Border of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Far East of Russia

• Okhotsk - the first Russian city in the Far East
• Cities of Khabarovsk Territory
• Cities of the Amur region
• Cities of Primorsky Krai
• The cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
• Cities of North-East Russia

Okhotsk - the first Russian city in the Far East

The first Far Eastern city was Okhotsk, located on the northern shore of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk near the mouth of the Kukhtuya and Okhota rivers. Its history begins in 1647, when the Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov, who descended into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk along the Amur, sailed along the seashore to the Okhota River, conquered the local Tungus and set up a winter hut 3 miles from the mouth. In 1649, after the death of Shelkovnikov, his comrades set up Kosoy Ostrozhsk on the site of their winter quarters. Bering's first Kamchatka expedition built a room for the team and shops in 1837 at the very mouth of the Okhota. At the suggestion of the same Bering, it was decided to establish a port and a separate administration on this site, independent of the Yakut office. Okhotsk administration was opened in 1732, and the port and city were finally ready in 1741. In 1812, Okhotsk was moved to the opposite side of the common mouth of the Okhota and Kukhtui rivers, 200 fathoms from the original location. In 1849, the Okhotsk Territory, in the form of a special district, was annexed to the Yakutsk region, and 9 years later Okhotsk with its district became part of the Primorsky region.

In the middle of the 19th century. Hard times have come for Okhotsk. The Russian-American company moved its port to Ayan, as a result of which the importance of Okhotsk as a port began to decline sharply. All the company employees and merchants left for Ayan. The population was decreasing. In 1850, the main Pacific port was transferred from Okhotsk to Kamchatka. People, all services, vehicles, ships move there. The former major port and city has turned into a remote outskirts.

The decline and desolation of the Okhotsk district lasted 60 years, after which an upturn began in the economic life of the district. Gold deposits were discovered in Okhotsk. Its frantic mining began. Americans and British, French and Germans, Japanese and Swedes and, of course, Russian gold miners rushed to Okhotsk in droves. The Okhotsk “gold rush” began, turning everyone’s heads: merchants, hunters - everyone became gold diggers. So, in Okhotsk, having a meager capital, an American, engineer V.A. Fogelman. Soon he becomes a gold miner and the owner of many mines. By 1914, there were five large and up to ten small mines in the Okhotsk tundra.

Okhotsk gold, furs, and fish were exported overseas. In exchange, they supplied steam boilers from America, telegraph apparatus from Germany, furniture from Japan, and wine from France. In 1912, a powerful radiotelegraph station was built, which had connections with many cities of the Far East.

By mid-1918, Soviet power was established in the Okhotsk district, and in 1919, with the beginning of navigation, the Okhotsk residents were drawn into a civil war. In the summer of 1923, power in Okhotsk passed into the hands of the district revolutionary committee chaired by E.S. Nagorny. In the villages, volost revolutionary committees were created, which had to deal with the violation of the boundaries of territorial waters by foreign ships, and suppress the actions of smugglers who were buying gold and furs. Delivery of basic goods for the newly opened store was organized.

Only towards the end of the twenties did things begin to improve in the district. peaceful life. Elections were held in local councils. Previously existing schools were reopened and new ones were opened. A hospital with 15 beds was built. However, in general, Okhotsk continued to remain poorly settled.

The basis of industry in the Okhotsk region was still traditional industries: fishing, gold mining, hunting. Since 1935, with the organization of the state fishing industry, a new economic period began for the village of Okhotsk. Over the 20 post-war years, the Okhotsk coast was covered with a dense network of fish processing plants (32 enterprises and 13 collective farms), equipped with machinery and equipment; a construction trust was organized; a sea fishing port and a ship repair plant were built.

The development of industry contributed to the growth of Okhotsk. By the end of the 30s, 13 schools, a hospital, first aid stations, canteens, and red corners were opened here. In 1947, a training center was created to train qualified personnel for the fleet.

Present-day Okhotsk is a large urban-type settlement, the center of the northernmost region of the Khabarovsk Territory. Two- and three-story houses are in the center of the village, and “private sector” houses are located almost throughout the entire Tunguska Spit.

Cities of Khabarovsk Territory

Khabarovsk Territory is located in the Far East. In addition to the mainland, it includes the Shantar and other islands Most of the territory is occupied by mountain ranges: Sikhote-Alin, Pribrezhny, Dzhugdzhur - in the east; Turana, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin - in the southwest; Yudomsky, Suntar-Khayata (height up to 2933 m) - in the north. In the north-west there is the Yudomo-May Highlands. The most extensive lowlands are the Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugur - in the south and central part, Okhotsk - in the north. The region is developing gold, tin, aluminum, iron, hard and brown coal, graphite, and building materials.

Washed by Okhotsk and Seas of Japan. The main river arteries of the region are the Amur River and its tributaries, the largest of which are Bureya, Tunguska, Goryun, Amgun, Ussuri, Anyui. The rivers of the northwestern part of the region are Maya, Uchur (Lena basin). The rivers of the Sea of ​​Japan basin are Koppi and Tumnin, and the rivers of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk basin are Tugur, Uda, Ulya, Urak, Okhota, Inya. There are many shallow lakes: Bolon, Chukchagirskoe, Bolshoye Kizi and others

The climate is moderate monsoon, with cold winters with little snow and warm, humid summers.

The mountainous regions of the Khabarovsk Territory are located in the taiga zone (mountain larch and spruce-fir forests). In the Amur Lowland there are larch and oak-larch forests of the subtaiga type.

Soddy-podzolic soils predominate; meadow-marsh and swamp soils are widespread in river valleys. Brown-taiga soils are formed in the southern regions.

Half of the territory of the region is occupied by forests, dominated by Dahurian larch, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, white, yellow, stone birch and other types of trees. Significant areas of the Amur and Evoron-Tugur lowlands are occupied by pigweeds and swamps. The fauna of the Khabarovsk Territory is also diverse. In the taiga there are musk deer, elk, reindeer, brown bear, lynx, wolf, otter, sable, fox, ermine, weasel, weasel, wolverine, squirrel. The mixed forests are inhabited by wapiti, roe deer, East Asian wild boar, Manchurian hare and other animals. In lakes and rivers there are over 100 species of fish, including Amur pike, cupid, sturgeon, chebak, silver crucian carp, grayling, catfish, taimen, lenok, bream, carp, burbot, etc. In coastal sea waters - Pacific herring, flounder , smelt, halibut, cod, pollock, navaga, mackerel; migratory salmon - chum salmon, pink salmon; of marine animals - seal, sea lion, beluga.

The economy of the region is formed by enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking, mining, chemical-pharmaceutical and fishing industries. The Trans-Siberian railway runs in the southern part of the region, and the Baikal-Amur railway runs in the central part. Developed sea ​​transport. The main ports are Vanino (there is a ferry service Vanino - Kholmsk), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk.

The largest city is the capital of the Far Eastern region - the city of Khabarovsk, located on the Middle Amur Lowland on the right bank of the river. Amur, 8533 km east of Moscow.

The history of Khabarovsk began on May 31, 1858, when soldiers of the 13th linear Siberian battalion under the command of Captain Yakov Vasilyevich Dyachenko founded the Khabarovka military post. 6 years later, land surveyor Mikhail Lyubensky developed the first plan for the development of the village. First of all, the streets along the tops of the mountains were populated along it - Khabarovskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Amurskaya (now Muravyov-Amursky, Lenin and Seryshev streets). Beregovaya (now Shevchenko Street) was considered the central street. In 1865, the military post of Khabarovka had 1 church, 59 state-owned houses and 140 private ones, not counting barns and other non-residential buildings, 14 trading shops, and 1,294 people lived. Further development the city was predetermined by the construction of a river port here in 1872.

In 1893, Khabarovka, on the recommendation of Governor General S.M. Dukhovsky, was renamed Khabarovsk. By this time, the city already had 3 churches, among which the Grado-Assumption Cathedral stood out, 120 state houses and 672 private buildings, the population reached 10 thousand people.

On August 31, 1897, a railway connection between Khabarovsk and Vladivostok was opened. In 1902, the Arsenal military plant (now Daldiesel) was founded. In 1908, the base of the Amur Flotilla was created. In 1916, a railway bridge was built across the Amur, connecting Khabarovsk by rail with Eastern Siberia. In 1929, the first Farman-13 aircraft appeared in Khabarovsk, the pilot of which was Mikhail Vodopyanov, the flight mechanic was Boris Anikin. One of the first flight organizations in the Far East, Dobrolet, was created in the city. On January 9, 1930, M. Vodopyanov paved the Khabarovsk-Sakhalin air route, which meant the creation of the Far Eastern civil air fleet.

In the same year, the Dalkraik party committee decided to strengthen Khabarovsk as a regional center, obliging it to begin developing a new city development plan, as a result of which its borders expanded significantly. The city limits included the base of the Amur flotilla (the current territory of the Krsnoflotsky district), the village of Osipovka, the Amur crossing and the Telegino farm. At the same time, by decision of the City Executive Committee it was forbidden to build non-permanent houses and houses below four floors in the center. Subsequently, it was built up and reconstructed in strict accordance with the approved plan.

In 1940, through the Volochaevka station, Khabarovsk was connected by railway to the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Gradually, Khabarovsk became not only the administrative, but also the cultural center of the Far East. In 1926, the Khabarovsk Theater of Musical Comedy was opened. A year later, the first issue of the Far Eastern newsreel “Sovkino” was published, from which the history of the Far Eastern newsreel studio began. In 1931, the Far Eastern Art Museum was created in the city. By resolution of the Far Eastern Executive Committee, the library of the local history museum was reorganized into the Far Eastern Regional Library scientific library. In 1933, the first issue of the almanac “At the Boundary” (now the Far East magazine) was published. In August 1930, the Khabarovsk State Medical Institute was opened, in September 1938, classes began at the Khabarovsk Pedagogical Institute, and in 1939, the Institute of Engineers began work railway transport. In October 1935, the Dynamo stadium was opened - the first sports complex in Khabarovsk.

After the Great Patriotic War, which temporarily stopped the vigorous development of the city, the Khabarovsk Regional Drama Theater was founded, and the Amur branch of the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography was organized. In 1947, through train service was opened between Khabarovsk - Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan.

In May 1948, regular high-speed flights began along the Moscow-Vladivostok air route with a landing in Khabarovsk. In 1956, the first city tram drove through the streets of Khabarovsk. In September 1957, the largest stadium in the Far East named after V.I. Lenin was opened in the city (the author of the project was the architect M. Sorokin). This year the population of Khabarovsk numbered 300 thousand people.

In 1958, Khabarovsk solemnly celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding. On the station square, the now well-known monument to E.P. was unveiled. Khabarov (author - sculptor A. Milchin). At the same time, classes began at the Automobile and Highway Institute (now the Khabarovsk State Technical University, renamed the Pacific State University in 2005, has grown on its basis). In the late 1960s - early 1970s, the list of Khabarovsk universities was again significantly replenished: in 1967 classes began at the Khabarovsk Institute of Physical Culture, and in September next year at the Khabarovsk State Institute of Culture. Three years later it was opened Khabarovsk Institute National economy.

In 1960, the Khabarovsk television studio began operating. Five years later, she began to carry out regular television broadcasts Moscow - Far East. In March 1961, the Far Eastern Symphony Orchestra was created (since 1945, it existed as the State Symphony Orchestra of the Khabarovsk Radio Committee).

In 1971, a plane of the Japanese airline Nippon Koku (Jal) landed at Khabarovsk airport. This flight marked the beginning of regular flights passenger airliners on the international airline Khabarovsk-Tokyo (current Khabarovsk-Niigata line).

In May 1975, on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, Glory Square was opened (architects A.N. Matveev, N.T. Rudenko).

In 1990, Khabarovsk already had 600.7 thousand inhabitants, and general territory of the city was 365.91 sq. km.

Modern Khabarovsk is a large industrial, scientific and Cultural Center, since May 2000, has been the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District. The city is divided into 5 districts - Central, Industrial, Kirov, Krasnoflotsky and Zheleznodorozhny. According to the 2002 census, the population of Khabarovsk is about 700 thousand people.

The city's economy consists of such industries as mechanical engineering and metalworking (JSC Dalenergomash, Daldizel, Machine Tool Plant), oil refining (JSC Khabarovsk Oil Refinery), fuel (Khabarovskkraigaz, NK Alliance), woodworking, light and food industries, production of building materials and agricultural products. In addition, we can highlight such large enterprises as Amurkabel, Artel Prospectors Amur, Khabarovsk shipyard, "Dalkhimpharm".

The city has more than 15 universities, 3 theaters, a philharmonic society, a circus, museums, and libraries.

The city has a lot of attractions. Many interesting historical places attract tourists and ordinary citizens. Such places, of course, include city squares. Main square is the area named after IN AND. Lenin. It is impressive in size and original in design. Today the square is a place where holidays, fairs and festivals are held annually. In summer, the square looks like a huge flowering carpet. The traditional decoration of the square is fountains. Although more than a hundred years ago the taiga rustled in this place. Then they cleared the vacant lot and adapted it as a parade ground for parades, calling it Nikolaevskaya Square. In 1917, the square received a new name - Freedom Square. On the anniversary of the death of V.I. Lenin, a monument to the founder of the Soviet state was laid on it, and since 1957 it was given his name. In 1998, the square was reconstructed and appeared updated, formal and beautiful.

A wide straight highway - Muravyov-Amursky Street - is connected to the square named after V.I. Lenin second central square city ​​- Komsomolskaya. It extends over the Amur embankment. At first this square was called Cathedral Square - there was a large cathedral on it. Ceremonies on the occasion of the arrival of distinguished guests and all religious festivals were held here. In the thirties of the last century, the cathedral was demolished and landscaping was carried out, and the square was renamed from Sobornaya to Krasnaya. On October 25, 1956, a twenty-two-meter granite monument “To the Heroes of the Civil War in the Far East 1918-1922” was unveiled on the square. In 2002, on the site of the cathedral destroyed in the 30s, a memorial temple, the Grado-Khabarovsk Cathedral of the Assumption of the Mother of God, was built, now two squares - Komsomolskaya and Sobornaya form a single architectural complex.

On the high bank of the Amur is located the youngest square of the city - Glory Square, opened on the 30th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. In the center of the square stood a 30-meter obelisk of three pylons, on which were located the names of Khabarovsk residents - Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor and full holders of the Order of Glory. However, the reconstruction of the square and the construction of the cathedral required its removal.

By the 40th anniversary of the Great Victory, construction of the second stage of the square was completed. The central structure of the memorial complex is the Memorial Wall, which encircles the site in a semicircle - a podium, in the center of which the Eternal Flame was lit. Over time, pylons appeared here, on which the names of 32 thousand 662 residents of the region who did not return from the war were carved. During the reconstruction of the square, a monument to internationalist soldiers was added - residents of the city who died in hostilities.

They converge in Khabarovsk railways, stretching from the west and east, from the north and south. The largest train station in the Far East is located here. Vokzalnaya Square is the railway gate of Khabarovsk. In the center of Station Square there is a monument to Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov, whose expedition played a big role in the annexation of the Far East to Russia.

The red line of the city is Muravyov-Amursky Street, where most of the well-preserved, ancient stone buildings built in the late 19th - early 20th centuries are located; many regional and municipal organizations, shops, central restaurants, cafes, theaters, the Far Eastern State Scientific Library. Here you can also buy Far Eastern souvenirs: jewelry, paintings, and items made by masters of decorative and applied arts.

Khabarovsk also has many architectural attractions - ancient houses, churches, and other buildings.

In 1868, the first wooden church was built in Khabarovsk, and two years later it was consecrated, named Innokentyevskaya in honor of St. Innocent, the first bishop of Irkutsk - the patron saint of Siberia and the Far East, canonized after his death. After 30 years, a new stone one was built to replace it, which has survived to this day, having undergone significant changes.

The stone temple was erected with funds donated by merchants Plyusnin and Slugin, as well as with modest contributions from parishioners. The authors of the temple project were engineer-colonel V.G. Mooro and engineer-captain N.G. Bykov.

One of the most beautiful architectural sights of Khabarovsk is rightfully considered the house of city government, well known to all of us as the Palace of Pioneers. For 90 years now, this house has been decorating the main street of the city.

The idea of ​​building your own City House arose in 1897, but it took more than ten years for it to be put into stone. After lengthy discussions, consideration of many projects in 1907, from the three most successful projects under the chairmanship of General D. A. Yazykov, the most experienced architects B. A. Malinovsky, Yu. Z. Kolmachevsky, V. G. Mooro, M. E. Redko , A. N. Aristov, N. V. Zuev and others (11 people in total) determined the best project by closed voting using a 10-point system. This was a project by civil engineer P. V. Bartoshevich. It was he who received the most points in all three indicators.

The reconstruction of the building's facades carried out several years ago allowed the decorative details to be presented in their full glory. The former City House has now found a new life and is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful buildings in Khabarovsk.

Another favorite vacation spot for townspeople and tourists is the embankment of the Amur River. The central place of the embankment and the park is the Amur cliff. From the observation deck of the cliff you can admire the beauty of the Amur. Near the cliff there is a monument to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky. Opening of the monument by sculptor A.M. Opekushin in May 1891 was timed to coincide with the visit of the city by the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Nicholas II. In 1925, the monument was destroyed and restored for the one hundred and first anniversary according to the surviving model by the Leningrad sculptor L. Aristov.

There is a park on the terraces of the steep bank. In 1951, a monument to G.I. was erected on the upper terrace of the park. Nevelsky - the famous navigator and explorer of the Russian Far East, associate of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky. The author of the sculpture is L.M. Bobrovnikov. Until recently, the park housed attractions, but they were removed during reconstruction.

At the foot of the cliff, upstream of the Amur, there is a city beach, piers and landing stages of the river station. From here along the Amur there is communication with settlements located down the river and suburban connections. You can also take a short walk along the Amur River. A majestic panorama of the city, stretching along the right bank of the Amur for more than 50 km, opens from board the ship.

On the embankment there is a stadium named after. IN AND. Lenin is the only large sports complex in the Far East, which includes a large sports arena, a sports palace with artificial ice, an athletics arena, a shooting sports palace, and an outdoor swimming pool.

In addition to the central park of culture and recreation in Khabarovsk there is Dynamo Park with the stadium of the same name, a children's park named after Gaidar, and Gagarin Park, on the territory of which the regional circus is located.

Among the archaeological sites that captured the imagination of the first explorers of the Far East were ancient drawings near the national Nanai village of Sikachi-Alyan, which is located 75 km from Khabarovsk downstream of the Amur.

The first information about Sikachi-Alyan rock paintings appeared in the 70s years XIX century. Many famous scientists studied petroglyphs, but they gained world fame in 1935 after the research of A.P. Okladnikova. Drawings of masks, animals, anthropomorphic images, birds (about 300 images in total) were made on basalt blocks using deep groove cutting using stone tools. The most ancient drawings date back to the early Neolithic era (7-6 millennia BC). These boulders, piled up along the rocky shore of the Amur - witnesses of the childhood of our planet - bear the stamp of creative design and open up the world of ancient art. Millennia have smoothed out the sharp edges of the basalt blocks, polished their surface, but could not erase the deep stripes carved by the hand of an unknown artist of ancient times. The ancient images on the boulders and rocks of Sikachi-Alyan reflect the long and difficult history of the region. The study of these mysterious drawings on the banks of the Amur is still ongoing, and will continue to be carried out by generations of archaeologists, art critics, and historians.

And of course, one cannot ignore the natural attractions that are so popular in the tourist routes of Khabarovsk travel agencies. These include karst caves, the Welkom eco-tourist complex, a wild animal rehabilitation center and a zoo.

To the northeast of the city of Khabarovsk, in the middle reaches of the Kur River, there are a number of karst caves that are interesting to visit: “Chipmunk”, “Guarding Spear”, “Giprolestrans”, “Truba”, “Kvadrat”. All of them are specially protected natural areas of local importance.

When visiting these caves, tourists will be able to admire the valley of the Kur River, the vast expanses of mires on the left bank of this river, valley and mountain taiga vegetation, almost untouched by man.

The second largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory is Komsomolsk-on-Amur, located in the lowlands in the lower reaches of the Amur, on its left bank, 356 km north of Khabarovsk. The city arose on the site of the village of Perm, founded in 1860 by peasant settlers from the Perm province. In February 1932, a decision was made to build heavy industrial enterprises here; in December 1932, the village of Perm was transformed into the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. This name was supposed to indicate the construction of the city by Komsomol members, although in reality the main workforce (about 70% of the builders) were prisoners.

Today's Komsomolsk is 500 avenues and streets. It stretches along the Amur for 20 km. The city is dominated by 4-9 storey buildings. The population at the time of the All-Russian Population Census was 290 thousand people.

The basis of the city's economy is primarily shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, oil refining, woodworking, furniture, clothing and food industries, and production of building materials. The largest enterprises are PA “Plant named after. Lenin Komsomol", KNAAPO im. Gagarin, plant "Amurstal", "Amurlitmash", "Amurmetal", "Komsomolsk Oil Refinery - Rosneft", "Amur Shipyard".

Komsomolsk plays an important role in training personnel for the industrial development of the Khabarovsk Territory. There are two higher educational institutions in the city - state technical and pedagogical universities; six secondary schools; polytechnic, construction and mining and metallurgical technical schools, medical and pedagogical schools, evening technical school of light industry; eleven vocational schools. For the children of Komsomol members there are 49 secondary schools and lyceums, a palace and a house of creativity, and a biological and environmental center.

The city operates Theatre of Drama, local history and art museums.

Among the city's attractions one can highlight the zoological center "Python". It was founded in 1990 and for the first year the exhibition belonged to a private individual, and then was transferred to municipal ownership. Currently, the center contains 166 specimens of 61 species of animals. Among them: mammals (bear, raccoons, foxes, reindeer, sable, weasel, monkeys and many others); birds (carellas, parrots, chickens, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, etc.); reptiles (iguanas, pythons, king snakes, crocodile caimans, monitor lizards, etc.); amphibians, fish, insects.

Komsomolsk is one of the most important transport hubs in the Far East, it is the intersection of roads, waterways, railways and air routes. The connection with the BAM and the commissioning of the Amur Bridge significantly increased the city’s transport capabilities.

Currently, foreign economic activity is successfully developing in the city. Main export items: mechanical engineering products, fuel and energy complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, wood and wood products.

The territorial proximity of China and the possibility of organizing trips on a visa-free basis determine the nature of international outbound tourism. Import tourist services exceeds exports by 8.8 times - in value terms, and almost 20 times - in terms of numbers.

Despite the youth of the city, there are many places in it connected with the history of the city, with the life of its glorious fellow countrymen and famous guests. Their names are preserved in street names and are commemorated on monuments and memorial plaques.

The city of Amursk, located in the central part of the Khabarovsk Territory in the valley of the river. Amur is the center of the Amur region. Number permanent population cities in 2004 - 47.3 thousand people.

Construction of the city began in the spring of 1958 near the Nanai village of Padali-Vostochnye. In 1962, the urban-type settlement of Amursk became a regional center, an industrial satellite of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In 1973, by Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council RSFSR Amursk was transformed into a city of regional subordination.

The city's economy consists of the pulp, paper and wood processing industries. The largest enterprises are the production associations Amurmash, Vympel, the Polymer plant and others.

Some of the attractions of Amursk include the Botanical Garden, the Amur City Museum of Local Lore, the State nature reserve Bolognese.

The botanical garden was founded in 1989. It includes a stock greenhouse with an area of ​​470.6 m2, which contains 100 species of tropical plants and 30 species of cacti, and a tree nursery with an area of ​​106 hectares. The garden is a center of culture and leisure, aesthetic and environmental education population, scientific work on the acclimatization of plants from other regions of the country.

The Amur City Museum of Local Lore was founded in 1972. The museum's exhibitions are located in the halls of Nanai and Slavic ethnography, the hall of pioneers and the exhibition hall.

Bologna State Nature Reserve is a reserve of international importance. It has an ornithological focus. The reserve is home to more than 150 species of birds, of which 33 rare species are included in the Red Book of various ranks. The wetland complex of the reserve is unique.

The development of the national folk culture of the small peoples of the North and traditional Slavic creativity is of priority importance.

The southernmost city of the Khabarovsk Territory is Bikin, located at 231 km of the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok highway on the right bank of the river of the same name.

The settlement of Bikin arose in 1895 during the construction of the northern section railway as a Cossack village in the Bikinsky stanitsa district. Construction was carried out under the leadership of railway engineer N.N. Bocharova. Ten years after the founding of the village, in 1905, Vladivostok industrialist and entrepreneur L.Sh. Skidelsky, with the help of the Chinese and Russian Cossack settlers, began the construction of a small timber mill, which two years later produced its first products. At the plant there was a carpentry department, where a variety of products were produced: doors, frames, cabinets, chests of drawers, tables, etc.

By 1915, 1,126 people lived in the city of Bikin, there was a church, a parish school, a paramedic station, and a tavern. In 1933, hundreds of lumberjacks, masons, carpenters, and craftsmen arrived in Bikin. In the northern part of the city, on the site of the taiga and swamps, they begin construction of a railway junction. A military camp, a hospital, a canteen, cultural centers, a secondary school, and a kindergarten are being built.

The city's economy is represented by enterprises in the forestry, woodworking, textile and food industries. In the Bikinsky district, potatoes, vegetables, oats, soybeans, and corn are grown, and meat and dairy cattle breeding and beekeeping are developing.

36 km from the city, on the river bank, there is the only customs automobile crossing in the Khabarovsk Territory “Pokrovka - Zhaohe”.

Sights of the city: the “Military Glory” memorial to the Bikinites - participants of the Great Patriotic War; local history museum; district house of culture.

The regional center of the Vyazemsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory is the city of Vyazemsky, formed in 1951. It is located 130 kilometers south of Khabarovsk and spreads out on the terraces of two small rivers - the First and Second Seventh near their confluence with the Ussuri. The city received its name in honor of the Russian engineer O.P. Vyazemsky - head of the construction of the Ussuri Railway.

The city's economy consists of railway transport enterprises, a wood processing plant, a timber industry enterprise, a vegetable canning plant, a mechanical repair plant, a brick plant, etc.

There are no special attractions in the city itself, but 50 km from the city there is a wonderful place - Flower Lake. The area of ​​the lake is about five hectares. At the end of July - beginning of August, the lake is almost completely covered with blooming lotus. Komarova's lotus is a relict representative of the most ancient flowering plants. Listed in the Red Book Russian Federation.

In the northeast of the Khabarovsk Territory is the Nikolaevsky district, the center of which is the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The city stands on a flat, calm plateau with a slight slope towards the Amur River.

The city was founded on August 1, 1850 by G.I. Nevelsky as a military post Nikolaevsky. The number of its first inhabitants was 6 people, and the first building was the Yakut hut-urasa. In 1852, the post was renamed a trading post, and by 1854 it was a small village consisting of 5 residential buildings, a warehouse, barnyard, chapels. A pier was built for arriving ships.

On November 14, 1856, the Nikolaev post was transformed into the city of Nikolaevsk. The Primorsky region of the East Siberian General Government was formed with its center in Nikolaevsk. Nikolaevsk also became the main port of the Russian Far East, remaining in this capacity until 1870, when the main port of the Russian Far East was moved to Vladivostok.

On February 24, 1858, Nikolaevsk was raised to the level regional city. The number of buildings in the city increased to 200, the population - to 1757 people. A mechanical plant for the assembly and repair of ships was built. A maritime school, a local history museum, and a library were opened. The first commercial voyages on the Amur River of private and state-owned ships began. Foreign merchant ships began to arrive in the city. However, on April 28, 1880, it again became a district city after the center of the Primorsky region was moved to Khabarovka.

In the 1980s XIX century the discovery and development of gold placers began. Nikolaevsk becomes the center of the gold mining industry of the Russian Far East. Here were the offices of the Amur-Orel and Okhotsk gold mining companies and a gold-alloying laboratory.

1896-1899 the fishing industry in Nikolaevsk was formed as a branch of the economy. A huge number of fishing and fish-salting areas were created in a short time. Shipbuilding has been revived in the city, enterprises have been created for ship repair, mechanical processing, timber processing, and production of barrel containers.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the City of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur became the second river and sea port of the Russian Far East after Vladivostok, and on February 26, 1914 Nikolaevsk was elevated to the status of a regional city - the center of the Sakhalin region. Since that time, the reconstruction of the seaport began.

On March 15, 1926, the name of the city was approved according to the new territorial directory of the USSR - “Nikolaevsk-on-Amur”, and it was declared the center of the Nikolaevsky district of the Primorsky province of the Far Eastern Territory.

1934 Nikolaevsk becomes the center of the newly created Lower Amur region, and after its abolition in 1956 it becomes the regional center of the Khabarovsk Territory. The city became the center of the Nikolaevsky district in 1965.

Today's Nikolaevsk is the industrial and cultural center of the Northern Amur region with a population of 31 thousand people at the time of the census. The leading sectors of the economy are services to the fishing industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and ship repair.

Nikolaevsk-on-Amur is rich in historical and architectural attractions. Among them we can highlight the obelisk of G.I. Nevelsky, monument-bust to O.K. Kanter, the first chairman of the Nizhneamur Regional Executive Committee, Memorial complex “In memory of the fighters who died for the victory Soviet power on the Lower Amur in 1918-1922", Military engineering and historical-revolutionary monument "Chnyrrakh Fortress" (Nicholas Fortress), monument to G.I. Nevelsky, the founder of the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, opened on August 13, 1950.

Nikolaevsky-on-Amur Municipal Museum of Local Lore named after. Rozova, thanks to its unique collections and research work, has become a center of international research. The museum has established scientific relations with the University of Tsukuba (Tokyo, Japan) and the National Ethnographic Museum (Osaka, Japan), received preliminary invitations to join the Association of Museums of the Northern Territories (Hokkaido Island) and participation in the international ethnographic exhibition in 2001 (Osaka) .

Last but not least, the city in the Khabarovsk Territory is Sovetskaya Gavan, located on the shore of Sovetskaya Gavan Bay (Tatar Strait), 866 km east of Khabarovsk.

The history of the founding of this city is as follows. May 23, 1853. N.K. Boshniak discovered Hadji Bay on the coast of the Tartary Strait, which turned out to be one of the best natural harbors in the world. On one of the capes of the bay a cross was erected with the inscription: “The harbor of Emperor Nicholas, discovered and meticulously described by Lieutenant Boshnyak on May 23, 1853, on a native boat, with Cossack companions Semyon Parfentyev, Kir Belokhvostov, Amga peasant Tvan Mseev.”

August 4, 1853. G.I. Nevelskoy founded the "military post of His Imperial Highness General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin." This was the first Russian settlement in the Imperial Harbor Bay.

In 1922, the bay was renamed Sovetskaya Gavan, and in 1941 the same name was given to the settlement, which was given the status of a city. For a long time, the port of Sovetskaya Gavan was one of the bases of the Pacific Navy, and since the 90s of the 20th century, due to the military conversion that began, the port became accessible to foreign ships.

Currently, Sovetskaya Gavan is a sea fishing and commercial port with a population of about 32 thousand inhabitants. The city has high potential for renovation and refurbishment sea ​​vessels(JSC "Yakor" and "Northern Shipyard"). Also important are the fishing (Marine Resources JSC), food (Gavankhleb, dairy, sausage factory, food processing plant) and woodworking industries.

Access to the Pacific Ocean allows us to develop and maintain economic ties with Asia-Pacific countries. Sovetskaya Gavan is a fairly developed transport hub: the railway line has access to the BAM, the highway connects the city with the regional center, the airport has the ability to receive aircraft of any class.

About 132 people from among the indigenous peoples of the North live on the territory of the city of Sovetskaya Gavan, but there are no places of compact residence of small peoples in the area. There are 4 national enterprises registered in the city in the form of National Communities and Family and Clan Communities; also in 2001, the Soviet-Havana branch of the regional Association of Indigenous Minorities of the North was registered. Only one enterprise, NO LLC Oroch, is engaged in production activities, the main activities of which are fishing, hunting and collecting wild plants. The total number of people employed in the national economy from among the indigenous peoples of the North is 11 people.

The main attraction of the city is its lighthouse. One of the oldest lighthouses on the coast of the Tatar Strait is Red Partisan. Relic. A historical monument that is over 110 years old. On it is an ancient bell, weighing 42 pounds 14 pounds, with the inscription: “God’s glory, bring joy to the earth, I command the heavens to keep,” which was cast in 1895 at the factory of the partnership of P. I. Olovyannikov and sons in Yaroslavl. About five meters from the bell, a special booth was installed, from the window of which a rope stretched to the tongue of the bell. In bad weather, day and night, the watchman rang the bell - 3 strokes every 2 minutes. In addition to this, they fired from a signal cannon, which was later removed as unnecessary. In the 80s they wanted to take away the bell, but the lighthouse workers defended their relic. The name also changed - until 1931 the lighthouse was called Nikolaevsky. The era of the Soviets left here another imprint of its vigorous activity. On the Red Partisan there is a monument to the lighthouse workers who died in 1919 from the White Guard punitive forces.

Cities of the Amur region

In 1948, the Amur Region was removed from the Khabarovsk Territory. Since that time, it has become an independent subject of the Russian Federation. The surface of the Amur region is predominantly mountainous, located between the Stanovoy Range (height up to 2313 m) in the north and the river. Amur in the south. A chain of ridges runs parallel to the Stanovoy Range: Yankan, Tukuringra, Soktakhan, Dzhagdy. The following ridges stretch along the eastern border: Selemdzhinsky, Yam-Alin, Turana. In the north - the Verkhnezeya Plain, in the south of the central part - the Amur-Zeya Plain, in the south - the Zeya-Bureya Plain. In the region, deposits of gold, brown and hard coal, iron ore, quartz sand, kaolin, limestone, refractory clay, tuff, and quartzite are being developed. Mineral springs.

Most of the territory of the Amur region is drained by the left tributaries of the river. Amur, the largest are Zeya (with Selemdzha), Bureya. In the north-west - the rivers of the Lena basin (Olyokma with the tributary Nyukzha), in the north-east - the Uda basin (Maya river).

The climate is monsoonal, characterized by cold, dry, little snow, cloudless winters and hot, rainy summers.

The Amur region is located in zones of taiga, mixed and deciduous forests. Brown forest soils, incl. podzolized and eluvial-gley, mountain brown-taiga and mountain-taiga permafrost. In the south, the areas are meadow-chernozem-like, rich in humus. About 60% of the territory is occupied by forests, the main species of which is larch. Significant areas of the Amur-Zeyskaya and Verkhnezeiskaya plains are occupied by pigweeds. Brown and black bears, elk, wild boar, wapiti, roe deer, musk deer, hares (hare and Far Eastern), sable, fox, and squirrel are still preserved in the forests. Birds include ptarmigan, capercaillie, woodpeckers, black grouse, cuckoo, blue magpie, etc. The rivers are rich in fish: Amur sturgeon, kaluga, lenok, taimen, grayling, grass carp, silver carp, burbot.

The region's economy consists of the mining industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the production of building materials. Agriculture is widely developed, which is why the Amur Region is the main agricultural region of the Far East. Soybeans, potatoes, fodder and vegetable crops are grown here, meat and dairy farming, poultry farming, beekeeping are developed, and in the north – reindeer husbandry and fur farming.

The Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railways pass through the territory of the Amur Region. Navigation is carried out along the Amur, Zeya, Bureya and other rivers.

The center of the Amur region is the city of Blagoveshchensk, located in the southwest of the Zeya-Bureya Plain, on the banks of the Amur, at the confluence of the Zeya, 7985 km east of Moscow. This is one of the oldest cities in the Far East. In 2002, at the time of the All-Russian Census, the number of city residents was 222 thousand people.

Its birth is connected with the emergence of the Ust-Zeysky military post in 1856, and already in 1858, in connection with the foundation of the Church in the name of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, it was renamed the Blagoveshchenskaya village, becoming in the same year the city of Blagoveshchensk - the center of the Amur region.

At the beginning of the 20th century. Blagoveshchensk became a center of metalworking and trade. The economy of the modern city is made up of mechanical engineering - shipbuilding and ship repair, equipment for the mining and gold mining industries (Amur Metalist JSC, Sudoverf LLP, Amurelectropribor, Elevatormelmash); woodworking and pulp and paper industry - the oldest (since 1899) and only match factory in the Far East "Iskra", JSC "Amurmebel", "Furniture Plant"; light industry, represented by the garment and cotton spinning factory, PA “Progress”, “Amurchanka”, “Belka”; The main food industry enterprises are the Amurskaya poultry farm, JSC Meat Processing Plant, Confectioner, Kristall, etc. There are also enterprises producing construction materials in the city.

There are many scientific, educational and educational institutions in Blagoveshchensk. Among them are the Amur Integrated Research Institute of the Far East, the All-Russian Soybean Institute, the Far Eastern Zonal Veterinary Research Institute, the Far Eastern Research Institute of Design and Technological Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, etc. Amur Regional Hydrometeorological Center. The city's higher education is represented medical academy, pedagogical, Far Eastern State Agrarian and Amur State Universities. Secondary specialized educational institutions: polytechnic technical school, municipal construction technical school, agricultural technical school, Amur Construction College, technological college, physical education (technical school), trade and economic college, 3 pedagogical colleges, Amur Medical College, the oldest river school in the Far East (1899).

There is also a Drama Theater and a Museum of Local Lore in the city. In 2002, the first film festival “Echo of Kinoshock on the Amur” was held.

Among the architectural attractions, one can highlight the building of the former Catholic church. Wooden houses from the late 19th century and brick buildings from the early 20th century have been preserved.

On the Amur embankment, from which you can admire the Chinese coast, there are various monuments: a military boat on a pedestal, looking menacingly towards the neighboring state (erected here in 1989); bronze monument to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky (1998); an old concrete bunker with a real tree on the roof; stone - memorial sign in honor of the formation of Blagoveshchensk (1984; next to it, on the square, numerous ice figures appear in winter); There is also a monument in honor of the landing of the first explorers and the conclusion of the Aigun Treaty (restored in 1973); a large brick building attracts attention Triumphal Arch, built at the beginning of the 20th century, then demolished and now rebuilt; on a long one-story pseudo-Gothic building, next to the Arch, there hangs a plaque in memory of A.P.’s stay here. Chekhov. A memorial complex was built on Victory Square in 1967. In 1998, a monument to St. Innocent appeared in the city, after whom one of the lanes is named (there is also a memorial plaque on the house associated with this saint).

Among the attractions of Blagoveshchensk it is worth mentioning the Amur Zoo.

The Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is on Ryolochny, built in 1997 - 2003, is the main church of the Annunciation diocese. Its rector is the ruling bishop himself, Archbishop of Annunciation and Tynda Gabriel. The temple was erected on a historical, sacred place for Amur residents, where until 1980 the first building of Blagoveshchensk stood - St. Nicholas Church.

There is a 3.5 meter wide concrete path around the cathedral for religious processions. In the church fence, next to the St. Nicholas Altar, the burial places of the first priest of Blagoveshchensk, Archpriest Alexander Sizoy, the first settler doctor Mikhail Davydov and two unknown persons, whose remains were found in 1998 during archaeological work at a construction site, have been restored.

In 1999, events in the life of the city of Blagoveshchensk began with the transportation, first, of tent tops by barge along the Amur River, the main of which, 11.5 meters high, weighed 9 tons, and with a police escort, the transportation of domes through the streets of the city. On June 21, experienced master V.I. arrived from Khotkovo, Moscow Region. Markov began gilding the domes. In total, he had to cover a total area of ​​266.2 square meters with gold leaf. It took 318 hundred-page books of the finest gold and 2 years of work.

In the same year, 1999, the first two bells cast in Voronezh arrived. The weight of the large bell, 1280 kg with a diameter of 1.2 meters, required special conditions for lifting it to the bell tower. Due to its size, the bell was raised even before the tent was installed on the bell tower, lowered through a hole in the ceiling. The second bell weighs 250 kg.

The temple has long been a landmark of the city.

Another city in the Amur region, Zeya, is located 532 km from Blagoveshchensk. The history of the city’s emergence is inextricably linked with Russia’s advancement to the east. The first Russian people appeared on Zeya land back in the 17th century, during the times of Vasily Poyarkov and Erofei Khabarov. They came from the north, from Yakutia. Academician A. Middendorf, who visited the Upper Zeya basin in 1844, mentioned his findings at the mouth of the Bryanta River and on Gilyuy of traces of yasak huts built at that time. At the end of the 17th century, the Manchus began to attack Russian Cossack posts along the Amur and Zeya. Soon as a result Treaty of Nerchinsk The left bank of the Amur went to China, ruled by the Manchu Qing dynasty. It was possible to return the Amur lands only in the middle of the 19th century thanks to the works of Adjutant General Count Muravyov-Amursky and his associates. The village of Zeya Warehouse was founded in 1879 in connection with the discovery of gold deposits in the Zeya basin as the base of the Upper Amur Gold Mining Company. In 1906 it was transformed into the city of Zeya-Pristan, and in 1913 - into the city of Zeya. Beginning in 1909, part of the population began to engage in agriculture, which quickly took one of the leading places in the economy, despite the fact that every piece of land had to be conquered from the harsh taiga with great difficulty. For many residents, handicrafts became the main source of livelihood. If earlier they were engaged in it only in their free time from driving, then later blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers and other workshops gradually began to appear.

Currently, the population is about 30 thousand people.

The city's economy consists of the Zeya hydroelectric power station, a timber transshipment plant, a timber industry enterprise, a bakery, a dairy plant, etc. Potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops are grown in the Zeya district. They raise cattle, and in the Evenk village of Bomnak they raise deer. Deposits of gold, iron and polymetallic ores, apatite, zeolite, copper ore, brown coal, building stone, brick and refractory clays are being developed.

The old part of the city has a colorful architecture; along with modern buildings, wooden houses from the beginning of the century have been preserved. More than 70% of the city’s population lives in the Svetly microdistrict, located on the southern foothills of the Tukuringra ridge, which is well landscaped and fits harmoniously into the natural landscape.

On the territory of the Zeya district, at the eastern end of the Tukuringra ridge on the shore of the Zeya reservoir, the Zeya State Nature Reserve is located, the purpose of which is to protect and study the reference area of ​​​​the mountain landscapes of the northwestern Amur region, as well as to study the impact of the Zeya reservoir on natural complexes.

In 1917, another city in the Amur region was mentioned for the first time, located on permafrost, in the valley of the Tynda and Getkan rivers (Zea basin), 839 km northwest of Blagoveshchensk - Tynda. Since 1928, residents of the village of Tyndsky served the Amur-Yakutsk highway, and during the construction of the BAM it became the administrative center for the construction and operation of the road. Since 1975 it became a city.

The city's economy still depends on the operation of the BAM, because The activities of most enterprises are aimed specifically at servicing the highway. In addition, the city has a bakery, a meat and dairy plant, and a timber processing complex “Tyndales”.

The main attraction of the city is the main gate of the city - a very beautiful red and white station with a high control tower.

The main city of the Jewish Autonomous Region is Birobidzhan

Not far from the Amur region is the only autonomous region in the country - the Jewish one. Its center is the city of Birobidzhan, which arose as a settlement at the Tikhonkaya station (opened in 1915) and was transformed in 1928 into the working village of Tikhonkaya Station. In 1932, after the name of the space between the Bira and Bidzhan rivers, the village was renamed Birobidzhan, and in 1934 it became the center of the Jewish Autonomous Region. Three years later, in 1937, the village received city status.

The economy of Birobidzhan is composed of: light industry, established in the pre-war years (knitting factories “Victoria”, “Dynamite”, shoe factories, textile factories, a hosiery and knitting factory was put into operation at the end of 1960); mechanical engineering, which began with the construction of a wagon factory in 1960, on the basis of which the Dalselkhozmash plant was subsequently created; JSC "Birobidzhan Power Transformers Plant", an automobile repair plant, a woodworking plant, a furniture factory and food industry enterprises.

The cultural life of the city is represented by the Jewish Musical Theater, the Regional Philharmonic, since 1991 the traditional annual festival of Jewish song and music has been held, the Kochelet theater-studio, local history and art museums and the Museum of Contemporary Art operate. Among the educational institutions of the city, the Birobidzhan State Pedagogical Institute stands out.

The population by 2002 was almost 80 thousand people.

Cities of Primorsky Krai

On October 20, 1938, in the extreme southeast of Russia, the Primorsky Territory was formed, numbering 7 cities - Arsenyev, Artem, Bolshoi Kamen, Vladivostok, Lesozavodsk, Nakhodka, Partizansk.

The territory of Primorsky Krai is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan; a large bay - Peter the Great, divided into a number of small bays - Posieta, Slavyansky, Amursky, Ussuriysky, Vostok, Nakhodka. The central and eastern parts of the region are occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountains (height up to 1855 m), in the west - the Ussuri and Prikhankai lowlands. Deposits of brown and hard coal, polymetallic ores, gold, tin, graphite, and building materials have been explored on the territory of the region.

The climate is moderate monsoon. Typhoons are common in late summer and autumn.

90% of the territory of the region is occupied by broad-leaved forests - fir-spruce and larch in the north, and Manchurian-type forests with lianas (Amur grape, lemongrass, actinidia) in the south. Main species: Ayan spruce, Korean cedar, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut. Swamps are widely developed in the Khanka lowland.

There are goral, sika deer, wapiti, roe deer, musk deer, elk, raccoon dog, Ussuri cat, wolverine, sable, weasel, fox, otter, etc. Over 100 species of fish: salmon, herring, sea bass, flounder, halibut, greenling, pollock, tuna, saury, mackerel, sardine, etc. In coastal waters, sea cucumbers, clams, mussels, scallops, sea ​​urchins, algae.

The region's economy consists of the fishing, forestry and woodworking industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, non-ferrous metallurgy, and the building materials industry.

The largest city in Primorsky Krai is its capital - Vladivostok. It is located in an amphitheater on the hills of the southern tip of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, around the Zolotoy Rog Bay, along the eastern coast of the Amur Bay of the Sea of ​​Japan, 9302 km east of Moscow.

The Vladivostok area was explored by Russian navigators in the 1850s. In 1860, on the shore of the Zolotoy Rog Bay, the crew of the Russian sailing ship "Manchu" founded a military post, called "Vladivostok". In 1871, the main base of the Siberian military flotilla was transferred to Vladivostok from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, which gave a powerful incentive to the development of shipbuilding.

Since 1879, a permanent steamship line was established between Vladivostok and Odessa, and in the 80s the port was allocated as a special “military governorate” and recognized as a city, becoming the center of the Primorsky region in 1888.

In 1903, after the construction of the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok railway (1897), direct railway communication with Moscow was opened.

Gradually, Vladivostok turned into a place of concentration of Russian culture in the Far East, the organizational center of expeditions of Russian travelers and scientists N.M. Przhevalsky, S.O. Makarova, V.K. Arsenyeva, V.L. Komarova and others.

In 1920-22 Vladivostok was the center of the Far Eastern Republic, and since 1938 it again became the center of the Primorsky Territory.

Today's Vladivostok is an important industrial center. Its economy is formed by enterprises of the machine-building, shipbuilding industries, production of building materials (Varyag, Izumrud, Dalzavod, Dalpribor, Radiopribor, Metalist, Vladivostok Shipyard); Coal mining is underway (JSC Primorskugol). The clothing and furniture industry is also developed (JSC Vladmebel, Zarya, Vladi Expo). Due to the geographical location of Vladivostok (a seaside city), there is active fishing for fish and other seafood, and therefore the city has a developed food industry based on their extraction and processing (Intraros CJSC, Vladivostok Fish Factory OJSC, Dalryba, Primorrybprom ", RK "Russian East", etc.). In addition, the coastal location also explains the development of ports and enterprises servicing them - OJSC Vladivostok Sea Commercial Port, Far Eastern Shipping Company.

The city also has many scientific and educational institutions. Thus, in Vladivostok there is the Primorsky branch of the Russian Geographical Society, the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries (TINRO) and Oceanography, and the Pacific Institute of Geography. The most significant higher educational institutions are the Far Eastern State Technical University, Vladivostok State Medical University, institutes of technological consumer services, technical fishing industry, commercial, arts, medical, etc. Marine specialists are trained at the Pacific Higher Naval School named after S.O. Makarov and the Maritime Academy named after G.I. Nevelsky.

Among the cultural institutions one can highlight a drama theater, a puppet theater, a theater for young spectators, a philharmonic society, and an art gallery; museums of the Far Eastern Shipping Company, Pacific Fleet, TINRO, local history, mineralogical, United Museum named after Arsenyev (including house museums of Arsenyev, K.A. Sukhanov, etc.).

The city is simply replete with attractions. Among them one can highlight a unique monument of military-defensive architecture, the Vladivostok fortress, the station building (which can be considered as the end point of the world's longest Trans-Siberian railway), a memorial column with a model of the sailing ship "Manchurian", from which the team of soldiers and sailors who founded the post landed Vladivostok and much, much more.

The Vladivostok Fortress Museum is a unique feature of the capital of the Primorsky Territory. The exhibitions tell not only about the history of fortification and artillery, but also the history of the city of Vladivostok itself and the Primorsky Territory. It is located in the city center, next to the Sports Embankment, on the Bezymyannaya Sopka. The museum grounds offer a wonderful view of the Amur Bay and the central part of the city of Vladivostok.

On the territory of the museum, city-wide and regional events are held with elements of military rituals: the ceremonial raising of the Kaiser flag, the changing of the guard of honor, the daily noon shot, and twice a year the museum hosts the solemn oath-taking ceremony of Pacific warriors.

Being an educational center on the history of fortification in Vladivostok, the museum great attention devotes to popularization work on organizing exhibitions and exhibitions and sales of amateur artists of Vladivostok and Primorsky Krai.

It is impossible not to mention another unique place in Vladivostok - the oceanarium. It is located in the city center and is part of the oldest fishery organization in the Far East - the Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO Center).

The oceanarium was built in 1990 according to the project of the Primorgrazhdanproekt Institute. It received its first visitors on July 12, 1991.

The Oceanarium is a maritime museum, in two exhibition halls with a total area of ​​1500 m2 there are dry and live exhibitions dedicated to the nature of the Pacific Ocean.

In the museum exhibition central place occupied by the diorama “Seal Rookery and Bird Market”. Another part of it consists of biogroups with penguins, albatrosses, coelacanths and sea otters, in which marine animals are shown in natural conditions. The display cases display collections of sea shells, corals, sponges, fish and other marine animals. Unique exhibits include: dummies of Steller's cow and coelacanth, an albino sea otter embryo, fish and birds of the tropics and much more. The museum collection includes more than 1 thousand exhibits. In a large round hall, 13 aquariums house inhabitants of freshwater reservoirs of the Far East, Peter the Great Bay, and tropical seas. In the central hall, 4 cold-water aquariums house the inhabitants of the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk. Part of the exhibition is dedicated to decorative aquarium fish, which are housed in self-contained aquariums. In total, the Oceanarium contains about 120 species (more than 2 thousand specimens).

The second interesting building is the Dolphinarium, which also belongs to the TINRO Center and is located next to the Oceanarium. The Dolphinarium was built in 1987 as an experimental base for the institute. In 1988, a demonstration program was prepared and the Dolphinarium opened to visitors. By its design, the Dolphinarium is a floating pontoon installed at the pier on Batareinaya Embankment. Inside the pontoon there are three cages suspended in which the animals are kept. The Dolphinarium, despite the existence of permanent or temporary exhibitions and other spectacular events in the city, enjoys the constant attention of residents and guests of the city.

On the Korabelnaya embankment in Vladivostok there is an amazing monument - Submarine S-56. There are no such memorials in the world - the S-56 is the only submarine on Earth that is brought ashore and stands on a pedestal as a museum and a monument at the same time.

Not far from the city there is one of the first state reserves in Russia (founded in 1916) - Kedrovaya Pad. Here, in the upper reaches of the river. Kedrovaya has the best preserved subtropical forests, where the legendary ginseng grows. The fauna is also richly represented: including the Himalayan bear, Bengal cat, wild boar, roe deer, and mandarin duck.

169 km east of Vladivostok on the shore of Nakhodka Bay in the Nakhodka Bay of the Sea of ​​Japan is located the city of the same name - Nakhodka. This is one of the largest transport and fishing centers in the Far East.

The history of this city dates back to 1931, when expeditions from Leningrad and Vladivostok arrived on the coast of Nakhodka Bay to conduct research and survey work. In 1939, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Andrei Zhdanov, having examined Nakhodka Bay, summed up: “There will be a wonderful port at this place. But a port without a city is impossible.” Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1646-399 “On the transfer of the Vladivostok trade and fishing ports to Nakhodka Bay” was signed.

In 1940, by Decree of July 16, the settlement of Nakhodka was classified as a workers' settlement, and seven years later, the Nakhodka port point was transformed into a second-class sea trade port.

On May 18, 1950, the workers' village of Nakhodka received the status of a city of regional subordination. This date is considered the birthday of modern Nakhodka.

Since December 6, 2004 municipality The city of Nakhodka has been granted the status of an urban district.

Available in Nakhodka economic zone. The geopolitical location of the city also determines the specifics of the economy. Coastal trade is widely developed here; timber, coal, fluorspar, honey, fish and seafood are exported. Among the most significant and large enterprises, we can highlight such as OJSC Primorsky Shipping Company, Primorsky Ship Repair Production Association, Marine Fisheries Base, Gaidamak Ship Repair Plant, Nakhodka Active Marine Fisheries Base, DV Fishing Company, Nakhodka Oil Loading Commercial Port. . There is also a tin and can factory in the city; separate enterprises are involved in the production of reinforced concrete products and large-panel housing construction.

There are six universities in the city of Nakhodka. Secondary vocational education is represented by the Far Eastern Naval School and the Industrial Pedagogical College.

300 km north of Vladivostok in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin on the right bank of the river. Arsenyevka (a tributary of the Ussuri) is the 5th most populous city in the Primorsky Territory - Arsenyev (according to the results of the last census, the number of inhabitants was 65.5 thousand people).

Arsenyev was founded in 1902 as the village of Semenovka. After 50 years, the Russian settler village was transformed into the city of Arsenyev, named after the Far East explorer, ethnographer and writer V.K. Arsenyev, whose routes along the region included the territory where Semenovka was located.

Currently, the largest aircraft manufacturing company in the region, Progress, is located in Arsenyev. N.I. Sazykin, where MI-34S helicopters and Yak-55M aircraft are produced, agricultural machinery, equipment for oil workers, small boats and yachts, walk-behind tractors, and rocketry are manufactured. Another large enterprise in the city is the OJSC Askold machine-building plant, which produces ship and pipeline fittings, line-coupling equipment for aircraft. There are also woodworking and furniture factories, food industry enterprises and construction materials production enterprises.

Arsenyev is rightfully considered a city of students: here every fifth person studies at a higher educational institution or receives a secondary specialized education. Prestigious are the Arsenyev Institute of Technology, a branch of the Far Eastern Academy of Economics and Management, Primorsky aviation technical school, technical schools.

Attention is also paid to the aesthetic education of young Arseniev residents; the city has a children's music and art school and a circus arts school. Sports facilities are in great demand: the sports complex “Yunost”, “Vostok”, “Polet” with an indoor swimming pool, and the tourist center “Bodrost”.

The surroundings of Arsenyev are full of attractions. There are about 40 different archaeological sites: fortifications, settlements, sites, as well as caves, which are enthusiastically explored by speleologists. Tourists are fascinated by the unique beauty of the Far Eastern land with yew groves, junipers, and lotuses that grow on lakes Orekhovoye and Kazennye.

In the southeastern part of the Razdolno-Khankai lowland, at the confluence of the Razdolnaya, Rakovka, and Komarovka rivers, 112 km north of Vladivostok, the city of Ussuriysk is located.

It was founded in 1866 by settlers from Astrakhan and Voronezh province like the village of Nikolskoye. The village got its name from the name of the church consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. In 1898, when the village of Nikolskoye merged with the village of Ketritsevo, the city of Nikolsk was formed, which in 1926 was renamed Nikolsk-Ussuriysky. The definition of Ussuriysk was given to distinguish it from the city of Nikolsk in the Vologda region, although it is only indirectly related to the name of the river. Ussuri (the right tributary of the Amur), since the city is located about 150 km from it. Immediate cause Its appearance was inspired by the unofficial name of the area adjacent to this river, the Ussuri region.

From 1935 to 1957 the city was called Voroshilov after the name of the Soviet party and military leader K.E. Voroshilov (1881-1969), and in 1957 it was renamed Ussuriysk.

The economy of the region consists of an oil and fat plant, which combines oil extraction, margarine and soap factories; JSC "Primorsky Sugar", which includes granulated sugar, sugar refinery and yeast factories. Production of alcoholic beverages with extracts from herbs of the Ussuri taiga (OJSC Ussuri Balsam). Also operating are the Far Eastern "Rodina" plant, which produces woodworking machines, household refrigerators "Ocean"), a combine repair and locomotive repair plant, a leather and footwear association "Grado", a clothing factory "Rabotnitsa", an oxygen plant, and a furniture factory. In the region I grow soybeans, potatoes, buckwheat, wheat, barley, dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming, cage fur farming (mink), and deer breeding are developed.

Mineral resources in the Ussuri region include tuffs - the Borisovskoye and Pushkinskoye deposits, brown coal (Banevurovskoye), Aleksee-Nikolskoye deposit of hard coal, brick clay, and the Rakovskoye mineral water deposit.

Among the cultural and educational institutions, one can highlight the agricultural and pedagogical institutes, two drama theaters, and a branch of the Primorsky State Museum.

Of the city's attractions, the most notable is the medieval monument - a stone statue of a turtle, personifying longevity (installed on the graves of members of the imperial family of the Jurgen state, 12th century).

The Ussuri Museum of History and Local Lore is another interesting Ussuri place, located in the oldest building in the city of Ussuriysk - an architectural monument of the 19th century, the first educational institution in the village of Nikolsky, a parish school. The museum opened its doors to visitors in 1999 and became the center of culture and historical pride of the Ussuri people. More than 1.5 thousand exhibits tell about the history of the city, its people, crafts, culture, and way of life. One of the halls is dedicated to the history of the city. Here you can trace all periods of the city’s development, starting from the Bohai and Jurchen eras, which are represented by archaeological finds (fragments of dishes, ceramics, catapult cores, etc.); the migration period since the time of land development (household items, tools, clothing). There is also a Hall of Military Glory in the museum.

On the outskirts of Ussuriysk, on the spurs of the Southern Sikhote-Alin, in the territory of the Ussuriysk and Shkotovsky districts of the Primorsky Territory, the Ussuri Nature Reserve named after. Academician V.L. Komarov, in which a museum of the Ussuri taiga was created. The purpose of the creation is to protect the intact mountain-forest ecosystems of the western macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin, their flora and fauna, largely related to the Manchurian complex, with a high level of endemism.

The easternmost astronomical station in Russia is located near the reserve.

Another city in the Primorsky Territory, Spask-Dalniy, has 56 thousand inhabitants. It is located in the Prikhankai lowland, 20 km from Lake Khanka, 243 km northeast of Vladivostok.

Founded by settlers around 1886 as the village of Spasskoye, near which in 1906 the Evgenievka station of the Ussuri Railway was built, its name future city received the name of the church consecrated in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord or, as it is popularly called, the Transfiguration of the Savior.

The village was transformed into a city in 1917, and almost 10 years later the village of Evgenievka became part of it. The city received its current name – Spassk-Dalniy – in 1929.

During the Civil War, in the Spassk-Dalniy area, the Spassk Operation was carried out to liberate Primorye from the White Guards and interventionists.

In 1908, on the basis of deposits of high-quality limestone and clay near Evgenievka, the first one was built, in 1932-34. second, in 1976 Novospassky cement factories. In this regard, the city has developed the production of building materials: JSC - Spasskcement, Spassktsemremont, Elefant, Keramik. There are also enterprises in the field of mechanical engineering and metalworking: plants - experimental mechanical, auto repair, Primorsky experimental, and the Spasskvodmashremont enterprise. The light industry of the city consists of the Vostok clothing factory, the Taezhnaya dried shoe factory, and an art ceramics factory. The city's food enterprises include a meat processing plant, a sausage factory, a dairy plant, and a canned vegetable and fruit factory. In the Spassky district, rice, soybeans, wheat, oats, buckwheat, vegetables are grown, beekeeping, reindeer herding are developed, and cattle are raised.

Among the architectural landmarks, buildings stand out railway station, men's gymnasium. On the territory of Spassk-Dalniy there is a protected natural monument (since 1981) - Spasskaya Cave, as well as the Khankaisky nature reserve - a unique natural complex in the Primorsky Territory. In the western part of the region there is Lake Khanka, one of the most beautiful natural reservoirs of Primorye. Not far from Lake Khanka, in the beautiful village of Gayvoron, there is a zoological hospital of the Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Here, in an enclosure with an area of ​​10,000 m2, Amur tigers live.

The cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

The Kamchatka Region, part of the Far Eastern Federal District, is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. As an independent subject of the Russian Federation, it was formed on October 20, 1932, but the history of the cities that are part of it begins much earlier.

The Kamchatka region is washed by the Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the Pacific Ocean. The eastern coast of Kamchatka is heavily indented (large bays: Kronotsky, Kamchatsky, Korfa, etc.), the western - weakly.

The Kamchatka region is a large fishing area in Russia. Main commercial fish: salmon, herring, flounder, cod, sea bass, halibut, pollock. On the western shores there is crab farming.

In addition, enterprises in the forestry and woodworking, shipbuilding and ship repair industries are developing in the region, and coal mining is underway. Agriculture is dominated by dairy and meat cattle breeding and poultry farming. In the north there is reindeer husbandry, fur farming, and fur farming. Potatoes and vegetables are grown in the valleys of the Kamchatka and Avacha rivers.

The oldest city in the Kamchatka region - Klyuchi, was founded in 1731, and 9 years later (in 1740) a city was founded, which 216 years later became the center of the Kamchatka region - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. It is located on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the shores of Avacha Bay of the Pacific Ocean, on the slopes of Mishennaya, Petrovskaya and Nikolskaya hills.

The Petropavlovsk prison was founded on the site of the Kamchadal village of Aushin, where at that time the 2nd Kamchatka expedition of V.I. wintered. Bering and A.I. Chirikov (1733-1743). The island got its name from the names of the ships belonging to this expedition - “St. Apostle Peter” and “St. Apostle Paul”. By the beginning of the 19th century, Petropavlovsk became not only the administrative and economic center of Kamchatka, but also the main port in the Far East, and in 1822 it was transformed into the district city of Petropavlovsk Port. During the Crimean War 1853-1856. the city took a direct part in the hostilities, heroically repelling the attack of the Anglo-French squadron.

The city received its present name in 1924, when the definition Kamchatsky was added to the already established name - Petropavlovsk - to distinguish it from the name of the city of Petropavlovsk in Kazakhstan.

In the 1930s the borders of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky expanded significantly, including new areas of industrial and residential development: the village of the Kamchatka joint-stock company, the villages of workers and builders of the Petropavlovsk shipyard and tin can factory, the base fishing fleet Mokhovaya, and in the 1940s. - residential area for merchant marine builders.

The economy of the city, as well as the entire region, consists of enterprises directly or indirectly related to the sea and seafood production: “Management of Trawling and Refrigerated Fleet”, “Petropavlovsk Ship Repair and Mechanical Plant”, “Petropavlovsk Shipyard”, “Okeanrybflot”, “ Kamchatrybprom", tin can factory, "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Sea Trade Port", "Kamchatka Shipping Company".

The city also has its own higher educational institutions, including the Far Eastern Academy of Management, Business and Law, Kamchatka State Academy fishing fleet, Kamchatka State Pedagogical Institute, Branch of the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade, Higher Marine Engineering School. In addition, the Institute of Volcanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences operates in the city, as well as the Kamchatka branch of the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Among the cultural institutions of the city, we can highlight the Drama Theater and the Museum of Local Lore.

The local history museum is located in the historical center of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The museum exhibits are dedicated to the history of the region, its flora and fauna, the native peoples of Kamchatka and their ancient culture. There are interesting exhibitions on the nature of Kamchatka: the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, the volcanoes of Kamchatka, its wildlife and natural resources. You will see a collection of paintings painted by local artists.

There are many monuments in the city. The oldest monument in the Far East is the monument to Vitus Bering, believed to have been built between 1823 and 1826. At first, the monument was placed near the Governor’s residence, then it was moved several times, and now it stands on Sovetskaya Street, not far from the harbor from which the famous navigator began his expedition to America.

The Charles Clarke Monument is the only monument in Russia that commemorates the Third World Expedition of the famous British explorer and Navigator James Cook. After the death of Captain Cook, Charles Clarke became Captain of his expedition. On June 12, 1779, his ships left Avacha Bay and headed towards the Bering Strait, but were unable to pass due to ice. On the way back to Petropavlovsk, Charles Clarke died and was buried at the site where the British erected a monument in honor of his memory in 1913.

The history of the La Perouse monument is as tragic as the history of Jean Francois La Perouse himself, in whose honor the monument was erected.
The famous French explorer set off on a circumnavigation of the world in 1775, it was assumed that within four years his ships would visit North America, Japan, China, Australia and return back to France. In September 1787, after a short visit to Petropavlovsk, the expedition headed to Japan, the expedition consisted of 242 participants, most of whom were talented scientists, artists and navigators, and only one of them was an experienced sailor, seasoned in the strong storms of the Pacific Ocean. The remains of the ships were found in 1959. In 1843, at the request of the French government, a monument was erected in honor of the brave explorers, but in August 1854 it was completely destroyed by the cannonball of a French frigate. It was restored in 1882, and since 1930 it has stood on Lenin Street, in the city center. Memorial Complex on Nikolskaya Sopka.

The Monument to Glory was erected in 1882 in honor of the heroic defense of Petropavlovsk, and in 1954, in the year of the 100th anniversary of the heroic defense of Petropavlovsk, a new monument was erected dedicated to the legendary 3rd Battery under the command of Lieutenant A. Maksutov.

I would also like to mention a sacred place in Petropavlovsk - a small cemetery with a chapel built of stone. 35 Russian defenders are buried on the right side of the Chapel and 38 French and English sailors on the left. This monument symbolizes that all people are equal before God. The fact that those who fought against each other are now buried in one place shows the spiritual generosity of the people of Kamchatka, who honor the dead and do not want such a tragedy to happen again.

On the outskirts of the city there is a sports and tourist base "Kamchadal". On the territory of the base there is a nursery for Kamchatka sled dogs “Siberian Fang”, a large guest house, a souvenir kiosk, a buffet, rental of cross-country skis and equipment, snowmobiles, and a parking lot. At the base you can ride sled dogs and feel like a real musher.
There are several sled dog routes from STB Kamchadal. There are weekend routes and multi-day trips.

In the extreme east of Russia is the Sakhalin region, formed on September 20, 1932. It is washed by the waters of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan and the Pacific Ocean. The main industry is fishing; in addition, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, light industry, food industry, ship repair enterprises, production of building materials are developing, and coal mining is underway.

The center of the Sakhalin region is the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

Located in the southeastern part of Sakhalin Island on the river. Susuya, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was founded in 1882 as the village of Vladimirovka. The village got its name from the name of the local prison manager. From 1905 to 1945, being part of Japan, the village became a city, the administrative center of Southern Sakhalin, receiving the name Toyohara (Toyohara). The city became Russian after the end of World War II in 1945, and a year later it was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk based on its location in the south of the island.

Sakhalin is an island rich in mineral resources, in particular coal, oil, and gas. Coal mining is also carried out in the city area, as a result of which enterprises such as Sakhalinpodzemugol, Sakhalin Coal Company, and Concern Sakhalinuglerazrez work in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. In addition, oil wells are being developed on the Sakhalin shelf, which determines the development of the oil and gas industry (ZAO ANK Shelf, Petrosakh, Sakhalinmorneftegaz-Shelf, Sakhalin Energy Company).

Extensive wood reserves provide favorable conditions for the development of the forestry, wood processing, pulp and paper and furniture industries.

However, the main industry of the city is fishing: extraction and processing of fish and seafood (Pilenga, Sakhalin Island, Sakhalinpromryba association, Tunaicha LLP).

The close proximity and great importance of the sea suggest the presence of scientific institutions dealing with “water” problems. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, such institutions are represented by the Sakhalin Institute of Marine Biology, the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Far Eastern Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Sakhalin Branch of the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography.

There are also universities in the city, among which are the Far Eastern Academic Law University at the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhalin State University, a branch of the Moscow State University of Commerce, the Yuzhno-Sakhalin Institute of Commerce and Entrepreneurship, the Yuzhno-Sakhalin Institute of Economics, Law and Informatics .

The city's cultural institutions are represented by the Drama Theatre. A.P. Chekhov, puppet theater. There are also local history and art museums.

The central square of the city is named after V.I. Lenin, whose monument was erected there in 1970. A slab with the inscription was embedded in the base of the monument: “The monument was built in the year of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin by decision of the CPSU Central Committee.”

On September 3, 1975, in honor of the 30th anniversary of the defeat of militaristic Japan, a memorial complex was opened on Victory Square. Its central part is a five-meter pedestal with a T-34 tank mounted on it. In the lower part of the complex, closer to the square, there are artillery pieces: a 76-mm anti-tank gun and a 122-mm howitzer.

Five years later, another war memorial was built in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in memory of Soviet soldiers who died in the battles for South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Its grand opening took place on September 3, 1980 on Glory Square, at the intersection of Communist Avenue and Gorky Street. The memorial complex includes a bronze figure of a soldier on a high square pedestal and a sculptural group of two paratroopers located just below.

Among the attractions of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk that have appeared in recent years, a small two-story house with a mezzanine on Kurilskaya Street stands out, where the municipal literary and art museum of A.P. Chekhov’s book “Sakhalin Island” is located. The museum, designed to study and popularize the work of the great writer, is unique in its profile. Scientific and collecting work is being carried out here to complete a collection that includes: household items from the period of hard labor, works by A.P. Chekhov from different years of publication, including in foreign languages, materials telling about the creation of the book “Sakhalin Island”, as well as its fate in Russia and abroad.

The recreational and tourism sector is also developed in the city and its region. The most famous is the Sinegorsk mineral waters resort.

Cities of North-East Russia

On December 3, 1953, the Magadan region was formed in the extreme northeast of Russia. The territory of the region is washed by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The dense river network of the Magadan region belongs to the basins of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The largest river is the Kolyma. There are small lakes. Among mineral resources, deposits of gold, tin, tungsten, hard and brown coal have been explored.

The Magadan region is located in the northern taiga zone. Mountain forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species being larch.

The climate here is sharply continental and harsh. Winters are long (up to 8 months), summers are cool. average temperature January from -19C to -23C on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and -38C in the interior parts of the region. The growing season is no more than 100 days. Permafrost is widespread everywhere (except for the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk).

The Magadan region is located in the northern taiga zone. Mountain forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species being larch. Squirrel, mountain hare, arctic fox, fox, bears (brown and white), wolverine, weasel, reindeer, elk, etc. are preserved. Birds are numerous: partridges, ducks, geese. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is rich in fish (salmon, herring, navaga, cod, etc.) and sea animals (fur seals, seals, whales), in the rivers and lakes - nelma, grayling, char, burbot, perch.

The economy of the region consists of the mining and fishing industries; agriculture is dominated by reindeer husbandry, dairy and beef cattle breeding, fur farming, fur trading, and poultry farming. They grow potatoes, cabbage, carrots, and fodder crops.

Since 1953, the center of the Magadan Territory has been the city of Magadan, located on the shore of Nagaev Bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk on permafrost, in a zone of increased seismicity, 7110 km from Moscow.

Construction of Magadan began in the early 1930s. in connection with the development of natural resources (mainly gold) of the North-East of the USSR. The city got its name from Even Mongodan - “sea sediments; fin,” was the name of one of the rivers that flowed near the site of the city’s origin. A less convincing version connects the name of the city with the name of Even Magda, on the site of whose camp the city grew over time.

In the 1930-1950s. Magadan was the control center of the North-Eastern forced labor camps of the NKVD of the USSR.

Currently, Magadan is the largest seaport in northeast Russia. The city has a developed mechanical engineering industry, represented by enterprises producing and repairing mining equipment, producing fuel equipment, and ship repair; metalworking enterprises, production of building materials; light industry - clothing factory, leather and shoe factory. The coastal location of Magadan determines the development of the fishing industry.

Among the scientific institutions of the city, one can highlight the North-Eastern Complex Research Institute and the Institute biological problems North, Far Eastern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Gold and rare metals, Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East and a branch of the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Highly qualified personnel are trained by the Northern International University, Branch of the Moscow State Law Academy. The city's cultural institutions include musical drama and puppet theaters, and a local history museum.

In the north of Eastern Siberia, including the New Siberian Islands, is the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), formed on April 27, 1922 as the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and with the collapse of the USSR in 1991, it adopted its current name, derived from the ethnic names of the indigenous population: Sakha - self-name and Yakut - Russian name, borrowed in the 17th century. among the Evens.

More than 1/3 of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Most of the territory of the republic is occupied by extensive mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. In the west is the Central Siberian Plateau, bounded on the east by the Central Yakut Lowland. In the east are the Verkhoyansky and Chersky ridges (height up to 3147 m) and the Yano-Oymyakon Highlands located between them. In the south - the Aldan Highlands and the border Stanovoy Range. In the northern part there are the North Siberian, Yana-Indigirsk and Kolyma lowlands. In the northeast is the Yukagir Plateau. Mineral resources are also diverse - deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores, coal, natural gas, etc. are known and are being developed.

The territory of the republic is washed by the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Large rivers are the Lena (with tributaries Olekma, Aldan and Vilyui), Anbar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma. Vilyui Reservoir. Over 700 lakes: Mogotoevo, Nerpichye, Nedzheli, etc.

The climate is sharply continental. Winter is long, harsh and with little snow. Summer is short and warm. Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which to the north gives way to forest-tundra and tundra zones. The soils are predominantly frozen-taiga, sod-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest and tundra-gley.

Forests (Daurian larch, pine, dwarf cedar, spruce, fir, birch, etc.) occupy about 4/5 of the territory. Meadows are common in river valleys and alas. On the coast and mountain tops there are shrubby, herbaceous vegetation and lichens.

The preserved arctic fox, sable, white hare, ermine, fox, muskrat, reindeer, etc. Birds include the pink gull, the white crane, and others. In the Olekma basin, red deer are found, in the mountain taiga in the south and east - musk deer; in the mountains of Eastern Yakutia - bighorn sheep. In the seas - omul, muksun, nelma, whitefish, vendace. In the rivers - whitefish, pike, perch, sturgeon, burbot, taimen, lenok.

The republic's economy consists of mining and light industry, and the fuel and energy complex. Agriculture specializes in livestock breeding (meat and dairy cattle breeding, meat and herd horse breeding), and in the north - reindeer husbandry. Fur farming, hunting and fishing are developed.

Navigation along the Northern Sea Route, the Lena and its tributaries, and other major rivers. Seaports - Tiksi, Cape Verde (Chersky). The Bamovskaya railway passes through the territory of Yakutia. line (Tynda - Berkakit - Neryungri) and the Amur-Yakutsk highway (Berkakit - Tommot - Yakutsk).

The capital of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the city of Yakutsk. It is located on the left bank of the Lena on permafrost, 8468 km east of Moscow.

Yakutsk was founded in 1632 as the Yakut (or Lensky) fort by a detachment of Yenisei Cossacks under the leadership of Pyotr Beketov, about 70 km below the current city. After 10 years, the fort was moved to its modern location.

In the XVII – XVIII centuries Yakutsk (later Yakutsk) was a military-administrative and shopping center North-Eastern Siberia. In 1922-90. Yakutsk was the capital of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and then the Republic of Sakha.

Large mineral deposits have been explored in the city area. These are mainly deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores, coal, oil and natural gas, etc. In connection with this, the city has developed enterprises in the fuel and gas industries, and non-ferrous metallurgy. The abundance of forests gave rise to the development of the timber, woodworking, pulp and paper industries, and the production of building materials.

Among the scientific institutions of the city, the Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences stands out, which unites about 30 scientific institutes: history, language and literature, biology, mining of the North, etc.; Russia's only permafrost research institute. Also worth mentioning are the design institutes “Yakutgrazhdanproekt”, “Zolotoproekt”, “Agropromproekt”.

The status of the capital of the republic determines a large number of higher and secondary educational institutions, including graduate School music of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Higher Humanitarian College, Medical Institute of Yakut State University, Branch of the Novosibirsk State Academy water transport, Yakut State Agricultural Academy, Yakut State University.

There are many cultural institutions in the city - the Yakut Drama Theater named after. P.A. Oyunsky, Russian Drama Theatre, Opera and Ballet Theatre, Philharmonic Society; museums: local history, visual arts, literary name P.A. Oyunsky, archeology and ethnography, music and folklore, International Jew's harp Museum, house-museums of E.M. Yaroslavsky, M.K. Ammosova.

The city also has many architectural and historical attractions. These include the wooden hipped tower of the Yakut fort (1685), the stone buildings of the Spassky Monastery (1664), St. Nicholas Church (1852), the former Bishop's chambers, the public library (1911), and the treasury house (1909).

In the extreme northeast of Russia is the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, which occupies part of the mainland, the Chukotka Peninsula and a number of islands (Wrangel, Ayon, Ratmanova, etc.). A significant part of the district is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The banks are heavily dissected. In the northeast - the Chukotka Highlands (height up to 1843 m), in the central part - the Anadyr Plateau, in the southeast - the Anadyr Lowland. The subsoil is rich in tin and mercury ores, coal and brown coal, gas and other minerals.

The territory of the district is washed by the East Siberian, Chukchi and Bering seas. Large rivers - Anadyr (with tributaries Main, Belaya, Tanyurer), Velikaya, Amguema, Omolon, Bolshoi and Maly Anyui. There are many lakes, the largest are Krasnoe and Elgygytgyn.

The climate is harsh, maritime on the coasts, sharply continental in the interior. The duration of winter is up to 10 months. Located Chukotka District in the zone of forest-tundra, tundra and arctic deserts. The soils are predominantly mountain-tundra and peat-gley, with peat-podzolic and alluvial soils occurring. Tundra vegetation predominates (mountain dry tundra with shrubs, hummocky cotton grass and shrub tundra). On the upper slopes of the mountains and on Wrangel Island there are arctic deserts. In the river basin Anadyr and other large rivers - island forests (larch, poplar, Korean willow, birch, alder, etc.). Among the animals there are arctic fox, fox, wolf, wolverine, chipmunk, squirrel, lemming, mountain hare, brown and polar bears. There are many birds: ptarmigan and tundra partridge, ducks, geese, swans, etc. On the coast there are guillemots, eiders, and gulls, forming “bird colonies.” The seas are rich in fish (chum salmon, pink salmon, char) and sea animals (walrus, seal, etc.); in rivers and lakes - whitefish, nelma, grayling.

The main sectors of the economy are the mining industry, the production of building materials, reindeer husbandry, fishing, and hunting fur and sea animals. Dairy farming, poultry farming, pig farming, cage farming and greenhouse farming are developing.

The center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is Anadr, located on the shores of the Anadyr Bay of the Berengov Sea in the permafrost zone. Its history begins in 1889, when, near the Chukotka settlement of Vien, the head of the Anadyr district L.F. Grinevitsky founded the Novo-Mariinsk border post. It received its name in honor of the wife of Alexander III, Empress Maria Feodorovna, and the definition Novo- was included to distinguish it from the already existing city of Mariinsk in Western Siberia. In 1923, the village of Novomariinsk was renamed Anadr. and in 1965 it received city status.

The local Chukchi population still calls the city V'en - zev, or Kagyrlyn - entrance, mouth, which reflects its location with a narrow neck that opens the entrance to the upper part of the Anadyr estuary.

The economy of modern Anadyr consists of enterprises in the fishing and reindeer herding industries, as well as gold and coal mining enterprises.

From ancient times to the beginning of exploration

17th century

In the 17th century Russian colonization of Siberia and the Far East began. Yakutsk was founded.

Physiographic location

Physiography

The Far East is located in 3 time zones, from +10 to +12 UTC.

Climate

The climate of the Far East is particularly contrasting - from sharply continental (all of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoon (southeast), which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south (almost 4500 km) and from west to east (to 2500-3000 km). This is determined by the interaction of continental and maritime air masses of temperate latitudes. The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance within its borders of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The impact of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The climate is greatly influenced by the complex, predominantly mountainous terrain.

Natural resources

The Far East is one of the regions richest in raw materials in Russia and the world. This gives it the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country’s economy in a number of raw materials positions. Thus, in the all-Russian production of individual resources, the Far East accounts for (%): diamonds - 98, tin - 80, boron raw materials - 90, gold - 50, tungsten - 14, fish and seafood - more than 40, soybeans - 80, wood - 13, cellulose - 7. The main branches of specialization of the Far East: mining and processing of non-ferrous metals, diamond mining, fishing, forestry, pulp and paper industries, shipbuilding, ship repair. These factors, when focusing on the domestic market, determined the role of the Far East within Russia.

Here, predominantly extractive industries developed - fishing, forestry, and mining of non-ferrous metals, which account for more than half of the marketable output. Manufacturing industries are extremely poorly developed. By exporting raw materials, the region loses potential income in the form of added value. Its remoteness causes significant transport surcharges, which are reflected in the cost indicators of most sectors of the economy. The entire economy of the region is developing as if with an increased coefficient of friction.

The Far East contains the largest reserves of mineral resources, in terms of the volume of reserves the region occupies a leading place in Russia. Far Eastern reserves of antimony, boron, tin account for about 95% of all reserves of these resources in Russia, fluorspar - up to 60%, tungsten - 24% and about 10% of all-Russian reserves of iron ore, lead, native sulfur, apatite. The world's largest diamond-bearing province is located in the north-west of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): the Mir, Aikhal, and Udachnoye diamond deposits account for over 80% of Russian diamond reserves. Confirmed reserves of iron ore in the south of Yakutia amounted to more than 4 billion tons (about 80% of the regional one); the reserves of these ores are significant in the Jewish Autonomous Region.

Large coal reserves are located in the Lena and South Yakut basins (Yakutia), in the Amur region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories. The Far Eastern region is one of the most important gold-bearing regions in Russia. Ore and placer gold deposits are concentrated in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan, Amur regions, Khabarovsk Territory and Kamchatka. Tin and tungsten ores are discovered and developed in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. The main industrial reserves of lead and zinc (up to 80% of the regional total) are concentrated in the Primorsky Territory.

A large titanium ore province (Kalar-Dzhugdzhurskaya) has been identified on the territory of the Amur Region and Khabarovsk Territory. The main deposits of mercury are located in the Magadan region, Chukotka, Yakutia and the Khabarovsk region. In addition to the above, there are reserves of nonmetallic raw materials: limestone, marl, refractory clay, quartz sand, sulfur, graphite. In Tommot, on the upper Aldan, unique mica deposits have been explored. Forest resources.

Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries. Large and varied reserves forest resources Far East (about 11 billion cubic meters). Forests here make up over 35% of all Russian resources.

Geopolitical situation

The Far Eastern region, of course, has important geopolitical and geostrategic significance for Russia.

Firstly, the region has access to two oceans: the Pacific and the Arctic, and borders on five countries (China, Japan, USA, Mongolia, North Korea).

Secondly, the region has enormous natural resources, for example, about 1/3 of the country's total coal reserves and hydraulic resources. Forests occupy about 30% of the total forest area in Russia. The region has reserves of iron ores, gold, silver, platinum, copper ores, polymetallic ores, and platinum.

Thirdly, given the high pace of development of the Asia-Pacific region both in the economic and military fields, integration into the region is very promising for Russia. The Far Eastern Region can serve as that “bridge” to the Asia-Pacific region if the policy is wisely pursued.

For comparison, the closest neighbor of the Russian Far East, Japan, has a small territory of 377 thousand km² (61st place in the world in terms of territory), and at the same time the population of Japan is 127.5 million people. (10th place in the world in terms of population, right behind Russia). Japan's population density is 337.4 people/km² (18th highest population density in the world).

More than one hundred million people live in the three provinces of Northeast China, while on the other side of the border in the 6.2 million square kilometers of the Far Eastern Federal District, the population has dropped from about 9 million in 1991 to 6 million in 2011, and by 2015 the federal district may lose another 500 thousand population.

One of the reasons for the active development of partnership between Russia and the European Union, the result of which should be, proposed by Vladimir Putin, the creation of an economic alliance located in the territory from Vladivostok to Lisbon, is the economic development of the Far Eastern territories. Russia, still heavily dependent on the commodity market, and a deindustrialized Europe can help each other and take advantage of the advantages of both economic systems

Also one of economic partners Japan could become Russia - having enormous financial, economic and technological resources (Japan ranks 2nd in the world, after the United States, in terms of nominal GDP, which is more than $5 trillion), and in dire need of natural resources and new markets sales for the development of its economy.

Population

The population of the Far Eastern Federal District as of January 1, 2012 was estimated at 6,265,833 people; this is 0.3% less than in 2011. Demographic losses, in contrast to other federal districts of the Russian Federation, are caused mainly by migration outflow of the population.

Currently, the birth rate in the district exceeds the death rate (that is, natural population growth is occurring). In January-October 2012, the birth rate in the Far Eastern Federal District was 13.9 per 1000 people, the mortality rate was 13.1, and the rate of natural increase was 0.8. At the same time, the birth rate in the Far Eastern Federal District is higher than the national average, and the mortality rate is lower. Compared to the previous year, there is an increase in the birth rate, a drop in mortality and an increase in the natural increase rate. At the same time, there is currently a migration outflow of the population that exceeds natural growth, which is why the population is declining.

The average life expectancy of the population of the district in 2009 was 66 years, including among men - 60 years, among women - 72 years, urban population - 67 years, rural population - 64 years. Life expectancy of the district's population has been constantly growing in recent years; in 2004-2009 it increased by 3.6 years.

One of the main historical features of the Far East in terms of demography is its small population compared to the total area of ​​the territory. This situation is explained by harsh natural and climatic conditions and position in relation to transport arteries. Therefore, for a long time, in order to retain the population and attract labor, special benefits and salary bonuses were in effect. However, due to the cessation of state support after the collapse of the USSR, the population began to decline rapidly: from 8 million people. in 1991 to 6,284 thousand people at the beginning of 2011. The average population density in Primorsky Krai is about 13.5 people per square meter. km, in the Khabarovsk Territory - 2.0, in the Jewish Autonomous Okrug - 5.7, in the Amur Region - 2.8, in Yakutia - 0.3, in Chukotka - 0.1. Depopulation, which had previously occurred throughout the country, hit the Far East (and Siberia) the hardest, as well as the system-wide economic and social crisis. An alternative opinion by K. Gaddy and F. Hill, authors of the book “The Siberian Curse” is that the Far East overpopulated in comparison with similar regions of Canada and Alaska, given the climate and distance from the main centers of population; such an opinion, however, has been repeatedly criticized both for anti-Russian sentiments and for the actual incorrect conclusions, expressing “the sincere misconceptions of the authors, and not their bias.”

In 2012, there was an increase in population in the cities of Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Chukotka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Although the entire Far East is depopulating in 2012, depopulation is decreasing. .

In 2007, it was suggested that unless extraordinary measures are taken, the region could fall into a “demographic hole” in the period 2015-2025.

Table 1. Demographic development of the Far East for 1985-2003.

Index	1985	1991	1993	2003
Population, thousand people (as of 01.01)	7462,1	8056,6	7899,6	6634,1
Births, thousand people	138,6	110,0	82,1	77,0
Fertility rate	18,3	13,7	10,5	11,6
Total fertility rate	2.08 (1989-1990)	1,843	1,44	1.29 (2001)
Died, thousand people	63,3	67,9	92,3	98,9
Death rate	8,3	8,6	11,8	14,9
Infant mortality rate	23,0	18,7	21,2	15,9
Natural population growth, thousand people.	75,3	41,2	-10,2	-22,0
Natural increase rate	10,0	5,1	-1,3	-3,3
Balance of migration, thousand people	43,5	-65,4	-101	-23,6
Total population growth (decrease), thousand people)	118,8	-24,2	-111,2	-45,6

A significant problem is the migration decline in the Far East, although in Russia as a whole there is a migration growth of the population. In 2008, the overall migration growth rate was −30.5 per 1000 population, in 2009 - −27.8, in 2011 - −2.8. Thus, the scale of migration population loss is decreasing. According to the director of the Far Eastern Market Research Institute, Professor Vadim Zausaev, this is happening because “the most ambitious” have already left. According to a survey among residents of the district, reported in 2011, 19.3% of respondents expressed a desire to live in another city; 17.2 would like to live in another country.

In 2007, it was argued that the attractiveness of the region is not contributed to by the low growth of GRP and personal income compared to the national average, especially since demographic problems are also felt in other regions of Russia, although not in such a catastrophic way. Moreover, since 2009, the district has overtaken Russia in terms of GRP growth. According to Viktor Ishaev, Minister for Development of the Far East, Far Easterners work 30% more and more intensively than other Russians; and although wage often higher in the Far East, taking into account purchasing power parity and the high cost of living, in general the standard of living in the Far Eastern Federal District is lower than the Russian average. Not great [ specify] supply of goods, the number of poor is higher.

The ratio of men and women (as of 2002) differed from the situation in the country as a whole: if in Russia there were 113 women for every 100 males (as of 1996), then in the Primorsky Territory the ratio was 100:102, in the Amur Region - 100:101, in the Khabarovsk Territory - 100:103

Table 2. Life expectancy (based on 1999 data)

Territory	1989-1990	1995	2000	2010
Russian Federation	69,4	64,6	65,3	66,5
Far East of Russia	67,6	62,3	63,9	65
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	66,9	62,7	64,6	65,6
Jewish Autonomous Region	…	61,1	62,5	63,6
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	…	62,6	66,9	68,1
Primorsky Krai	67,9	63,4	64	65,2
Khabarovsk region	67,3	63,1	63,4	64,6
Amur region	68,2	63,7	63,1	64,3
Kamchatka Krai	66,1	61,6	64,2	65,4
Magadan Region	67	61	65	66,7
Sakhalin region	67,3	55,3	63,9	65,6

According to data from the mid-1990s [ specify] the region's labor force is estimated at only 3 million people. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the raw materials economy and resource production as extreme, uncomfortable work; it requires a specific workforce that has a short life cycle and which must be constantly replaced. . As a result, there is a labor shortage.

On this background educational potential seems clearly excessive: today 100% of schoolchildren can enter a university, however, upon completion of their studies, they cannot find a job in their specialty and leave.

The housing area per capita in the district in 2010 was 21.8 m² per person (the Russian average is 22.6 m²), which is higher than in the Siberian and North Caucasus federal districts, but less than in other districts. At the same time, the housing supply is growing at an accelerated pace; in 1990-2010, the housing area per capita in the Far Eastern Federal District increased by 7.5 m² (on average in Russia - by 6.2 m²). .

According to data for 2005, the budgets of only Chukotka and Yakutia included expenses to reduce depopulation; Housing construction and preferential lending are poorly developed in the district.

The question of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East

Main article: The question of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East

Mass migration to Russia began after the signing of an agreement on visa-free entry into border cities in 1992. The visitors are mainly from the border counties of Heilongjiang Province. Migrants are dominated by men aged 20 to 50 years (data for 2002) with low incomes. The main areas of employment are construction, industry, agriculture and general commercial activities. According to some experts, the proximity of overpopulated China could lead to serious geopolitical problems for Russia in the Far East.

Ways to solve problems

As a solution to a whole range of demographic problems, experts suggest pursuing a protectionist policy:

• revitalization of economic and social life region
• establishing control over prices (for electricity, for travel)
• securing the old-timer population and other measures.

Economy

In 2009, the gross regional product (GRP) of the district per capita amounted to 268 thousand rubles, which is 19% higher than the same figure for Russia as a whole. In 2010, 80% of the region's GRP was produced in four constituent entities: Primorsky Territory (21.7%), Sakhalin Region (20.6%), Yakutia (19.4%) and Khabarovsk Territory (18.2%). According to the List of Russian regions by GRP for 2009, these subjects are above the Russian average.

In the 2000s, the economy of the Far Eastern Federal District experienced steady growth, which was not interrupted even during the global economic crisis of 2008-2009. From 1999 to 2010, the gross regional product of the Far Eastern Federal District grew by 73%. At the same time, since 2009, the growth of the district’s GRP has been ahead of the Russian average. Thus, in 2009, the GRP of the Far Eastern Federal District increased by 1.5% (Russian - decreased by 7.6%), in 2010 - by 6.8% (Russian - by 4.6%). In 2011, the volume of GRP increased by 5.4% compared to 2010 and amounted to 2.3 trillion rubles. Industrial production from the 1990 level in Russia on average is 80.7%, and in the Far East - 103%.

Sectoral structure of the GRP of the district (according to 2010 data):

• Agriculture and forestry, fishing - 6.5%
• Mining - 24.7%
• Manufacturing industry - 5.6%
• Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 4.2%
• Construction - 12.2%
• Trade - 10.2%
• Hotels and restaurants - 0.8%
• Transport and communications - 13.4%
• Education and healthcare - 7.7%
• Finance and services - 7.3%
• Public administration and military security - 7.4%

The economy of the Far East is developing from a focal state, infrastructurally and economically isolated from the main part of Russia, to large investment projects based on public-private partnerships. The investment portfolio until 2025 is planned to amount to 9 trillion rubles. The main tasks of the development of the Far East are the formation of a permanent population in the region, equalization of operating conditions, changing the structure of the economy and integration into the Asia-Pacific region. Today, all regions of the Far East are subsidized.

Mining

827 deposits are exploited in the territory. A significant share is represented by diamonds, gold, silver, non-ferrous metals: tin, lead, mining chemical and mining raw materials: boron, fluorspar.

Forestry industry

The Far East has a resource base of approximately 20 billion cubic meters industrial timber is a quarter of Russian reserves. The recycling rate is about 30%. Implemented 12 major projects to create new enterprises in the field of wood processing, which will create over 5 thousand jobs.

Investments

The volume of investments in fixed capital in the district in 2010 amounted to 726 billion rubles or 115 thousand rubles per capita. The volume of investment per capita in the Far Eastern Federal District is almost twice the Russian average.

In the first half of 2011, the economy of the Far East received $5.7 billion of foreign investment, an increase of 1.8 times compared to the corresponding period in 2010. However, this is only 6.5% of all foreign investments attracted to Russia. The main investors in the Far East territories in the period from 2002 to 2009 are the Netherlands - 49.2% of accumulated foreign investments, Japan - 12.1%, Great Britain - 8.8%, India - 3.7%, Bahamas - 6% and Cyprus - 3.2%. The most attractive industry for foreign investors remains mining, where almost 90% of their investments are directed. Despite the influx of capital, according to academician Pavel Minakir, “the economy of the Far East is extremely inefficient... the return on these investments is minimal. Over the past 40 years, the return on every ruble invested is 18 kopecks.”

According to V.I. Ishaev, the volume of investments in the Far East in 2011 amounted to at least 1 trillion rubles, including government funds and company investments.

Income of the population

The average salary, pension and income of the district's population are ahead of the Russian average. In 2010, the average salary in the Far Eastern Federal District was 25.8 thousand rubles per month (23% higher than the Russian average), the average income was 20.8 thousand rubles per month (10% higher than the Russian average), the average pension was 8.9 thousand rubles. From 2000 to 2010, the average nominal salary and average income in the district increased 8 times, and the pension - 9 times.

The cost of a minimum set of food products in the Far Eastern Federal District is higher than the Russian average by 35% (as of mid-2011), the cost of a fixed set of consumer goods and services for interregional comparisons of the purchasing power of the population is 28% (as of the end of 2010).

Modernization

The conditions for economic modernization are:

• attracting private investment to the region using the principle of public-private partnership
• regimes of special economic zones
• tax preferences for investors
• stimulating domestic demand and increasing the purchasing power of the population

Existing problems for investment in the region are:

• remoteness of the Far East territories
• harsh climatic conditions
• lack or limited road infrastructure
• lack or complete absence of energy supply
• clumsy bureaucratic mechanism (resolution of almost all issues through Moscow)
• legislative gaps and inconsistencies

Administrative division

Largest cities

Small administrative centers

1. Magadan is the administrative center of the Magadan region. Population ▼ 95,925 people (2010).
2. Birobidzhan is the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Region. Population ▼ 75,419 people (2010).
3. Anadyr is the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Population ▲ 13,053 people. (2010).

Far East radio stations

• Radio East of Russia - (Khabarovsk)
• Vladivostok FM - (Vladivostok)
• Radio VBC (Vladivostok)
• Radio Lemma - (Vladivostok)
• Radio Ussuri - (Ussuriysk)
• Radio 105.5 - (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
• Fresh FM - (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
• Radio SV - (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky)
• Radio Purga - (Anadyr)
• Radio Victoria - (Yakutsk)
• Kiin Radio - (Yakutsk)
• Sakhaly Victoria Radio - (Yakutsk)
• STV-Radio - (Yakutsk)
• FM-Birobidzhan - (Birobidzhan)
• Radio Dacha - (Khabarovsk)

Internet

Internet coverage of the population of the Far East is almost 50% (2012).

Transport

The overall level of development of the transport network in the region is extremely low; in fact, only in the south of the region in the Amur region, Primorye and Sakhalin there is a network of railways and roads. The northern regions have practically no infrastructure. The level of development of transport infrastructure in the Far East is the lowest in Russia, which complicates supply and greatly increases transport costs and the cost of products.

The network of paved roads in the Far East is 5.3 km per 1000 km², the average for Russia is 31.7 km per 1000 km².

Rail transport is the main type of mainline transport. It accounts for over 80% of cargo turnover and about 40% of domestic passenger turnover in the territory. Total length highway network - 41.5 thousand km. Number of airfields civil aviation- 107. There are 28 sea ports. The main ports are Vostochny, Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vanino and De-Kastri. The Vanino-Kholmsk ferry service operates.

The Far East has the highest rate among Russian districts in terms of car availability and is ahead of the Russian average: there are 329 passenger cars per thousand residents.

• The Trans-Siberian Railway, the greatest and longest railway in Russia, passes through the Far East.
• The Baikal-Amur Mainline, the railway line of Eastern Siberia, was built on the territory of the Far East.
• The construction of the new Amur-Yakutsk railway line from Skovorodino to Yakutsk is being completed.
• The Amur federal highway passes through the Far East along the route Chita - Skovorodino - Svobodny - Birobidzhan - Khabarovsk.
• The Kolyma federal highway passes along the Yakutsk-Magadan route.
• The Ussuri federal highway passes along the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok route.
• In the second half of the 20th century, it was planned to build the Vostok federal highway along the Khabarovsk-Nakhodka route.
• The Bering Strait Tunnel, the Sakhalin Tunnel and the Sakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnel are under discussion.
• The construction of the Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok gas pipeline and the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean oil pipeline are underway.

Far East Airlines

• Khabarovsk Airlines based in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
• Vostok Airlines based in Khabarovsk, small airport.

Interesting facts about the Far East

Cellular operators in the Far East

see also

• Ministry for the Development of the Far East of the Russian Federation

Notes

1. The Russian Far East in the Around the World encyclopedia
2. Ekaterina Motrich: There are fewer and fewer of us.
3. Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation - Program "Economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for the period until 2013"
4. Server of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory - Socio-economic strategy for the development of the Khabarovsk Territory and Transbaikalia
5. Atlas of Asian Russia. - St. Petersburg: Publication of the Resettlement Administration, 1914. - P. 14.
6. TSB: USSR. Physiographic (natural) countries
7. N. A. Gvozdetsky, I. I. Mikhailov. Physical geography of the USSR. Asian part. Edition 3. M.: “Mysl”, 1978, pp. 387, 410.
8. Provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin.
9. Lintner, Bertil (2006-05-27), ""The Chinese are coming... to Russia"", Asia Times Online, . Retrieved January 18, 2009.
10. "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" - Economics of the Far East No. 5623. 03.11.2011. They pack their suitcases. The authorities are still powerless to stop the migration of people from the district
11. Chinese language tutor.
12. Center for Political Technologies.
13. Stephen J. Blank“Toward a New Chinese Order in Asia: Russia’s Failure” NBR Reports (Mar 2011)
14. Russian experts deny the existence of a threat from Chinese immigrants to the Russian Far East. 06/03/2009 // People's Daily
15. Chinese sword
16. Zbigniew Brzezinski: Russia risks turning into empty space
17. News article on Lenta. Ru": "Putin proposed an economic alliance to Europe from Vladivostok to Lisbon" - 11/25/2010
18. CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing:: GDP (official exchange rate)
19. Estimation of the resident population as of January 1, 2011, as of January 1, 2012, and on average for 2011. Goskomstat
20. http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15586340
21. Demographic prospects of the Russian Far East (copy)
22. Population of the Russian Far East
23. Interregional Association of Economic Cooperation Far East and Transbaikalia - Types of economic activity
24. Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January - October 2012. Goskomstat
25. Life expectancy at birth (indicator value per year, year)
26. Economic organization of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East after the collapse of the USSR
27. Migration situation in the Far East and Russian politics. Scientific Reports/Carnegie Center, Issue 7, February 1996.
28. The authorities are still powerless to stop the outflow of population from the Far East - Tatyana Alexandrova, Inna Glebova, Irina Drobysheva - “They are packing their bags” - Russian Ga...
29. China and the Russian Far East: on the issue of demographic imbalance
30. Russia: the danger of losing Siberia and the Far East in the light of demography and geopolitics
31. Fiona Hill and Clifford Gaddy. The Siberian Curse. How Communist Planners Left Russia out in the Cold. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2003.
32. Soboleva S.V., Doctor of Economics, Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production SB RAS. So that Siberia does not become depopulated // [[ECO (magazine)|]]. - 2004. - No. 8
33. Siberia: pearl or ballast of Russia? // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, August 26, 2005
34. Lunev S. Siberia is worth a mass // Nezavisimaya Gazeta, March 4, 2004
35. Ministry of Eastern Development. Interview with Viktor Ishaev to Vesti channel
36. Russian demographic barometer
37. Newspapers write about the problems of the Far East
38. Motrich E. Population of the Far East and NEA countries: current state and development prospects // Prospects of the Far Eastern region: population, migration, labor markets. M., 1999. P. 108.
39. Resident population estimate for 2008. Goskomstat
40. Resident population estimate for 2009. Goskomstat
41. Resident population estimate for 2011. Goskomstat
42. Indices of physical volume of gross regional product in 1998-2010.
43. Standard of living in the regions of the Far East
44. Problems of socio-economic development of the Far East (Report abstract)
45. Far East of Russia: economic potential. Vladivostok, 1999. P. 430
46. Motrich E. Population of the Far East and NEA countries: current state and development prospects // Prospects of the Far Eastern region: population, migration, labor markets. M., 1999. P. 68.
47. Larin V.L. Russia in East Asia on the eve of the 21st century: ethnodemographic and civilizational incentives and barriers // Population processes in the regional structure of Russia in the 18th-20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1996. pp. 23-32

№City

Population	men women
1	Vladivostok	591 800	47,0% 53,0%	Primorsky Krai
2	Khabarovsk	582 700	46,9% 53,1%	Khabarovsk region
3	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	281 000	47,1% 52,9%	Khabarovsk region
4	Blagoveshchensk	218 800	46,3% 53,7%	Amur region
5	Yakutsk	209 500	46,3% 53,7%	The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
6	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky	198 200	50,4% 49,6%	Kamchatka Krai
7	Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	174 700	46,9% 53,1%	Sakhalin region
8	Ussuriysk	157 800	48,4% 51,6%	Primorsky Krai
9	Nakhodka	149 300	49,2% 50,8%	Primorsky Krai

Cities of the Far East

Khabarovsk

The city of Khabarovsk received its name in honor of the Russian traveler and explorer of the 17th century Erofei Khabarov.

Founded in 1858 on the banks of the Amur River as a military structure, by 1880 it received city status.
Now Khabarovsk is a large city in the Russian Far East, through which the Trans-Siberian Railway passes and the largest stations are located - passenger Khabarovsk-1 and freight Khabarovsk-2. The city is home to the Novy international airport and Maly airport, and the river port of the Amur River Shipping Company.

Khabarovsk is located along the Amur River for 50 kilometers.

One of the most beautiful places in the city is the Amur Embankment.

Much in the city is connected with the name of Count Muravyov-Amursky - the monument that you can see on the five thousandth banknote of Russia, and the name of the main street (Muravyov-Amursky Street).

The street has many buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Far Eastern State Scientific Library, located in one of the oldest buildings in the city.

Muravyov-Amursky Street connects Lenin Square and Komsomolskaya Square. Lenin Square is the main square in the city. A monument to the “Heroes of the Civil War in the Far East of 1918-1922” was erected here.

The youngest square of the city is the Square of Glory, next to it there is the “Wall of Memory” memorial.

Also interesting on Glory Square are the buildings of the Theological Seminary and the “Black Tulip” monument, dedicated to the soldiers who participated in the battles in Afghanistan.

Other attractions of the city include the oldest theater in Khabarovsk - the regional theater of musical comedy (1926), the Khabarovsk regional drama theater, the Central Park of Culture and Leisure, the long railway bridge (1916) across the Amur River, which became the final link of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the youngest in the city Museum of Khabarovsk History.

Khabarovsk museums occupy a special place in the cultural life of the city.

On Shevchenko Street there is the Khabarovsk Museum of Local Lore named after Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov (1894). Museum of Archeology named after A.P. Okladnikov became the first archaeological museum in the Far East, and the Far Eastern Art Museum houses one of the largest collections of art in the region.

The Military History Museum of the Far Eastern Military District is notable for its exhibition, which presents samples of weapons from different years. 20 km south of the city is the Bolshekhehtsirsky State Nature Reserve, founded in 1963 to protect the Amur landscapes.

The main Orthodox church in the city was the Church of St. Innocent of Irkutsk, built around 1868.

At first the temple was wooden, and then it was built in stone. The third largest church among Orthodox Christians in Russia after the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg was the Khabarovsk Transfiguration Cathedral (2004), and the Church of St. Seraphim of Sarov, opened for the 150th anniversary of Khabarovsk, was built in the Russian style Orthodox architecture - a snow-white temple crowned with golden domes.

Vladivostok

Vladivostok is a port and city in the Far East of the Russian Federation, and it is also the administrative center of the Primorsky Territory.

Interestingly, the name of the city of Vladivostok comes from two words “to own” and “East”. And judging by this, the city was named like Vladikavkaz; this city was founded shortly before the city of Vladivostok.
And the first name is also the English name of the Golden Horn Bay - or Port May.
The Trans-Siberian Railway also ends in this city. The city's population is 623.0 thousand people, data from November 2011, this is the 20th largest population in Russia.

Vladivostok.

The city is located on a peninsula called Muravyov-Amursky, on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. Also included in the city’s territory were the Peschany Peninsula and approximately fifty more islands in Peter the Great Bay.
There is an opinion that a municipal entity called Greater Vladivostok will be created from satellite cities and Vladivostok itself.

After which the city will be included in the list of future supporting cities of Russia.
On November 4, 2010, the city of Vladivostok was awarded the significant status of City of Military Glory.

Nakhodka

Nakhodka is a city in Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East. Located on the shores of Nakhodka Bay (Nakhodka Bay of the Sea of ​​Japan) and the eastern coast of the Trudny Peninsula, a major seaport.

Railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Not far from the city is the Fox Island, famous for its unique nature. It also protects against sea waves western part Nakhodka Bay. To the north of the city are the famous Brother and Sister hills.

The find is called the ocean gateway of Russia in the Far East.

The city with a population of 190 thousand people is located 165 kilometers southeast of Vladivostok. This is the main Russian port on the Pacific Ocean, and in the recent past it was the only one open to foreigners.
From the first days of its existence, Nakhodka became a center of international communication.

Every year, up to 700 foreign ships flying the flags of 20 countries were moored at the commercial port. It was the port workers who were the first to establish sister city ties with the cities of the Pacific Rim countries. And now Nakhodka has seven sister cities in different countries of the world: Maizuru, Tsuruga, Otaru (Japan); Oakland and Bellingham (USA); Dog He (Korea) and Girin (China).
Nakhodka with its port complexes has been the main harbor of the Far East for more than 50 years.

This is the largest foreign economic transport interchange: the main volume of foreign trade transport between Russia and the Asia-Pacific countries, almost all railway transit, is carried out through the city’s ports. It is in Nakhodka that the transcontinental Asia-Europe container line originates.

Magadan

Magadan is the administrative center of the Magadan region, one of the most remote (7110 km) from the capital of Russia and the youngest regional center of the Far East.
Located on the coast of the Tauiskaya Bay in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, on the isthmus connecting the Staritsky Peninsula with the mainland and having access to Nagaev and Gertner bays.
The city of Magadan is classified as a medium-sized city in terms of population (99.4 thousand).

people), it is home to 54% of the region's population and 59% of the total urban population.
Industry is represented by enterprises in the electrical power industry, mechanical engineering, food, light, woodworking and construction materials industries. Industrial enterprises The city produces more than a third of the region's industrial output.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula on the shore of Avachinskaya Bay.

The city was founded during the wintering of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of Bering and Chirikov (1733-1743). This is the main Far Eastern port.

The Kamchatka Peninsula extends 1,200 km in length and 450 km in width. Mountains stretch from north to south, where there are 29 active and 141 dormant volcano. Due to so many volcanoes, there are many thermal springs and acidic lakes. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the starting point for tourists.

Numerous excursions to the natural attractions of the peninsula are organized from here.

The most popular excursions are to the Avachinsky volcano (2751 m).

It is located 30 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. This is one of the most active volcanoes on the peninsula; its last eruption was in 1945, and in 1996 it woke up again. Also interesting are the volcanoes Koryaksky (3456 m), Vilyuchinsky (2173 m), Mutnovsky (2324 m), Gorely (1829 m), Khodutka (2090 m), Karymsky (1536 m) and of course the highest volcano in Europe and Asia - Klyuchevskoy ( 4850 m) with 69 side craters and craters and the northernmost volcano in Eurasia - Shiveluch (3283 m).

In 1941, in Kamchatka in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, a unique natural area- Valley of Geysers.

In the local valley, covered with lush vegetation, there were about 20 large geysers, which, when gushing, presented a mesmerizing sight. However, on June 3, 2007, a powerful mud flow covered about two-thirds of the area of ​​the unique natural site, and many geysers were lost. It seemed unique natural object lost forever, but in just a year the nature of the Valley of Geysers was restored, and on July 1, 2008 it was again open to the public.

Most of the geysers have resumed their work, in addition, new hot springs have formed here, and a picturesque lake has formed on the Geysernaya River. The appearance of the valley has changed a lot, and it will continue to change in the future. Bears returned to the Valley of Geysers again, and new landscapes began to attract even more tourists.

Blagoveshchensk

Blagoveshchensk, one of the oldest cities in the Far East, the business and administrative center of the Amur region, whose history dates back to 1858.

closely connected with the development of the Amur region, by the end of the last century it became the largest city on the Amur, the capital of gold mining and agriculture, the most important port and shipping center of the entire Amur region. As in other Far Eastern cities, many historical and cultural traditions and, first of all, folk culture have always been carefully preserved and passed on.

Throughout its history, Blagoveshchensk has been and remains one of the largest industrial and cultural centers of the Far East, with a population of 220 thousand people.

Ussuriysk

Ussuriysk is the center of the Ussuriysk district of Primorsky Krai. It is located in the valley of the Razdolnaya River, 110 km north of the regional center - Vladivostok.

Founded by settlers in 1866. like the village of Nikolskoye.
November 2, 1893 A railway connection was opened between the Ketritsevo station (now Ussuriysk station) and Vladivostok, and in 1897. between the station Ketritsevo and Khabarovsk.
November 14, 1922 Soviet power was proclaimed. In 1926

a city was approved under the name Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, which was included and founded in 1891. working village of Ketritsevo. Since 1935. the city was called Voroshilov. In 1957. the city was renamed and began to be called Ussuriysk.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur

Komsomolsk-on-Amur is located on the left bank of the Amur River, 356 km northeast of Khabarovsk. This is the second largest and most important city in the Khabarovsk Territory.

It was founded in 1860 by peasants who were forcibly resettled from the Perm province, and was originally a small village called Perm. In 1932, the village received city status, and from that year extensive construction began, in which visiting Komsomol members and prisoners of the Far Eastern camps took part. In 1981, the Baikal-Amur Railway was built through Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

The city stretches along the Amur River for 30 km.

The most beautiful place in Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the embankment. A memorial stone was installed on it in honor of the builders of the city. An inscription is carved on the stone in gratitude to the “first Komsomol members,” although in fact the city was built mainly by political prisoners, because here was the main transit point of the Far Eastern camps. On the embankment stands the building of the River Station - the largest on the Amur River. In the industrial area of ​​the city - Leninsky District - there is a vast city park - a great place for walks.

Be sure to visit the local history museum. Several collections are presented here - ethnographic with products from birch bark, wood, bone, metal and fabric, archaeological, covering the history of the region from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages, natural history collection, collections of herbariums, taxidermy sculptures and soil, collections of works of art and posters, photo, negative and documentary funds and a collection of documents about the construction of the city in the 1930s.

Education

The easternmost city of Russia. East of Russia

The East of Russia is a part of the Russian Federation, which includes river basins that flow into the Pacific Ocean, the Kuril, Shantar and Commander Islands, about.

Sakhalin, o. Wrangel. The population of the territory is 6.3 million people - about 5% of all residents of the country. A map of Eastern Russia with cities will be given below.

General information

The East of Russia (cities belonging to this region of the country will be given below) is considered the most depopulating part of the state.

Here, in the period from 1991 to 2010, there was a decrease in the population by 1.8 million. The growth rate is 4.1. The area of ​​this entire region is more than 6,100 thousand square meters. km (about 36% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation).

Historically and geographically, in terms of migration activity, Transbaikalia is often included in the Far Eastern Federal District. Large cities of the Russian Far East: Vladivostok, Yakutsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magadan, Ussuriysk. The region administratively includes nine constituent entities.

The easternmost city of Russia is Anadyr. More details about this settlement later in the article.

Anadyr. Historical reference

The easternmost city in Russia began to develop in 1889. Then Lev Grinevetsky, fulfilling the decree of the tsarist government, founded Novo-Mariinsk at the mouth of the river. Cossack girl. The construction of the city was carried out quite slowly. It was mainly private and state-owned trade warehouses that expanded.

In 1914, a long-wave radio station was built here - at that time one of the most powerful in the country.

Soviet power after the revolution was established in Novo-Mariinsk only in 1924. During the same period, on the basis of a resolution of the Kamchatka Gubernia Committee, the modern name of this settlement was approved.

It began to be called Anadyr. By 1927, the easternmost city in Russia became the administrative center of the region, and three years later - the Chukotka Okrug.

Video on the topic

Development of Anadyr

A serious impetus for the development of the settlement was the construction of a large port on the shore of the estuary.

By 1963 on the river. The Cossack woman built a dam, which allowed water supply to Anadyr. In 1965, the settlement officially received city status. The first regular non-stop flight of the Il-62 from Moscow was carried out in 1984. In 2004, the easternmost city of Russia was given the status of a district, and the settlement of Tavaivaam was included in it. The distance from Anadyr to Moscow is 6200 km.

Short description

The easternmost city in Russia relies on coal and gold mining and fishing.

In addition, the largest wind farm in the country, the Anadyr Wind Farm, operates here. Residents also engage in reindeer herding and hunting. The streets are lined with panel and block five-story buildings and Khrushchev-era buildings. Most of the structures are built on stilts.

There is an observation deck on the territory of the city. It is located near the monument to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The observation deck offers a beautiful view of the estuary. Local residents even joke that in good weather you can see Alaska from there.

The city also houses a local history museum of the heritage of the Chukotka region. Every year “Korfest” is held in Anadyr - this is the name of the smelt festival. Amateur fishermen compete in catching this fish.

Transport connection

Anadyr seaport is considered the largest in the region.

Thanks to it, such cities of the Russian Far East as Magadan, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and others communicate with each other. The port's production capacity allows it to process up to one million tons of various cargo. Navigation lasts four months (from early July to early November).

In the village of Ugolnye Kopi, on the other side of the estuary, the Anadyr airport is located. Communication with the city is carried out through helicopter flights. Also during winter an ice crossing is open, summer time Small vessels and boats ply.

Anadyr Airport has international status. Flights are carried out to Khabarovsk and Moscow, to all settlements of Chukotka.

Due to the harsh climate, roads in the city are covered with concrete. Between the airport and Anadyr there is a federal highway A384. Its length is 23 kilometers. Part of the route is a winter road on the ice cover of the estuary.

In 2012, construction of the P-504 highway began to provide year-round transport connections between Anadyr and the road network of the Far East. It connects the regional center, Omsukchan, Omolon. Despite its status, which suggests the scale of the territory, the city can be walked from end to end in forty minutes.

Climatic conditions

The proximity of the bay has a significant impact on the weather in Anadyr.

Monsoons prevail here, and floods are typical in late autumn. In 2001, the lowest temperature was recorded - about minus 40 degrees. Climatic conditions also affect the plant world. The flora of the easternmost city is not very rich. But at the same time, you can find many birds in the area.

Among them are not only those who live here permanently, but also those who arrive for the winter (polar owls, partridges, magpies). The fauna is represented mainly by fur-bearing animals.

Here you can meet arctic fox, ermine, and brown bears. However, the “European” animal is especially popular. These gophers are not afraid of people and can be completely tame.

Conclusion

The East of Russia has important geostrategic and geopolitical significance for the state.

The region has access to the Arctic and Pacific oceans and borders the DPRK, Japan, the USA and China. Huge concentrations are concentrated in the East of Russia natural reserves. For example, the territory contains about a third of all coal and hydraulic reserves. Deposits of prometallic, copper ores, platinum, silver and gold were also discovered here.

Considering the above, according to many analysts, population migration to the Far Eastern Federal District is very promising. In addition, the territory of the eastern part of the country is considered underdeveloped. The population density here is quite low. As mentioned above, the region is considered depopulating. Despite the vastness of the territory, the population here is not increasing, but on the contrary, decreasing.

This is primarily due to the migration outflow of residents. President Putin noted that it is necessary to take active steps to develop the Far East.

Economic cooperation with border states is of particular importance in this process. Active interaction is carried out with China. The prospect of cooperation with Japan, one of the most economically developed countries in the world, in need of natural resources and new platforms for marketing its products, is also being considered.

Thanks to this interaction, more active development of the Far Eastern territories can begin.

The Far East is one of the largest economic and geographical regions of Russia. Includes Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan and Sakhalin regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Area – 3.1 million. km 2. Population 4.3 million person (1959). The territory of the Far East stretches from north to south for more than 4.5 thousand. km. It is washed by the Chukchi, Berengov, Okhotsk, and Japanese seas. Far East – mainly Mountain country; The plains occupy relatively small spaces, mainly along the valleys of large rivers (Amur and its tributaries, Anadyr, etc.). There are active volcanoes in Kamchatka.

The vast extent (from the Arctic to the subtropics), the diversity of climatic conditions, the poor development of the territory and, along with this, the presence of natural resources leave their mark on the economy of the region. The role of the Far East in the development of Russian foreign trade is great. The closest trade ties are with China, Vietnam, and Japan. The seaports of Vladivostok and Nakhodka are of particular importance in foreign trade operations.

Primorsky Krai is located in the southern part of the Far East, covering an area of ​​165.9 thousand km 2 . It borders with the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in the north with the Khabarovsk Territory, and in the east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan. The region includes the following islands: Russky, Slavyansky, Reineke, Putyatina, Askold, etc.

Most of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Sikhote-Alin system (maximum height 1855 m. Cloud). The most extensive lowlands are the Ussuri and Prikhankai. The climate has a pronounced monsoon character. Most of the rivers belong to the Amur basin, Bikin, Krylovka, Arsenyevka, the Samarka, Avvakumovka, Rozdolnaya rivers flow into the Sea of ​​Japan, the Ilistaya, Melgunov rivers flow into Lake Khanka.

Minerals: tin, polymetals, tungsten, gold, fluorites, coal, building materials. The most famous deposits: tin – Kavalerovsky ore district; tungsten – Vostok-2; polymetals – Nikolaevskoe; fluorites - Voznesenskoye, coal - Lipovedskoye, Rettikhovskoye, Pavlovskoye, Bikinskoye.

On the territory of the Primorsky Territory there are 25 administrative districts, 11 cities, 45 urban-type settlements, 221 village councils. As of 01/01/1992 The population in the region was 2309.2 thousand. Human. Population density 13.9 people. per 1 km 2. 32% of workers and office workers are employed in the region's industry, 8% in agriculture, 12% in transport, and 11% in construction.

The economic activity of the Primorsky Territory is focused on the development of ocean industries: maritime transport, fishing industry, ship repair, offshore construction, etc. They account for more than a third of the gross social product.

Industry accounts for 88% of the total commercial output of industry and agriculture in the Primorsky Territory. The industries that determine Primorye's participation in interregional exchange include: fishing (31% of production), mechanical engineering and metalworking (25%), forestry and woodworking (4%) and mining and chemical industries (2%). Primorye provides the country with 15% of the fish and seafood catch, the bulk of boron products and fluorspar, a significant part of lead, tin, tungsten, but the development of the economy is hampered due to the deterioration of the fund (in industry - 42.8%, in construction - 43.0%) .

Primorsky Krai has a developed diversified agriculture. The share of livestock in agricultural products is 60%. In the total consumption of the region's population, local production of vegetables, milk and meat accounts for up to 60-65%; The population is fully provided with its own potatoes.

Primorye is the most developed region of the Far East in terms of transport. The territory of the region from north to south is crossed by the final section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which has several exits to the sea coast, where large transport hubs have been created (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vostochny Port, Posyet).

Economic ties of the region: fish and fish products, non-ferrous metals and their concentrates, commercial timber, furs, soybeans, rice, honey, antlers are exported; ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, food and light industry products, and building materials are imported.

The Khabarovsk Territory borders the Primorsky Territory, the Amur and Magadan regions. It is washed by the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan.

The territory of the region is 824.6 thousand km 2 . The mountainous terrain prevails here (over 70% of the territory), the main mountain ranges are: Sikhote-Alin, Turan, M. Khingan, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin, Stanovoy, Pribrezhny, Dzhugdzhur ridges; the most extensive lowlands: Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugansk (in the south), Okhotsk (in the north). The climate is monsoon, with harsh winters and little snow and warm, humid summers.

The rivers of the region belong to the basins of the Pacific and Northern Arctic Oceans. The largest river in the region is the Amur, others large rivers– Tumnin, Uda, Tugur, Amgun, Bureya, Bijan, Bira.

Minerals: tin, mercury, iron ore, hard and brown coal, graphite, brucite, manganese, feldspar, phosphorites, alunites, building materials, peat.

The Khabarovsk Territory includes 22 administrative districts, 9 cities, 44 urban-type settlements, 2,528 rural councils. The region includes the Jewish Autonomous Region. As of 01/01/1992 The population of the region was 1855.4 thousand people. (in the Jewish Autonomous Region - 216 thousand people), including urban population– 78.4%. Population density – 2.3 people. per 1 km 2. The regional center is Khabarovsk (601 thousand people). The largest cities in the region: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Amursk. Agriculture is poorly developed.

The Khabarovsk Territory occupies key positions in the unified transport system of the Far East. The configuration of the region's transport network will in the future be determined by transit railways - the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM. They are adjacent to the following railway lines: Izvestkovaya - Chegdomyn, Volochaevka - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan. Sea transport is developed - Vanino. Air transport is widely used. The Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur oil pipeline is operational.

Economic ties of the Khabarovsk Territory: products of mechanical engineering and metalworking (energy and foundry equipment, agricultural machinery), non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, chemistry, fish and fish products are exported; Oil and petroleum products, ferrous metallurgy products, machinery and equipment, light industry products, fertilizers, and food are imported.

Climate

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern edge of Asia, exposed to direct impact The Pacific Ocean and its related seas. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in some places directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their influence inland quickly weakens, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4500 km. In addition to the mainland strip, it includes the island of Sakhalin, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc and the Karaginsky and Komandorsky Islands located adjacent to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is particularly contrasting - from sharply continental (all of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoon (southeast), which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km) and from west to east (to 2500-3000 km). This is determined by the interaction of continental and maritime air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part the climate is extremely harsh. Winter has little snow and lasts up to 9 months. In the southern part the climate is monsoon type with cold winter and humid summers.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance within its borders of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The impact of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The climate is greatly influenced by the complex, predominantly mountainous terrain.

In winter, cold air flows from the powerful Asian High to the southeast. In the northeast, along the edge of the Aleutian Low, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with large amounts of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, and snowstorms are common. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover in some places can reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Marine air masses interact with continental ones, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur region and Primorsky Krai. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur and its tributaries, overflow not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Destructive typhoons coming from the southern seas often sweep over coastal areas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, maritime and monsoon climate, the boundaries of geographical zones on the plains of the Far East are greatly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59° N. sh., i.e. much further south than anywhere on the Eurasian mainland; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further make up characteristic feature the entire margin of the continent in the middle latitudes, while steppe and semi-desert landscapes, widespread at these latitudes in the more western interior parts of the continent, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex terrain, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, wide use not only lowland, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest and alpine landscapes.

Due to the history of development and its location in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse regions, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.

Relief

The relief of the Far East, like its nature, is distinguished by its diversity and unusual combinations. But its main feature is the menacing breath of the depths. Mountains and depressions predominate, different in appearance, outline and origin. The extreme south is occupied by the asymmetrical Sikhote-Alin highland (2077 m): in the east its steep slopes come close to the sea bays, and in the west the ridges and hills gradually decrease to 300-400 m, passing into the Amur Valley.

Beyond the narrow (at the narrowest point no more than 12 km) and shallow Tatar Strait, Sakhalin is visible from the shore in clear weather. Two mountain ranges - Western and Eastern Sakhalin - frame the central part of the island, occupied by the Tym-Poronai depression (lowering), named after the Tym and Poronai rivers. Sometimes catastrophic earthquakes occur here.

The garland of the Kuril Islands is formed by mountain peaks, the base of which is hidden at a depth of several kilometers (up to 8 or more). Most of these mountains are volcanoes, extinct and active. The highest (Alaid - 2339 m; Stokan - 1634 m; Tyatya - 1819 m) are located at the northern and southern ends of the giant arc. Over the past 10 million years, outpourings of volcanic lava and large earthquakes have occurred from time to time. These phenomena are accompanied by the current mountain formation.

Kamchatka Peninsula (area - 370 thousand km2) - huge territory with mountain ranges, coastal plains, volcanic massifs. The highest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m), located in the Klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes. Relatively straight line of flat west bank differs sharply from the east coast, rugged by bays and bays with its high cliffs. The Sredinny Ridge (3621 m) extends across the entire peninsula from northeast to southwest. The ancient crystalline rocks were completely covered by volcanic rocks. As a result, plateaus, gentle hills and mountain ranges appeared. In some places there are rounded depressions (calderas) of volcanoes. The eastern ridge (2300-2485 m) has a more dissected relief and reaches with its spurs the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The ridge is framed on all sides by volcanoes. In total, Kamchatka has more than 160 volcanoes; it is not without reason that it is called the “land of fire-breathing mountains.”

To the east of the peninsula are the Commander Islands (Bering Island, Medny Island, etc.). The central parts of the islands are stepped plateaus facing steep ledges towards the ocean.

Bibliography:

1. http://refoteka.ru/r-101023.html

2. http://www.referat.ru/referat/dalniy-vostok-5289

3. http://www.protown.ru/information/hide/4323.html

4. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

5. http://otvet.mail.ru/question/90052414

Http://refoteka.ru/r-101023.html

Http://www.referat.ru/referat/dalniy-vostok-5289

Http://www.protown.ru/information/hide/4323.html

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Http://otvet.mail.ru/question/90052414

The Far Eastern Federal District is the most remote region of the Russian Federation. It includes ten territorial units, including Sakhalin, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and Amur Region. The region borders Korea, Japan, the USA and China.

Active settlement of the land began in the 19th century, although it is known about many nationalities that have lived in the territory of the modern region since the Stone Age. Today, an impressive industrial complex has been created on the territory of the Far Eastern District. Demographic diversity is no less widespread.

Population of the Far East

The Far East is sparsely populated. On an area of ​​6169.3 thousand square meters. km (39% of the country's area) is home to about 7.6 million people (a little more than 5% of the Russian population). That is, average density The population is 1.2 people per square kilometer. For comparison, the population density in Central Russia is 46 people per square meter. km. However, the population is distributed extremely unevenly across regions. For example, Primorsky Krai and southern Sakhalin have a density of 12 people. per sq. km, the same figure in the Kamchatka or Magadan regions fluctuates between 0.2 and 0.3.

The demographic situation in the region is characterized by negative dynamics, however rapid development the agro-industrial complex provokes mechanical population growth, and with it natural one. The bulk of the population of the Far East consists of Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars and Jews.

But the galaxy of indigenous peoples deserves special attention: Nanais, Aleuts, Evenks, Chukchi, Eskimos and many others. The previously mentioned rapid industrial development has a negative impact on the number of indigenous peoples. The habitat and traditions are gradually collapsing under the influence of industry and culture of the Russians.

Industry of the Far East

The lands of the Far East are a rich storehouse of natural and fossil resources. Leading positions in agro-industrial complex The region is occupied by three industries: mining, forestry and fishing. The mining industry is focused on the extraction, enrichment and, partly, processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Tin, mercury, lead, zinc, and tungsten are supplied from the Far East to European Russia and for export. Particularly noteworthy are the volumes of gold, silver and diamonds produced. There are currently 827 mineral deposits under active development throughout the region. In the Magadan region and Yakutia, mineral extraction accounts for 60% of the total industry.

The vast expanses of the region are where about a quarter of all Russian timber reserves, or 20 billion cubic meters, are stored. Many industry enterprises producing paper, furniture, and plywood use these materials. The main export of timber occurs in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, the Amur Region, Sakhalin and Yakutia.

The Far East leads among other regions of the country in fishing and seafood production. Canned Far Eastern products are well known in Russia and far beyond its borders. Among the main types of commercial fish, herring, pollock, tuna, and salmon are especially actively caught. In addition, there is active fishing for crabs, scallops, mussels, squid, and processing of caviar and seaweed.

Agriculture of the Far East

The climate of the Far Eastern region is diverse, but neither the Arctic, nor the subarctic, nor the maritime climate is suitable for the full development of agriculture. However, in the south of the region, in the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, about 2% of Russian arable land is located. Grain crops (rice, wheat, oats), fruit and vegetable crops are actively grown here. Of particular note is the cultivation of soybeans.

The livestock sector of agriculture is represented by meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding. In the northern regions of the region, reindeer husbandry and fur farming are actively developing.