Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P.
GUIDE TO SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION, LITERARY EDITING
M.: CheRo, 1999
A reference book created on the basis of the famous “Handbook of Spelling and literary editing"D.E. Rosenthal, devoted to issues of spelling, punctuation, pronunciation and literary editing of the text.
In the third edition of the reference book, typos and stylistic errors have been corrected, some wording and examples have been changed
The directory is intended for facility workers mass media, editors, authors, translators, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in issues of Russian language culture. Can be used as a guide for applicants.
In preparation electronic version books partially used materials posted Here
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
SPELLING
§1. Tested unstressed vowels
§2. Unchecked unstressed vowels
§3. Alternating vowels
§4. Vowels after sibilants
§5. Vowels after ts
§6. Letters uh – e
§7. Letter th
II. SPELLING OF CONSONANTS IN THE ROOT
§8. Voiced and voiceless consonants
§9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root
§10. Unpronounceable consonants
III. USING CAPITAL LETTERS
§eleven. Capital letters at the beginning of the text
§12. Capital letters after punctuation marks
§13. Proper names persons
§14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties
§15. Names characters in fables, fairy tales, plays
§16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names
§17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names
§18. Astronomical names
§19. Titles historical eras and events, geological periods
§20. Names of holidays popular movements, significant dates
§21. Names associated with religion
§22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms
§23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art
§24. Names of positions and titles
§25. Names of orders, medals, insignia
§26. Titles literary works and media
§27. Compound words and abbreviations
§28. Conventional proper names
IV. SEPARATING Kommersant AND b
§29. Use ъ
§thirty. Use b
V. SPELLING OF PREFACES
§31. Consoles on h-
§32. Consoles pre- And at-
§33. Vowels s And And after consoles
VI. VOWELS AFTER SISSINGS AND C IN SUFFIXES AND ENDINGS
§34. Vowels O And e after the hissing ones
§35. Vowels after ts
VII. SPELLING OF NOUNS
§36. Noun endings
§37. Noun suffixes
§38. Adjective endings
§39. Adjective name suffixes
IX. SPELLING DIFFICULT WORDS
§40. Connecting vowels O And e
§41. Compound words without a connecting vowel
§42. Spelling compound nouns
§43. Spelling compound adjectives
X. SPELLING OF NUMERAL NAMES
§44. Numerals quantitative, ordinal, fractional
§45. Numeral floor-
§46. Ways to formulate numerals in writing
XI. SPELLING OF PRONOUNS
§47. Negative pronouns
XII. SPELLING OF VERBS
§48. Personal verb endings
§49. Use of letters b V verb forms
§50. Verb suffixes
XIII. SPELLING OF PARTICIPLES
§51. Vowels in participle suffixes
§52. Spelling nn And n in participles and verbal adjectives and their derivatives
XIV. SPELLING OF ADVERBS
§53. Vowels at the end of adverbs
§54. Adverbs of hissing
§55. Negative adverbs
§56. Continuous writing adverbs
§57. Hyphenation adverbs
§58. Separate writing adverbial combinations
XV. SPELLING OF PREPOSITIONS
§59. Hyphenated prepositions
§60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations
XVI. SPELLING CONJUNCTIONS
§61. Continuous writing of conjunctions
§62. Separate writing of conjunctions
XVII. SPELLING OF PARTICLES
§63. Separate writing of particles
§64. Hyphenated spelling of particles
Spelling Not And neither
§65. Spelling Not with nouns
§66. Spelling Not with adjectives
§67. Spelling Not with numerals
§68. Spelling Not with pronouns
§69. Spelling Not with verbs
§70. Spelling Not with participles
§71. Spelling Not with adverbs
§72. Spelling neither
XVIII. SPELLING OF INTERJOMETS AND SOUNDS IMITATIVE WORDS
§73. Hyphenated spelling of interjections and onomatopoeias
XIX. SPELLING OF FOREIGN WORDS
§74. Transcription foreign words
Application. Transfer rules
PUNCTUATION
XX. PUNCTION MARKS AT THE END OF SENTENCES AND WHEN SPEECH BREAKS
§75. Dot
§76. Question mark
§77. Exclamation mark
§78. Ellipsis
XXI. DASH BETWEEN SENTENCES
§79. Dash between subject and predicate
§81. Intonation dash
§82. Connecting dash
XXII. PUNCTION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
§83. Homogeneous members not united by unions
§84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
§85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
§86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating conjunctions
§87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions
§88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions
§89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms
XXIII. PUNCTION MARKS FOR REPEATING WORDS
§90. Comma for repeated words
§91. Hyphenation of repeated words
XXIV. PUNCTION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH SEPARATE MEMBERS
§92. Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions
§94. Separate, circumstances
§95. Standalone Add-ons
XXV. PUNCTION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH Clarifying EXPLANATORY AND CONNECTING SENTENCE MEMBERS
§96. Clarifying members of the sentence
§97. Explanatory members offers
§98. Affiliate members offers
XXVI. PUNCTION MARKS FOR WORDS NOT GRAMMATICALLY RELATED TO SENTENCE MEMBERS
§99. Introductory words and phrases
§100. Introductory and plug-in sentences
§101. Appeal
§102. Interjection
§103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative words
XXVII. PUNCTION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
§104. Comma in a compound sentence
§105. Semicolon in a compound sentence
§106. Dash in a compound sentence
XXVIII. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
§107. Comma between main and subordinate clauses
§108. Comma for complex subordinating conjunctions
§109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
§110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions
§111. Dash in a complex sentence
§112. Colon in a complex sentence
§113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in a period
XXIX. PUNCTUATION FOR PURPOSES THAT ARE NOT SUBJECT CLAUSES
§114. Expressions that are integral in meaning
§115. Comparative turnover
§116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence
§117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
§118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence
XXXI. PUNCTION MARKS FOR DIRECT SPEECH
§123. Punctuation marks in dialogue
XXXII. PUNCTUAL MARKS FOR QUOTES
§124. Quotation marks
§125. Ellipsis when quoting
§126. Uppercase and lower case in quotes
XXXIII. USING QUOTATION QUOTES
§128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning
§129. Literary titles musical works, media, enterprises, firms, educational institutions etc.
§130. Names of orders and medals
§131. Names of factory brands of machines, industrial products, etc.
§132. Names of plant varieties
XXXIV. COMBINATIONS OF PUNCTION MARKS
§133. Comma and dash
§134. Question and exclamation marks
§135. Quotation marks and other symbols
§136. Parentheses and other symbols
§137. Ellipsis and other marks
§138. Sequence of characters for footnotes
LITERARY EDITING OF TEXT
XXXV. CHOICE OF WORD, STABLE COMBINATION
§139. General principles word choice
§140. Semantic errors
§141. Stylistic errors
§142. Use of borrowed words
§143. Internationalisms and " false friends translator"
§144. Choosing a stable phrase
§145. Stylistic and semantic devices in vocabulary and phraseology
XXXVI. NOUN FORMS
§146. Fluctuations in gender of nouns
§147. Differentiation of values depending on generic endings§148. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.
§149. Gender of indeclinable nouns
§150. Features of the declension of some words and phrases
§152. Genitive endings singular noun male -and I) –-у(-у)
§153. Forms accusative case animate and inanimate nouns
§154. Prepositional singular endings for masculine nouns -e –-y
§155. Endings nominative case plural of masculine nouns -s(-s) –-and I)
§156. Genitive plural endings
§157. Endings instrumental case singular and plural
§158. Using the singular to mean plural and plural to mean singular
§159. The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in plural
§160. Variants of noun suffixes
XXXVII. FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
§161. Long and short forms qualitative adjectives
§162. Variant forms of full and short adjectives
§163. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives
§164. Use possessive adjectives
§165. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases nouns
XXXVIII. FORMS OF NUMERAL NAMES
§166. Combinations of numerals with nouns
§167. Use of collective numerals
§168. Numerals in composition difficult words
XXXIX. USING PRONOUNS
§169. Personal pronouns
§170. Returnable and possessive pronouns
§171. Determinative pronouns
§172. Indefinite pronouns
XL. USING VERB FORMS
§173. Education of some personal forms
§174. Variants of species forms
§175. Returnable and non-returnable forms
§176. Participle forms
§177. Forms of participles
XLI . BUILDING A SIMPLE SENTENCE
§178. Types of offers
§179. Predicate forms
XLII. ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE
§180. Grammatical order words
§181. Semantic word order
XLIII. COORDINATION OF THE PREDICATE WITH THE SUBJECT
§183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun
§184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover)
§185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application
§186. Predicate with subject type brother and sister
§187. Predicate with subject-pronoun interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative
§188. Predicate with subject – indeclinable noun, compound abbreviated word, indivisible group of words
§189. Coordination of the connection with nominal part predicate
§190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
XLIV. ALIGNMENT OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
§191. Definition with a noun general kind
§192. Definition for a noun that has an attachment
§193. Definition for a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four
§194. Two definitions for one noun
§195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members
§196. Application matching
§197. Applications – geographical names
XLV. CONTROL
§198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control
§199. Choice of preposition
§200. Choice of case form
§201. Case object when transitive verbs with denial
§202. Management at synonymous words
§203. Different prepositional-case forms with one control word
§204. Stringing identical shapes
§205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence
XLVI. SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
§206. Unions with homogeneous members
§207. Prepositions with homogeneous members
§208. Errors in combinations homogeneous members
XLVII. COMPLEX SENTENCES
§209. Unions and allied words
§210. Errors in complex sentences
XLVIII. PARALLEL SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS
§211. Participial phrases
§212. Participial phrases
§213. Constructions with verbal nouns
XLIX. COMPLEX SYNTACTIC WHOLE (PROSE STROPHE)
§214. Functional and semantic types of text in a complex syntactic whole
§215. Methods of connection between sentences in a complex syntactic whole
§217. Stylistic devices use of a complex syntactic whole
§218. Errors in constructing complex syntactic integers
L. FIGURES
§219. Figures based on repetition
§220. Figures based on changes in the arrangement of parts of syntactic constructions
§221. Figures associated with changes in the volume of utterances
§222. Rhetorical figures
LI. TEXT EDITING TECHNIQUE
Concept of text
§224. Forms of someone else's speech
§225. Relationship between subject and addressee of speech
Logical-semantic analysis of text
§227. Linguistic means of conveying logical-semantic relations
§228. Techniques for identifying and checking logical-semantic connections
§229. Basic logical errors and ways to eliminate them
Working on language and style
§230. Editing units and their processing order
§231. Ways to identify grammatical and stylistic errors
§232. The most common lexical and stylistic errors and omissions
§233. Types of editing
§234. Conventional signs proofreading
RUSSIAN LITERARY PRONUNCIATION
L II . BASIC RULES OF RUSSIAN LITERARY PRONUNCIATION
§235. Pronunciation of vowel sounds
§236. Pronunciation of some consonants
§237. Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms
§238. Features of pronunciation of names and patronymics
§239. Pronunciation of borrowed words
LIII. FEATURES OF RUSSIAN ACCESS
§240. Russian word stress
§241. Stress in individual grammatical forms
Preparing text for voiceover
§242. Pausing
§243. Intonation of text
APPLICATION. Basic encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books
In memory. Tatiana Grigorievna Vinokur -
philologist-enthusiast, colleague, person...
PREFACE
This edition is based on the materials of the “Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing” by D.E. Rosenthal, which went through 5 editions. This reference book not only revised and updated the “Spelling” and “Punctuation” sections, but also included a completely new section “Russian Literary Pronunciation”. Chapter " Literary editing text" has also been replenished with new chapters: "Complex syntactic whole", "Shapes", "Methodology for editing text", and the chapter "Choosing a word, sustainable combination"was completely redesigned.
The directory is intended for media workers, publishing houses, authors, translators, for those involved in reference, advertising, information, social activities, requiring universal skills in preparing various genres of messages and public speaking in front of an audience. The reference book is also of interest to a wide range of readers interested in issues of the culture of Russian written and oral speech.
The sections “Spelling” and “Punctuation”, covering the entire system of spelling and punctuation, are based on the normative and still in force “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation (1956)”. The main attention is paid to the so-called “difficult cases”, traditionally raising questions from the writers. This is, first of all, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, which is largely associated with socio-historical changes that influence the choice of one form or another (in particular, the writing of names associated with religion, which acquires all higher value in the life of society); this is the spelling of complex words, adverbs, combined or separate spelling of particles Not , one or two n , etc. In the field of punctuation - placing punctuation marks for isolated, clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence, introductory words ah, between the parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence. The conditions for use and the appropriateness of variable punctuation marks are examined in detail.
The section “Literary text editing” is devoted to such important issues of stylistics as an adequate choice of words and phraseological units, normative use grammatical forms, synonymy of parts of speech and syntactic structures. Special attention is given to forms and means of expression author's position in the text using various speech and text means, as well as methods of working with text, its construction, design, editing.
In the new section, dedicated to the basics Russian literary pronunciation, along with the basic rules necessary for mastering the culture of oral speech, are also given guidelines for speaking in front of an audience, by pausing the sounding text, intonation, logical stress. It is assumed that the skills of competent literary pronunciation will contribute to improving the culture of speech, the level of which is in Lately causes concern.
The Directory includes as an appendix a list of basic dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books that can be recommended to the reader for a more in-depth acquaintance with issues of interest to him, for checking difficult cases of the use of language units.
Illustrative material is presented with examples from Russian classical and modern literature, as well as from works of the most recent times, from newspaper and magazine publications of the 80–90s, translations from foreign languages into Russian.
These days when literary language is strongly influenced by colloquial (and even slang) vocabulary, often invading the language proposed under the slogan of emancipation and “democratization.” The reference book will help the speaker and writer to select correctly language means, it is advisable to construct the statement and the text as a whole, and most accurately and completely convey its content to the listener and reader.
The authors thank researchers Russian Language Institute Russian Academy sciences, teachers of the Russian language department of Moscow linguistic university, employees of the Moscow Synodal Library of the St. Daniel's Monastery, who made a number of valuable comments that were taken into account in the preparation of this publication.
SPELLING
The spelling of words in Russian is subject to the rules set out in this section. In those cases when writing is not based on rules, you should refer to standard dictionaries (see the appendix at the end of the book).
I. SPELLING OF VOWELS IN THE ROOT
Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal
(December 19 (31), 1900, Lodz, Kingdom of Poland, Russian empire- July 29, 1994, Moscow, Russian Federation) - Soviet and Russian linguist, author of numerous works on the Russian language.
Dietmar Rosenthal was born on December 19 (31), 1900 in Lodz (Poland). In Moscow - since 1914. Until 1918 he studied at the 15th Moscow (Warsaw) gymnasium. Since 1918 - at Moscow University (graduated in 1923 with a degree in Italian), the Institute National economy named after K. Marx (formerly Moscow Commercial Institute; graduated in 1924); then - at RASION (1924-26; graduate student, researcher).
Dietmar Rosenthal at work
From 1922 to 1923 he taught in secondary school, from 1923 - in higher school(Workers' Faculty named after Artyom, 1923-1936). Further places of work - philological faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, since 1927; Moscow Printing Institute, 1940-1962; Faculty of Journalism. Professor, head of the Department of Stylistics of the Russian Language, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University in 1962-1986. For a long time led a group of television and radio announcers of the USSR.
Rosenthal created a textbook Italian language for universities, Russian-Italian and Italian-Russian dictionaries; translated works of Italian writers into Russian.
Founder (together with Professor K. I. Bylinsky) practical style, one of the main developers and interpreters of the rules of modern Russian spelling. Author of more than 150 textbooks (published since 1925), manuals, reference books, dictionaries, popular books, as well as research work in the Russian language, speech culture, stylistics, spelling, linguodidactics.
The scientist died in July 1994 in Moscow. He was buried at Vostryakovsky cemetery.
Bibliography
Main works:
Tough grammar and spelling questions
Practical stylistics of the Russian language
A manual on the Russian language for applicants to universities
Literary editing //co-author - K.I. Bylinsky
Difficult cases of punctuation
Questions of Russian spelling. Practical guide
Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing
Spelling and punctuation. Rules and exercises. Tutorial
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms // co-author M. A. Telenkova
Management in Russian. Dictionary-reference book
Modern Russian language // co-authors M.A. Telenkova, I.B. Golub
Modern Russian language // co-authors N. S. Valgina, M. I. Fomina
Speak and write Russian correctly
Interesting about the Russian language // co-authors V. A. Ivanova, Z. A. Potikha
Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language // co-author M. A. Telenkova
Secrets of good speech // co-author I. B. Golub
Russian language. Spelling. Punctuation // co-author I. B. Golub
Uppercase or lowercase?
Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language
Handbook of the Russian language. Spelling. Pronunciation. Literary editing // co-authors E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova
M.: Kit, 1997. - 384 p.
The reference book contains the most important rules of spelling and punctuation, as well as recommendations for correct use words and their various forms, with a focus on difficult cases. The directory is good guide for media workers, authors, translators, students and schoolchildren and is of undoubted interest to all readers interested in issues of correct Russian writing
Format: chm/zip
Size: 7 30 KB
/Download file
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Spelling
I. Spelling vowels in the root
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels
§ 3. Alternating vowels
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants
§ 5. Vowels after c
§ 6. Letters e-e
§ 7. Letter th
II. Spelling of consonants in the root
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants
§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants
III. Use of capital letters
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks
§ 13. Proper names of persons
§ 14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names
§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names
§ 18. Astronomical names
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods
§ 20. Names of holidays, popular movements, significant dates
§ 21. Names associated with religion
§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms
§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art
§ 24. Names of positions and titles
§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia, prizes
§ 26. Names of literary works and media
§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations
§ 28. Conventional proper names
IV. Separating ъ and ь
§ 29. Use of ъ
§ 30. Use of b
V. Spelling of prefixes
§ 31. Prefixes on s-
§ 32. Prefix c-
§ 33. Prefixes pre- and pre-
§ 34. Vowels ы and и after prefixes
VI. Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings
§ 35. Vowels o and e after sibilants
§ 36. Vowels after c
VII. Spelling nouns
§ 37. Endings of nouns
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns
VIII. Spelling adjectives
§ 39. Endings of adjectives
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives
IX. Spelling difficult words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives
X. Spelling of numerals
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals
§ 46. Numeral gender
XI. Spelling pronouns
§ 47. Negative pronouns
XII. Spelling verbs
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs
§ 49. Use of the letter ь in verb forms
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs
XIII. Spelling participles
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes
§ 52. Spelling nn and n in participles and verbal adjectives
XIV. Spelling adverbs
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing
§ 55. Negative adverbs
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations
XV. Spelling prepositions
§ 59. Complex prepositions
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations
XVI. Spelling conjunctions
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions
XVII. Spelling particles
§ 63. Separate writing of particles
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles
§ 65. Spelling not with nouns
§ 66. Spelling not with adjectives
§ 67. Spelling not with numerals
§ 68. Spelling not with pronouns
§ 69. Spelling not with verbs
§ 70. Spelling not with participles
§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs
§ 72. Spelling neither
XVIII. Spelling interjections and onomatopoeic words
§ 73. Hyphenated spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words
XIX. Spelling foreign words
§ 74. Transcription of foreign words
Punctuation
XX. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences and during breaks in speech
§ 75. Point
§ 76. Question mark
§ 77. Exclamation mark
§ 78. Ellipsis
XXI. Dash between clauses
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 81. Intonation dash
§ 82. Connecting dash
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions
§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions
§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms
XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words
§ 90. Comma for repeated words
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words
XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with dissociated members
§ 92. Separate definitions
§ 93. Separate applications
§ 94. Special circumstances
§ 95. Separate additions
XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 96. Clarifying members of a sentence
§ 97. Explanatory parts of a sentence
§ 98. Connecting members of a sentence
XXVI. Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases
§ 100. Introductory and insertion sentences
§ 101. Appeals
§ 102. Interjections
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words
XXVII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence
§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence
§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses
§ 108. Comma in complex subordinating conjunctions
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
§ 110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
XXIX. Punctuation for phrases other than subordinate clauses
§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning
§ 115. Comparative turnover
XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence
XXXI. Punctuation marks for direct speech
§ 119. Direct speech after the author’s words
§ 120. Direct speech before the author’s words
§ 121. Author's words inside direct speech
§ 122. Direct speech within the author’s words
§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue
XXXII. Punctuation marks for quotations
§ 124. Quotation marks
§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting
§ 126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations
§ 127. Punctuation when referring to the author and source of quotation
XXXIII. Using quotation marks
§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning
§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.
§ 130. Names of orders and medals
§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, industrial products, etc.
§ 132. Names of plant varieties
XXXIV. Punctuation combinations
§ 133. Comma and dash
§ 134. Question and exclamation marks
§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs
§ 136. Parentheses and other signs
§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs
§ 138. Sequence of characters for footnotes
Stylistics
XXXV. Word choice
§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means
§ 140. Elimination of bureaucracy and cliches
§ 141. Pleonasms and tautologies
§ 142. Euphony of speech
§ 143. Use of phraseological means
XXXVI. Forms of nouns
§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns
§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings
§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.
§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns
§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases
§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames
§ 150. The endings of the singular genitive case of masculine nouns -а(-я) – -у(-у)
§ 151. Accusative forms of animate and inanimate nouns
§ 152. The endings of the prepositional singular case of masculine nouns -е – -у(-у)
§ 153. Endings of the nominative plural of masculine nouns -ы(-и) – -а(-я)
§ 154. Plural genitive endings
§ 155. The endings of the instrumental case -yami – -(ь)мi
§ 156. Use of the singular in the meaning of the plural
§ 157. Use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural
§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns
XXXVII. Forms of adjectives
§ 159. Complete and short form qualitative adjectives
§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns
XXXVIII. Forms of numerals
§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns
§ 165. Use of collective numerals
§ 166. Numerals in compound words
XXXIX. Use of pronouns
§ 167. Personal pronouns
§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns
§ 169. Determinative pronouns
§ 170. Indefinite pronouns
XL. Use of verb forms
§ 171. Formation of some personal forms
§ 172. Variants of species forms
§ 173. Returnable and non-returnable forms
§ 174. Forms of participles
§ 175. Forms of participles
XLI. Build simple sentence
§ 176. Types of sentences
§ 177. Forms of the predicate
XLII. Order of words in a sentence
§ 178. Place of subject and predicate
§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence
§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence
§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence
§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions
XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
§ 183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun
§ 184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover)
§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application with it
§ 186. Predicate with a subject like brother and sister
§ 187. Predicate with subject - interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun
§ 188. Predicate with subject - indeclinable noun, abbreviation, indivisible group of words, nickname
§ 189. Coordination of the copula with the nominal part of the predicate
§ 190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications
§ 191. Definition of a common noun
§ 192. Definition of a noun with an attachment
§ 193. Definition for a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four
§ 194. Two definitions with one noun
§ 195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members
§ 196. Approval of applications
§ 197. Applications – geographical names
XLV. Control
§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control
§ 199. Choice of preposition
§ 200. Choice of case form
§ 201. Case of complement for transitive verbs with negation
§ 202. Management of synonymous words
§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word
§ 204. Stringing identical shapes
§ 205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence
XLVI. Sentences with homogeneous members
§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members
§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members
§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous terms
XLVII. Difficult sentence
§ 209. Conjunctions and allied words
§ 210. Errors in complex sentences
XLVIII. Parallel syntactic structures
§ 211. Participial phrases
§ 212. Participial phrases
§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns
Dictionary index
Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, i.e. in the unstressed syllable the same vowel is written as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the same root word, for example: try on(measure) suit - reconcile(world) neighbors; flutters(nine) flag – developing(development) industry.
Wed. different spellings of unstressed vowels of the root in words that sound similar: climb(in pocket) - lick(wounds), boil(potato) - open(door), caress(cat) - rinse(mouth), fastener(collar) – attached(about a horse) thin out(sprouts) – discharge(gun), belittle(meaning) - beg(about mercy), etc.
Note 1. Vowels O – A in unstressed verb roots perfect form cannot be checked by imperfective forms for -yat (-ive ), For example: be late (late, Although be late), cut (cut, Although color).
Note 2. In some words foreign language origin with a suffix that is distinguished only etymologically, the spelling of an unstressed vowel cannot be checked with a single-root word if the vowel being checked and the test vowel are included in the suffixes of various origins, For example: subscription (-ment goes back to the French suffix), although subscribe (-edit goes back to the German suffix); accompaniment, Although accompany; engagement, Although engage. Wed. There is also a similar phenomenon in the composition of a foreign language root: apperceive, Although apperception; disinfect, Although disinfection. The vowel of the root is preserved in words injection – to inject, projection – to project and some others.
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels
The spelling of unstressed vowels that cannot be verified by stress is determined by spelling dictionary, For example: badminton, concrete, string, can, bodyaga, briolin, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, lobby, ham, vinaigrette, dysentery, masturbation, intelligentsia, kalamyanka, kalach, closet, loaf, cuttlefish, holster, layout, burner, head of cabbage, koschei, ladanka, magarych, madapolam, obsession, front garden, pantopon, ferry, periphery, gudgeon, pigalitsa, plasticine, privilege, rump steak, rotaprint, bullfinch, smelt, scholarship, brake, lumpy, elixir, overpass and many others.
§ 3. Alternating vowels
1. Fundamentally gar- – gor- under stress it is written A , without accent – O : zag á r – zag O mature, ug O growl.
Exceptions:vyg A rki, uzg A ry, prúg A ry(special and dialect words).
2. Fundamentally zar- – zor- A :h á roar, s ó rka - z A rnutsa, oz A swear.
Exceptions:h O duckweed, s O roar.
3. Fundamentally kas- – kos- is written O n , in other cases - A : To A sit down, to A satative – to O wake up, come to sleep O dream.
4. Fundamentally clan- – clone- under stress the vowel is written in accordance with the pronunciation, without stress - O :cl á bow, bow ó n – pokl O thank you, thank you O opinion.
5. In an unstressed root lag- – false- before G is written A , before and – O :proposal A gát, adj A adjective - preposition O horror, region O marriage.
Exception:gender O G lag- – false- ).
6. Root poppy- contained in verbs meaning “to immerse in liquid”: m A roll cracker into tea, exchange A stick the pen into the ink. Root mok- contained in verbs meaning “to pass liquid”: you m O whip in the rain, prom O whip what's written. The rule applies to derivative words: m A singing, prom O rolling paper, non-industrial O stone cloak.
7. Fundamentally floating a vowel sound can be stressed or unstressed: pl á wat, pl A count, popl A wok. Root pilaf- contained in words pl O vec And pl O sneeze; root swim- - in a word pl s Woons.
8. Root equal- found in words meaning “equal, identical, on a par”: ur A opinion, wed A understand, it's time A take heed(become equal). Root exactly – in words meaning “even, straight, smooth”: zar O listen, p O Vesnik, Wed O take heed, ur O ven. Wed: other A heed(make equal) – other O heed(make it even); vyr A external(made equal) – vyr O external(made smooth).
9. Fundamentally race- – grew- is written A , if followed by a consonant T (also before sch ); in other cases it is written O : R A sti, nar A creation - growth O sshiy, zar O sly, por O with.
Exceptions:negative A sl, p O drain, output O drain, r O stockman, R O stov and etc.
10. In an unstressed root skak- – skoch- before To is written A , before h – O : prompt A kát – hint O a little.
Exceptions:sk A chok, sk A chý.
11. Fundamentally creature- – creative- under stress the vowel is written in accordance with the pronunciation, without stress - O :TV á Ry, TV ó rchestvo - TV O rit, tv O retz.
Exception:ýtv A ry(no longer semantically associated with the root creature- – creative- ).
12. In the roots ber- – bir-, der- – dir-, mer- – mir-, per- – pir-, ter- – tyr-, shine- – blist-, zheg- – zhig-, stel- – stil-, even- – cheat- is written And -A- : personal And army, ass And army, deputy And army, zap And army, art And army, bl And become, szh And go, calculate And go away, part And bark; in other cases it is written e : b e ru, d e ru, mind e howl, zap e talk, st e howl, bl e stet, vyzh e gshiy, vych e t, dist e pour.
Exceptions:op. e thief, op. e tanning.
13. In the roots with alternation a(i) – im, a(i) – in are written them And in , if followed by the suffix -A- : szh A t - szh And mother, prizh A t - prizh And mother, diff. I t - different And mother, under I t - sub And mother, podm I t - subm And please A t - om And mother, mon I t - mon And mother, beginning A th – beginning And nat. Wed: vn And matelny, close And let's remind you And come on, approx. And nat etc. Retained in derivative forms them , even if the suffix does not follow -A- , For example: sn And mu, sn And mi, sub And mu, sub And mi etc.