Construction of cities – old tradition, known since people began to unite in clans and clans to defend themselves and their territories. And if at the dawn of the history of the inhabitants of the Earth these were small villages that arose around place of worship and consisted of several huts and a palisade, then during the Ancient World and the Middle Ages these were already real cities, many of which are still “alive” today.
Today, there are multimillion-dollar megacities and even ghost towns, but, as in ancient times, divisions into residential areas are used for their construction. What this is can be understood by turning to the origins of urban planning.
Space of ancient cities
Judging by the excavations, there is no division into streets, squares and alleys in the villages of the 7-6 centuries BC. e. either there were none at all, or they were spontaneous. For example, the Turkish city of Catal Huyuk, which existed at that time, was a solid residential complex of houses standing so close to each other that it seemed monolithic. When building settlements, people then cared more about safety than about beauty and comfort.
Ancient residential areas are a sign of a more developed culture, which used the division of the city into social, religious and political areas, as was the case in the cities of the Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations. City structures and planning during their construction already provided for the intersection of streets and the formation of complementary architectural styles.
Since the archaic period, urban culture has adhered to geometric shapes, in which a rectangle or square was most often used when forming a line of residential buildings. For example, the residential areas (the definition in the 5th century BC was called the Hippodan grid) of the ancient Greeks were identical in all cities - the acropolis was built on a hill, and below were residential areas, built in a square and separated by streets that converged on a public square .
A similar grid has been used for many centuries and was suitable for settlements with a population of up to 50 thousand people. Such a layout could easily be adapted to the surrounding terrain, which the ancient architects used with skill.
During the Middle Ages, the appearance of cities changed radically. At first, residential buildings were erected spontaneously around a feudal castle or monastery, whose strong walls served as a refuge in times of danger, but then the circle expanded, new walls were built, behind which another settlement arose. This is what cities like Paris, Vienna, Milan, Moscow and others look like, and the method of such urban planning itself was called radial-ring.
Structure of the urban area
Unlike ancient settlements, modern urban planning is carried out according to a clear plan that provides for all the needs of the population. Residential areas are zones into which a modern populated area is divided, regardless of its size.
For example, in major cities and megacities, there is a division into residential areas, which, in turn, are divided into districts and microdistricts. Together they create a single territorial and administrative unit settlement. Neighborhoods are separated by highways or natural areas, but unite public institutions. In medium-sized cities, residential areas are several residential areas, whereas in small villages there is only one.
When planning modern city take into account its boundaries natural relief like the builders did ancient world. For example, it could be a ravine, mountain, river or other natural obstacles. There are many known cities that originated on one side of the river, but as the population grew, they “captured” the other bank. For example, Kyiv (Dnieper), Dusseldorf (Rhine), Bremen (Weser), Budapest (Danube).
The structure of a residential area directly depends on its area. So in a metropolis, such a zone is divided into several microdistricts, the total population of which can range from 150,000 to 250,000 people, which is equivalent to an average city.
Placement of residential area
Since the residential area is intended for the construction of residential areas, its location is determined by such criteria as:
- distance from harmful production and heavy industrial zone;
- number of buildings and distance between them;
- planned natural or artificial recreation area;
- the number of roads connecting microdistricts with each other and with the city center;
- climatic conditions, especially wind directions;
- direction of storm drains.
Thus, the placement of a residential area should even take into account the wind rose. If the direction of air flows goes from an enterprise emitting harmful substances into the atmosphere towards residential areas, then this area is unsuitable for their construction.
To avoid problems in the future, the category of the enterprise according to its sanitary characteristics must be taken into account and organized green Zone:
- from factories that posed a threat to human health, the distance to residential areas should be at least 1000 meters;
- with average harmfulness indicators, the green zone is 500 m;
- for less hazardous enterprises – 300 m;
- completely harmless industrial companies can be located 100 m or even 50 m from a residential area.
All indicators must be carefully studied and taken into account so that residential neighborhoods are built in an optimally safe and comfortable place.
Architectural solutions for the development of a residential area
When a city plans to build another microdistrict, a compositional idea is formed, manifested in the architecture of its cultural and administrative center. This is a kind of “skeleton” of the residential area of the city, which is based on cultural objects, kindergartens and schools, government buildings, shopping and sports facilities.
Residential areas are located so that every resident of the microdistrict can easily reach the right place along internal passages or pedestrian alleys. It is important not only which shops, markets and other objects are included in the residential areas, but also in what architectural style they are built.
A professional approach is when the historical flavor of the city is taken into account and natural features surrounding area. To take into account all the nuances and make sure that new area fits into the citywide ensemble, one should build on its master plan.
The development of a residential area is also influenced by the presence and proximity of highways. Since any microdistrict is a closed system located on a certain piece of land, it is necessary to calculate in advance what maximum amount houses and what number of storeys can be located here. When violated established standards, buildings appear that are popularly called dysfunctional - they are either built near roads or near industrial enterprises.
Calculation of the needs of a residential neighborhood
The total area of the city is divided into several zones, each of which has its own location and size of land:
- residential areas are residential areas divided into districts or blocks with residential, cultural, scientific and administrative buildings;
- the industrial zone is intended to accommodate production buildings and associated experimental, warehouse and other facilities;
- The landscape and recreational area includes urban forests, parks, ponds and farmland.
- for settlements with houses on average 3 floors and without private plots - this is 10 hectares;
- for the same settlements, but with household plots - 20 hectares per 1000 people;
- in cities where houses have an average of 4 to 8 floors - 8 hectares;
- in settlements with 9 storeys and above – this is 7 hectares per 1000 inhabitants.
When a new residential area is being built, the calculation of the residential area is made taking into account two categories:
- quarter (microdistrict) - occupies from 10 to 50-60 hectares, with 5 to 25 thousand people living in it, and in which the main institutions and enterprises for cultural and consumer services are concentrated, located within a radius of 500 m;
- residential area - includes blocks and has an area from 80 to 250 hectares, within which there are objects of urban importance and various institutions within a radius of up to 1500 m.
In this way, calculations are made of the number of blocks (neighborhoods) with a certain amount of population for each residential area.
Noise Study Conditions
In addition to the direction of the winds, the noise level plays an important role in the construction of a microdistrict. It is divided into permanent and temporary (intermittent or fluctuating). Methods for measuring noise in residential areas involve studying its strength using special equipment.
To obtain accurate data, the following conditions must be met:
- noise testing in residential and public buildings is carried out in daytime days for 8 hours without a break, and at night - at least half an hour during each of the noisiest periods;
- the duration of the measurement directly depends on the nature of the sound;
- to find out the strength of temporary noise, you should determine its peak and study it for at least 30 minutes;
As for intermittent noise, before measuring its intensity, you need to calculate at what intervals it continues and record their fluctuations during the day and night. When testing is carried out in residential and public buildings, the equipment should be located 1 m from the walls and 1.5 m from the windows and at a distance of 1.2-1.5 m from the floor level. To obtain more accurate data, all windows and doors in the room should be closed.
Measurement process
In addition to premises, noise measurements in residential areas must be carried out:
- in places of public recreation;
- in parks and squares;
- on children's playgrounds in courtyards, kindergarten and school;
- on the territory of hospitals and sanatoriums.
It is important that measurements are carried out at the same points in the territory during the day and at night, and there should be no electromagnetic emitters nearby that could affect the performance of the equipment. Also, calculations cannot be carried out during precipitation and if the wind speed is above 2 m/s.
Calculations are considered accurate if:
- the microphone was directed in the direction of the main noise source and was located at least half a meter from the operator taking the measurements;
- the sound level meter switch should be set in accordance with the type of sound being examined - intermittent and constant - in the “slow” position, for fluctuating noises - at the “fast” and “impulse” mark, if the source is impulsive;
- the average performance of the device is taken into account if the sound is constant or intermittent;
- for pulsed and oscillating - from the moment of counting.
All indicators of the device are brought together over a period of continuous measurement and checked against a table of permissible noise standards. If they do not meet the required indicator, work must be carried out to eliminate or reduce it. In residential areas, for example, this could be planting additional green spaces.
Calculation of storm runoff
In addition to winds and noise, the amount of precipitation plays an important role in the improvement of residential areas. Measurement and study of surface runoff from residential areas carried out in advance will make the residential area safe, since they are often the cause of environmental pollution with various impurities.
To learn about the components of storm flows, samples of rain and melt water are taken. Surface runoff entering municipal and storm sewers from enterprise areas is also subject to inspection. According to the law, everything wastewater water flowing from industrial zones into the city drainage system must be cleaned to a level that is safe for human health.
All calculations are made for the design and installation of sewer systems in residential areas. Measures such as:
- cleaning not only residential areas, but also industrial sites, whose surface runoff can enter the urban system;
- regular inspection and repair of road surfaces that may be damaged by storm or melt water;
- the use of borders in green areas through which runoff can pass to prevent soil from being washed away.
Such a system of measures should concern not only storm drains, which threaten to pollute residential areas, but also the air condition, especially in areas close to highways.
Calculation of needs
To understand what a residential area is, you should know that these are not only residential areas, but also the life support system of the people living in them. A microdistrict is considered comfortable only when all the necessary services for a person’s everyday life and leisure are located in close proximity to his home.
These include shops, pharmacies, kindergartens and schools, public service centers, cinemas and other institutions. The needs of each residential area must be calculated so that all these facilities are located at a distance of 50 m to 200 m from residential buildings. The most convenient way to serve the population today is stepwise. It provides for the full range of services to be available to all residents of the area.
Step service
All institutions in the residential area are built at a distance from each other, each at its own level of remoteness.
For example, everyday institutions, schools and preschool education, shops and pharmacies are located in close proximity to residential buildings - this is level 1.
Cultural and sports facilities, as well as public recreation areas, should be removed at a distance of 300 m to 500 m (the second section of the residential area), while bazaars, hospitals and administrative buildings should be concentrated in a place that is no more than 3-5 stops away by public transport - this is the third stage.
Cities and rural settlements are elements of a settlement system developed both for the immediate period (within the estimated period) and for the future. The priority is determined by the programs of economic and social development of this region and the country as a whole. At the same time, social, industrial, engineering, transport and other infrastructures that are common to settlement systems are being developed and formed.
Urban planning is carried out on the basis of planning and development projects for urban and rural settlements. Projects provide for a rational sequence of their development: for the estimated period (usually 20 years) and a forecast for the future (up to 30-40 years). The forecast contains fundamental decisions for the further functional and spatial development of the settlement, its engineering transport infrastructure s, rational use natural resources and environmental protection.
Depending on the projected population size for the estimated period, urban and rural settlements are divided into groups (see Table 1.1)
Table 1.1.
The territory of the city, like any settlement, is organized according to the principle of functional zoning, according to which the urban space is divided, taking into account the main forms of people’s life activities, their work, life and recreation, into residential, industrial and landscape-recreational areas.
The residential area is intended to accommodate the bulk of the housing stock, intracity communications (main roads, residential streets, driveways) and squares, areas of green spaces common use(parks, boulevards, squares, etc.), as well as public institutions for various purposes. Within the residential area, the placement of individual environmentally friendly industrial and municipal facilities is allowed.
The production area is allocated for the placement of industrial and municipal facilities, scientific complexes with pilot production, and external transport structures.
The landscape and recreational area includes forest parks, forest protection plantings, reservoirs, protected landscapes, suburban agricultural lands, and green areas for public use.
IN historical cities allocate areas of historical buildings and protected areas. Planning and development projects should not plan for the demolition, relocation or other changes in the condition of historical, cultural, or architectural monuments. Projects must provide for a distance from monuments to roadways of high-speed and continuous traffic highways, shallow metro lines of at least 100 m in difficult terrain and 50 m on flat terrain.
In the largest and largest cities, the integrated use of underground space is envisaged for the placement of private and public transport facilities, trade enterprises, public catering, individual sports and entertainment facilities, etc.
When developing a city planning and development project, as a reserve it further development The suburban areas adjacent to the city are considered. In the suburbs, utility facilities are being built to serve the city, and green areas are being organized for the recreation of city residents. Within the green areas there are various sports and recreational institutions, boarding homes for the disabled and elderly, specialized boarding schools for children with disabilities, etc. At the same time, green areas are considered as a natural means of improving the sanitary and hygienic condition of the city’s air basin and all adjacent settlements. With a certain formation of the settlement system, suburban areas can be common to several cities.
Outside the reserved areas for promising development cities (settlements) place summer cottages. At the same time, their accessibility by public transport from their places of residence should be no more than 1.5 hours, and for the largest and largest cities - no more than 2 hours.
Structure of the residential area
The organic unity of all elements of a residential area, as well as the interconnection of all functional zones of the city, is ensured by the planning project and planning structure. The planning structure of a residential area establishes the expedient and rational arrangement of its constituent elements: residential buildings, public centers, recreational areas for the population. The planning structure is determined by the location of the main functional nodes and the network of transport highways and roads connecting these nodes, as well as all functional territories cities. It is preferable to locate enterprises and public centers in areas adjacent to major transport hubs and highways, which ensures convenient transport accessibility for residents.The layout of a residential area should provide environmental parameters that satisfy sanitary and hygienic requirements, as well as contribute to the aestheticization of the residents’ living environment and the creation of architectural originality of this city(settlements).
The need for the size of a residential area is determined preliminary on the basis of aggregated indicators per 1000 people: in cities with a building height of up to 3 floors - 10 hectares (houses without land plots) and 20 hectares (houses with plots); with a building height of 4 to 8 floors - 8 hectares; when building 9 floors and above - 7 hectares.
The planning structure of a residential area is built depending on a number of factors: the scale of the city (settlement), its economic orientation, expected growth rates and the existing construction base, natural factors construction area, etc.
The main principle in developing the planning structure of a residential area is to create the maximum comfortable conditions for residents in their implementation of the entire complex of life processes. At the same time, convenient communication by public transport of places of residence of people with places of work, recreation, sports, as well as standardized pedestrian accessibility of public facilities located in residential complexes must be ensured.
The planning structure of the residential territory of the city is determined by functional-spatial formations of two levels: a microdistrict (quarter) - an element of residential development with an area of 10-60 hectares, but not more than 80 hectares, and a residential area - an element of a residential territory with an area of 80 to 250 hectares.
It is recommended to take the estimated population density (persons/ha) of the microdistrict and residential area given in Tables 1.2 as the estimated characteristics of the residential area. and 1.3. These indicators can be very different for different cities and regions of the country, as they are closely related to the specific urban planning situation, economic, demographic and other factors. The basis for differentiating the calculated indicators is the urban planning value of the built-up area, taking into account a complex of local conditions: land cost, density of engineering and transport trunk networks, saturation public facilities, the amount of capital investment in the engineering preparation of a given territory, the presence of historical, cultural, architectural and landscape attractions. Estimated indicator established by specialists and local authorities.
Estimated population density of microdistricts
Table 1.2
Within the microdistrict, in addition to residential buildings, there is a network of public facilities - everyday use enterprises with a service radius of up to 500 m. These are trade, catering and consumer services enterprises local significance, children's preschool institutions, pharmacies, post offices, etc. (Fig. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3).
The territory of the microdistrict is limited to main or residential streets and roads. At the same time, it is not allowed to dismember the territory of the microdistrict by such communications. Natural boundaries (the banks of water bodies, etc.) can also serve as boundaries. The population of a microdistrict, depending on the scale of the city, fluctuates within the following limits, thousand inhabitants: in a small city - 4-6, in a medium and large city - 6-12, in a large and largest city - up to 20.
When establishing the approximate size of a residential area, one should proceed from the living conditions of each family in a separate apartment or house. The estimated housing supply for a given city is established on the basis of a demographic forecast about the average family composition, promising types residential buildings and planned volumes of housing construction.
A residential area is larger than a microdistrict and is an element of a residential area. The structure of a residential area consists, as a rule, of several microdistricts, united by a public center serving residents within a radius of 1500 m. The territory of a residential area is limited to main streets and roads of citywide importance, natural or artificial boundaries (active terrain changes, reservoirs, strips of green spaces no less than 100 m, etc.). Some public facilities of urban importance are located on the territory of the residential area.
Estimated population density of the residential area
Table 1.3.
When designing a residential development adjacent to multi-storey buildings territory should be provided with recreational, sports, utility, etc. areas. Their sizes and distances to residential and public buildings must be taken no less than those given in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4.
When designing sites for open temporary parking of passenger cars, 25 m2 per parking space should be taken, and the distance from the site to the entrances to residential buildings should be at least 100 m. Distances from garages and parking lots to residential and public buildings, depending on the number of cars, are given in Table 1.5 .
Table 1.5.
*) Determined in agreement with the State Sanitary Inspection authorities.
An important place in the planning structure of the city is occupied by residential area. There is a residential area on it necessary institutions services, community centers, green spaces and individual enterprises, the sanitary characteristics of which allow their location in a residential area.
Residential areas include residential areas or groups of up to 150 thousand or more people, having a common architectural and planning organization. Their boundaries are natural and artificial boundaries: rivers, canals, reservoirs, tracts of green space, streets, roads, etc. The residential area includes a community center where periodic establishments and specialized centers. The complexes of these institutions and service enterprises should be located along pedestrian roads, streets and squares. A residential area must have a unified architectural and planning organization of the territory, green spaces, and sports facilities.
The best organization of a residential area involves dividing it into microdistricts. Areas of existing development may be formed from blocks. The microdistrict represents the main structural unit residential development. The ideas for creating microdistricts arose during the period of the emergence of enlarged neighborhoods of Kharkov, Zaporozhye, and St. Petersburg by engineers in the 30s. XX century
In the same direction he proposed to develop living environment city, the famous French architect Le Corbusier created a project for the reconstruction of the “unsanitary district No. 6” for Paris in 1937 and a project for a residential unit for Marseille in 1947. In his project large groups buildings on pillars were freely located among the greenery. The area under the buildings was used for pedestrians. The free spaces housed children's institutions, cinemas, and sports grounds. Flat roofs of houses were turned into playgrounds and solariums. Comprehensive services are as close to housing as possible. This is the main difference between the microdistrict and the previous structure of organizing the living environment.
A modern microdistrict can accommodate 10...20 thousand people. and more depending on the size of the city. The territory of the microdistrict is determined within the boundaries of inter-highway territories marked with red lines, while ensuring accessibility for the population to the main service facilities of microdistrict significance at a distance of 500 m. All cultural and consumer service institutions that satisfy the everyday needs of the population should be located in the microdistrict.
Neighborhoods should be connected to the public center by both transport and pedestrian routes, which, if possible, should have minimal amount mutual intersections. There should be a good connection between microdistricts and objects of the city center, as well as with other elements of the city’s planning structure: an industrial zone, an external transport zone, a recreation area. The main burden in this falls on public transport. To create its network, the optimal distances from residential buildings to bus stops are determined public transport, intervals and speed of its movement. Parking spots for private cars are also chosen taking into account ease of use.
Residential areas are located based on the functional zoning of the city territory. However, the location of a residential area in the planning structure of the city depends not only on urban planning factors, but also on specific climatic conditions. One of the most important criteria the placement of residential areas in relation to industrial zones is the dominant wind direction. The most favorable location of the residential area is considered to be on the windward side for the prevailing wind direction in relation to industrial enterprises that emit harmful substances. If the city is located on a river, then the residential area should be located above the industrial zone along the river. From the point of view of relief, it is considered better to locate a residential area on a hill than in a lowland, where harmful gaseous waste from industrial production can accumulate.
In its own way sanitary characteristics all industrial enterprises are divided into five classes with different widths of required protective zones. For the most harmful enterprises, the sanitary protection zones of residential areas are 1000, 500 and 300 m. For less harmful and harmless enterprises, the sanitary protection green zone is 100 and 50 m wide. Its functions in this case can be performed by a wide, well-greened street.
The prevailing wind direction is determined by the wind rose, which is a graph depicting the wind regime in this place. It is compiled based on the results of long-term observations of specific month, season, year for all populated areas. The wind rose is built according to 8 or 16 points - the main geographical cardinal directions. In these directions, on a certain scale, frequency values are plotted as vectors (in percent) total number observations) directions or values of average and maximum speeds winds corresponding to each direction. The ends of the vectors are connected by a broken line.
The wind rose is constructed based on the results of the frequency of winds for the hottest month or the hottest quarter of the year. This is explained by the fact that during this period the most unfavorable sanitary and hygienic conditions are created: more pathogenic microorganisms develop. Worse ecological state air environment around industrial enterprises. Therefore, the residential area should be located so that flows of polluted air from industrial zones do not spread to it at this time. The dominant wind direction corresponds to the largest vector of the wind rose, directed towards its center (Fig. 1).
Picture 1.
When mutually locating industrial zones and residential areas, the degree of danger and harmfulness of industrial production is taken into account. Based on this principle, they are divided into three categories. Industrial production Category I includes explosion and fire hazards, radioactive production associated with the development of mineral resources. Residential areas are located at a considerable distance from them (up to 20 km).
Industrial production of category II includes industrial enterprises of average production hazard. They are allowed to be located on the periphery of residential areas in compliance with the necessary sanitary gaps.
Industrial production of category III includes industrial enterprises of low production hazard or completely harmless. They are allowed to be located in residential areas of the city.
The size of the residential area when designing, depending on the size of the city, the number of floors of the building and the climatic region, is determined from 4 to 19 hectares per 1000 people.
The residential zone is divided into the city center, residential areas and their constituent microdistricts. The city center usually includes main square, which houses citywide institutions. Residential areas are formed depending on the size of the city, number of storeys and other local conditions. The community center of the district houses administrative buildings of district significance and cultural and everyday institutions for periodic use.
The residential zone is characterized by a direct connection specific to rural housing with land plot. This determines the low density, types and number of storeys of houses, the appearance of rural residential development, which is dominated by natural elements. At the same time, increasing the level of engineering improvements, developing water and heat supply networks, and sewerage is associated with the compaction of modern rural development compared to the traditional one, and the compact plan of the residential area is the most rational.
The placement of the residential area should be provided on the windward side for winds of the prevailing direction relative to industrial area. At the same time, fire and explosion hazardous enterprises should be located in a part of the industrial area remote from the residential zone.
Providing residential areas with roads, driveways, and entrances to buildings and structures is an indispensable condition for successfully extinguishing possible fires.
The size of the residential zone per 1000 inhabitants for a five-story building, depending on the climatic region, is 5 - 10 hectares, for mixed development - 5 - 8 hectares, with a norm of 9 m2 of living space per person.
Consumers of residential zones are residential and communal buildings. Depending on the method of converting electrical energy, consumers in residential areas have the following electrical receivers: electric heating devices and installations in which electricity is converted into heat; technological installations in which Electric Energy converted into mechanical; radios, televisions and similar devices; other installations.
Pollution is most typical for residential areas of urban areas groundwater components of dust and gas emissions from industrial enterprises, nitrates, lead from gas emissions from transport, petroleum products from leaks at gas stations, components of salts used to combat ice on highways, and reagents used to consolidate weak, subsiding soils of the foundations of structures. Components of dust and gas emissions from industrial enterprises that pollute groundwater in residential areas are mostly represented by heavy metals and volatile hydrocarbons. The source of nitrates here, as a rule, are leaks from domestic sewers and the cultural layer of earlier settlements, the presence of which is typical for territories with a historical past. However, if the division of a city into industrial and residential zones is quite arbitrary, when residential areas are located near industrial enterprises, which is observed in old cities, the halo of industrial pollution of groundwater captures the residential zone. Then the range of polluting components expands significantly. In general, other things being equal, the intensity of groundwater pollution within relatively autonomous residential zones is determined by: 1) distance from the industrial zone; 2) age of residential development; 3) the density of water-carrying communications and their condition; 4) density of highways; 5) the intensity of vehicle traffic; 6) the presence and number of gas stations; 7) degree of comfort of the territory.
The development of the residential zone of urban and rural settlements should be such as to ensure the rational placement of residential buildings, institutions and enterprises serving public centers in order to create the best conditions residence of the population, as well as prevention and extinguishing of fires.
As a rule, elevated areas on the windward side in relation to industrial enterprises; The industrial zone is located on areas of calm terrain downwind of a populated area.
In the residential area of the Blagoveshchensk BVK (Bashkiria), there were no mass poisonings and bronchospasms, as in Kiri-Shakh, Angarsk, but the incidence of bronchial asthma in the population has doubled since the plant was launched, and specific hypersensitivity is detected in 30 and candidia carriage in 41 out of 100 workers at the plant.
In a residential area, it is permitted to locate enterprises that do not emit industrial hazards, do not produce noise and do not contain explosive or flammable materials. technological processes. Enterprises with technological processes that are sources of emissions environment harmful substances, as well as sources elevated levels noise, vibration, ultrasound, electromagnetic waves, radio frequencies, static electricity And ionizing radiation, must be separated from the settlement zone by sanitary protection zones.
And public buildings, roads, streets, squares within cities and towns.
Residential territory - part of the territory settlement, designed to accommodate residential, public (public and business) and recreational areas, as well as individual parts of engineering and transport infrastructure, other objects, the location and activity of which does not have an impact requiring special sanitary protection zones.
Law on architectural, urban planning and construction activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan
The residential area occupies on average 50-60% of the city's territory. In the residential zone there may be separate communal and industrial facilities, which do not require the construction of sanitary protection zones. The organization of the territory should be aimed at creating the maximum favorable conditions to meet the socio-cultural and everyday needs of the population and minimize the time spent on the spatial accessibility of service facilities, recreational facilities, cultural and community institutions.
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An excerpt characterizing Residential Lands
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