Constantine XI Palaiologos- the last Byzantine emperor who met his death in the battle for Constantinople. After his death, he became a legendary figure in Greek folklore as the emperor who must awaken, restore the empire and rid Constantinople from the Turks. His death ended Roman Empire, which dominated the East for 977 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Constantine was born in Constantinople. He was the eighth of ten children Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragas, daughter of Serbian tycoon Konstantin Dragas. He spent most of his childhood in Constantinople under the care of his parents. Constantine became despot of the Morea (the medieval name for the Peloponnese) in October 1443. While Mystras, a fortified city, was a center of culture and art rivaling Constantinople.
After ascending as despot, Constantine began work to strengthen the defenses of the Morea, including reconstructing the wall across Isthmus of Corinth.
Despite foreign and domestic difficulties during his reign, which ended with the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire, modern historians generally view Emperor Constantine's reign with respect.
Died in 1451 Turkish Sultan Murad. He was succeeded by his 19 year old son Mehmed II. Soon after this, Mehmed II began to incite the Turkish nobility to conquer Constantinople. In 1451-52, Mehmed built Rumelihisar, a hill-fortress on the European side of the Bosphorus. Then everything became clear to Konstantin, and he immediately began organizing the defense of the city.
He managed to raise funds to stockpile food for the upcoming siege and to repair the old walls of Theodosius, but the poor state of the Byzantine economy prevented him from raising the necessary army to defend the city from the large Ottoman horde. Desperate, Constantine XI turned to the West. He confirmed the union of the Eastern and Roman churches, which was signed at the Council of Ferraro-Florence.
The siege of Constantinople began in the winter of 1452. On the last day of the siege, May 29, 1453, the Byzantine emperor said: “The city has fallen, but I am still alive.” Then he tore off the royal regalia so that no one could distinguish him from an ordinary soldier and led the remaining of his subjects into the last battle, where he was killed.
Legend has it that when the Turks entered the city, an angel of God rescued the emperor, turned him into marble and placed him in a cave near the Golden Gate, where he waits to rise up and take back his city.
Today the emperor is considered a national hero of Greece. The legacy of Constantine Palaiologos continues to be a popular topic in Greek culture. Some Orthodox and Greek Catholics consider Constantine XI a saint. However, he was not officially canonized by the Church, partly due to controversy surrounding his personal religious beliefs, and because death in battle is not considered martyrdom in Orthodox Church.
Kathmandu. Wonderland.
A magnificent sight opened before Manjushri’s eyes - the crystal waters sparkled and blinded the eyes, and the surrounding shores rose like cliffs above the majestic lake. A beautiful lotus flower blooms in the center of the lake. It is translucent and ephemeral, like the waters that gave birth to it. An amazingly bright light comes from the lotus. The powerful god Manjushri wants to touch this magical flower and with one movement of his sword cuts the bowl of the lake. The waters of the lake burst out of the stone bowl in a raging stream. And at the bottom of the lake the Self-Emerging Stupa is born. And the city of Kathmandu grows around it. It happened 15 or 20 centuries ago, no one knows for sure. So says the ancient legend. Today Kathmandu is a tourist center. The dynasties that ruled for centuries left their capital in the form of beautiful monuments, such as Durbar Square, Pashu Party, Budhanath, Patan and many other interesting places. Narrow streets and constant traffic, the diversity of shops and national clothes of Nepalese women create an amazing color. And the majestic Patan Square takes you into the world of myths and ancient rituals. The Thamel region is a tourist hub. Most of the hotels in Kathmandu are located here.
Public transport in Greece
Upon arrival in Greece, many Russians are faced with the problem of properly using public transport for their purposes. In a brief overview, we will introduce you to the urban transport of Greece and tell you about the features of its use in order to explore the sights of the country and inexpensive travel.
Greek fleet. What were Greek ships like?
Economic crisis in Greece
As world practice shows, economic crises are an integral part of the development of the world economy, and not a single country can avoid them. The current state of the global economic system allows us to say that it is at the next stage of crisis, which is aggravated by mutual sanctions of the EU countries and Russia, as well as local wars that threaten to escalate into a global conflagration of war.
Vikos Aoos National Park
Vikos Aoos National Park is located north of the city of Ioannina and has been a protected natural heritage area since 1973. It is part of the European Natura 2000 network of protected areas and is famous for its lush green trees and steep cliffs.
Justinian I the Great
(lat. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus) ruled Byzantium from 527 to 565. Under Justinian the Great, the territory of Byzantium almost doubled. Historians believe that Justinian was one of the greatest monarchs of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages.
Justinian was born around 483.
in a peasant family of a remote mountain village Macedonia, near Skupi
. For a long time, the prevailing opinion was that it was of Slavic origin and was originally worn the name of the Manager,
this legend was very common among the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula.
Justinian was distinguished by strict Orthodoxy , was a reformer and military strategist who made the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. Coming from the dark mass of the provincial peasantry, Justinian managed to firmly and firmly assimilate two grandiose ideas: the Roman idea of a universal monarchy and the Christian idea of the kingdom of God. Combining both ideas and putting them into action with the help of power in a secular state that accepted these two ideas as political doctrine of the Byzantine Empire.
Under Emperor Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its peak, after a long period of decline, the monarch tried to restore the empire and return it to its former greatness. It is believed that Justinian was influenced by the strong character of his wife Theodora, whom he solemnly crowned in 527.
Historians believe that the main goal of Justinian's foreign policy was the revival of the Roman Empire within its former borders; the empire was to turn into a single Christian state. As a result, all the wars waged by the emperor were aimed at expanding his territories, especially to the west, into the territory of the fallen Western Roman Empire.
The main commander of Justinian, who dreamed of the revival of the Roman Empire, was Belisarius,
became a commander at the age of 30. 
In 533 Justinian sent Belisarius's army to northern Africa to conquering the kingdom of the Vandals. The war with the Vandals was successful for Byzantium, and already in 534 the commander of Justinian won a decisive victory. As in the African campaign, the commander Belisarius kept many mercenaries - wild barbarians - in the Byzantine army.
Even sworn enemies could help the Byzantine Empire - it was enough to pay them. So, Huns formed a significant part of the army Belisarius , which sailed from Constantinople to North Africa on 500 ships.Huns Cavalry , who served as mercenaries in the Byzantine army of Belisarius, played a decisive role in the war against Vandal kingdom in northern Africa. During the general battle, the opponents fled from the wild horde of the Huns and disappeared into the Numidian desert. Then the commander Belisarius occupied Carthage.
After the annexation of North Africa, Byzantine Constantinople turned its attention to Italy, on whose territory there existed kingdom of the Ostrogoths. Emperor Justinian the Great decided to declare war German kingdoms , who waged constant wars among themselves and were weakened on the eve of the invasion of the Byzantine army.
The war with the Ostrogoths was successful, and the king of the Ostrogoths had to turn to Persia for help. Justinian protected himself in the East from attack from the rear by making peace with Persia and launched a campaign to invade Western Europe.
First thing General Belisarius occupied Sicily, where he met little resistance. Italian cities also surrendered one after another until the Byzantines approached Naples.
Belisarius (505-565), Byzantine general under Justinian I, 540 (1830). Belasarius refusing the crown of their kingdom in Italy offered to him by the Goths in 540. Belasarius was a brilliant general who defeated a range of enemies of the Byzantine Empire, virtually doubling its territory in the process. (Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images)
After the fall of Naples, Pope Silverius invited Belisarius to enter the holy city. The Goths left Rome , and soon Belisarius occupied Rome, the capital of the empire. The Byzantine military leader Belisarius, however, understood that the enemy was just gathering strength, so he immediately began to strengthen the walls of Rome. What followed The siege of Rome by the Goths lasted one year and nine days (537 - 538). The Byzantine army defending Rome not only withstood the attacks of the Goths, but also continued its advance deep into the Apennine Peninsula.
Belisarius' victories allowed the Byzantine Empire to establish control over the northeastern part of Italy. After the death of Belisarius, it was created exarchate (province) with its capital in Ravenna . Although Rome was subsequently lost to Byzantium, since Rome actually fell under the control of the pope, Byzantium retained possessions in Italy until the middle of the 8th century.
Under Justinian, the territory of the Byzantine Empire reached its largest size for the entire existence of the empire. Justinian managed to almost completely restore the former borders of the Roman Empire.
The Byzantine emperor Justinian captured all of Italy and almost the entire coast of North Africa, and the southeastern part of Spain. Thus, the territory of Byzantium doubles, but does not reach the former borders of the Roman Empire.
Already in 540 New Persian
the Sassanid kingdom dissolved the peaceful
agreement with Byzantium and actively prepared for war. Justinian found himself in a difficult position, because Byzantium could not withstand a war on two fronts. 
Domestic policy of Justinian the Great
In addition to an active foreign policy, Justinian also pursued a reasonable domestic policy. Under him, the Roman system of government was abolished, which was replaced by a new one - the Byzantine one. Justinian was actively engaged in strengthening the state apparatus, and also tried improve taxation . Under the emperor they were united civil and military positions, attempts have been made reduce corruption by increasing pay to officials.
Justinian was popularly nicknamed the “sleepless emperor,” as he worked day and night to reform the state.
Historians believe that Justinian's military successes were his main merit, but internal politics, especially in the second half of his reign, drained the state treasury.
Emperor Justinian the Great left behind a famous architectural monument that still exists today - Saint Sophie Cathedral . This building is considered a symbol of the “golden age” in the Byzantine Empire. This cathedral is the second largest Christian church in the world and second only to St. Paul's Cathedral in the Vatican . With the construction of the Hagia Sophia, Emperor Justinian achieved the favor of the Pope and the entire Christian world.
During the reign of Justinian, the world's first plague pandemic broke out and spread throughout the Byzantine Empire. The largest number of victims was recorded in the capital of the empire, Constantinople, where 40% of the total population died. According to historians, the total number of plague victims reached about 30 million people, and possibly more.
Achievements of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian
The greatest achievement of Justinian the Great is considered to be his active foreign policy, which expanded the territory of Byzantium twice, almost regaining all lost lands after the fall of Rome in 476.
Due to numerous wars, the state treasury was depleted, and this led to popular riots and uprisings. However, the revolt prompted Justinian to issue new laws for citizens throughout the empire. The emperor abolished Roman law, abolished outdated Roman laws and introduced new laws. The set of these laws was called "Code of Civil Law".
The reign of Justinian the Great was indeed called the “golden age”; he himself said: “Never before the time of our reign did God grant the Romans such victories... Give thanks to heaven, inhabitants of the whole world: in your days a great deed was accomplished, which God recognized as unworthy of the entire ancient world.” A commemoration of the greatness of Christianity, it was built Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
A huge breakthrough occurred in military affairs. Justinian managed to create the largest professional mercenary army of that period. The Byzantine army led by Belisarius brought many victories to the Byzantine emperor and expanded the borders of the Byzantine Empire. However, the maintenance of a huge mercenary army and endless warriors depleted the state treasury of the Byzantine Empire.
The first half of the reign of Emperor Justinian is called the “golden age of Byzantium,” while the second only caused discontent on the part of the people. The outskirts of the empire covered revolt of the Moors and Goths. A in 548 During the second Italian campaign, Justinian the Great could no longer respond to Belisarius' requests to send money for the army and to pay the mercenaries.
The last time the commander Belisarius led the troops in 559, when the Kotrigur tribe invaded Thrace. The commander won the battle and could have completely destroyed the attackers, but Justinian at the last moment decided to pay off his restless neighbors. However, the most surprising thing was that the creator of the Byzantine victory was not even invited to the festive celebrations. After this episode, the commander Belisarius finally fell out of favor and ceased to play a significant role at court.
In 562, several noble residents of Constantinople accused the famous commander Belisarius of preparing a conspiracy against Emperor Justinian. For several months Belisarius was deprived of his property and position. Soon Justinian was convinced of the innocence of the accused and made peace with him. Belisarius died in peace and solitude in 565 AD That same year, Emperor Justinian the Great breathed his last.
The last conflict between the emperor and the commander served as the source legends about the poor, weak and blind military leader Belisarius, begging for alms at the walls of the temple. This is how he is portrayed - falling out of favor in his famous painting by the French artist Jacques Louis David.
A world state created by the will of an autocratic sovereign - such was the dream that Emperor Justinian cherished from the very beginning of his reign. By force of arms he returned the lost old Roman territories, then gave them a general civil law that ensured the well-being of the inhabitants, and finally - he asserted a single Christian faith, called to unite all peoples in the worship of the one true Christian God. These are the three unshakable foundations on which Justinian built the power of his empire. Justinian the Great believed that “there is nothing higher and holier than the imperial majesty”; “The creators of the law themselves said that the will of the monarch has the force of law«; « he alone is able to spend days and nights in work and wakefulness, so that think about the good of the people«.
Justinian the Great argued that the grace of the emperor's power, as the “anointed one of God,” standing above the state and above the church, was received directly from God. The emperor is “equal to the apostles” (Greek ίσαπόστολος), God helps him defeat his enemies and make fair laws. Justinian's wars took on the character of crusades - wherever the Byzantine emperor will be master, the Orthodox faith will shine forth. His piety turned into religious intolerance and was embodied in cruel persecution for deviating from his recognized faith. Every legislative act of Justinian puts "under the patronage of the Holy Trinity."
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Books
- Great dynasties of the world. Dynasty of Justinian, Paul Freus. Despite the fact that the Byzantine emperors from the Justinian dynasty were not always related to each other by blood, they made an invaluable contribution to the development of the power of the Byzantine Empire...
- Vedun Sar, Sergey Shvedov. Great Rome, the Eternal City on seven hills, is on the verge of collapse. Indomitable barbarians are ready to drown the last island of ancient civilization in blood and plunge the world into darkness for centuries...
LIST OF BYZANTINE EMPERORS
Dynasty of Constantine
Constantine I the Great, 306-337, autocratic rule 323-337
Constantius II, 337-361, autocratic rule 353-561
Julian, 361-363
Jovian, 363-364
Valens, 364-378
Theodosian Dynasty
Theodosius I the Great, 379-395
Arkady, 395-408
Theodosius II, 408-450
Marcian, 450-457
Leo I, 457-474
Zinon, 474-491
Anastasy, 491-518
Justinian Dynasty
Justin I, 518-527
Justinian I, 527-565
Justin II, 565-578
Tiberius II, 578-582
Mauritius, 582-602
Phocas (usurper), 602-610
Dynasty of Heraclius
Irakli, 610-641
Constantine II and Heraklion 641 - 642
Constans II (Constantine III), 642-668
Constantine IV Pogonatus, 668-685
Justinian II Rhinomet, 685-695
Leontius (usurper), 695-698
Tiberius III (usurper), 698-705
Justinian II (secondary), 705-711
Philippic, 711-713
Anastasius II, 713-716
Theodosius III, 716-717
From the book Empire - I [with illustrations] author5. 4. Local chronicles of the former Byzantine provinces Begin with Byzantine events, “transplanted onto local soil” In the XIII-XIV centuries, educated social groups - representatives of the imperial court, military men, scientists, writers, etc. - began to leave
author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich2. 2. 4. Names of Byzantine emperors 4. (VI) – list of names of emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). The list begins with Emperor Constantine the Great (306 AD) and ends with Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, who died during the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in
From the book Empire - II [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich1. List of names of emperors of Rome 1. 1. Description of the list “RI” The list of names of Roman emperors was compiled by A. T. Fomenko according to. This list is a chronological list of all the names and nicknames known today of all the emperors and actual rulers of the following "Roman"
From the book Empire - II [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich2. List of names of Byzantine - Roman emperors 2. 1. Description of the “VI” list of names of Byzantine emperors This section presents the results of an empirical-statistical analysis of the chronological list of names of Byzantine emperors. This list was compiled from all
From the book Empire - II [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich2. 1. Description of the “VI” list of names of Byzantine emperors This section presents the results of an empirical-statistical analysis of the chronological list of names of Byzantine emperors. This list was compiled from all the famous names of the Byzantine (Roman) emperors
From the book Ante-Nicene Christianity (100 - 325 AD?.) by Schaff Philip From the book Another History of Art. From the very beginning to the present day [with illustrations] author Zhabinsky Alexander From the book The Collapse of the Roman Empire by Grant MichaelLIST OF EMPERORS AND POPES Western Emperors364–375 – Valentinian I375–383 – Gratian383–392 – Valentinian II387–395 – Theodosius I395–423 – Honorius – 421 – Constantius III425–455 – Valentinian III – 455 – Petronius Maximus455–456 – Avitus457 –461 – Majorian461–465 – Libius Severus467–472 –
From the book Military Art in the Middle Ages by Oman CharlesARMAMENT, ORGANIZATION AND TACTICS OF THE BYZANTINE TROOPS It can be said that the Byzantine army owes its originality to the Emperor Mauritius (reigned 582 - 602), a sovereign whose reign is one of the main milestones in the history of the Eastern Empire. Happy
From the book Vasily III author Filyushkin Alexander IlyichA descendant of the Byzantine emperors, Vasily was born on the night of March 25-26, 1479. He was baptized on April 4 in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by the famous Rostov Archbishop Vassian Rylo and Trinity Abbot Paisius. He was named in honor of Basil the Confessor, bishop
From the book Nero. Lord of Earthly Hell by Grant MichaelAppendix 4. LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS BC. e.31 – 14 AugustN. e.14-37 Tiberius37-41 Caligula (Gaius)41-54 Claudius54-68 Nero68-69, Galba69, Otho69 Vitellius69-79 Vespasian79-81 Titus81-96 Domitian96-98 Nerva98-117 Trajan117-138
From the book Emperors of Byzantium author Dashkov Sergey BorisovichGlossary of Byzantine terms It is impossible to explain all the concepts of the Byzantine world in one glossary. The interested reader can use for comparison (see section Bibliography), as well as glossaries compiled by Ya.N. Lyubarsky, A.A.
From the book Istanbul. Story. Legends. Legends author Ionina NadezhdaThe Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors, located south of the Hagia Sophia, consisted of many separate ensembles (probably modeled on the palace at Spalato). The original core of the complex was the Daphne Palace, built
From the book Arabs on the Borders of Byzantium and Iran in the IV-VI centuries author Pigulevskaya Nina Viktorovna From the book Diplomacy of Svyatoslav author Sakharov Andrey Nikolaevich From the book The People of Muhammad. Anthology of spiritual treasures of Islamic civilization by Eric SchroederDynasty of Constantine
1. Constantine I the Great, 306–337, autocratic reign 323–337
2. Constantius II, 337–361, autocratic rule 353–561
3. Julian the Apostate, 361–363
4. Jovian, 363–364
5. Valens, 364–378
Theodosian Dynasty
1. Theodosius I the Great, 379–395
2. Arkady, 395–408
3. Theodosius II, 408–450
4. Marcian, 450–457
5. Leo I, 457–474
6. Zinon, 474–491
7. Anastasius, 491–518
Justinian Dynasty
1. Justin I, 518–527
2. Justinian I, 527–565
3. Justin II, 565–578
4. Tiberius II, 578–582
5. Mauritius, 582–602
6. Phocas (usurper), 602–610
Dynasty of Heraclius
1. Heraclius, 610–641
2. Constantine II and Heraklion 641–642
3. Constans II (Constantine III), 642–668
4. Constantine IV Pogonatus, 668–685
5. Justinian II Rhinomet, 685–695
6. Leontius (usurper), 695–698
7. Tiberius III (usurper), 698–705
8. Justinian II (secondary), 705–711
9. Philippic, 711–713
10. Anastasius II, 713–716
11. Theodosius III, 716–717
Isaurian dynasty
1. Leo III the Isaurian, 717–740
2. Constantine V Copronymus, 740–775
3. Leo IV, 775–780
4. Constantine VI, 780–797
5. Irina, 797–802
6. Nikephoros I (usurper), 802–811
7. Stavrakiy, 811
8. Michael I Rangave, 811–813
9. Leo V the Armenian, 813–820
Amorian dynasty
1. Michael II tongue-tied, 820–829
2. Theophilus, 829–842
3. Michael III the Drunkard, 842–867
Macedonian dynasty
1. Vasily I, 867–886
2. Leo VI the Wise, 886–912
3. Alexander, 912–913
4. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 913–959, together with Romanus I Lecapinus (usurper) 919–944
5. Roman II, 959–963
6. Nikephoros II Phocas, 963–969
7. John I Tzimiskes, 969–976
8. Vasily II the Bulgarian Slayer, 976–1025
9. Constantine VIII, 1025–1028
10. Zoe, 1028–1050, with co-rulers:
11. Roman III Argir, 1028–1034
12. Michael IV Paphlagonian, 1034–1041
13. Michael V Calafat (nephew of Michael IV, adopted by Zoe), 1041–1042
14. Constantine IX, 1042–1054
15. Theodora, 1054–1056
16. Michael VI Stratioticus, 1056–1057
Dynasty of Duci and Comneni
1. Isaac I Komnenos, 1057–1059
2. Constantine X Ducas, 1059–1067
3. Roman IV Diogenes, 1067–1071
4. Michael VII Ducas, 1071–1078
5. Nikephoros III Botaniates (usurper), 1078–1081
6. Alexius I Komnenos, 1081–1118
7. John II Komnenos, 1118–1143
8. Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180
9. Alexius II Komnenos, 1180–1183
10. Andronikos I Komnenos, 1183–1185
Dynasty of Angels
1. Isaac II, 1185–1195
2. Alexei III, 1195–1203
3. Isaac II (secondary) with his son Alexios IV, 1203–1204
4. Alexey V Murzufl (usurper), 1204
Latin Emperors of Constantinople
1. Baldwin of Flanders, 1204–1205
2. Henry of Flanders, 1206–1216
3. Peter de Courtenay, 1217
4. Iolanta, 1217–1219
5. Robert II of Courtenay, 1221–1228
6. Baldwin II, 1228–1261, with John of Brienne as regent, 1229–1237, sole rule, 1240–1261
Greek Emperors of Nicaea
1. Theodore I Laskar, 1204–1222
2. John III Vatatzes, 1222–1254
3. Theodore II Laskar, 1254–1258
4. John IV Lascar, 1258–1259
5. Michael VIII Palaiologos (usurper), 1259–1261
Palaiologan Dynasty
1. Michael VIII Palaiologos, 1259–1282
2. Andronikos II, 1282–1328, together with his son Michael IX 1295–1320
3. Andronikos III, 1328–1341
4. John V, 1341–1376
5. John VI Cantacuzene (usurper), 1341–1355
6. Andronikos IV (son of John V), 1376–1379
7. John V (secondary), 1379–1391
8. John VII (son of Andronikos IV, usurper), 1390
9. Manuel II, 1391–1425
10. John VIII, 1425–1448
11. Constantine XI Dragas, 1448–1453
Appendix 2
Primates of the Russian Church
Metropolitans of Kyiv and All Rus' (988–1305)
1. Mikhail?
2. Leon (Leonty)?
3. Theophylact, 988–before 1018
4. John I, before 1018–ca. 1030
5. Theopemptos, circa 1035–1040s.
6. Kirill?
7. Hilarion, 1051–1054
8. Ephraim, 1054/1055–ca. 1065
9. George, approx. 1065–approx. 1076
10. John II, no later than 1076/1077–after August 1089
12. Nikolai, approx. 1093–before 1104
15. Michael I, summer 1130–1145
17. Constantine I, 1156–1158/1159
19. John IV, spring 1164–1166
20. Constantine II, 1167–1169/1170
21. Michael II, spring 1171–?
22. Nikephoros II, before 1183–after 1201
24. Cyril I, 1224/1225–summer 1233
25. Joseph, 1236–?
Metropolitans of Moscow and All Rus'
1. Peter (1308–1326)
2. Theognostus (1328–1353)
3. Alexy (1353–1378)
4. Pimen (1380–1387)
5. Cyprian (1388–1406)
6. Photius (1408–1431)
7. Gerasim (1433–1435)
8. Isidore (1436–1441)
9. Jonah (1448–1461)
10. Theodosius (1461–1464)
11. Philip (1st) (1464–1473)
12. Gerontius (1473–1489)
13. Zosima (1490–1494)
14. Simon (1495–1511)
15. Varlaam (1511–1521)
16. Daniel (1522–1539)
17. Joasaph (1539–1542)
18. Macarius (1542–1563)
19. Athanasius (1564–1566)
20. Philip (1566–1568)
21. Cyril IV (1568–1572)
22. Anthony (1572–1581)
23. Dionysius (1581–1587)
24. Job (1587–1589)
Patriarchs of Moscow and All Rus'
1. Job (died 1607) patriarch 1589–1605
2. Ignatius (1540–1610/20) false patriarch in 1605–1606.
3. Hermogenes (1530–1612) patriarch in 1606–1612.
4. Filaret (1554–1633) patriarch in 1619–1633.
5. Joasaph I patriarch in 1634–1640.
6. Joseph Patriarch in 1642–1652.
7. Nikon (1605–1681) patriarch in 1652–1666. (actually until 1558)
8. Joasaph II Patriarch in 1667–1672.
9. Pitirim patriarch in 1672–1673.
10. Joachim (1621–1690) patriarch in 1674–1690.
11. Adrian (1627–1700) patriarch in 1690–1700
12. Synodal period (1700–1917)
13. Tikhon (1917–1925);
14. Sergius (1943–1944);
15. Alexy I (1945–1970);
16. Pimen (1970–1990);
17. Alexy II (1990–2008);
18. Kirill since 2009
Educational edition
Sharkov Ilya Gennadievich
Leonova Margarita Sergeevna
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Responsible for the release N.V. Kovbasyuk
ID No. 06457 dated December 19, 2001. Publishing house YURGUES.
Signed for publication on November 19, 2009.
Paper size 60x84/16. Conditional oven l. 14.6. Circulation 100 copies. Order No. 675.
PLD No. 65-175 dated 05.11.99
Printing house of YURGUES Publishing House.
346500, Shakhty, Rostov region, st. Shevchenko, 147