Hungering and Thirsty
Hungering and Thirsty
From the Bible. The Gospel of Matthew (chapter 5, v. 6) says: “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled.”
Used: in literally- about people experiencing thirst and hunger.
Allegorically: about people who passionately desire something.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M.: “Locked-Press”. Vadim Serov. 2003.
Hungering and Thirsty
Expression from the Gospel (Matt. 5, 6): “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled”; used in the literal sense - about people experiencing thirst and hunger, and figuratively - about those passionately wanting something.
Dictionary of catch words. Plutex. 2004.
See what “Hungering and Thirsty” is in other dictionaries:
Hungering and Thirsty- wing. sl. Expression from the Gospel (Matt. 5, 6): “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled”; used literally about people experiencing thirst and hunger, and figuratively about passionately wanting something... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky
Book About people who passionately desire something. /i>
hungry- Hungry and thirsty (ironically) waiting, seeking something. [from the Gospel expression hungering and thirsting for righteousness] ...
thirsty- Hungering and thirsty [from the Gospel expression, hungry and thirsty for righteousness] ... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language
Hungering and thirsty. Book About people who passionately desire something. /i> Expression from the Gospel. BMS 1998, 23 … Large dictionary of Russian sayings
GOSPEL. PART II- The language of the Gospels The problem of New Testament Greek The original texts of the NT that have come down to us were written in ancient Greek. language (see Art. Greek language); existing versions in other languages these are translations from Greek (or from other translations; about translations... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia
HUNGRY, hungry, hungry (poet). prib. valid present vr. from hunger. ❖ Hungry and thirsty (ironically) waiting, seeking something (from the Gospel expression, hungry and thirsty for truth). Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Main article: Commandments of Jesus Christ Beatitudes, Orthodox icon Beatitudes (makari ... Wikipedia
Christian values- The revaluation of values carried out by Christianity The Christian message meant, without a doubt, the most radical revaluation of values in the history of mankind. Nietzsche even spoke about a total rebellion against ancient values, programmatic... ... Western philosophy from its origins to the present day
Prugavin (Alexander Stepanovich) publicist ethnographer. Born in 1850 in Arkhangelsk, he studied at the local gymnasium and the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy, but did not complete the course there due to participation in student unrest. Until 1879... ... Biographical Dictionary
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- Study of Christianity. How Religion is Built, Corrado Aujias, Remo Cacchitti. The latest creation of the well-known Italian publicist Corrado Augias in Russia is dedicated to a thoughtful study of the first four centuries of the formation of Christianity as a religion, politics,...
(abstract research work)
Scientific supervisor: Elena Viktorovna Sokolskaya, teacher of the highest category, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 38, Taganrog
Introduction
Chapter 1. Phraseologisms originally from the Bible
Chapter 2. Phraseological units of New Testament origin as an element of the phraseological system of the Russian language
2.1. Ways of penetration of New Testament phraseology into the Russian literary language
2.2. Semantic identity of New Testament phraseological units with original texts
2.3.Phraseological units biblical origin in modern Russian
Chapter 3. Dictionary of phraseological units "Eternal truths"
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix 1 Illustrated dictionary of phraseological units.
Introduction
“For those who are interested in the history and culture of their people, phraseology is one of the most fascinating and entertaining areas of the language,” said N. M. Shansky, a Russian scientist. His statement served as the starting point for developing the content of the project “Sources of Russian phraseological units” and defining its goals and objectives. To achieve the goal of the project, it was decided to study scientific data on phraseological units and study the history of the appearance of phraseological units in the language. It was also necessary to get acquainted with the dictionaries of phraseological units, Russian folk tales, proverbs, biblical stories, study some pages of the history of our country. While working on the project, I studied the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, fables by I.A. Krylova.
The relevance of the chosen topic is related to the object of research itself. The problem of lack of knowledge about phraseological units became especially acute when 11th grade graduates began to take the Unified State Exam. It turned out that many high school students have great difficulty finding phraseological units, do not understand their meaning, and do not know how to use phraseological units in speech. Phraseological phrases - a special layer of the Russian language, part of the culture of our people - should return to the speech of adolescents and enrich it. Our task is to learn as much as possible about phraseological units by conducting some search work. When determining the relevance of the research we undertook, we were guided by two criteria - theoretical and practical. The materials and results of the work can be used in special courses and elective classes; in the course of teaching Russian language and literature at school; in the work of a librarian. Phraseologisms will never leave our language. They decorate our speech, take us far into history and teach us vitally important things.
The goal of the project is to explore phraseological units in comparison with biblical expressions, to promote the penetration of phraseological units into our speech.
This goal involves solving the following specific research tasks:
Search for the required language information about phraseological units;
Find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;
Get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;
Analyze the phraseological dictionary to identify the frequency of use of phraseological units of biblical origin;
Observe the speech of classmates, find out whether they understand the meaning of the phraseological units used;
Create an illustrated dictionary of phraseological units "Eternal Truths".
The proposed hypothesis of this study: if you analyze the semantics and origin of phraseological units in the Russian language, then you can restore a significant part of biblical teachings and, of course, understand them.
The object of the study is a group of phraseological units of biblical origin, that is, phraseological units borrowed from the Bible.
The scientific novelty of the study, obviously, lies in the fact that for the first time we made an attempt to compare the words of the original source with the current phraseological unit, to establish their etymological basis.
The project product, a dictionary of phraseological units, is illustrated and contains not only the phraseological unit, its meaning, but also the words of the original source.
Structure of a research work: the work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and an appendix.
Phraseologisms are the creation of the people, a manifestation of their wisdom and linguistic flair. Many phraseological units are rooted in history. Old Church Slavonic phraseological units became entrenched in the Russian language after the introduction of Christianity; most of them originate from books, the Holy Scriptures - the Bible. It is precisely these phraseological units that we want to tell you about in our dictionary, a feature of which is the presence of illustrations.
Chapter 1. Phraseologisms, originally from the Bible.
Phraseology is a linguistic discipline that studies stable phrases- phraseological units.
A figure of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit. Their meaning is to give an emotional coloring to the expression, to enhance its meaning.
The Bible is one of the main culture-creating texts in the history of European and world civilization.
There are many phraseological units that came to us from the Holy Scriptures - from the Bible. Such phraseological units capture important stories, traditions and legends related not to one person, but to the whole world. Phraseologisms of biblical origin are distinguished by their imagery of thought and corresponding language - they often include obsolete words, obsolete forms of declension and conjugation, biblical terminology, etc.
The Bible is a whole library (biblios - book) of ancient monuments created over 15 centuries (XIII century BC - II century AD). The Bible consists of two large parts. The first part includes books that were compiled before the birth of Christ; their totality is called the Old (literally “Old”) Testament. The second part covers books written after the birth of Christ - this is the New Testament. 39 books from the Old Testament and 27 books from the New Testament have survived to this day. Jesus didn't write anything about himself. The task of recording the events of His life fell to His disciples. Matthew, the author of the first Gospel, was a tax collector. Luke is a qualified historian, the authors Mark and John are the apostles. The Gospel is part of the Bible - the "New Testament".
Modern Russian language contains about two hundred established expressions borrowed from the text of the Holy Scriptures. The most a large number of expressions came from the Gospel: “the cutting off of the head of John the Baptist,” the parable of the prodigal son, the legend of how people were fed with little bread, thirty pieces of silver and himself way of the cross, and everything connected with the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ. Lexicology from the Bible permeated widely through works of art, advertised not only in special exhibitions, but also in postcards and posters under their own name.
Chapter 2. Phraseological units of New Testament origin as an element of the phraseological system of the Russian language.
As already noted, more than two hundred are known in modern Russian set expressions, one way or another connected with the text of the Bible. There are especially many phraseological units from the New Testament, primarily from the Gospel. "The Annunciation and the Nativity of Christ", the adoration of the Magi, the beheading of John the Baptist, the parables of the prodigal son, the wise and foolish virgins, the healing of Lazarus and the casting out of demons, the story of the feeding of thousands with a few loaves, the Last Supper, the Kiss of Judas, 30 pieces of silver, Peter's renunciation, the way of the cross and crucifixion, the resurrection and ascension of Christ - this is not a complete list of those fragments from the Holy Scriptures that exist in our everyday use of words as textual reminiscences. It may be worth noting that the titles of the works played a certain role in this regard. visual arts, which nevertheless remained under their own names not only on the walls of museums, but sometimes also on the pages of albums and on postcards" [Suprun 1995: 23]. It is clear that such a volume of phraseological units constitutes a whole layer, very powerful, in the entire phraseological system of Russian language. At first glance you can see that its composition is very heterogeneous. Let's try to organize the information about these phraseological units and bring them into a system.
2.1 Ways of penetration of New Testament phraseology into the Russian literary language.
Very often this layer of phraseology is considered in the literature under the heading “Borrowed phraseological units.” This is only partially correct. In fact, it is more appropriate to indicate that the volume of phraseological units that interests us has three sources, according to which they can be divided into three groups:
1. New Testamentisms borrowed from Old Slavonic language, more precisely, from the Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic) version of the New Testament, which has been in circulation since the introduction of Christianity in Rus' to this day. These phraseological units are quotations from the Gospels, the Acts of the Holy Apostles and other books of the New Testament, written in Old Church Slavonic. This is a fairly large group of phraseological units, such as, for example, hungry and thirsty (for truth); choose the good part; into flesh and blood; faith without works is dead; seeking hail; power and those in power, at the head of the corner, he himself was healed, every deed is good, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the tombs are drowned, let this cup pass from me, let his wickedness prevail for days; hedgehog pisah, pisah; sign of the times; their (us) name is Leshon; stumbling block; the stones will cry out; a clanking cymbal; Foundation stone; ringing copper; the abomination of desolation; do not throw pearls before swine; not of this world; Man will not live on bread alone; without hesitation (doubting); now you let go; strain out a mosquito; eat locusts and wild honey; I have not known my own; fear for the sake of the Jews; This mystery is great; push and it will open; daily bread; surging movements of water; like a thief in the night, etc.
2. New Testamentisms are actually Russian, dating back to the Synodal translation of the Bible, which saw the light for the first time in 1876 and from that moment became widespread not so much in church practice as among ordinary people, representatives of all classes of society. Today, it is this option, that is, the “Russian Bible”, and not the Church Slavonic text, that is available to the average Russian person.
Phraseological phrases from the New Testament belonging to this group are quotations from the Russian text of the Bible. Some of them replaced the previously known Old Church Slavonic phrases due to the obsolescence of the latter. Distinguish between two processes: the latest phraseologization of phrases from Russian Synodal translation and replacing Old Church Slavonic archaic phrases with Russian equivalents is quite difficult. For simplicity, let’s say that the 2nd group includes the actual Russian New Testamentisms, which are quotations from Biblical texts. These are phraseological units such as: throw a stone (at someone); he who takes sword by sword will perish; painted coffins; he reaps where he did not sow; can anything good come from Nazareth?; the things that are Caesar's to Caesar, (and the things that are God's to God); With the same measure you use, it will be measured to you; He who is forgiven little loves little; get away from me, Satan; to whom much is given, from him much will be required (asked); whoever is not with Me is against Me; the left hand does not know what the right hand is doing; it is easier (more convenient) for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle (eye of a needle) than (than) for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven; be wise as serpents and simple as doves; they do not know (know) what they are doing (doing); to the unknown God; not have where to lay your head; you say (you speak); they do not sow, they do not reap; Judge not lest ye be judged); leave the dead to bury their dead; serve God and mammon; serve mammon; salt of the earth; the Sabbath is for man, and not man for the Sabbath; whatever you do, do it quickly; what is truth? and etc.
3. This group includes numerous phraseological units that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations through their reinterpretation. Such, for example, are the revolutions barren fig tree; Whore of Babylon; prodigal son; a log in the eye; faith moves mountains (moves); whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword; to contribute; widow's mite; Wolf in sheep's clothing; in letter and spirit; lost sheep; bury (your) talent (in the ground); sealed book; go to Golgotha (to the cross); massacre of the innocents; expel from the temple; end of the world; dead letter; bear (one's) cross; there is no prophet in his own country; not one iota; separate the chaff from the wheat; sing Lazarus; poor as Lazarus; build on sand; doi, built on sand; kiss of Judas; send from Pontius to Pilate; the transformation from Saul to Paul; ask for Christ's sake; servant of two masters; deadly sin; the secret becomes apparent; crown of thorns; pitch darkness; heavy cross; For Christ's sake; penitent Magdalene, etc.
It can be noted that some situations described in the New Testament became fertile ground for the emergence of not one, but several phraseological units. So, for example, the parable of poor Lazarus (Luke 16. 20-21) “gave” such expressions as singing Lazarus and poor like Lazarus. The words of Christ: “And everyone who hears these words of Mine and does not do them will be like a foolish man who built his house on the sand” (Matthew 7:26) - became starting point for the expressions build/build (something) on sand (arctic fox) and a house built on sand. In the Gospel of Matthew (6.34) there are these words: “... do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will take care of its own things: enough for each day of its work." The last phrase in Church Slavonic sounds like how the evil of the day dominates, which itself has become winged. In addition, this is where the evil of the day originates and turns (“interest of a given day and in general of a given time, exciting society" [Ashukins 1966: 255]).
The phrases widow's mite and making (one's) mite go back to the story of a poor widow who put all her food - two mites - into a sacrifice for the temple (Luke 21. 1-4). N.P. Matveeva mentions the turn of the last mite [Matveeva 1995: 4: 88]. The parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15.11-32) gave the Russian language the expression prodigal son and the return of the prodigal son (this phraseological unit is associated with the name of the painting of the same name by Rembrandt, written on a gospel plot).
The words of Christ in the Gospel of Matthew (6.24) that no one can serve two masters: God and mammon, exist in modern language in the form of four phraseological units: serve two masters, serve God and mammon, serve mammon, servant of two masters. We also noted cases of controversial etymology of some expressions, but these will be discussed further when characterizing phraseological collections.
2.2 Semantic identity of New Testament phraseological units with the original texts.
Among the phraseological phrases that directly or indirectly go back to the New Testament texts, there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than that which was in the original. In this case, two types of such phraseological units can be distinguished.
Phraseologisms used in the New Testament in their literal meaning and reinterpreted later by Bible readers.
So, for example, Old Slavonicism pitch darkness meant “outer darkness” (a synonym for hell). Now this expression means “endless darkness.” The phraseological unit gnashing of teeth ("furious malice") in the Gospel text had the meaning of "gnashing of teeth from hellish torment." Both of these expressions go back to the Gospel of Matthew (8.12), where we read: “But the sons of the kingdom will be driven out into outer darkness; they will weep and gnash their teeth.”
Other interesting expression The waiting movements of water originate from the Gospel of John (5.2-4). It tells about the pool of Bethesda in Jerusalem, where the sick were healed: “Now there is in Jerusalem at the Sheep Gate a pool, called in Hebrew Bethesda [i.e., the house of mercy], in which there were five covered passages; in them lay a great multitude of the sick, the blind, the lame, the withered, waiting [waiting] for the movement of the water; for the Angel of the Lord from time to time went into the pool and troubled the water, and whoever entered it first when the water was troubled was healed, no matter what disease he was possessed by.” This expression became part of Russian phraseology with the meaning of “expecting improved health,” and later came to mean “expecting action in general.”
A well-known phraseological unit from the evil one comes from the Gospel of Matthew (5.37), where the words of Christ to the disciples are given: “But let your word be: yes, yes; no, no; and whatever more than this is from the evil one” (i.e. “from the devil"). In modern Russian, this expression means “superfluous, unnecessary, something that can cause harm.”
Phraseological phrase poor in spirit - shining example enantiosemy in modern phraseology. In the Sermon on the Mount, Christ taught: “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew 5.3). This phrase meant that the poor in spirit “is a person who is ready to courageously endure temptations and trials, persecution and ridicule for the sake of what he loves more than anything in the world. This is a person who is ready with his whole life - and joy, and pain, and boldness, and by obedience, and by heart, and by mind - to serve the Light" (Deacon Andrei Kuraev. Who is poor in spirit // Work 1997.-April 10). In modern Russian, this phrase often means “people who are poor in mind, deprived of spiritual interests” [Ashukins 1966:458].
A rather frequent phraseological unit not of this world is mentioned in the Gospel of John (18.33 - 36) in the literal sense. To Pilate’s question to Christ whether he is the king of the Jews, Jesus replies: “My kingdom is not of this world; if my kingdom were of this world, then my servants would fight for me, so that I would not be handed over to the Jews; but now is my kingdom not from here." Like most texts in the Bible, this one is subject to different interpretations. On the one hand, Jesus says that they do not honor him here, because they betrayed him, but at the same time, he means, we must assume, another kingdom - “the kingdom of heaven.” However, in modern Russian this expression means a person “detached from real life, not adapted to life; dreamer" [Matveeva 1995: 6: 87].
The phraseological turn of the cornerstone initially goes back to the book of the prophet Isaiah (28.16), but we still consider it New Testamentism, since it is in the New Testament that this expression acquires special power and significance; it is constantly indicated in both the Four Gospels and other books. So, for example, in 1 Peter it says: “For it is written in the Scripture: Behold, I lay in Seon a corner stone, chosen and precious; and whoever believes in Him will not be put to shame” (2.6). And in the Epistle to the Ephesians, the Apostle Paul says: “...having Jesus Christ himself as the chief cornerstone, in whom the whole building, being fitted together, grows into a holy temple of the Lord, in which you also are being built into a habitation of God by the Spirit (2.20-22). Thus, the expression cornerstone has a double meaning in the New Testament: “a stone placed at the foundation of a building becomes a symbol of Jesus Christ.” In modern usage, this phraseological unit means “the foundation, the main idea of something” [Ashukiny 1966: 340].
A similar fate befell the expression abomination of desolation, now let go, no stone will be left unturned, etc. We will not cover in detail the etymology of all these phraseological units here; it can be found in special collections and dictionaries.
"Perspectives already used allegorically in the Bible, as phraseological units.
Such phrases include the expression many are called, few are chosen. It is repeated twice in the Gospel of Matthew. One parable talks about payment for work in a vineyard. When one of the employees expressed dissatisfaction. That he was paid the same as those who worked less than him, the owner said in response: “Take what you have and go; I want to give this last one the same as you; don’t I have the power to do what I want with mine? Or is your eye envious?” because I'm kind? So they will last ones first, and the first are last; For many are called, but few are chosen" (20.14-16).
The second plot is connected with the parable of the king's wedding feast. Jesus tells how guests were invited to the feast, but they did not come: “Then he [the king] said to his servants: The wedding feast is ready, but those who were invited were not worthy; therefore, go to the crossroads and invite everyone you find to the wedding feast ". When the king saw one man in bad clothes among those who came, he became angry and ordered him to be executed, saying: “He who has tied his hands and feet, take him and throw him into outer darkness: there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth; For many are called, but few chosen" (22.8-9, 13-14).
Similar to this phraseological unit, the phrase salt of the earth, used by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount in relation to His disciples and other believers who act according to the commandments of God, migrated into the Russian language from the New Testament (Matt. 5.13). In the Sermon on the Mount, the expression “the left hand does not know what the right hand is doing” (Matthew 6.3) is also found as a symbol of secret almsgiving. True, now this phraseological unit is used when they want to emphasize someone’s illogicality in actions.
The expression “do not throw pearls before swine” is borrowed from the Sermon on the Mount. phraseological turn throw beads (in front of someone), going back to the words of Christ: “Do not give what is holy to dogs and do not throw your pearls (or beads) before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces.” (Matt. 7.6), which mean “do not waste words with people who cannot understand them, who do not want to appreciate their meaning.”
There are also such words of Christ in the New Testament: do not pour new wine into old wineskins (in the text - old ones), used immediately as an aphorism with the meaning “you cannot create anything new without breaking with the old” [Ashukins 1966: 435]. The complete phrase goes like this: “Nor do they put new wine into old wineskins; otherwise the bottles burst, and the wine flows out, and the wineskins are lost, but new wine is poured into new bottles, and both are preserved.” (Matt. 9.17, Mark 2.22, Luke 5.37-38).
The stones cry out allegorically in the Bible to separate the sheep from the goats; he reaps where he did not sow; ringing copper; clanking cymbal and others.
In general, we can conclude that the Russian language actively borrows expressions from the Bible, regardless of whether they are used in a literal or metaphorical sense. The consciousness of the Russian person accepts them in ready-made form or rethinks them, giving them new meanings. We have already mentioned some cases of such rethinking. Other examples can be given.
Thus, the phraseological unit lesser brothers, according to the words of Christ (Matthew 25.40), has long been understood as “people of low social status, disadvantaged” [Ashukins 1966: 386]. However, now, thanks to Sergei Yesenin, who wrote the famous lines “And the beast, like our smaller brothers, Never hit us on the head,” this phrase has acquired the meaning of “beasts, animals in general, for which people are responsible.” Such semantics has already found official confirmation in new dictionaries, and if N.P. Matveeva mentions both meanings, then in the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language for Schoolchildren” only the last meaning is indicated with reference to Yesenin, and not to the Gospel.
The reasons for changes in the initial turnover value can be different, sometimes curious. Thus, in the New Testament, in the Epistle of James (1.17) it is said: “Every good work and every perfect gift is not from above, coming down from the Father of lights...”. In place of the word good in the Old Church Slavonic version there is the word good, i.e. short adjective in the function of definition in postposition to the noun act. The general meaning of the phrase is: “everything good in the world comes from God.” In the Russian language, a truncation of the phrase occurred, and the short adjective good began to be perceived as a noun in the function of a predicate, because two grammatical forms coincided. As a result, the phraseological unit “every action is good” was formed with the meaning: “everything that is not given (is done) is good.”
For whatever reasons there may be a change in the original meaning of one or another New Testament, all this is evidence of the life of the language, its dynamics and development.
2.3 Phraseologisms of biblical origin in modern Russian.
Scientists conditionally divide the phraseological units of biblical origin that interest us into three groups.
"Phraseological units borrowed from the Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic) version of the New Testament: the hungry and thirsty (for truth), flesh and blood, those in power, at the forefront, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the stumbling block, daily bread. Bible text on Church Slavonic language appeared since the introduction of Christianity in Rus' and is still used in Orthodox worship.
"Phraseological units from the Russian text of the Bible: throw a stone; whoever takes the sword with the sword will perish; what is Caesar's to Caesar; with the measure you use, it will be measured to you; whoever is not with Me is against Me; judge not, lest you be judged; salt of the earth. Like We remember that the books of the Holy Scriptures were translated into Russian in the 19th century under Metropolitan Philaret (Drozdov).Some of the phraseological units of this group replaced the previously known Church Slavonic ones.
"Phraseological phrases that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations by reinterpreting them: prodigal son; beam in the eye; make (your) mite; wolf in sheep's clothing; massacre of infants; bear (your) cross; there is no prophet in his own country ; build on the sand; Judas's kiss; the secret becomes clear; bury (your) talent (in the ground).
For example, the expression to bury a talent in the ground came into our speech from the biblical parable about a certain slave who, having received a talent from his master (the ancient Jews called the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he used his talent for, the slave replied: “Master! I knew you that you are a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and, being afraid, you went and hid your talent in earth; here is yours!
In modern language, the word “talent” has acquired a new meaning: “talent, abilities,” and the expression “to bury talent in the ground” now means “to leave abilities unused, not to develop, not to apply them.”
There are phraseological units used in the New Testament in their literal meaning and reinterpreted later by Bible readers. So, for example, in Church Slavonic, pitch darkness meant hell, the underworld. Now this expression is used in the meaning of “complete, hopeless darkness, ignorance, painful life.”
Among the phraseological phrases that go back to biblical texts, there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than that which was in the original. Such phraseological units include: the topic of the day, the root of evil, Babel, the talk of the town, etc.
There is a group of phraseological units that are already used allegorically in the Bible, as phraseological expressions. For example, from the Sermon on the Mount the expression “do not throw pearls before swine” and the phraseological phrase “throw pearls (in front of someone)” were borrowed, going back to the words of Christ: “Do not give what is holy to dogs and do not throw your pearls (colourful beads) before swine, lest they trample it under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces,” which means “do not waste words with people who cannot understand them and do not want to appreciate their meaning.”
It should be noted that phraseology is one of the most “conservative”, slowly changing subsystems of the language. In phraseology they are preserved much longer outdated words, archaic forms and constructions than, for example, in vocabulary.
Very serious changes occurred in the language in the 20th century. Before the revolution, God's law was compulsory subject, The Holy Scriptures were read and studied by everyone. After 1917, the state became atheistic, and persecution of the Orthodox Church began. The Bible was no longer published, spiritual books were banned. New generations of Russian people, not knowing the biblical texts, did not use in their speech many of the turns and expressions known earlier. Part biblical phraseological units outdated, out of use: to do the will of the sender, original sin, Egyptian plagues, seeking hail, happy as Enoch, verbosity, etc.
Chapter 3. Dictionary of Phraseological Phrases (see appendix).
Conclusion
Orthodoxy has left a strong imprint on Russian culture. The Russian language has retained a vast layer of biblical phraseology. However for a long time The Russian reader was cut off from direct contact with the Holy Scriptures. It is unfortunate that people often use biblical expressions without exact knowledge about their meaning. Apparently, the modern reader needs to become more familiar with the text of the Bible for a better understanding and perception of biblicalisms associated with entire biblical stories, as well as for a deeper understanding of ancient Russian and Russian classical literature. In this situation, the creation of a dictionary of biblical phraseology, the beginning of which we have already made, becomes more relevant than ever.
While working on the project, we learned a lot about the origin of phraseological units that are often used in our everyday speech. After all, it is very important to know the history of our language, otherwise we will lose that “thread” that connects the past and the future, which shows all the wealth of the Russian people!
In general, we can conclude that the Russian language actively borrows biblical phraseological units from the Holy Scriptures, more often by reinterpreting them.
I believe that all the goals of the work have been achieved. We wanted to show all the beauty of our speech and the significance of the Bible on the “shelf of Russian and world culture.”
Bibliography:
1. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1966. - 607 p.
2. Bible. Books of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. - Mikkeli, 1993. - 537 p.
3. Vartanyan E.A. From the life of words. - M.: Detgiz, 1960. - 240 p.
4. Vereshchagin E.M. Biblical element of the Russian language: Russian speech,
Presentation
About the Fourth Beatitude
“Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied” (Matthew 5:6)
At first glance, it may seem that Christ praises the hungry (Church Slavonic “to hunger” means “to experience hunger”). But the Gospel repeatedly testifies: Christ Himself ate and drank and even made wine from water (see John 2:1-11). Moreover, Christ’s participation in meals was so open that some said about Him: “Here is a man who loves to eat and drink wine, a friend of tax collectors and sinners” (Matthew 11:19).
It turns out that Christ Himself did not strive to become hungry and thirsty, but called others to this. And even more strange are the words of Christ that feeding the hungry and giving drink to the thirsty is one of the greatest virtues: “For I was hungry, and you gave me food; I was thirsty, and you gave Me something to drink... Then the righteous will answer Him: Lord! when did we see you hungry and feed you? Or to the thirsty and gave them something to drink? And the King will answer them: “Truly I say to you, just as you did it to one of the least of these brothers of Mine, you did it to Me” (Matthew 25: 35, 37, 40). Or perhaps the beatitude in question has a different meaning?
The center of the fourth beatitude is the word “truth.” Those who hunger and thirst for the fourth commandment are those who seek righteousness without wanting anything in return. A hungry person first of all wants to satisfy his hunger and thirst; he is unlikely to be interested in anything else. Believers must strive first of all for truth.
But what is truth - honesty, justice or something else? Perhaps Christ wants believers to be sincere, truthful people? This is very useful quality for any person, not only for believers. But still we are talking about something a little different. The word “truth” means righteousness (this is how the original Greek can be translated). This means that those who hunger and thirst for righteousness are those who seek righteousness and want to be satisfied with righteousness. Hunger and thirst are constant companions of man. How many times a day do we eat and drink? The same is true in spiritual life. You cannot get enough of righteousness once. The desire for righteousness should always accompany the believer.
The great missionary, the Apostle Paul, spoke best about righteousness: “I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for Him I have suffered the loss of all things, and count them but dung, that I may gain
Christ and be found in Him, not having your own righteousness, which comes from the law, but that which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness that is from God by faith” (Phil. 3:8, 9). The Apostle Paul wanted only one thing - to be with Christ. These are the hunger and thirst that we hear about in the Beatitudes.
The Gospel of Matthew contains a story about the temptation of Christ by the devil. Before going out to preach, Jesus Christ stays in the desert for forty days, observing fasting. And so the tempter comes to Him and says: “If You are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread. He answered and said to him, “It is written: Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God” (Matthew 4:3, 4). Righteousness is what becomes content human life. Eat famous saying: “We are our desires.” These words have no place in the Gospel. Because at the very beginning of the Gospel, Christ shows that man lives not only to satisfy his desires. Christ suffers hunger, but rejects temptation. And then Christ endures suffering and death, but restores life to everyone. Therefore, the only possible truth and righteousness is life with Christ and becoming like Him.
The gospel is a call to feel our dependence on God, dependence on righteousness. This call runs like a red thread through all the bliss. See your poverty before God, mourn your sins, become meek, hunger and thirst for the righteousness of God. The righteousness of God becomes the only criterion or measure of our lives. If we consider the expression: “Everyone has their own truth” to be correct, then where to look for this truth and how then to distinguish sin from virtue? If for us the truth is enclosed within the narrow framework of personal interests (after all, this is precisely where the temptation lies: “Say, and the stones will become bread,” and even earlier the tempting serpent offered the first people: “Eat the fruit, and you will be like gods” (see Gen. 3: 1-5)), then we are already doomed to slavery to our own flesh. But God calls us, reminding us that we do not gain by bread alone. real life.
But what kind of satisfaction does Christ promise to those who hunger and thirst for righteousness? The psalmist exclaims: “Those who seek the Lord do not lack any good thing” (Ps. 33:10). And the Lord asks a question, to which He Himself answers: “Is there such a person among you who, when his son asks him for bread, would give him a stone? and when he asks for a fish, would you give him a snake? If you, then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good things to those who ask Him” (Matthew 7:9-11).
Christ compares God to a father of a family, who is always ready to take care of his children, even if he himself is evil or dishonest. This does not mean that God is also angry and dishonest. It’s just that even if sinners love their children, then God loves us even more and is ready to share everything with us. Just as Christ shared with man even death itself. The only question is, how often do we ourselves seek the truth that the Gospel constantly calls us to search for? You can't be righteous on a schedule. You cannot answer Christ: “My working day as a righteous man has ended for today.” Christianity is not a job, a hobby or a club of interests. Christianity is life. Life with God. All our needs find meaning only in God. It is very convenient to believe that God is somewhere far away and has nothing to do with me personally. It is much more difficult to feel God here and now. Because this obliges us to seek Him, to strive for Him. But “The Kingdom of Heaven is taken by force, and those who use force take it away” (Matthew 11:12).
Newspaper "Saratov Panorama" No. 46 (974)
The article presents some biblical phraseological units - both well-known ones and those whose meanings cannot be explained by everyone. The Bible is certainly one of the greatest books of all time. Its comprehension is an endless process that has been going on for many centuries. Today there are many schools whose representatives study this book and explain its contents.
The Bible as a literary monument
It must be said that the Bible is not only the banner of Christianity, “holy scripture”, a set of rules of life. It is also a historical record and a great monument of literature. Bible (its ancient greek text) translated into Old Church Slavonic was known to our distant ancestors. The modern reader gets acquainted with the text in the Russian translation. However, both Russian and Old Church Slavonic variants are sources of stable combinations and aphorisms of the modern language.
Mythological and biblical phraseological units have firmly entered our lives. Today in the Russian language there are more than 200 set expressions that are associated with the text holy book Christian. Many biblical phraseological units were borrowed mainly from the Gospel. The adoration of the Magi, the parables of foolish and wise virgins, the prodigal son, the beheading of St. John the Baptist, the kiss of Judas, the denial of Peter, the resurrection of Christ - this is not a complete list of fragments from the main holy book of Christians that are used in everyday use. Biblical phraseological units associated with these subjects are widespread; and their meaning and origin are known even to people far from religion. After all, these stories were rethought by many writers, poets, artists, directors, etc. They left a big mark on world culture.
Let's look at some biblical phraseological units. You will learn what the meaning and origin of each of them is.
throw beads
Biblical phraseological units, examples of which are presented in the article, are used not only in oral speech. They are often referred to by quotes from the works of writers and poets, and sometimes by the names of the works themselves. For example, one of Hermann Hesse's novels - This work was first published in 1943, and in 1946 the author received the Nobel Prize for it and other achievements in literature.
Surely the title of the novel evokes in you an association with the expression “throwing pearls.” It means “to pay attention to unworthy people, to humiliate yourself.” If you express your innermost feelings and thoughts to those who are not able to appreciate, accept and understand them. The origin of this phraseological unit is biblical. We meet it in the Gospel of Matthew, when it talks about Christ’s conversations with his followers. In the Sermon on the Mount, which is considered the “program” in Christianity, it is said that you should not give “holy things to dogs,” and you should not throw pearls in front of swine, otherwise they will trample them under their feet and tear you to pieces.
You may ask: “Why beads and not pearls?” The fact is that small river pearls were called beads in Rus'. Our ancestors mined it in the northern rivers. After some time, beads began to be called any small bone, glass and metal beads that were used for embroidery. Pearls were drilled, then strung on threads and used to decorate clothing. This is how another expression (not biblical) appeared - “a pattern sewn with beads.”
To contribute
This is what they say, in particular, about a person who has taken an active part in any business. This expression is evangelical in origin. One of the parables talks about a poor widow who put in only 2 small coins while collecting donations. The word for coins in Greek is mites. Despite the apparent modesty, her donation turned out to be more important and greater than many rich gifts. After all, it was made from pure heart. The one who makes his contribution to the common cause is the one who, without committing noticeable and grandiose actions to everyone, acts honestly and sincerely.
Other biblical phraseological units are also very interesting. The examples and their meaning will certainly interest many. We invite you to get acquainted with another expression.
Voice in the wilderness
From ancient times this expression came to us, denoting calls that were in vain and remained unanswered. The Bible talks about the prophet Isaiah. He cried out to the Israelites from the desert, warning them that God was coming, so they needed to prepare the way for him. His words were then repeated by John the Baptist. He said them just before Jesus Christ arrived to him. In the Bible, therefore, this expression had a slightly different meaning than it does now. It was a call to heed the voice of truth, to listen.
People don't do this often. Therefore, over time, the emphasis in circulation began to be placed on the futility and hopelessness of the call addressed to someone.
Antediluvian times
In Russian there are many expressions to denote prehistoric, ancient times: V time immemorial, under King Pea, a long time ago, during it. One more thing comes from the Bible - in antediluvian times.
Of course, we are talking about the flood that God, angry with people, sent to the earth. The abyss of heaven opened up and it began to rain. It lasted for 40 days and 40 nights, as the Bible says. The land was flooded up to the highest mountains. Only Noah and his family managed to escape. This righteous man, by order of God, built Noah's Ark - a special ship, where he placed all the birds and animals in pairs. After the flood ended, the earth was repopulated from them.
Bury your talent in the ground
This expression is used when talking about a person who does not develop natural abilities. He neglects what he is gifted with. Did you know that the word “talent” in this expression originally meant a monetary unit?
The Gospel parable talks about how one man, going to distant countries, distributed the money to his slaves. He gave one of them 5 talents, another 3, and the last only one talent. Returning from a trip, this man called his slaves and asked them to tell how they disposed of the gifts. It turned out that the first and second made a profit by investing their talents in the business. And the third slave simply buried him in the ground. Of course, he saved the money, but did not increase it. Is it worth talking about who was condemned and whom the owner praised?
Today this expression reminds us that we should use talents and gifts and reveal them. They should not perish within us without bearing fruit.
We have already examined 5 biblical phraseological units. Let's move on to the next one.
Egyptian plagues
This expression is also found in the Bible when it tells how the Egyptian pharaoh for a long time did not agree to grant freedom to the people who lived as slaves in his country. According to legend, God was angry with him for this. He sent 10 severe punishments, successively falling on the Nile country. In Old Church Slavonic, “punishments” are “executions.” They were as follows: the transformation of the Nile water into blood, the invasion of Egypt by toads and various reptiles, a lot of midges, the arrival of “dog” flies (especially evil), the death of livestock, a terrible epidemic that covered the entire population with abscesses, hail, which was interrupted by fiery showers. What followed was darkness that lasted for many days, the death of the firstborn, not only among people, but also among livestock. The pharaoh, frightened by these disasters, allowed the enslaved people to leave Egypt. Today, “Egyptian execution” refers to any torment or severe disaster.
Manna from heaven
In modern Russian there is another interesting expression - wait like manna from heaven. It means waiting passionately and for a long time, while hoping only for a miracle. Indeed, manna from heaven turned out to be a miracle. Thanks to her whole people was saved from hunger.
The Bible says that the famine occurred while the Jews were wandering in the desert for many years. People would have been doomed to death if manna from heaven had not suddenly begun to fall from heaven. What is it? It resembled modern semolina. The latter was named so in memory of the manna that was given to the chosen people by God.
However, scientists have now established that there is an edible lichen in the desert. When it ripens, it cracks and then rolls into balls. Many nomadic tribes used this lichen for food. The wind probably brought these edible balls, which were described in a legend from the Bible. Despite this explanation, the expression “manna from heaven” still means miraculous help, unexpected luck.
We continue to describe biblical phraseological units and their meanings. The origin of the next one is no less interesting.
Burning bush
Most likely, this beautiful image was borrowed by our ancestors from Hebrew legends. In the Bible, the “burning bush” is a thorn bush that burned without burning, since God himself appeared to Moses in its flame. Today we rarely use this image. One of the options for its use is when you need to portray a person who is “burning” in any task (for example, at work), but does not lose strength, becomes more and more active and cheerful.
Thirty pieces of silver
Judas Iscariot is considered the most despicable traitor in history. He was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. This man betrayed the teacher for only 30 pieces of silver, that is, for 30 silver coins. That is why such an expression in our time is understood as “the price of blood”, “the price of betrayal”. Many other allegorical words and phraseological units of biblical origin are based on this same legend. The very name "Judas" is used to denote a traitor. And the “kiss of Judas” refers to the concept of treacherous affection, hypocritical and insidious flattery.
These biblical phraseological units and their meanings have long been used in fiction. When Saltykov-Shchedrin, a famous Russian satirist, endowed one of his characters, Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, with all sorts of negative traits - a predator, a hypocrite, a saint, a talker, a torturer, etc. - it was clear that the prototype of this hero was Judas Iscariot. It is no coincidence that Golovlev was nicknamed Judas by his own brothers.
There is an opinion that the phrase “shakes like a leaf” is associated with stories about this biblical character. Repenting, the traitor hanged himself on the branch of this particular tree. So it was desecrated. Now the aspen is supposedly destined to tremble forever.
From Pontius to Pilate
This expression is one of many ancient ones based on an error. According to legend, when Jesus was captured and put on trial, neither Herod (the king of the Jews) nor Pontius Pilate (the Roman governor) wanted to take responsibility for the execution. Several times they directed Jesus to each other under different pretexts. One could put it this way: Christ was “pursued from Herod to Pilate.” However, our ancestors were confused by the fact that Pontius Pilate seemed to be the names of two Romans, although such names were quite natural. There were such historical characters, like Julius Caesar, Septimius Severus, Sergius Catilica. In the heads of our ancestors, Pilate was divided into 2 people - “Pilate” and “Pontius”. And then the story itself was mixed up. This is how the idea emerged that Christ was transferred “from Pontius to Pilate.” Today, these words act as a mocking definition of red tape, when people are driven from boss to boss, instead of solving the matter.
doubting Thomas
We have already described 10 phraseological units of biblical origin. Many of those that we have not talked about are worthy of attention, but only a few can be presented in one article. The following expression simply cannot be missed - it is widely used, and its origin is very interesting.
Very often you hear the phrase: “Oh, you unbelieving Thomas!” It has become so familiar that we sometimes don’t pay any attention to it when we say it ourselves or hear it from someone. Have you ever wondered where it came from? Do you know who Thomas is? It is believed that we are talking about one of the 12 apostles whom Jesus Christ chose for himself. Foma stood out because he was distrustful of everything and everyone.
However, there is not one, but two original versions of the origin of this expression. The first of them appeared in ancient Jerusalem even before Jesus chose Thomas as his apostle.
Thomas had a brother named Andrei. One day he saw Jesus walking on water and told Thomas about it. As a future apostle, he did not believe him. Then Andrew invited him to go with him and ask Jesus to walk on the water again. They went to Christ. He repeated his miracle. Foma had no choice but to admit that he was wrong. It was from this time that he began to be called Thomas the Unbeliever.
The second version is considered more significant. After the crucifixion of Jesus and his subsequent resurrection, as stated in the Bible, Thomas was not present when Christ appeared to the apostles. They met him and told him what had happened. However, Thomas did not believe it. He said he wouldn't believe it until he saw the nail wounds on Jesus' hands and put his finger into those wounds. The second time, when the Savior appeared before his apostles in the presence of Thomas, Christ invited him to do this. You probably guessed that Thomas then believed in the resurrection.
The meaning of biblical phraseological units
Of course, these are not all biblical phraseological units. There are a great many of them, we talked about only a few of them. Phraseologisms of biblical origin, as you can see, are still widely used in the language. And this is not surprising, because the Bible is one of the most important books in the history of mankind. She greatly influenced the development of many areas of life. Language was not left out either. It includes numerous phraseological units of biblical origin. Examples and their meaning are still studied by linguists. And writers and poets draw inspiration from biblical stories. For example, a collection that includes poems about revolution and war is called “The Burning Bush.”
Lermontov Mikhail, Gogol Nikolai, Chekhov Anton, Dostoevsky Fyodor, Pushkin Alexander... Mythological and biblical phraseological units are found in the works of each of them. There is probably no Russian writer in whose works one cannot find a single biblical phrase.
What other phraseological units of biblical origin do you know? You can leave examples of them in the comments to this article.
Research work
Experience with a dictionary of biblical phraseological units
Scientific supervisor: Matsenova N.V.,
teacher of Russian language and literature
INTRODUCTION
Topic of this scientific work I chose, of course, not by chance. I have been studying at the Orthodox gymnasium “Sofia” since the first grade. We study the Law of God, the Church Slavonic language, and the foundations of Orthodox culture. We become familiar with the texts of the books of Holy Scripture not only in lessons, but also during Orthodox services, since most liturgical texts are quotations from the Bible.
This school year, for the first time, we talked about phraseology, the study of stable phrases that are integral in their meaning. Only three lessons were devoted to this topic. But in this short time I realized that this topic- one of the most interesting in the Russian language.
Biblical phraseological units seemed especially interesting to me, because sometimes we do not even realize that some phrase or expression was taken from the Bible, where it could have a completely different meaning.
I was also struck by the fact that a separate, independent dictionary of biblical phraseological units does not exist. And large phraseological dictionaries do not always provide comprehensive etymological information about the origin of this or that biblical phraseological unit. Therefore, I set myself the task: based on existing phraseological dictionaries, to compile a small dictionary of phraseological units and catchphrases biblical origin.
Such a dictionary can become a serious tool for conducting Russian language lessons and etymological circle classes. Using this vocabulary material, you can prepare tasks for the school tour of the Russian and Church Slavonic language olympiads.
EXPERIENCE OF A DICTIONARY OF BIBLE PHRASEOLOGISTS.
Phraseologisms as a linguistic phenomenon.
We can express our thoughts with ready-made combinations of words, verbal formulas, or phraseological units. Phraseological turnover - is a reproducible unit of two or more stressed words, integral in its meaning and stable in its composition and structure.
Phraseologisms can often be replaced with one less expressive word. Beat your head- to idle, Nick down- remember, rub glasses- deceive.
The meaning of a phraseological unit is most often not direct, but allegorical. For example: down in the mouth- having a sad look, and ends in water - hide all traces of the unseemly deed; like a fish in water- in one’s own environment, freely, at ease; muddy the waters- confuse others, deliberately create confusion in any issue.
The degree of semantic indecomposability and changeability of parts in different phraseological units is different. Therefore, linguists often group phraseological units based on the cohesion of words within expressions. Based on this principle, we can conditionally divide all phraseological units into four groups.
Phraseological combinations - in which one of the words is used only in combination with a certain narrow circle of other words, for example, the expression biting frost, get into your head. The peculiarity of such combinations is the easy replaceability of the components included in it. rare words others. Really, biting frost without prejudice to the meaning, it is replaced by words severe frost , get into your head - get stuck in your head.
Phraseological unities - they are so complete stable combinations, in which individual words have not yet lost their direct meanings, but which together acquire a figurative meaning.
« Hold your pocket wider", for example, two centuries ago was used in its literal meaning. A pocket was a bag or bag that was worn over clothing. If necessary, they could be opened, “kept wider.” Now we remember these pockets when we want to say: “Well, wait! So I filled your wide open “pockets”!
Phraseological unities are figurative expressions, which arose on the basis of once free phrases. They represent a closer union of words than phraseological combinations.
Phraseological adhesions - ossified, frozen, cemented, indissoluble, unchangeable, unmotivated semantic units. Phraseologisms of this category are also called “vitamins of speech”, “highlights of language”, “remarkable anomalies”, absolutely untranslatable into other languages. For example: goof, Like, let's face it, sit in a puddle.
Phraseological fusions in their mass are idiomatic expressions ,or simply idioms . Idiomatic expressions - indecomposable phrases characteristic only of a given language, the meaning of which does not coincide with the meaning of the words that make them up.
Word idiocy- of Greek origin. It meant “strangeness, incomprehensibility.” Idiocy How did a linguistic term come into being? European languages, including in Russian, but then it was replaced by the word idiom.
We are speaking: how to give something to drink- meaning: “surely, certainly” or “simply, without any effort.” You can endlessly puzzle over the phrase goof and you will never find the origins of an idiom that has the meaning: “to find yourself in an unenviable position, to make a mistake” if you do not familiarize yourself with the history of crafts. Prosak is a machine on which ropes were twisted. A careless movement could pull a worker into the machine and lead to injury.
Phraseological expressions - phraseological units that are qualitatively different from the three previous types. In such phrases, each word has a free meaning, and all together they appear before us as ready-made complete sentences. The role of phraseological expressions is folk proverbs, aphorisms, sayings - all those ready-made speech formulas that contain completeness of the phrase, edification, statement, conclusion. Such expressions include: a rolling stone gathers no moss; No matter how you feed the wolf, he keeps looking into the forest; like a dog in the manger: it doesn’t eat itself and doesn’t give it to the cattle.
It is true what they say: you cannot properly master a language without studying its phraseology. But something else is also undeniable: it is impossible to properly master phraseology without understanding where and how this or that phraseological unit appeared in the language, what its pedigree is and what its meaning is.
The Bible is one of the sources of phraseological units.
Scientists have not yet developed a common view on how to classify certain groups of phraseological units, how one group differs from another, or on what principle to study them. And this is understandable, because there are a lot of all kinds of difficulties and subtleties in the study of set expressions.
All phraseological wealth used in speech can be considered in the aspect: “one’s own” and “someone else’s”. That is, what was created by the Russian people, Russian literature and what was created by the creativity of other peoples, other literatures. Then we call “ours”, for example, such turns as written on the water with a pitchfork; seventh water on jelly; better bread and water than cake with disaster; without water - neither here nor there...
Many of these phraseological units have come into use from professional speech. For example: to beat one's head, to get into trouble, to sharpen one's lasses, to pull the ropes- from the speech of artisans.
A number of expressions that arose from ancient greek myths, ancient literature, folklore and included in the fund of many languages of the world, we consider international: Augean stables, Achilles' heel, scales of Themis (myths of Ancient Greece); catching a fish in troubled waters (based on one of Aesop's fables).
A huge layer in the phraseological system of the modern Russian language is biblical phraseology. Bible - this is the Book of books, Holy Scripture, the Word of God addressed to people; a grandiose historical chronicle of humanity, an outstanding monument of world literature.
More than two hundred stable combinations and aphorisms from the Bible are known in our language. Some of them have come into use so actively that we sometimes don’t even think or notice that these expressions are of biblical origin.
There are many phraseological dictionaries, but separate dictionary There are no biblical phraseological units. I decided to compile such a dictionary, using mainly the “Historical and Etymological Directory” published by St. Petersburg University in 1998. There are 182 phraseological units in my dictionary.
The dictionary entry in my dictionary is structured this way:
1) the keyword of the phraseological expression;
2) the phraseological expression itself;
3) the meaning of phraseology
4) marks: obsolete, archaic, bookish, high, humorous, ironic, etc.;
5) etymological certificate.
IV. Dictionary of biblical phraseological units.
Lamb :
Lamb of God - outdated book or iron. A meek, timid, harmless person.
The expression is associated with the biblical legend of Abraham’s slaughter of the “lamb of God.” The Lamb (lamb) is a type of Christ, giving Himself to be voluntarily slaughtered for the sins of the world.
Adam :
Old Adam - outdated book About a person who must be spiritually renewed, freed from old habits and views.
The expression goes back to the Epistles of the Apostle Paul to the Romans, Ephesians, Colossians, where it means “a sinful person, burdened with the burden of views and habits accumulated over a long life, from which he must free himself.”
From Adam - outdated, often joking. or iron. From ancient times, from ancient times; from the very beginning.
The phraseological unit is based on the biblical idea of Adam as the most ancient man on earth, created by God “with his own hands.”
Acrids:
Eating locusts [and wild honey] - outdated, book. Living from hand to mouth, malnutrition, enduring extreme hardships and hardships.
The phraseology goes back to the Gospel text about John the Baptist, who, leading a hermit’s life in the desert, “ate locusts and wild honey.” Akrids (from Greek akris) - “edible locust” or “bush leaves.”
Hungering :
Hungering and Thirsty - book. About people who passionately want something. The expression entered the literary language from the Gospel: “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied.” (Matt. 5:3-12; Luke 6:20-23). It is used ironically and in the literal sense - “about people experiencing hunger and thirst.”
Harlot:
Whore of Babylon - bookish, unapproved An extremely depraved, dissolute woman.
The text is about the city of Babylon, full of temptations. (Gen. 11, 1-9).
Babylon:
New Babylon - more often published, unapproved. About a gigantic, crowded industrial city.
The prominence of Babylon, established in biblical texts, made it in many languages a symbol of crowds, confusion, disorder and depravity. Any huge, rich and noisy city is called New Babylon when they want to point out not only its beauty and splendor, but also everything terrible that happens in it every day.
Camel:
It's easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle - bookish, sometimes humorous. About the complete impossibility of comprehending or doing anything.
The expression is Old Slavonic, part of a biblical saying. It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven (Matt. 19:24; Luke 18:25). Originally in the saying eye of a needle did not mean a hole in the needle, but a narrow gate of one of the outposts of Jerusalem, through which it was impossible or almost impossible for a camel to pass. The expression must be understood literally. Metaphorically meaningful, it meant and means the impossibility of pushing something large through a small hole, then the impossibility of doing anything at all.
Will:
Do the will of the sender - outdated book Carry out the instructions of the person who sent smb. anywhere.
Expressions from the Gospel (John 4:34).
Your will (yours) - as you want, as you please.
The expression is from Old Church Slavonic, with original value"about the will, the desire of God." From the Gospel, followed by rethinking: “Thy will be done.”
This is the will of God (God's, Lord's) - outdated book About smb. happened regardless of anyone else. wishes, plans, calculations.
An expression from the Bible (Rom. 12:2).
Resurrection:
Resurrection (resurrection) of Saint Lazarus - outdated book or joke. 1. Recovery after a serious and long-term illness. 2. Renewal, restoration of smth. old, long forgotten. Lazarus is a friend of Jesus Christ who lived in Bethany with his sisters Martha and Mary. Resurrected by Christ on the fourth day after death (John 11).
Eye:
To see a knot in someone else's [but not to notice a log in your own]; spot in the eye - whose, who is unapproved. Noticing small flaws in other people without seeing your own, much larger ones. (Matt. 7:1-5).
Voice:
The voice of one crying (crying) in the wilderness - book. A call that remains unanswered.
The prophet Isaiah represents a messenger who calls from the desert to the Israelites to prepare the way to God: to make “straight... in the desert the paths of our God.” But the prophet’s call was not heard and remained “the voice of one crying in the wilderness” (Is. 40: 3).
Calvary:
Go/go to Golgotha - book. high To follow the path of torment, suffering (usually for a just, just cause).
Path to Golgotha - book. high A life path associated with martyrdom and suffering (usually for a just, just cause).
Head:
Bow (bow) your head - book. Find somewhere refuge, refuge, refuge.
The expression is borrowed from the Gospel text, where it meant “to find shelter for oneself” (Matthew 8:20; Luke 9:58).
Raise/raise (raise/raise) your voice - resolutely oppose someone or something, directly express your negative opinion about someone or something.
Mountain:
Move/move mountains (collapse/collapse) - About someone's. opportunities and abilities to do big, large-scale things.
The expression arose on the basis of the saying: “Faith moves mountains,” which goes back to the Gospel text (Matthew 17:20), which says that a person with faith can command a mountain to move from one place to another, and this will happen.
Grief:
Woe from mind - book. About the misunderstanding of an intelligent and independent personality by mediocre people and the troubles associated with this.
Possibly inspired by a biblical saying. “In much wisdom there is much sorrow” - from Ecclesiastes.
Throat:
Get up / stand up (become / become) across the throat - disapproved What? It’s very disturbing, it’s extremely boring.
The turnover is probably associated with the biblical story of Adam and Eve eating the apple of the forbidden tree of the knowledge of good and evil. A piece of apple got stuck in Adam's throat. Wed. Adam's apple - Adam's apple.
Mister:
Serve two masters - bookish, unapproved Work, act, pleasing two opposing sides.
The expression is a biblical phrase (Matthew 6:24): “No one can serve two masters: either he will hate one and love the other; or he will be zealous for one and neglectful of the other.” You cannot serve God and mammon (wealth).
Hail:
Seekers of the city - archaic book high People searching best forms life, social justice.
The expression is from the Gospel text: “For we do not have a permanent city here, but we seek the one to come” (Heb. 13, 14). The coming hail in the Gospel means the “Kingdom of Heaven.”
Sin:
Original sin - outdated, book. The basic, original sin from which all others come.
Original sin is (according to Judeo-Christian religious teaching) the sin that the “first people” Adam and Eve committed in paradise, having tasted the fruit forbidden by God from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
Mortal sin - book. A big, irreparable vice, an unforgivable offense.
The expression goes back to the Bible (I John, 5, 16-17).
Sins youth - joking. Mistakes and delusions of youth, which are not always pleasant to remember in adulthood.
The reverse is from the Bible: “Do not remember the sins of my youth and my crimes...” (Ps. 24:7), or inspired by biblical texts.
Coffin :
Coffins drowned - outdated, bookish, contemptible 1.What? insignificant, hypocritical, hiding behind external splendor. 2. A person whose appearance hides something that causes disgust.
An expression from the Gospel (Matthew 23:27), where hypocrites are likened to those who have been melted, that is, painted with lime (v. wow“lime”) to coffins, (painted in the Russian translation) which seem beautiful on the outside, “but inside are full of the bones of the dead and all uncleanness.”
Breast:
Beat (stab) yourself in the chest - sometimes ironic. Passionately assert the sincerity of what was said or done, your honesty.
An expression from the Bible that describes the customs of self-torture on the occasion of the death of kings or relatives in ancient times.
Coming:
Who are you coming? - archaic book or joke. In what direction are you moving and developing?
An expression from the Church Slavonic text of the Bible, where the phrase literally means “Where are you going?” Also quoted in Latin: Quo vadis? The turn became famous thanks to the title of the Russian translation of the novel by the Polish writer G. Sienkiewicz (1894 - 1896).
Gift :
God's gift - book. Talent, talent, innate abilities.
The expression is a re-arrangement of the Art.-Sl. gift from God.
Giving :
Every gift is good - 1. Book. high Any charitable deed is useful and noble. 2. Joke. Something is better than nothing; You should rejoice at any gift from fate.
Sl.-sl. giving - “offering”, “gift”, benefit - “good” (cf. good “good”). The saying is from the Epistle of the Apostle James (1, 17). The phrase belongs to the active phraseological composition of the language, despite the presence of an archaic component.
Case :
Rest from the deeds (labors) of the righteous - bookish, sometimes humorous.
God, having created the world in six days, on the seventh day “rested from all his work” (Gen. 2:3).
Tree :
Eat/taste from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil - book. 1.Acquire knowledge, comprehend the meaning of various phenomena. 2. Find out something important and forbidden, learn something previously hidden.
The expression arose from the biblical text about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil growing in paradise, the fruits of which were forbidden to Adam and Eve by God. Anyone who tasted them would become omniscient, like God, and would know what good and evil are. In Russian, this expression is from Old Church Slavonic, as evidenced by the forms of the words taste and tree.
Spirit :
Give up/give up the ghost - die.
The expression is associated with the idea of God creating man by “breathing” the breath of life into him. When he dies, the breath leaves him in the same way.
Poor in spirit - book. disapproved 1. About humble people, devoid of pride and self-esteem. 2. About people who are poor in mind and devoid of spiritual interests.
The expression is Old Slavonic, borrowed from the Gospel (Matthew 5:3; Luke 6:20), where it characterizes humble people devoid of pride.
Enoch :
Happy like Enoch - book. archaic About a very happy, blissful person.
The comparison is based on the biblical text about the righteous Enoch, whom God took to heaven for his piety (cf. I. Sir. 49, 16; Heb. 11, 5; Gen. 5, 24).
Victim:
Evening sacrifice - book. outdated disapproved About people of questionable behavior posing as oppressed innocence.
The expression is words from the Bible: “Let my prayer be directed like incense before your face“The lifting of my hands is like the evening sacrifice” (Ps. 140:2).
To sacrifice - to whom; to what. To sacrifice something to someone, to deprive oneself of something because of someone.
Phraseologism of biblical origin. After the Lord sent flies to the lands of the Egyptian Pharaoh, the latter asked Moses and Aaron to “bring a sacrifice to your God.”
Sacrifice to Molech [who, what] - book. outdated To give to a cruel, inexorable force that requires human sacrifice, someone, something very dear.
The phraseological unit arose on the basis of the biblical image of the bloodthirsty god of the Canaanites (Phoenicians) - a copper idol with a bull's head, to which human sacrifices were made (Lev. 18, 31; 20, 2; 4 Kings 23, 10). The image of Moloch is often found in Russian literature of the early 20th century. (for example, in the story “Moloch” by A.I. Kuprin).
Misconception :
Mislead/mislead someone - to create a misconception, to disorient someone.
The expression is a phrase from the Bible: “He [Jesus] said: Take heed that you are not deceived, for many will come in My name, saying that I am He; and that time is near: do not follow them” (Luke 21:8).
Rear :
Contemplate the rear; be worthy of contemplating the rear - outdated book iron. 1.Don't see true face anything; to know something without foundation. 2. About the extreme degree of self-humiliation, about groveling before the “powers of the world.”
According to ancient Jewish law, people had to fall on their faces when Jehovah (the Jewish God) appeared to them. Those who allowed themselves to look at Jehovah were stricken with death. Only Moses was allowed by Jehovah to contemplate the “behind”: “Behold my back” (Ex. 33:20-23). Hence the figurative meaning of the phrase - “not to see the true face of something.”
Earth :
Promised land - book. high approved 1. A place where someone passionately dreams and strives to go. 2. The object of passionate desires, aspirations, hopes, etc. 3. A place where contentment, abundance, and happiness reign.
The expression is from the Bible, denoting the promised (vs. promised) land of Palestine, where God, fulfilling his promise, brought the descendants of Abraham - the Jews from Egypt, where they languished in captivity. God told Moses that he would bring the Jews to “a good and spacious land, flowing with milk and honey” (Ex. 3, 8 and 17). Palestine is called the Promised Land in the Epistle to the Hebrews (11:9).
Malice :
The topic of the day - often published What is especially important at this time, relevant, what interests and worries everyone in this moment; the subject of heated debate.
The phrase goes back to the saying from the Church Slavonic text of the Gospel - “His malice is sufficient for the day,” where malice means “care.” In the second half of the 19th century. adj. appeared in Russian. topical, formed from the combination of topical, i.e., “concerns of the day.” The expression is an inaccurate translation from ancient Greek. The original Greek text in the Gospel (Matthew 6:34). It was translated into the Old Slavonic language as follows: “His evil is sufficient for the day” (lit. “For a given day, its troubles, difficulties, worries are sufficient”). In the canonical Russian text of the Gospel this passage is translated more accurately: “Enough for every day of your care.” The word “malice” is not in this translation. Those who like to show off quotes in Old Church Slavonic coined the expression “the topic of the day” at first, most likely in a humorous sense. Then it became persistent with the redefinition of the word “malice.” However, nowadays in the press “topics of the day” are much more common, rather than “topic of the day,” although adj. the topicality remains the same.
Serpent :
Wise[e] serpents and meek[e] as doves - outdated book disapproved About wise, insightful and kindly meek people.
To the ancient Jews, for reasons that are no longer too clear to us, the serpent, i.e. the snake seems to be a model of wisdom, and even the all-seeing and omniscient Satan himself was embodied in the serpent (see serpent tempter). Matthew 10 literally says, “without falsehood, like doves.”
Serpent-tempter - book. disapproved or joke-iron. About a person who seduces with something illegal, forbidden.
That is why Satan, the devil, began to be called the tempter, the tempting serpent.
The Omen :
Sign (sign) of the times - book. or publ. high 1. A social phenomenon, especially characteristic, typical for a given time. 2. An event or phenomenon that leaves its mark on all events of a given period.
The expression is borrowed from the Bible (Matthew 16: 1,4). Sl.-sl. Sign - "sign".
Tooth:
Tooth for tooth - simple. Without any concessions to each other in squabbles, quarrels, bickering, fights.
The reverse is from the biblical saying: “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot, a burning sensation for a burning sensation, a wound for a wound, harm for harm; just as he caused damage to a person’s body, so it should be done to him.” (Ex. 21, 24; Lev. 24, 30).
Beating :
Massacre of the innocents - book. 1. Brutal massacres of defenseless, inexperienced and the like people, the use of strict measures against many. 2. Joke. About strict measures in relation to someone.
King Herod of Judea, having heard about the birth of Christ (Messiah) from the Magi, was frightened and ordered the extermination of all boys under two years old in the city of Bethlehem and its environs, in order to kill among them the future “King of the Jews.”
Search:
Seek and you will find -archaic, bookish. To find, you need to search hard. (Matt. 7:7). Church Slavonic you will find- second person plural form. numbers from verbs obryashti (cf. Find) - “to find.”
Judas:
Judas the traitor - bookish, contemptuous About the traitor.
The expression arose from the Gospel story about the betrayal of one of the twelve disciples of Jesus - Judas Iscariot (Matthew 25: 48-49). Judas sold his teacher to the Jewish high priests for 30 pieces of silver.
Iota:
Not one iota - book. Absolutely not at all, without any deviations from anything.
The expression goes back to the Gospel saying (Matthew 5:18): “Not one jot, not one tittle will pass (that is, disappear) from the law until everything is fulfilled.” Iota is not only the name of a letter in the Greek alphabet, but also the name of the thin line under lowercase vowels that was used to distinguish the meanings of these sounds. The omission of this dash does not matter for pronunciation, but indicates some grammatical forms and is not allowed according to the rules. Hence the meaning of “something extremely small, insignificant.” The Gospel saying says that even the slightest changes in the law (i.e., in the religious instructions of Moses) are not permissible: not only the text cannot be changed, but even one line in it.
Execution:
Egyptian executions -obsolete book disapproved About extremely severe disasters, torments, misfortunes.
From the biblical story about how God, as punishment for Pharaoh’s refusal to release the Jewish people, sent ten severe punishments (executions) to Egypt: the waters of the Nile turned into blood, the death of livestock began, terrible epidemics, etc. (Ex. 7-12) .
Stone:
Throw/throw (throw/throw, throw/throw, launch/launch) the first stone in whom - book. disapproved Discuss someone, accuse someone of something.
Stoning (i.e., throwing someone to the point of severe injury or death) was one of the types of public execution of condemned people in Ancient Judea. The expression goes back to the Gospel (John 8:7). Jesus said to the scribes and Pharisees who brought to him a woman caught in adultery: “He who is without sin among you, let him be the first to throw a stone at her.”
Give (give/serve) a stone instead of bread - outdated book disapproved Instead of a genuine good deed, get rid of someone seeking help with something unnecessary, superfluous (about callous, heartless people).
The expression goes back to biblical story(Matthew 7:9): “Is there such a person among you who, when his son asks him for bread, would give him a stone (allegorically about God’s mercy”).
stumbling block - book. A serious hindrance, obstacle, difficulty encountered when doing something.
The expression is borrowed from the Bible (Is. 8, 14, etc.). According to legend, the stumbling block is a stone that was laid by God in Zion. Unbelievers and people who did not want to keep the laws stumbled (that is, stumbled) over it.
Foundation stone [of what] - bookish. 1. Foundation, foundation of something. 2. The basis, the main idea of something.
“I lay in Zion a stone, a tested stone, a cornerstone, firmly established” (Isa. 28:16).
The stones will cry out - outdated book disapproved About something terrible, outrageous, causing indignation.
The expression is taken from the Gospel of Luke. This is part of Jesus’ answer to the Pharisees’ requests to prohibit the disciples from singing praises at Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem: “...if they remain silent, the stones will cry out” (Luke 19:40).
Leave no stone unturned - destroy, destroy something to the ground, without a trace.
Christ predicted the destruction of Jerusalem, circling his magnificent buildings with his hand and saying: “Do you see these great buildings? All this will be destroyed so that not one stone will be left on another."
Stoned whom - outdated book To strongly reproach, persecute, or punish someone.
The expression is often used in the Old Testament. In biblical times, stoning was a form of execution for people who had committed serious offenses.
Caesar:
What is Caesar's to Caesar [and what is God's to God (and what is God's to God)] [give (render)] - book. Let everyone be rewarded and paid according to his merits, position in society, according to rank.
“Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto the Gods the things that are God's” (Matthew 22:15-21). Those sent to Jesus by the Pharisees asked him whether it was permissible to pay taxes to Caesar. Jesus, pointing to the image of Caesar and the inscription on the denarius, said: “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”
Cymbal:
Clanking cymbal (sounding) - book. archaic contempt About pompous, solemn-sounding and loud phrases, behind which there is empty and fruitless content.
From the first letter of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians: “If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but do not have love, then I am a sounding gossamer and a sounding cymbal” (1 Cor. 13:1). Cymbal (or dulcimer) - ancient musical instrument a type of modern kettledrum (see beating a timpani), consisting of hollow copper hemispheres that were struck against each other. In Judea, cymbals that made loud ringing sounds were used during worship.
The ark:
Ark of the Covenant (revelation) ) - book. archaic Something sacred, inviolable; shrine, repository of something treasured, sanctuary.
In the Bible, the Ark of the Covenant is a box made at God's command, where the tablets on which the law of God was inscribed were kept. In the Orthodox Church, the ark is on the throne along with the cross and the Gospel and serves to store spare holy gifts.
Noah's Ark; ark of salvation - 1. Joking-iron. About a house or other room filled with many people, crowded with them. 2. Book. high Means of salvation.
The expression is associated with the biblical story about the global flood, from which the righteous Noah was saved with his family and animals, since God taught him in advance to build an ark, i.e. vessel. “Bring also into the ark [of every livestock and of every creeping thing and] of every living creature and of every flesh two by two” (Gen. 6, 19; 6 and 7).
Goat:
Scapegoat (atonement) - obsolete. rarely. often disapproved About a person who is blamed for the mistakes, misdeeds, sins of others (often innocent of them).
The biblical expression (Lev. 16, 21-22; 16, 9-10) arose on the basis of a special ritual that existed among the ancient Jews: transferring the sins of the entire people onto a live goat. In atonement for sin, it was necessary to sacrifice a ram (ram) and two goats. The ram was burned, and one of the goats was slaughtered “as a sin offering,” and its blood was sprinkled on the lid of the ark. All the sins of the Jewish people and all their iniquities were transferred to the second goat with a special prayer. On the day of atonement, the high priest laid both hands on the head of a living goat as a sign of placing on it all the sins of the Jewish people, after which the goat was sent into the desert, “so that he would bear their iniquities into an impenetrable land” (Lev. 16:9-10). At the moment of the ritual of such absolution, all those present were considered cleansed.
Knee:
Kneel/kneel(kneel) before whom, what - book. high 1. Submit, humble yourself, recognize someone’s power over you. 2. Treat someone or something with respect, reverence, recognize the greatness and dignity of someone or something.
(Acts 9:40; Acts 11:5) In the Bible this verb phrase has a direct meaning: its metaphorization and, accordingly, phraseologization occurred in the Russian language.
Root:
Root of Evil - book. The basis of any vice, misfortune, source of evil.
A fragment of the Bible text (Job 19, 28), borrowed by the Russian literary language from Old Slavonic, into which the books of the Holy Scripture were previously translated. Fragment of the Bible text (1 Tim. 6:10): “It is as if the root of evil was found in me. For the love of money is the root of all evil, to which some have abandoned the faith and subjected themselves to many sorrows.”
Bone:
Bone from bone and flesh from flesh whom, whose - book. 1. Origin, the brainchild of someone, something. 2.About someone's blood relationship with someone. 3. About someone’s ideological kinship with someone or something.
The expression goes back to the biblical story of the creation of woman, according to which God took out a rib from sleeping Adam and created Eve (Genesis 2, 21-23). Adam, waking up and seeing Eve, said: “This is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh.”
Costume:
[Walk] in the costume of Adam (Eve) - joking. or iron. About a naked, naked man wearing nothing.
The expression arose on the basis of biblical legends about life in paradise, where Adam and Eve walked without clothes and were not ashamed.
Cross :
Bear (accept) your cross - book. high Patiently endure suffering, adversity, and come to terms with your sad fate.
(John 19, 17; Matt. 10, 38; Luke 14, 27).
Idol :
Do not make yourself an idol - last book You should not create a deity, an idol out of anyone or anything.
The second commandment of Moses, requiring believers not to create any false gods (Exodus 20:4). Idol - “pagan god, idol.”
Kupina :
Burning bush - outdated book high Something indestructible, imperishable, eternal.
Biblical expression burning bush literally means “fireproof bush.” In the flames of this thorn bush, God himself appeared to Moses (Ex. 3:2).
Lazarus :
Lazarus (Lazarus) sing (draw, sing) - disapproved iron. Become poor, cry, trying to pity, beg for something.
Expression poor like Lazarus, sick like Lazarus, pretend to be Lazarus, sing Lazarus go back to the name of the gospel beggar - Lazarus (Hebrew El "azar "helper of God"). Weak from hunger, sick with leprosy, Lazarus lay at the gate of the rich man, begging in vain for alms. He refused him even the remnants of food that fell from his overflowing table. But after death, the rich man ended up in hell, and Lazarus in heaven (Luke 16:19-25). In Rus', the spiritual verse about Lazarus was a favorite song of wandering beggars.
Mite :
Widow's Mite - outdated jokey-iron A modest donation made from the heart.
Mite - a small copper coin in Ancient Greece. The source of the circulation is the Gospel parable about a poor widow who, while collecting donations in the temple, gave everything she had: her last two mite coins.
Contribute/contribute to something - book. approved Make your own, albeit small, feasible contribution to the common cause; take part in something useful.
The expression is actually Russian.
Face:
Regardless (despite) faces [criticize, tell the truth] - regardless of official or social position, authority of someone (criticize, tell the truth).
An expression from the Bible, where the idea of the need to act without partiality, without subservience to superiors is found in many places (Deut. 1, 17; Matt. 22, 16; Mark 12, 14, etc.). The popularity of the expression in the Russian language was facilitated by G.R. Derzhavin’s poem “To Rulers and Judges” (1787), the content of which is taken from 81 Psalms.
Forehead :
Copper forehead - bran. About a stubborn, stupid, limited person.
The expression is a tracing paper from French. front d'airain (from the 19th century), dating back to the Bible, which describes a statue of an image with a copper forehead: “I knew that you [the house of Jacob] are stubborn, and that in your neck there are iron veins, and your forehead is copper” ( Isaiah 48:4).
Lot :
Righteous Lot - book. outdated The only virtuous person in a bad society.
Connected with the story of the Jewish cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (see Sodom and Gomorrah), destroyed by God for the sins of their inhabitants. Only the righteous Lot survived.
Sly :
[The rest] is from the evil one - often jokingly ironic. About something unnecessary, incorrect, harmful.
Jesus, having forbidden swearing by heaven, earth, or the head of the swearer, said: “But let your word be: yea, yea; no no; and what is more than this is from the evil one” (Matthew 5:37). From the evil one - letters. "from the devil."
Moon :
Nothing lasts forever under the moon (under the sun) - book. Everything that is happening now, no matter how new it may seem, has already happened on earth; everything is changeable, perishable, transitory.
A saying from the Bible (Eccl. 1:4-7; cf. 1:11).
Magdalene:
Penitent Magdalene - book. iron. About someone who compassionately repents of his misdeeds.
An expression from the Gospel, where Mary Magdalene (i.e. from the city of Magdala) was healed by Jesus, who cast out “seven demons” from her, and repented of her depraved life, becoming one of his faithful followers (Mark 16:9; Luke. 7, 37-48; John 11).
Manna :
Manna from heaven; manna in the desert - about something valuable, rare.
Manna is the food that God sent every morning to the Jews for forty years in the desert when they went to the Promised Land (Ex. 16: 14-16, 31).
to eat manna from heaven - joking. Eat as you need and what you need.
Wait like manna from heaven - wait very much, with great impatience.
Copper:
Ringing copper - book. 1. Something big and loud, but essentially empty and barren. 2. About lush, but little content words.
An expression from the first letter of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians (13: 1): “If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but do not have love, then I am a ringing brass and a sounding cymbal.”
Measure:
Measure with the same measure - book. To repay, to pay in kind.
From the Bible (Chapter I of the Third Book of Moses).
Place:
Hot spot - humorous - ironic. and outdated A place where they drink, play, and indulge in debauchery.
Actually, a Russian expression that arose on the basis of a funeral prayer: “Rest the soul of your servant in a brighter place, in a greener place, in a calmer place.” The word cereal is a derivative of the noun. cereal - in the Old Church Slavonic language it meant “rich in vegetation, abounding in cereals; satisfying". The combination of a green place “resting place of the righteous” is also found in the Bible (Ps. 23:2).
Sword:
Those who took the sword - they will die by the sword - the one who started a dangerous undertaking will be responsible for its consequences. From the Gospel (Matthew 26:52).
Sheathe the sword - outdated Stop the hostility. Expression from the Gospel (John 18:11).
Double-Edged Sword - outdated About who can be used in two ways, also to the detriment of the initiator of the action.
The expression is found in some places in the Bible (Ps. 149:6; Proverbs 5:4; Heb. 4:12).
Beat swords into ploughshares - high. Give up military actions and intentions, and engage in peaceful work.
An expression from the Bible, from the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, who predicted that the time would come when the nations “will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.” Plowshares are a form of wine. plural case numbers of other Russian noun plowshare "plow", formed from the verb. orati "plow".
Little finger:
Not worth a little finger whose someone is insignificant compared to someone else.
Probably from the ancient ritual traditions and rituals of some peoples, in which little fingers or other fingers were cut off. May go back to the Bible.
Grace:
By God's grace - about real, innate talent; about a person who is fluent in any activity.
Tracing paper from Lat. Dei gratia, biblical quote: “I, according to the grace given to me by God, like a wise builder, laid a foundation, and another stands on it” (1 Cor. 3:10). Initially, this formula, emphasizing divine origin power, used in the title of monarch. The use of this phrase in a figurative meaning - “natural”, “real”, “true” - has been found in Russian literary language since the beginning of the 20th century.
World:
Not of this world - about a person extremely unadapted to life, about a dreamer, a dreamer; about a strange, naive, trusting person.
From the Gospel of John: “My kingdom is not of this world” (John 18:36). From the Old Church Slavonic language. Sey - “this one”. This is the old form of the genus. case unit numbers indicate places This - this is used instead of the modern form of this.
Powers that be - outdated or iron. About people occupying a high social position. From the Gospel (Matthew 26:52). From Psalm 109: “Do not trust in the princes and the mighty of this world.”
With peace - without punishment, peacefully (let go, leave, leave, etc.).
From the Gospel text - the words with which Christ addressed the harlot.
Peacemaker:
Blessed are the peacemakers - outdated high About people who managed to try someone on.
Words of Jesus (Matt. 5:9). In Church Slavonic bliss.
Mleko:
Boil with milk and honey - outdated To abound in something.
Goes back to the Bible. God promised the prophet Moses to lead the people of Israel out of Egypt and bring them “to a land boiling with milk and honey.”
Polyverbalism:
There is no salvation in verbosity - outdated book Empty verbosity is useless.
The expression goes back to the Gospel: “And when you pray, do not say too much, like the pagans, for they think that in their many words they will be heard” (Matthew 6:7).
Nudity:
Cover nakedness - to disguise the wretchedness of thoughts or arguments.
From the Bible, the First Book of Moses.
Nazareth:
Can anything good come from Nazareth? - a contemptuous remark about people from whom nothing useful can be expected.
The words of one of the future twelve apostles, Nathanael, with which he greeted the news of the appearance of the Messiah in the person of Jesus of Nazareth (John 1:45-46).
Sheep:
Separating the sheep from the goats - outdated Separate the good from the bad, the necessary, useful from the unnecessary, harmful.
Expression from the Gospel (Matthew 25:31-33).
Lost sheep (lamb) - about a person who has gone astray from the right path.
An expression from the Gospel parable about a man who had a flock of sheep. When one sheep got lost and disappeared, the owner went in search of him, since every animal from his flock was dear to him. He found a lamb and brought it home on his shoulders (Matthew 18:12; Luke 15:4-6).
Fire:
Go [through] fire [and] water [and copper pipes] - 1. Experience a lot in life, become experienced. 2. Have a complex, faulty past, become a scoundrel.3. Be lung woman behavior.
The phrase goes back to the biblical motives for trials: “We entered fire and water, and you brought us out to freedom” (Ps. 65:12; Isa. 43:2).
Donkey:
Balaam's donkey - 1. Book. A submissive, silent person who unexpectedly protested or expressed his opinion. 2. Bran. Stupid, stubborn woman.
Goes back to the Bible (Num. 22, 27-28). The prophet Balaam rode his donkey to the Moabite king to curse the people of Israel. Suddenly, an angel with a drawn sword blocked the donkey’s path, and she began to turn aside. Balaam, who did not see the angel, began to beat the donkey. Then she protested in a human voice.
Base:
Destroy to the ground - completely destroy.
From a biblical expression destroy to the ground(Sir.).
Let off:
Now letting go - outdated About achieving something long-awaited.
From the Gospel story (Luke 2:25-32) about Simeon, one of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, who was predicted that he would not die until he saw Jesus Christ. Simeon spoke the words now letting go when I saw the baby Jesus in the temple.
Spawn:
Hamovo spawn - simple. bran. About a rude, ill-mannered person.
Goes back to the Bible (Gen. 9, 21-27), Canaan, the son of Ham, the grandson of Noah, was cursed by Noah for disrespect towards him.
Veil:
It's like scales have fallen from my eyes from whom - Someone suddenly learned the truth, realized that he was mistaken.
Biblical expression.
Ash:
Sprinkle ashes on your head - book. Indulge in extreme grief, sadness on the occasion of any loss, disaster, etc.
The expression goes back to the Bible (Job 2:12; Esther 4:1), where it describes ancient custom Jews sprinkle ashes or earth on their heads during mourning or about any misfortune.
Finger:
Finger of God - outdated book Something mysterious, mystical, predetermining the actions, behavior, fate of someone.
As punishment for Pharaoh's refusal to free the Jews from captivity, God subjected Egypt to severe tests: he turned water into blood, sent toads, midges, etc. Seeing the midges, the wise men said to Pharaoh: “This is the finger of God” (Ex. 8:19).
Put your fingers into the ulcers - outdated book Without trusting others, you can verify something yourself through experience.
The Apostle Thomas, when they told him about the resurrection of the crucified Christ, said that he would not believe until he himself put his finger into the wounds from the nails (John 20: 24-29).
Song:
Song of Songs - book. The pinnacle of creativity of any author, a wonderful work.
“Song of Songs” is the name of one of the parts of the Bible, written, according to legend, by King Solomon. The high poetic merits of this book, glorifying love, made its title a catchphrase.
Sand :
Build on sand [house, building] - disapproved In your plans and reasoning, rely on insufficiently reliable and verified data.
From the Gospel parable. Christ compares those who listen to the words of his teaching, but do not carry them out, to a foolish man who built “his house on the sand.” The first gusts of wind and rain destroyed the house (Matt. 7:26-27).
Feast:
Belshazzar's feast - book. Feast, fun on the eve of inevitable disaster.
(Dan. 5) During a magnificent feast, a mysterious hand appeared at the Babylonian king Belshazzar’s and wrote on the wall: Mene, tekel, fares. The prophet Daniel explained that the writings predicted the death of the king. That same night Belshazzar was killed, and his kingdom was conquered by Darius.
Cry :
Babylonian cry - book. About intense sadness and longing.
(Ps. 136), which tells about the melancholy of the Jews who were in Babylonian captivity and remembered their homeland with tears.
Tares:
Separating the chaff from the wheat; separate the wheat from the chaff - book. Separate the harmful from the beneficial, the good from the bad.
The parable tells of a man who sowed wheat; At night the enemy came - man - and sowed tares (weeds) among the wheat. When the wheat came up and the tares appeared, the slaves offered to pull them up. But the owner, so that they would not pull out the wheat along with the weeds, ordered to leave everything until the harvest: first pull out the tares and burn them, and then remove the wheat. According to the symbolism of the parable, the tares are the “sons of the evil one,” and the enemy (man) is the “wakeful devil.”
Captivity :
Egyptian captivity; Egyptian captivity - book. About severe captivity.
From the biblical story about difficult situation Jews who were in captivity in Egypt (Ex. 1).
Captivity :
Babylonian captivity - book. About severe captivity.
Goes back to the Bible (Ps. 136), which tells about the difficult life of the Jews in Babylonian captivity.
Fetus :
The Forbidden fruit is sweet] - about something prohibited, inaccessible, and therefore especially tempting and desirable.
Goes back to the biblical story about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the fruits of which God forbade Adam and Eve to pick (Genesis 2: 16-17).
What to eat - book. Take advantage of the results of what has been done and achieved.
Turnover eat the fruit arose directly in the Russian language. Old Russian form of expression - eat from the fruit.
Flesh:
Enter flesh and blood whom, whose - to be firmly adopted by someone.
Goes back to the books of Holy Scripture.
Flesh of the flesh whose - about blood or ideological kinship.
When Adam saw Eve created from his rib, he said: “This is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh” (Genesis 2:21-23). Flesh is obsolete. "the human body".
Pontius:
From Pontius to Pilate [send] - book. disapproved To send someone from one to another without solving the matter or giving an answer.
The captured Jesus was first brought to the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate, who sent him to Herod, who ruled Galilee, where Jesus was a native. Jesus refused to answer Herod and was sent again to Pontius Pilate. The people perceived the names Pontius and Pilate as the names of two different people, the name of Herod dropped out of the presentation.
Sweat :
By the sweat of [one's] brow [to work, to work, to eat one's bread] - with great zeal, tension, making more effort.
Expelling Adam from paradise for his first sin, God told him: “By the sweat of your face you will eat bread” (Gen. 3:19).
Flood :
global flood - about heavy and prolonged rain, flooding, bad weather in general.
Many ancient peoples had legends about terrible flood, which swept the whole world. Greek, Indian, Chinese, Babylonian myths, and records on ancient Assyrian clay tablets have been preserved. The Bible tells that, angry with people, God sent a terrible rain to the earth, which lasted forty days and nights and destroyed all life (Genesis 7: 11-12). Only the righteous Noah was saved, becoming the founder of a new human race.
Soup :
Sell for lentil stew; give primacy to lentil stew - book. disapproved To betray someone, to receive insignificant material reward. (Gen. 25, 31-34).
Returning from a hunt, a hungry Esau asked his younger twin brother Jacob for lentil stew. Jacob agreed, but demanded that Esau give up his birthright to him for this. The hungry Esau promised him this and thereby conceded seniority and a large share of the inheritance to Jacob.
Kiss :
Kiss of Judas; kiss of Judas - A treacherous act, hypocritically covered up by a manifestation of love and friendship.
In the Gospel, Judas is one of the twelve disciples of Jesus who betrayed him. Judas led the guards to the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus was, and said that the one he would kiss was Jesus. For this betrayal he received thirty pieces of silver.
Dust :
Shake off the dust from your feet - book. To break with someone or something forever, to leave indignantly.
Expression from the Gospel: “...If anyone does not receive you and does not listen to your words, then when you leave that house or that city, shake off the dust from your feet” (Matt. 10:14; Mark 6:11; Luke 9, 5; Acts 13, 51).
Transformation :
Transformation of Saul into Paul - book. About a sharp change in someone’s beliefs, views to diametrically opposed ones.
The expression goes back to the biblical story of the Apostle Paul. Initially, Paul (then still going by the name Saul) was a fierce opponent of Christians. He even took part in the murder of one of them, Stefan. But one day, on the way to the city of Damascus, he heard a voice from heaven, reproaching him for the persecution of Christ in the person of his disciples. Shocked, Saul took the name Paul (the word Paulus in Latin means “small”, “insignificant”) and turned into a convinced Christian and preacher of Christianity (Acts 9: 1-22).
Limit :
There's a limit, you can't cross it - outdated book About a line that cannot be crossed.
The expression goes back to the Church Slavonic text of the Bible (Dan. 6, 7-8).
Parable :
Byword - joking. The subject of general conversation, constant gossip, etc.
Expression from the Bible (Deut. 28, 37). Sl.-sl. the talk of the town- this is a form of the local (prepositional) plural case. numbers of nouns a language that meant “people, tribe.” Parable- a short story with a moralizing message. Hence, byword- This is a parable known to all peoples.
Advent :
Second coming -distant future, a time that is unknown when it will come, an indefinitely distant period.
The turnover goes back to the Gospel predictions about the return of Jesus Christ to earth (“Second Coming”) before the end of the world.
Until the Second Coming [wait] - indefinitely.
Prophet :
There is no prophet in his own country - people often do not value the merits of their loved ones and compatriots, giving preference to outside authorities.
The expression goes back to the Gospel (Matthew 13:57; Mark 6:4; Luke 4:24; John 4:44). When Jesus, having become famous for his preaching and miracles, returned to his homeland, he was greeted with incredulity. “There is no prophet without honor, except in his own country,” said the saddened Jesus then.
Path :
God works in mysterious ways - book. It is impossible to predict all the twists of fate, to predetermine the future. (Rom. 11:36).
To lead astray - force someone to retreat from true thoughts, beliefs, push them to do something bad. From the Old Church Slavonic language.
River :
Rivers , flowing with milk and honey - outdated About a rich country; about abundance.
The land flowing with milk and honey, or the promised land, the land of Canaan, promised by God to the prophet Moses for the Israelites.
Belt :
I am not worthy to untie the strap of his boots - book. About someone who is immeasurably worse than anyone else.
A turn of biblical origin (Matt. 1:7; Luke 3:16; John 1:27). This is what John the Baptist said about Jesus Christ.
Solution :
Solomon's solution - book. A wise, although at first glance paradoxical, solution to a complex issue.
Goes back to the biblical story of the court of King Solomon (Lev. 3, 16-28).
Hand :
Wash/wash your hands - disapproved To remove oneself from something, to relieve oneself of responsibility for something.
Among some ancient peoples, judges and prosecutors performed a symbolic ritual as a sign of their impartiality: they washed their hands. Particular importance was attached to this ritual when the judge did not agree with the verdict. By washing his hands, he seemed to absolve himself of responsibility for the decision made. The ritual of washing hands is described in the Bible (Deut. 21:6-7). Wide use The expression “wash your hands” received thanks to the Gospel story, according to which Pilate, forced to agree to the execution of Jesus, washed his hands in front of the crowd and said: “I am innocent of the blood of this righteous man” (Matthew 27:24).
Samaritan :
Virtuous (Good) Samaritan - book. About a person who is always ready to help his neighbor.
The image is borrowed from the parable of Jesus (Luke 10:33-25). Also cited as good Samaritan, good Samaritan.
Samson :
Samson and Delilah - book. The personification of male power and female charms.
Turnover is related to biblical heroes. Samson was distinguished by superhuman strength: he tore a lion to pieces with his bare hands; killed a thousand people with the jawbone of a donkey, etc. At the same time, he was, however, very voluptuous and became a victim of the Philistine Delilah. She found out the secret of his strength, which lay in his hair, and cut his sleepy hair. Thus weakened, Samson was captured by the Philistines, blinded, and became a joke. Hence the allegorical use of the expression in literature: weak woman makes the hero his toy.
Saint :
Holy of holies - about something hidden, secret, cherished, inaccessible to the uninitiated.
The expression comes from the Bible, where holy of holies means the part of the Jerusalem temple where the tablets of the covenant- tables of laws handed down by God himself to the high priest Moses on the heights of Mount Sinai. Only the high priest could enter this part of the temple and only once a year (Exodus 26:33-34).
Grinding :
Gnashing of teeth - book. Rage, anger.
The expression arose from the Gospel description of hellish torment: “... there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Matthew 8:12).
Tablets :
Tablets of History - high. Pages of history; story.
A variant expression of the tablet of the Covenant, borrowed from the Bible (Ex. 32, 15-16). According to the biblical legend, God gave Moses on Mount Sinai stone tiles (tablets) with the Ten Commandments inscribed on them. Hence the turn of the tablet of history.
Mixing (mixing):
[Babylonian] confusion of languages - about confusion, confusion, confusion.
According to the biblical story, the inhabitants of Babylon decided to build a tower “to the sky” in order to immortalize themselves. God, angry at such insolence of people, frustrated their proud plans by confusing their languages, i.e. forcing you to speak many languages instead of one common one, why people stopped understanding each other.
Fig tree :
Barren fig tree - 1. About a childless woman. 2. About someone whose activities are fruitless.
The expression arose from the Gospel story (Matthew 21:19) that Jesus, seeing a fig tree along the road, approached it, but not finding fruit, said: “Let there be no fruit from you forever.” And the fig tree immediately withered.
Under your fig tree - book. About home, a place where you can relax.
The fig tree, which in ancient times abounded in Judea, is often mentioned in the Bible (Lev. 4:25; John 1:48; etc.) The shade of the fig tree was highly valued in the East. The expression that arose from here means “resting place.”
Sodom:
Sodom and Gomorrah - book. About promiscuity, as well as extreme disorder, noise, turmoil.
The expression originated from the biblical text about Sodom and Gomorrah in Ancient Palestine, which, for the sins of their inhabitants, were destroyed by fiery rain and an earthquake (Gen. 19, 24-25).
Srebrenik:
Thirty pieces of silver - book. The price of betrayal.
The expression is based on the Gospel story (Matthew 26:25) about the thirty pieces of silver received by Judas for betraying Jesus.
Glass:
Like a piece of glass - innocent, pure.
The phrase goes back to the biblical text: “Like clear glass.”
Wall:
Walls of Jericho - book. A stronghold falling rapidly.
The expression goes back to the Bible. The Jews, upon leaving Egyptian captivity, were to take the city of Jericho on their way to Palestine. But its walls were so strong that it was impossible to destroy them. However, from the sound of the sacred trumpets, the walls of Jericho fell by themselves, and thanks to this miracle, the city was taken by the Jews (Joshua 6).
Pillar (pillar):
Turn into a pillar of salt (pillar ) - book. To be petrified by horror or surprise.
The Book of Genesis (19) tells that when the righteous Lot left with his family from the city of Sodom, condemned by God for its sins to be destroyed along with Gomorrah, the angel ordered Lot and his family not to look back until they reached the place indicated to him. However, Lotov’s wife could not resist, looked back and immediately turned into a pillar of salt.
Pillar of Fire - bookish, rare. A wonderful sign of omen.
According to the biblical story (Exodus 13:21-22), the pillar of fire is a miraculous sign that appeared to the Jews during their journey in the desert after fleeing Egypt.
Pandemonium:
Babel - joking. A disorderly crowd of people, turmoil, confusion.
The expression originated from the biblical story of an attempt to build a tower in Babylon that was supposed to reach the sky. When the builders began their work, an angry God “confused their language,” they ceased to understand each other and could not continue the construction (Gen. 11: 1-9). Ts.-sl. pandemonium- “the structure of a pillar, tower.”
Stomakh:
For Stomach's sake - joking. For the sake of the stomach.
(1 Tim. 5:23) “From now on, drink more than just water, but drink a little wine for the sake of your stomach (Greek - stomakha) and your frequent ailments.”
A country:
promised land - book. A place where someone passionately desires to go, because it seems to him the embodiment of abundance, contentment, happiness, etc.
Passion:
Passion of the Lord - book. Fear, horror.
“Passion (suffering) of the Lord” - solemn church service on Thursday on Holy Week Great Lent. During this service, passages from the Gospel are read describing the suffering of Jesus Christ.
Fear:
Fear for the sake of the Jews - book. Out of fear of the authorities or any force.
The phrase goes back to the Gospel, to the story of Joseph of Arimathea, who, out of fear of the Jews (in English) fear for the sake of the Jews) hid that he was a disciple of Jesus (John 19:38).
With fear and trembling - book. Feeling afraid, fearful.
An expression found in several places in the Bible (Ps. 2:11; 2 Cor. 7:15; Phil. 2:12).
Court:
Solomon's Judgment; Solomon's court - book. The judgment is wise and swift.
The turnover goes back to the Bible. (3 Kings 3, 16-28).
Judge:
Judge not lest ye be judged - used in relation to people who speak evil of someone.
Quote from the Gospel (Matthew 7:1-2): “Judge not, lest ye be judged. For with whatever judgment you judge, you will be judged; and with the measure you use, it will be measured to you.”
Bustle:
Vanity of vanities and all sorts of vanity - book. About petty worries, about something insignificant, useless and without true value.
The expression is borrowed from the Bible; according to ts.-sl. - vanity of vanities (Eccl. 1, 2).
Doubtful:
Nothing hesitating (doubting) - joking. or iron. Without any doubt, without hesitation.
Expression from the Epistle of the Apostle James (1, 61). Nothing - “not at all”; doubtful - “doubted.”
Son:
Prodigal son - 1. About someone who left his home and then returned. 2. About someone who repented of something after the failures that befell him.
The expression arose from the Gospel parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15:11-32), who squandered the share of the inheritance received from his father, returned to his father in repentance and received forgiveness.
Secret:
This mystery is great - book. About something secret, hidden.
Quote from the Epistle to the Ephesians (5, 32), which is read during the Orthodox wedding ceremony.
Secret:
The secret has become clear - about exposing hidden unseemly cases and facts.
“There is nothing hidden that will not be revealed” (Mark 4:22; Luke 8:17).
Talent:
Bury (bury, bury) the talent in the ground - destroy your abilities without using them.
The expression arose from the Gospel parable about how a certain man, leaving, instructed slaves to guard his estate; He gave one slave five talents, another two, and a third one. (Talent is an ancient monetary unit of account). (Matthew 25:15-30).
Tat:
Like a thief in the night - book. Unexpectedly, suddenly.
The expression goes back to the Church Slavonic text of the 1st letter of the Apostle Paul to the Thessalonians (5, 2). Tat- outdated "thief". Wed. sacrilege- original "theft of church property."
Calf:
Golden (golden) calf - book. The personification of money, wealth; the power of money, gold.
From the biblical story about a calf made of gold, which the Jews, wandering in the desert, worshiped as God (Ex. 32).
Worship the golden calf - book. Strive to accumulate gold and wealth.
During their wanderings through the Arabian desert, the Jews worshiped a calf cast from gold (Ex. 32, 4, 8, 19, 20).
Dark:
Egyptian darkness - book. 1. Hopeless, terrifying darkness. 2. Spiritual darkness, ignorance.
An expression of biblical origin (Ex. 10, 22). The Darkness of Egypt (dense darkness that lasted three days) was one of the ten plagues God used to strike the Egyptians to force Pharaoh to release the Jews from Egypt.
Pitch darkness - book. 1. Complete, hopeless, dense darkness. 2. Spiritual darkness, ignorance.
Thomas:
Thomas the infidel (non-believer) - book. About a person who is difficult to make believe anything.
The turn came from the Gospel. One of the apostles, Thomas, when they told him about the Resurrection of the crucified Christ, declared: “... unless I see in His hands the wounds from the nails, and put my finger into the wounds from the nails, and put my hand into His side, I will not I will believe” (John 20:24-29). Infidel is an unbeliever.
Bread:
[Our] daily bread - a means necessary for existence; the most important, vital.
An expression from a prayer given in the Gospel (Matthew 6:11): “Give us this day our daily bread,” i.e. “Give us this day the bread we need for subsistence.”
Man does not live by bread alone (not by bread alone) - book. A person must take care of satisfying not only material, but also spiritual needs.
The reverse is Old Slavonic. Goes back to the Bible: “Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God” (Deut. 8:3; Matt. 4:4; Luke 4:4).
Abyss:
The abysses of heaven have opened up - joking. About pouring rain.
The expression goes back to the biblical story about the global flood (Genesis 7: 11-12): “All the springs of the deep were broken up, and the abysses of heaven were opened. And there was rain on the earth for fourty days and forty nights,” i.e. “All the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of heaven were opened, and rain fell on the earth for forty days and forty nights.”
Part:
Choose the good part - bookish, often ironic. Make the most beneficial decision for yourself; do something better than others.
The expression is associated with the Gospel story about two sisters, Martha and Mary (Luke 10: 38-42). While Martha was busy with housework, Mary, “choosing the good part,” listened to the teachings of Jesus. The “good part” in the Gospel means concern for the salvation of the soul.
Bowl:
May this cup pass from me - book. Let this grief and misfortune not touch me.
An expression from the Gospel - the words of Jesus, spoken by him during the Gethsemane prayer in anticipation of arrest and upcoming suffering (Matt. 26, 39; Luke 22, 42; Mark 14, 36).
Drink (drink) the cup to the bottom; drink a bitter cup - book. Endure all adversities and difficult trials to the end.
1. The phrase originates from the Bible: “Arise, arise, arise, O Jerusalem, you who have drunk from the hand of the Lord the cup of His wrath to the dregs, you have drunk the cup of drunkenness to the dregs, you have drained it” (Isa. 51:17). 2. The expression is actually Russian. It arose on the basis of the phraseological unit: “Let this cup pass from me.”
loins :
Gird your loins - outdated Prepare for battle.
A biblical phrase meaning "to prepare for battle, to take up arms." Typically used in figuratively. Found many times in the Old Testament.
Language:
Tongue stuck to larynx - someone became numb, fell silent, lost the ability to speak (from fear, confusion, surprise, surprise, etc.).
The expression arose from the c.-sl. Bible text (Ps. 21:16): “My tongue clings to my throat.”
PHRASEOLOGISTS OF BIBLICAL ORIGIN
IN MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.
Scientists conditionally divide the phraseological units of biblical origin that interest us into three groups.
1) Phraseologisms borrowed from Old Church Slavonic (Church Slavonic) New Testament version: those who hunger and thirst (for righteousness), flesh and blood, those in power, the chief of the corner, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the stone of stumbling, the daily bread. The text of the Bible in Church Slavonic appeared since the introduction of Christianity in Rus' and is still used in Orthodox worship.
2) Phraseologisms from Russian Bible text: throw a stone; he who takes sword with sword will perish; what is Caesar's is unto Caesar; With the same measure you use, it will be measured to you; whoever is not with Me is against Me; don't judge, don't you will be judged; salt of the earth. As we remember, the books of Holy Scripture were translated into Russian in the 19th century under Metropolitan Philaret (Drozdov). Some of the phraseological units of this group have replaced the previously known Church Slavonic ones.
3) Phraseological phrases that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations by rethinking them: prodigal son; a log in the eye; to contribute; Wolf in sheep's clothing; massacre of the innocents; bear (one's) cross; there is no prophet in his own country; build on sand; kiss of Judas; the secret becomes apparent; bury (your) talent (in the ground).
For example, the expression bury talent in the ground passed into our speech from the biblical parable about a certain slave who, having received a talent from his master (among the ancient Jews this was the name of the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he used his talent for, the slave replied: “Master! I knew you that you were a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and, being afraid, you went and hid your talent in the ground; here's yours!
In modern language, the word “talent” has acquired a new meaning: “talent, abilities,” and the expression “to bury talent in the ground” now means “to leave abilities unused, not to develop, not to apply them.”
There are phraseological units used in the New Testament literally and rethought later by Bible readers. So, for example, in Church Slavonic pitch darkness meant hell, the underworld. Now this expression is used in the meaning of “complete, hopeless darkness, ignorance, painful life.”
Among the phraseological phrases that go back to biblical texts, there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than that which was in the original. Such phraseological units include: topic of the day, root of evil, pandemonium of Babel, talk of the town and etc.
There is a group of phraseological units already used in the Bible allegorically, as phraseological expressions.
For example, the expression is borrowed from the Sermon on the Mount don't throw pearls before swine and phraseological turnover throw beads(in front of someone), going back to the words of Christ: “Do not give what is holy to dogs and do not throw your pearls (or beads) before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces,” which mean “don’t waste words with people who cannot understand them, who do not want to appreciate their meaning.”
It should be noted that phraseology is one of the most “conservative”, slowly changing subsystems of the language. In phraseology, obsolete words, archaic forms and constructions are preserved much longer than, for example, in vocabulary.
Very serious changes occurred in the language in the 20th century. Before the revolution, the Law of God was a compulsory subject, the Holy Scriptures were read and studied by everyone. After 1917, the state became atheistic, and persecution of the Orthodox Church began. The Bible was no longer published, spiritual books were banned. New generations of Russian people, not knowing the biblical texts, did not use in their speech many of the turns and expressions known earlier. Some biblical phraseological units are outdated and out of use: to do the will of the sender, original sin, kamo is coming, Egyptian plagues, seeking hail, happy as Enoch, many verbs, etc.
CONCLUSION
Results of my work:
1) theoretically studied the topic “phraseologisms as a linguistic phenomenon and their sources”;
2) compiled a dictionary of biblical phraseological units, consisting of 182 phraseological units;
3) analyzed biblical phraseological units from the point of view of their use in speech, grouped them by meaning, and analyzed their figurative meaning.
At first, phraseological units came from the Old Church Slavonic (Church Slavonic) text of the Bible, and then from Russian. The Bible was translated into Russian in the 19th century. In the 20th century, many of the Church Slavonic phraseological units became obsolete and fell out of use.
In general, we can conclude that the Russian language actively borrows biblical phraseological units from the Holy Scriptures, more often by reinterpreting them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Vartanyan E.A. Journey into the word. - M.: “Enlightenment”, 1982 (pp. 147-194).
2) Gvozdorev Yu.A. Language is the confession of the people... - M.: “Enlightenment”, 1993 (pp. 86-123).
3) Kolesov V. History of the Russian language in stories. - M., 1994 (pp. 60-67).
4) Lyustrova Z.N., Skvortsov L.I., Deryagin V.Ya. Conversations about the Russian word. - M., 1978 (pp. 55-76).