Some pronouns are found more often, some less frequently. Some, any and no are some of the most commonly used and complex ones. After all, each of them forms a variety of word forms that are used in various types offers with the same values, but they do not replace each other. How to understand and remember everything?
This topic is easy to understand if everything is taught in a comprehensive manner and each form is taken apart piece by piece. Let's first see which group we put them in? To indefinite pronouns. Any, no, some or their derivatives do not express someone or something specific, known, or precise. In Russian they sound like “something”, “someone”, “nobody”, “nothing” and so on.
Using some, any, no in a sentence
To understand how derivatives are used indefinite pronouns which we will look at below, you need to understand the basics. The rules are very simple.
1. Some and any in English language can act as nouns or adjectives. In the first case they are used independently, and in the second they are accompanied by a noun. One more point - they have different meanings, which we will consider in the table. Some is used in affirmative sentences. Any — negative, interrogative and conditional.
He asked if I had any interesting DVD disks. — He asked if I had any interesting CDs. (Conditional, like an adjective)
I didn't buy matches. Have you got any? — I didn’t buy matches. Do you have several? (Interrogative as a noun)
The buyers want to get some models of our dresses, we send them some. — Buyers want to see several models of our dresses. We sent them a few. (affirmative as a noun)
I have somecups. Do you need? — I have several cups. You need? (affirmative, like an adjective)
Some |
Any |
| Meaning: several, some, some, before countables | |
| V affirmative sentences | , conditional sentences |
| He gave me some cigarettes. — He gave me some cigarettes. | She didn't make any mistakes. “She didn’t make any mistakes.” |
| Some trees were planted yesterday. — Several trees were planted yesterday. | |
| Some people like tea, some don’t like tea. — Some people like tea, some don't. | |
| Meaning: a certain amount, a little, some (usually not translated into Russian) | |
| V affirmative sentences | negative, interrogative, conditional sentences before uncountable nouns |
| Give me some salt, please. - Give me salt, please. | I don't have any ink. — I don’t have ink. |
| I need some milk from you. Please give me some. - I need milk. Give me please. | There is no water in my glass. Have you got any? — There is no milk in my glass. Do you have? |
| Meaning: some | |
| in special matters, in general issues if a request is made, something is offered | |
| Why didn’t you buy some bread? - Why didn’t you buy bread? | |
| Can I take some warm water? —Can I get some warm water? | |
| Will you have some coffee? -Would you like some coffee? | |
| Meaning: some of - part | |
| before uncountable nouns | |
| Some of the crop was damaged by rain. — Part of the crop was damaged by rain. | |
| Meaning: anyone, everyone | |
| in affirmative and interrogative sentences with countable in units. number and uncountable | |
| I may go out at any time that is convenient to me. - I can leave at any time convenient for me. | |
So, we got acquainted with the use of the base. The main thing to remember is that some is more often used in affirmative statements, and any - in negative and interrogative statements. To avoid confusion in meaning, look at the meaning of the sentence. Usually it is not difficult if you clearly know the purpose of each.
2. C pronoun no a little simpler. It is used as an adjective before both singular and plural nouns. If there is no in a sentence, then there should be no other negation. On its own, no is not used (none is used instead). Note that after it the noun is used without an article. Also, this pronoun is often used before the subject to intensify - none, none, none.
I have no bag (= I haven’t a bag). — I don’t have a bag.
We had no time. - We didn't have time.
Is there a theater in your town? - No, there is none. — There is a theater in your city. - No.
No girl has been there yet. “No girl has ever been here before.”
Any, some, no + body
Anybody, somebody, nobody/ anyone, someone, no one (no difference in meaning) are used as nouns and translated someone, anyone, no one, none, in other words replace animate noun. All other usage follows the basics described above. Anybody in negative sentences is translated - no one, no one, and sentences with nobody in Russian have two negatives.
Somebody is waiting for you. - Someone is waiting for you.
Is anybody at home? — There isn’t anyone at home. - Is anybody home? - Nobody is at home.
Nobody called him yesterday. - Nobody called him yesterday.
Any, some, no + thing
Anything, something, nothing also function as a noun, but describe inanimate object — something, anything. Anything in negations is translated as nothing, and sentences with nothing in Russian have two negatives.
Something has fallen. - Something fell.
Is there anything in the envelope? — Is there anything in the envelope?
Nothing was done. - Nothing was done.
Any, some, no + where
This is how adverbs are formed - somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, nowhere, nowhere. All usage according to the key some, any, no.
Is she going anywhere? - Is she going somewhere?
Tomorrow I will fly somewhere with my boss. - Tomorrow I will fly somewhere with the boss.
Where did you go? - Nowhere. - Where did you go. Nowhere.
Some and any + of
When using these pronouns with of, we mean the meaning - someone or something from, that is, a part of the whole. It is worth noting that nobody, no one, anybody, anyone are not used with of. In the first two cases they are replaced with none, and in the second - any of in the meaning of any of. Instead of somebody used one of.
One of you should tell the truth. - One of you must tell the truth.
Some of my friends speak English. — Some of my friends speak English.
Any of us can go there. - Any of us can go there.
None of them came to me after the accident. “None of them came to me after the accident.”
A couple more secrets!
- Acting as the subject (they come first), nobody, no one, nothing, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, something require a verb in the 3rd person singular after themselves.
- Often used after these derived pronouns else- more: anything else - anything else?
- nobody, anybody, somebody, someone sometimes meet with possessive case: somebody's hat -someone's hat.
In order for everything to be firmly deposited and remembered, you need to do exercises that will make your path easier. English grammar. The rule is not complicated, the main thing is to understand it: look carefully at the type of sentence, think about what or who you want to say (animate or inanimate), before which part of the sentence. Re-read the article again and move on to the exercises.
As you know, it is impossible to learn any language for its full use without having sufficient knowledge of the basis of this language, which is in to a large extent grammar. Good knowledge Grammar makes it possible to communicate correctly, construct sentences, correspond and, in general, gain full access to all of a particular language. Learning English may seem difficult only at first glance; grammar is quite difficult for many at first, but if you look at how many people around the world successfully learn English, you can come to the conclusion that this language is not so difficult to master. In addition, the Russian language is considered one of the most difficult in the world, and if we know Russian, then we can learn English.
Basic grammar and some important information points
English grammar has many important and interesting questions, requiring close study, and today we will talk about exactly what place the words some and any occupy in the English language and what they are linguistic phenomenon represents. To be more precise, then we're talking about not even about the design, but about a language tool that will allow you to achieve the desired effect. The words some and any are pronouns, but these pronouns are not ordinary, but "indefinite." Indefinite pronouns are always used to designate something, most often using a noun in a complex. As a rule, these words have meanings only in English, and are not even translated into Russian, but let's look at everything in order.
What are some and any needed for, how to use them and where to use them
In English language some and any are used to denote an indefinite, often small amount of something. Most often, these indefinite pronouns act as modifiers of a noun and are placed instead of an article. The word some, as a rule, is used precisely in affirmative sentences, when it is placed before countable nouns (water is uncountable, coins are countable, that is, coins can be counted) in plural, and also before uncountable nouns. In this case, some will give the meaning of “several” or “some”. This is easier to understand by looking at more specific examples.
Examplesuse of the pronoun some
I've got SOME interesting books to read. – I have SEVERAL interesting books to read.
SOME children don't like sleep. – SOME children don't like to sleep.
As we see, in these two examples pronoun some acquires different meanings– “several” and “some”. The word can be used in the same meanings not only in affirmative sentences, but also in interrogative ones.
Examplesuses and purpose of the pronoun any
The pronoun any is used, as a rule, in negative and interrogative sentences and is translated as “somewhat”, “at least some”, or is not translated into Russian at all. Combined with negative particle not, pronoun any takes on the meaning “none,” which is often used in negative sentences. For example:
They haven't got ANY mistakes in this text. – They do not have ANY errors in this text.
When performing the attributive function on an uncountable noun, the pronoun any takes on the meaning “somewhat”:
Have you got ANY milk here? Is there milk here? (SO MUCH milk)
Close or opposite linguistic units, or simply words, are studied in linguistics with the help of semantic and other oppositions, contrasting them at different levels.
All parts of speech, which by their function are also members of a sentence and are used with nouns, which we will consider in this article, are so diverse that it will take a long time to understand them - a textbook could be written. Therefore, we will consider the most common oppositions.
Oppositions in linguistics mean the opposition of seemingly different things, which allows one to obtain unexpected results. Of course, this definition sounds almost primitive. But we won’t delve further into linguistics. We have another goal - to learn how to use them.
Let's look at some important contrasts between the words a, any and some between themselves and other parts of speech.
So, by the way, “a” is an article, “any” and “some” are . To show this to the company - they say, that’s how smart I am.
Contrast between the article “a” and the zero article
Yes, there is one in English, but not all textbooks mention it.
The article “a” is used only when talking about some kind of container - bottle, jar, glass, etc. For example: Bring me a glass of water!
Many manuals write that with various kinds substances not definite article not used: sand, water, flour, and this is true. It is quite possible to say: Get me water! (Get some water somewhere!) - Even get it from a puddle. But if you say: Get me a beer , then it is quite clear that we are talking about a bottle, jar or some other container.
A little exercise. Clue: in some sentences, depending on the situation, one or even both options are possible - in speech the main thing is to correctly understand the situation - it could be either packaging or water from a swamp.
Exercise 1
- He went to look for… water.
- Get me...beer!
- Mary came to the convenience store to buy … pepsi.
A vs any
The contrast between the article “a” and the adjectival pronoun “any” makes virtually no sense, since they are interchangeable in meaning. As in affirmatives, so in . It’s just that the article is shorter in sound, and this explains its preference.
Some
But the subjective pronoun “some” in use is closely opposed to the adjective pronoun “any”, primarily in interrogative sentences. And this is the most important thing. Firstly, both words are to some extent determinants, i.e. words that specify language, like articles. Secondly, some of them are used only with , while others are not, if we add here indefinite article:
Compare:
I haven’t got a car.(negative sentence, countable noun)
Have you got any aspirins? (question, plural noun)
I need some medicine. ( , I need medicine.)
In general, I would advise you not to bother yourself with all this, but to remember one simple rule - some is used in affirmative sentences, A any - in negatives and interrogatives with almost the same meaning.
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In English, these words are classified as pronouns (Pronouns). Surely you have already met them. How to correctly use these words, as well as their derivatives (somebody, anything, nowhere)?
Rule #1
The usage depends on the type of sentence - affirmative, negative or interrogative.
As you can see, these words are used in the same way with both countable and uncountable nouns, but they will be translated into Russian slightly differently. For example:
I have some books in my bag. - I have it in my bag some books.
I have some money in my purse. - I have it in my wallet A little money.
Ben doesn't have any pens. - Ben doesn't have no handles
There isn't any milk in the fridge. - In a refrigerator not at all milk.
Do you have any questions? - You have any questions?
Do you have any flour? - Do you have for some time flour?
Rule #2
There are 2 cases when the word some is used in an interrogative sentence.
- Request:
Could you lend me some money? - Could you lend me A little money?
- Offer:
Would you like some water? - You do not want A little water?
Rule #3
Also the word some can be used to mean "some". In this case, it must be followed by a preposition of and either the definite article the, or possessive pronoun (my, her...). For example:
Some of my friends play football. – Some of my friends play football.
Word any can also be used to mean "any, everyone". In this case, it can be placed in affirmative sentence. For example:
Take any of these oranges. - Take any of these oranges.
Rule #4
Negation in which the word is usually used any, is not always formed using auxiliary verb. For this they can be used various words, carrying in themselves negative meaning. For example:
She never does any housework - They never doesn't no housework.
Peter has read hardly any books in his life. – Peter hardly read how much books in my life.
Rule #5
The pronoun no can only be used in negation; more precisely, it itself makes the sentence negative. Since in English there can only be one negation in a sentence (we cannot say, as in Russian “I don’t know anything”), the sentence will be constructed as follows:
He has no problems. - He doesn't have no problems.
As you can see, the sentence has the same construction as the affirmative, but carries a negative meaning. This proposal can be formulated in another way:
He doesn't have any problems. - He doesn't have no problems.
The pronoun used here any, which, as you already know, is used in negatives.
Rule #6
Derivatives can be formed from all three pronouns. They appear in speech very often and you have probably already seen them too. For example, in song titles: “ Somebody that I used to know” by Gotye – “ Somebody, whom I knew" or "Takes me nowhere” by the Offspring team – “ Nowhere will not lead me" (translation option - " To nothing won't lead me).
First, we need to understand how derivatives are formed.
Please note that derived words denoting people and things will fall under the category of pronouns, and those denoting place will fall under the category of adverbs (Adverbs). Words somebody/someone are synonymous, however someone is used somewhat more often. Words no one is the only pronoun in this group that is written separately.
The rules of use here are similar to those stated above:
Statement:
Somebody has just entered the room. – Somebody just entered the room.
Something strange happened last week. - Happened last week something strange.
I need somewhere to leave my personal belongings. - I need somewhere leave my personal belongings.
Negation:
I didn't see anybody in the library yesterday. - Yesterday I was in the library no one did not see.
I saw nobody in the library yesterday. - Yesterday I was in the library no one did not see.
Don't let anyone leave the class. - Do not allow no one leave the class.
I can't see your glasses anywhere. - I nowhere I don't see your glasses.
Question:
Have you told anyone? - You said someone?
Do you have anything interesting to read? - Do you have anything interesting to read?
Derivatives of some can also be used in requests and sentences:
Would you like something to drink? - Want to anything drink up?
Can I have something to drink? - May I anything drink up?
Also, derivatives of some can be used in questions if the speaker expects an affirmative answer:
Are you watching something on TV at the moment? - Are you looking now? something on TV?
Just like a word any, its derivatives can be used in the meanings " any, anyone, anything, anywhere."
It’s very easy – ask anybody! - It's very simple - just ask any!