contract. Apparently, Alexander I relied on the decree big hopes: statements were submitted annually on the number of peasants transferred to this category. Practical use The decree was supposed to show how much the nobility was really ready to part with their privileges. 1803
Patriotic War of 1812 The official cause of the war was the violation of the terms of the Peace of Tilsit by Russia and France. Russia, despite the blockade of England, accepted its ships in its ports under neutral flags. France annexed the Duchy of Oldenburg to its possessions. Napoleon considered Emperor Alexander's demand for the withdrawal of troops from the Duchy of Warsaw and Prussia to be offensive. The War of 1812 was becoming inevitable. 1812
Napoleon, at the head of a huge 600,000-strong army, crossed the Neman on June 12, 1812. Russian army, numbering only 240 thousand people, was forced to retreat deeper into the country. In August, M.I. Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief. He decided to give a general battle to the French near the village of Borodino. Both sides fought desperately. Despite all the difficulties of bringing the old guard into battle, elite troops, Napoleon never took the risk. The French lost 58, and the Russians 44 thousand people. Both commanders declared victory in the battle. The decision to leave Moscow was made by Kutuzov at the council in Fili on September 1. It was the only way maintain a combat-ready army. On September 2, 1812, Napoleon entered Moscow. As a result of fires most of Moscow died during this time. Peace with Alexander 1 was never concluded. Kutuzov stopped 80 km away. from Moscow in the village of Tarutino After leaving Moscow, Napoleon's army failed to get through to Kaluga. The French were forced to retreat along the Smolensk road, without food. Final defeat Great Army took place in the battle of the Berezina River on November 14–16, 1812. Of the 600,000-strong army, only 30,000 hungry and frozen soldiers left Russia. The manifesto on the victorious end of the Patriotic War was issued by Alexander 1 on December 25 of the same year. The victory of 1812 was complete.
Decembrist uprising The Decembrist uprising was part of the international revolutionary process that swept Europe in the 20s years XIX century. By opposing tsarism, which the rebels believed had become the gendarme of Europe, the Decembrists thereby struck a blow at the principles of the Holy Alliance, and this partly led to the Crimean War, in which Russia was defeated. 1825.12.14
Reasons The Decembrists had a definite chance to accelerate the development of the country along the path of creating a Western-style statehood. The roots of the uprising undoubtedly lay outside Russia. The failure of the uprising delayed the prospect of such changes for a long time. Defeat of the Decembrists and exclusion from active political life the best, most honest, most devoted people of Russia was a national tragedy.
Result During the uprising, the Decembrists found themselves divided. In addition to the fact that this was the reason for the failure of their rebellion, it also showed that the nobility and officers in Russia were not capable of coordinated actions. The “best” part of society showed itself not with the best side, the Bolshevik revolution, in which the emphasis was placed on completely different segments of the population, proved that relying on the intelligentsia and nobility was the wrong policy. The motives of the Decembrist uprising are still controversial and their “closeness to the people” is very doubtful. The failure of the Decembrist uprising strengthened reactionary politics Russian autocracy. The rejection of the Decembrist movement by a significant part of the nobility and the people only helped the fight of tsarism against liberal revolutionary movements. Hopes for the liberation of the peasants were still pinned on the tsar, while the role of the rebel nobles and their motives for the abolition of serfdom were already regarded at that time for the most part society is far from ambiguous.
Nicholas I Pavlovich Nicholas I Pavlovich (June 25, 1796, Tsarskoe Selo - February 18, 1855, St. Petersburg) - Emperor of All Russia from December 14 (December 26), 1825 to February 18 (March 2), 1855, Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. Third son of Emperor Paul I and Maria Feodorovna, brother Emperor Alexander I, father of Emperor Alexander II. He began his reign with the suppression of the Decembrist uprising. During his reign, legislation was codified; At the same time, dissent was suppressed, censorship tightened, political investigation. The Polish uprising and revolution in Hungary were brutally suppressed. Was carried out bloody war in the Caucasus. As a result of the wars with Persia and Turkey, the mouth of the Danube, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia went to Russia. He died during the losses of the Russian army in the Crimean War.
Crimean War 1853-1856 1853
Battle of Sinop Conflict: Crimean War Date: November 18 (30), 1853 Place: Sinop, Türkiye Result: Victory of the Russian fleet 11/1853/18
Defense of Sevastopol. 1854.10
Defense of Sevastopol 1853 - 1856 In 1853, the contradictions between Russia and the allied countries of England and France reached their climax. The war has begun. In 1854, Türkiye entered this war, supporting England and France. The Allies decided to destroy Black Sea Fleet and Sevastopol. The Allies sent 89 large warships to the region, as well as more than 800 transport ships. In Sevastopol there were 50 thousand people, of which only 22 thousand were military. The defense of Sevastopol from 1853 to 1856 did not promise anything good. The Russian army was armed with outdated guns. The Allies were armed with modern weapons. The Russian fleet consisted of outdated models of ships that were inferior to the allied fleet. The landing indicated that the defense of Sevastopol in 1853 - 1856 should be carried out in two directions: from the sea and from land. The problem was that all the city's cannons were pointed towards the sea. The land was not fortified. As a result, the Russian obsolete ships had to be scuttled, which after the sinking closed the entrance to the bay for English ships. Those guns that were removed from the ships were installed in the city, along the entire perimeter. The Allies were preparing for the assault on Sevastopol, and even began shelling the city with artillery. But the Russian artillery responded with massive and accurate strikes, which disabled many of the attackers. The assault was postponed. The weather and the desperate resistance of the sailors kept them from attacking. Minor skirmishes between the opponents continued for more than six months, until June 18, 1855 allied forces England, Turkey and France did not dare. At dawn the assault began. The battle lasted for more than two hours. Allied forces were thrown back more than 700 meters. Subsequently, the attacks continued repeatedly. The defense of Sevastopol from 1854 to 1856 ended in August. Artillery bombardment destroyed many of the city's fortifications. The Russian commander-in-chief Gorchakov gave the order to destroy all remaining fortifications and retreat. The defense of Sevastopol from 1853 to 1856 lasted 349 days. The sailors defended themselves with honor, but were forced to retreat. This defeat cost the Russian government defeat in the war.
The reasons for the failure in the defense of Sevastopol are obvious. Responsibility for the defeat lies with officials of the tsarist government and Nicholas 1 personally. There were practically no access roads to Sevastopol. The besieged sailors received no help from the state. Towards the end of the siege, small reinforcements began to arrive, which could not radically change the course of the battle. There was very little ammunition, gunpowder and, most importantly, provisions. Supplies of food and medicine were very limited. Even before the start of the war, officials plundered most of them. From the very first days of the war, famine began in Sevastopol. The defense of Sevastopol from 1853 to 1856 is an example of the courage of a Russian soldier. For 11 months, the sailors, receiving virtually no support from land, resisted greatly superior enemy forces. They defended to the last. Even after giving Sevastopol to the enemy, the Russian army did everything so that the enemy received a destroyed city, a city without fortifications.
Paris Congress February 13 (25) March 18 (30), 1856 a peace treaty was signed. Russia returned the city of Kars with a fortress to the Ottomans, receiving in exchange Sevastopol, Balaklava and other Crimean cities captured from it. The Black Sea was declared neutral (that is, open to commercial and closed to military vessels), with Russia and the Ottoman Empire prohibited from having military fleets and arsenals there. Navigation along the Danube was declared free, for which the Russian borders were moved away from the river and part of Russian Bessarabia with the mouth of the Danube was annexed to Moldova. Russia was deprived of the protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia granted to it by the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace of 1774 and the exclusive protection of Russia over the Christian subjects of the Ottoman Empire. Russia pledged not to build fortifications on the Åland Islands.
Alexander II Alexander II Nikolaevich (April 17, 1818, Moscow - March 1, 1881, St. Petersburg) - Emperor of All Russia, Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland (1855-1881) from the Romanov dynasty. The eldest son of first the grand ducal, and since 1825, the imperial couple Nikolai Pavlovich and Alexandra Feodorovna. He entered Russian history as a conductor of large-scale reforms. He was awarded a special epithet in Russian pre-revolutionary historiography - Liberator (in connection with the abolition of serfdom according to the manifesto of February 19, 1861). Died as a result terrorist attack, organized by the Narodnaya Volya party.
Reforms of Alexander II Chuprov L.A. MKOU secondary school No. 3 village. Kamen-Rybolov, Khankai district, Primorsky Krai 3. Financial Reform 1. The significance of the abolition of serfdom 2. Zemstvo and city reform 4. Educational reform 5. Censorship reform
The significance of the abolition of serfdom The reform accelerated Russia's transition to capitalism. The peasantry became personally free and a free labor force appeared in the country. Industrial development accelerated Agriculture, trade, however, was not resolved during the reform main question– feudal-serfdom remnants were not eliminated, namely: The form of government characteristic of feudalism and inhibiting the development of capitalism was preserved: MONARCHY. The land remained the property of the landowner.
Zemstvo and city reform Basic provisions zemstvo reform 1864 Provincial and district zemstvo assemblies and their executive bodies became zemstvo institutions. Zemstvos were involved in local farming, healthcare, road construction, and education. They had no zemstvo political force and were under the control of governors. The electoral system ensured that they had a majority of nobles (elections were multi-stage and unequal)
1. Zemstvos owned: affairs of local importance, promoted entrepreneurship, promoted education, promoted health care - carried out work for which the state did not have 1. City dumas and the mayor resolved issues: internal self-government, education, medical care 2. To control the zemstvo and city activity, a presence on city affairs was created.
Financial reform In 1860, the State Bank was established. The tax farming system was abolished, which was replaced by excise taxes (1863). Since 1862, the only responsible manager of budget revenues and expenditures was the Minister of Finance; The budget has become public. An attempt was made to carry out monetary reform (free exchange of credit notes for gold and silver at the established rate).
Education reforms June 14, 1864 The state-church monopoly on education was eliminated. Now open and contain primary schools was allowed as public institutions, and to private individuals under control by district and provincial school councils and inspectors. Charter high school introduced the principle of equality of all classes and religions, but introduced tuition fees. Gymnasiums were divided into classical and real. (In classical gymnasiums they mainly taught humanities, in real ones - natural.)
A system of women's gymnasiums appeared. The University Charter (1863) granted universities broad autonomy, and elections of rectors and professors were introduced. Management educational institution was transferred to the Council of Professors, to which the student body was subordinate. Universities were opened in Odessa and Tomsk, higher women's courses in St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Moscow, Kazan. As a result of the publication of a number of laws, a coherent education system was created in Russia, which included primary, secondary and higher educational institutions.
Censorship reform. In May 1862, censorship reform began, “temporary rules” were introduced, which were replaced in 1865 by a new censorship charter. According to the new charter: preliminary censorship was abolished for books of 10 or more printed sheets(240 pages); editors and publishers could only be held accountable in court. With special permissions and upon payment of a deposit of several thousand rubles, they were exempt from censorship and periodicals, however, they could be suspended administratively. Only government and scientific publications, as well as literature translated from a foreign language.
Alexander III was not prepared for the reign of Alexander Alexandrovich, so he received the usual for grand dukes military education. Special abilities he did not show it, although he loved military affairs, literature and music (he played the trumpet, cornet-a-piston and trombone). Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich became the heir after the death of his elder brother Nicholas, who died in Nice on April 24, April 12, old style, 1865. Alexander had to return to science and devote Special attention history, economics, law. At this moment, K.P. Pobedonostsev appeared in the heir’s entourage, who taught him a course in law, and later became the main adviser to the new emperor.
Nicholas II Nicholas II Alexandrovich (May 6, 1868, Tsarskoe Selo - July 17, 1918, Yekaterinburg) - Emperor of All Russia, Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke Finnish, the last Emperor Russian Empire(October 20, 1894 – March 2, 1917). From the Imperial House of Romanov. Colonel (1892); in addition, from the British monarchs he had the ranks of: admiral of the fleet (May 28, 1909) and field marshal british army(December 18, 1915). The reign of Nicholas II was marked economic development Russia and at the same time - the growth of socio-political contradictions in it, revolutionary movement which resulted in the revolution of 1905-1907 and the revolution of 1917; in foreign policy - expansion into Far East, the war with Japan, as well as Russia’s participation in the military blocs of European powers and the First World War. Nicholas II abdicated the throne during February Revolution 1917 and was under house arrest with his family in the Tsarskoe Selo Palace. In the summer of 1917, by decision of the Provisional Government, he and his family were sent into exile in Tobolsk, and in the spring of 1918 he was moved by the Bolsheviks to Yekaterinburg, where he was shot in July 1918, along with his family and associates. Glorified (together with his wife and children) among the Russian saints Orthodox Church as a passion-bearer on August 20, 2000, earlier, in 1981, glorified by the Russian foreign church like a martyr.
Material taken: From the site http://ru.wikipedia.org/ From the textbook on History of Russia, grade 10