The level of language proficiency means the degree of formation of speech skills and abilities. The problem of the level of language proficiency in the methodology acquired particular relevance in the second half of the 20th century in connection with the expansion of international cooperation and the formation of the concept of “Europe without borders,” in which much attention was paid to the dissemination and study of foreign languages in the world.
Since the 1970s. Within the framework of the Council for Cultural Cooperation under the Council of Europe, intensive work was carried out to substantiate the model of foreign language communicative competence and to develop threshold levels for foreign language proficiency on its basis. This work culminated in the adoption of a document entitled “Modern languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" (Strasbourg, 1996). This document (project leader J. Trim), whose recommendations were tested in various European countries until 2000, examined the parameters and criteria for assessing levels of language proficiency and communicative competence as a learning goal, as well as ways to assess it using test technologies. As part of communicative competence, the following types of competencies began to be considered as its components: linguistic, sociolinguistic, discursive, sociocultural, social, strategic.
The system of language proficiency levels underwent some changes during its discussion and in its final form in the document “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” looks as shown in Table. 1.
The developers of threshold levels rightly argued that determining the boundaries between individual levels is quite subjective and individual levels can be divided into sublevels, which, however, in their parameters should not go beyond the boundaries of indicators characterizing the level as a whole.
Table 1. THRESHOLD LEVELS OF LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
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Level A (elementary) |
Level B (free) |
Level B (advanced) |
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A-1 - survival level (Breackthrough) |
B-1 - threshold level (Threshold) |
B-1 - high level (Proficiency) |
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A-2 - sub-threshold level (Waystage) |
B-2 - threshold advanced level (Vantage) |
B-2 - level of perfect language proficiency (Mastery) |
To characterize the levels of language proficiency, a system of descriptors (descriptions) of skills achieved by language learners at each level and their implementation for each type of speech activity was developed.
The description of descriptors and their implementations in relation to the named levels is as follows (Table 2).
And this is what it looks like implementation of level A-2 in four types of speech activity. The student can:
when listening - understand the speech of a native speaker in different types of activities; highlight the meaning and essential details of perceived information in person and over the phone;
when speaking- convey basic factual information to a foreign language interlocutor in person and by telephone; answer the questions posed, observing the rules of etiquette characteristic of the linguistic culture of native speakers; respond adequately and, if necessary, provide information about data relating to the origin, family, education and needs of the speaker; carry out verbal interaction in accordance with the norms of speech behavior accepted in a given society;
while reading- read texts that regulate the daily life of people in the country of the language being studied (menus and signs, routes and road maps, various signs and warnings, schedules and notices, i.e. the information that develops the approximate basis for action in the new sociocultural environment); read texts that provide instructions for performing professional tasks of low level of operational complexity in a well-known area of specialization of the student;
when writing- write proper names, numbers, dates; fill out a simple questionnaire, a form with basic information about yourself; write greeting cards to a foreign colleague for holidays celebrated in the country of the language being studied; compose a personal letter (about yourself, your family, interests, etc.), using the basic rules for its design based on a sample.
table 2
DESCRIPTORS FOR DIFFERENT LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEVELS
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A-1. Understands and can use familiar phrases and expressions in speech that are necessary to perform specific speech tasks. Can introduce himself (introduce others), ask questions (answer questions) about his place of residence, acquaintances, property. Can engage in simple conversation if the other person speaks slowly and clearly and is willing to help A-2. Understands individual sentences and frequently occurring expressions related to the main areas of life (for example, information about yourself and your family members, purchases, getting a job, etc.). Can perform tasks involving simple exchange of information on familiar or everyday topics. In simple terms he can tell about himself, his family and friends, describe the main aspects of everyday life |
B-1. Understands the main ideas of a clear message delivered at an average pace by native speakers on various topics well known from work, study, leisure time, etc. Can communicate in most situations that arise while staying in the country of the target language. Can compose a coherent message on known or interesting topics. Can convey impressions of events, justify their opinions and plans for the future. B-2. Understands the general content of texts on various topics, including those in the specialty. Speaks quickly enough at the average pace of native speakers and spontaneously, which ensures the ability to communicate with native speakers without much difficulty for either party. Can give a clear, detailed message on a variety of topics and present his/her view of an issue, showing the advantages and disadvantages of different opinions |
IN 1. Understands the content of large texts, different in subject matter, recognizes their meaning at the level of meaning. Speaks spontaneously at the pace of native speakers, without experiencing difficulties in choosing linguistic means. Uses language flexibly and effectively to communicate in scientific and professional activities. Can create an accurate, detailed, well-constructed message on any topic, demonstrating mastery of text organization models and means of connecting its elements. AT 2. Understands any oral or written message and can compose a coherent text based on various sources. Speaks spontaneously, at pace, with a high degree of accuracy, emphasizing nuances of meaning in various communication situations. |
A - basic language proficiency; B - free; B - perfect.
At the same time, the developers of the “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” rightly argued that a precise definition of descriptors and their implementations for each level of language proficiency should be created as educational institutions in the countries participating in the project gain experience.
The language proficiency scale has become widespread due to its suitability for all foreign languages; focus on practical language acquisition due to the activity-based approach to teaching; reflecting the interests of various professional and age groups of students.
Communicative tasks that students can solve using the target language at each stage of learning (functions);
Areas, topics, communication situations within which such problems are solved, i.e. the subject-content side of communication was determined (context/content);
The degree of linguistic and extralinguistic correctness of solving assigned communicative tasks (accuracy).
The success of students’ advancement from one level to another depends on a number of circumstances, among which the following are of paramount importance:
1. the complexity of the language of learning from the point of view of its “ease-difficulty”. As you know, according to the degree of complexity, languages are usually divided into four groups (from ease to difficulty): first - Italian, Spanish; the second - English, French, German; third - Russian, Finnish, Modern Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Hebrew, Turkish; fourth - Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean (i.e. hieroglyphic languages);
2. the number of hours allocated to learning the language; 3. the student’s ability to master the language.
To reach the threshold level, according to many observations, about 1500 teaching hours are required.
UNIVERSAL SCALE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEVELS
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1st level: elementary Survival level Students of 5th - 6th grades of secondary school [A-2] 2nd level: basic Pre-threshold level Waystage level Students of 7th - 9th grades of secondary school [A-3] 3rd level: threshold Threshold level Students of 10 - 1 1st grades of secondary school [A-3.1] Humanities profile [A-3.2] Natural science profile [B-1] Level 4: intermediate Intermediate level 1st - 4th year university students, bachelors [B- 1.1] Bachelors in philology [B- 1.2] Bachelors in non-philology [B-2] Level 5: advanced Advanced level 5th - 6th year university students, masters [B-2.1] Masters in philology [B-2.2] Masters in non-philology [B-1] Level 6: Advanced User Proficiency level University graduate - language teacher (translator) [B-2] 7th level: professional user Professional level Advanced training. Internship in the country of the language being studied [B-3] Level 8: Advanced User Mastery level Fluency in the language. Native speaker level |
Oral dialogue - I can have a simple conversation if my interlocutor will paraphrase or speak at a slower pace and help me express my own thoughts. I can ask and answer questions related to everyday topics that are familiar to me.
Oral Monologue - I can use a range of simple phrases and sentences to describe the place where I live and the people I know.
Writing - I can write short, simple cards, such as sending holiday greetings. I can fill out a form that requires personal information, such as writing my name, nationality, address on the hotel registration card.
Oral Dialogue - I can communicate in simple, everyday situations that require direct exchange of information on familiar topics. I can exchange a few remarks in a short conversation, although I usually do not understand the interlocutor well enough to carry on the conversation myself.
Oral Monologue - I can use a range of phrases and sentences to describe in simple terms family, other people, living conditions, my studies and current work.
Writing - I can write short and simple notes and messages in areas of immediate need. I can write a very simple personal letter, like thanking someone for something.
Oral dialogue - I can communicate in most situations that may arise during a trip to the country of the language being studied. I can engage in short conversations on familiar, everyday topics or topics that interest me (for example, family, hobbies, work, current events).
Oral monologue - I can put phrases together in a simple way to describe what happened to me, explaining events, my dreams and desires. I can briefly explain and justify my opinions and plans. I can retell a story or convey the content of a book or movie and evaluate it.
Writing - I can write simple, coherent text on topics that are familiar to me or of personal interest. I can write a letter describing events from my life and impressions.
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B-2 I speak quickly and spontaneously enough to fully communicate with native speakers. I can take an active part in discussions on well-known topics, explaining and defending my opinions. I can present clear, detailed descriptions of a wide range of subjects within my area of interest. I can explain my point of view on an issue by presenting the advantages and disadvantages of various positions. I can write clear, detailed text from various areas of communication related to my area of interest. I can write an essay or report conveying information or explaining something, giving reasons for and against a point of view. I can write a letter emphasizing the personal significance of events |
IN 1 I can communicate fluently without any preparation, and use language flexibly and effectively for communication and professional purposes. I can articulate thoughts or points of view clearly and skillfully assist others in a conversation. I can present clear and detailed descriptions of complex subjects, using subtopics, developing specific points, and drawing appropriate conclusions. I can write clear, well-organized text that expresses my opinions at length. I can explain complex issues in detail in the form of an essay, report, letter, highlighting the most important ideas. I can compose various texts with a specific reader in mind |
AT 2 I can take part in any discussion without experiencing any difficulties, having a good command of idiomatic and colloquial vocabulary. I can express my thoughts fluently, while accurately conveying the subtlest shades of meaning. Even if I have problems, I can change the structure of the speech and work around a bad moment so smoothly that others may not even notice. I can present a clear, logical description or argument in a context-appropriate style with a useful structure that helps the listener note and remember important points. I can write clear, harmonious text in the desired style. I can write complex letters, reports, essays, arranging the material in such a way that the reader quickly notices and remembers the main points. I can write abstracts and reviews of technical and fiction books. |
To determine the appropriate level of foreign language proficiency, there is an extensive system of international certificates.
At what level do you need to speak English? Who needs this and why?
What does language proficiency at one of these levels indicate and who even invented them? Where to go to study?
How to link language proficiency levels with the international certification system?
What are language certificates and where can I get them?
This year, my colleague decided to enroll in a master's program in finance. Like all perfectionists, he made life as difficult as possible for himself: for admission he chose a serious university and a course that was taught in English.
The problem was that the university’s website clearly stated “TOEFL and professional interview”, and my colleague’s command of English, in my estimation, was at the level of “Landon from the Capital City of Great Britain”.
To find out the level, a teacher from a well-promoted language school was invited, who, after two hours of testing and interviews, pronounced “confident Intermediate”. At this point I was very surprised and once again plunged into thinking about how deeply foreign languages penetrate into our lives, and not only now, and not only English. And how important it is to own at least it... At what level should you own it? What are these levels and what does language proficiency at each of them indicate? And how to link language proficiency levels with the international certification system?
WHAT WILL WE MEASURE IN?
We measure the immeasurable. How can you assess your level of language proficiency? By number of words? Of course, this is an important criterion. But Lev Shcherba and his “glok kuzdra” almost a century ago proved to the whole world that the main thing in a language is grammar. This is the backbone and the foundation. But to have a conversation, read a book or watch a movie, the basics are not enough. If you don’t know the vocabulary, the meaning of what is happening will still elude you. So again, vocabulary?
In fact, both are important, and also knowledge of the history, culture and modern realities of the country whose language you are studying - this is what your competencies are made of.
Each of us has heard something about language proficiency levels. For example, in English one of the initial levels is Elementary, in Hebrew the stages of study are named by the letters of the Hebrew alphabet (aleph, bet, gimel, etc.), and in Polish they correspond to the pan-European classification (from A0 to C2).
In addition to the system of divisions into levels for each individual language, there is also a pan-European classification. It describes not the amount of grammatical knowledge, but what knowledge and skills a person has, how well he reads, perceives speech by ear and expresses himself. It is impossible to formulate evaluation criteria common to all languages, such as “he knows this from grammar, but knows how to handle vocabulary like this.” European languages, although close to each other, have their own characteristics: the presence/absence of genders, cases and articles, the number of tenses, etc. On the other hand, the existing similarities are enough to create a common assessment system for the whole of Europe.
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES: LEVELS OF LEARNING AND PROFICIENCY
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching, assessment(Common European Framework of Reference, CEFR) is a system of levels of foreign language proficiency used in the European Union. The corresponding directive was developed by the Council of Europe as a main part of the project “Language Learning for European Citizenship” between 1989 and 1996. The main purpose of the CEFR system is to provide an assessment and teaching method applicable to all European languages. In November 2001, a resolution of the Council of the European Union recommended using the CEFR to create national systems for assessing language competence.
Today, this classification offers us three levels, each of which has two sublevels:
■ Beginner (A1)
In class. The student understands and uses phrases and expressions necessary to perform specific tasks. (Remember, in foreign lessons: “Sit down, open your textbooks”? That’s it.) He can introduce himself and introduce another person, tell and answer simple questions about his family, home. Can support a simple dialogue - provided the other person speaks slowly, clearly and repeats three times.
In life. Yes, this is the level of Where are you from and London is the capital city of Great Britain. If in a foreign country you can call yourself by name, tell the cafe that you want tea, point your finger at the menu, ordering “this,” and ask a passerby where the Tower is, this is the level of survival. “Tu tickets tu Dublin,” so to speak.
■ Below average (A2)
In class. The student understands individual sentences and frequent expressions related to the main areas of life (information about himself and family members, purchases in a store, general information about work), and can also talk about this and maintain a conversation on everyday topics.
In life. At this level, you can already answer the standard question of the seller in the store (Do you need a package?), withdraw money from an ATM if there is no menu in your native language, clearly tell the seller at the market how many kilograms of peaches you need, instead of gesticulating expressively , you can find your way around the city, rent a bike and much more.
Free dialogue about Nietzsche is still a long way off, but, as you noticed, the key word in defining this level is basic. From now on, your knowledge will be enough to survive in a foreign city.
■ Medium (B1)
In class. The student understands the essence of messages clearly formulated in literary language. Message topics: everything that surrounds a person during work, study, rest, etc. Being in the country of the language being studied, he can communicate in most standard life situations. Can compose a simple message on an unfamiliar topic, describe impressions, talk about some events and plans for the future, justify his opinion on any issue.
In life. The name of this level - self-sufficient mastery - suggests that you will be able to be in a foreign country and act independently in most situations. Here we mean not only and not so much shops (this is the previous level), but also trips to the bank, post office, going to the hospital, communicating with colleagues at work, teachers at school, if your child studies there. Having attended a performance in a foreign language, you are unlikely to be able to fully appreciate the acting skills and talent of the director, but you will already be able to tell your colleagues exactly where you went, what the play was about and whether you liked it.
■ Above average (B2)
In class. The student understands the general content of complex texts on abstract and concrete topics, including highly specialized texts. He speaks quickly and spontaneously enough to communicate with native speakers without much effort.
In life. In fact, this is already the level of language that most people use in everyday life. We don’t discuss string theory or the architectural features of Versailles with our colleagues at lunch. But we often discuss new films or popular books. And the great thing is that now they will be available to you: you don’t need to look for films and publications adapted to your level - you can handle many works yourself, not only modern ones. But reading specialized literature or fully understanding the terminology of the House Doctor series is, of course, still a long way off.
■ Advanced (C1)
In class. The student understands voluminous, complex texts on various topics, recognizes metaphors and hidden meanings. Can speak spontaneously, at a fast pace, without searching for words. Effectively uses language to communicate in professional activities. Knows all the ways of creating texts on complex topics (detailed descriptions, complex grammatical structures, special vocabulary, etc.).
In life. At this level, you can participate in seminars, watch films and read books without restrictions, and communicate with native speakers as freely as with your compatriots.
■ Professional (C2)
In class. The student understands and can produce virtually any written or oral communication.
In life. You can write a dissertation, give a lecture and participate along with native speakers in discussions on any general or professional topic.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE: LEARNING AND PROFICIENCY LEVELS
The classification of English language proficiency levels is somewhat different. It is not always clear what English course teachers mean when they promise you to achieve the Advanced level from scratch in a year, and what the employer wants if they indicate the Upper-Intermediate level in a vacancy announcement. To clarify, let’s compare the levels of proficiency in European languages and English (see table).
Beginner
Yes, this level is not indicated in our table. This is the beginning of the beginning. There is no talk of any language proficiency at this stage, but this is the foundation on which the house will be built - your language proficiency. And how strong this foundation is will determine how beautiful, large and reliable this house will be.
■ Knowledge and skills at the Beginner level. At this level you will start by learning the alphabet, English phonetics, numerals and basic
features of grammar: three simple tenses, direct word order in sentences, absence of cases and genders.
Pay special attention to phonetics, try to understand how intonation differs in interrogative and declarative sentences.
Practice your pronunciation. Once you learn a language well, a terrible accent will not only spoil the experience, but also make communication difficult. Then it will be much more difficult to correct it.
■ Training period. Typically, it takes about four months of group study to acquire such a wealth of knowledge. By studying with a tutor, this result can be achieved much faster.
■ What is the result. If an Englishman asks you on the street to help him find the embassy, you will be upset, because you will still understand the word “embassy”, and he will pronounce everything else in such a way that you are unlikely to recognize him as an Englishman at all.
Elementary
This level corresponds to level A1 in the European classification and is called the survival level. This means that if you get lost in a foreign country, you will be able to ask and then follow the directions to find your way (in case your phone with a navigator dies), you will be able to check into a hotel, buy groceries not only in the supermarket, but also at the market, where you will have to deal with the seller albeit in a short, but quite lively dialogue. In general, from now on you will not be lost.
■ Knowledge and skills at the Elementary level. If you have reached this level, you already know much more.
■ Our recommendations. In pursuit of vocabulary, do not try to skip over grammar - it only seems simple at first, but in fact, as the level of complexity increases, many nuances appear. If you do not pay attention to them, it will be difficult to eradicate errors in speech later.
Learn numerals and how to form them until they are completely automatic.
Write down the names of the objects that surround you in a dictionary and memorize them. So you can ask a hotel for a pen or a needle and thread, offer a guest a glass of water, or buy an avocado at the market, not just “this one,” but an avocado.
Training period: 6-9 months depending on the intensity of training and your abilities.
What is the result. Now our Englishman has a real chance to get to the embassy.
Pre-Intermediate
This is the “pre-threshold level”. That is, you somehow got onto the porch. Now you stand before the threshold, and your main task is to step over it. This is true in any language, not just English. At this level it suddenly becomes really difficult. A lot of new vocabulary appears, and the amount of grammar knowledge that the teacher diligently puts into your head increases significantly. New information hits you like a wave. But if you go out now, you are almost guaranteed to learn this language.
■ Knowledge and skills at the Pre-Intermediate level. At this level, the list of your knowledge and skills is significantly expanded.
In fact, we can say that language proficiency begins at this level. You will not only survive in an unfamiliar city and be able to make new friends, but you will also begin to independently improve your level of language knowledge. You will begin to understand what vocabulary is missing in the first place, you will clearly see your weak points and will already know what you need to do to improve them.
In addition, here we can already talk about the use of language in work. A secretary who speaks English at the Pre-Intermediate level may not be able to call the hotel to clarify the reservation details, but he will definitely be able to write a letter to them. He will also be able to write a message about the meeting, receive guests and engage in small talk, which is so popular in the English environment.
■ Our recommendations. Never give up! You can handle it. If you realize that a certain topic is not easy for you, do not be too lazy to figure it out - by contacting a teacher, or on your own, or with the help of numerous Internet resources. Without any tests, you will suddenly discover how much you already know and how much you can already do. At this moment, you can safely step across the threshold - move to the next level.
■ Training period: from six to nine months. And here it is better not to rush.
■ What is the result. Our Englishman is guaranteed to get to the embassy thanks to your recommendations. You will also be extremely pleased with yourself.
Intermediate
This is the first self-sufficient level. Congratulations if you speak the language at this level. This means that you have entered a new world where many amazing discoveries await you. Now boundaries are a convention for you. You can make acquaintances in all corners of the globe, read news on the Internet, understand jokes in English, comment on photos of friends from the USA on Facebook, chat in a general chat with friends from China and Peru while watching the World Cup. You have found your voice.
■ Knowledge and skills at Intermediate level. In addition to what was listed at previous levels, you know and can do the following:
It’s not for nothing that many employers require the Intermediate level. In essence, this is the level of free communication in the office (unless, of course, you are in the habit of discussing the principle of operation of the power steering over coffee). This is the level of working with documents and maintaining a free conversation on general and general professional topics.
Yes, as long as it's not fluent. You still select words in your mind, use a dictionary when reading books - in words, until you can “think in language.” And no, it won't make it any easier for you. But it will become really interesting for you. You won't be able to stop anymore.
■ Our recommendations. At this level, you can increase your stock of professional vocabulary. A solid vocabulary on the topic of discussion automatically and very noticeably increases your level of language proficiency in the eyes of your interlocutor. If you have somewhere to apply your knowledge (work, study, hobby), do not neglect this opportunity. Remember also that language is living, it is constantly evolving.
Read not only adapted classics, but also books by modern authors in English, watch videos on topics that interest you, listen to songs.
■ Training period: 6-9 months.
■ What is the result. Perhaps you have half an hour - why not accompany this nice English gentleman to the embassy.
Upper-Intermediate
This is the first level of language proficiency, sufficient for trouble-free living in another country. You can chat with your neighbors, go to a party, and even go to the theater. Not to mention work. Most professionals who receive job offers in another country have at least this level of language proficiency.
■ Knowledge and skills at the Upper-Intermediate level. So, what new do you know and can do:
In fact, B2 is already fluent. No, of course, there are still restrictions. It’s unlikely that you can handle “House” or “The Big Bang Theory” - they have a lot of special vocabulary, and even wordplay. But after watching a classic play, you will not only understand what it’s about, but you will also be able to enjoy the actors’ performances.
You'll stop listening to half your favorite songs because you'll realize how crap the lyrics are. Your world will become much larger, not to mention the fact that with this level there is a chance to go to work abroad and enroll in a foreign university.
Read as many literary texts as possible to make your speech rich and imaginative. This will also help you make fewer mistakes in writing - constantly encountering a word in the text, we remember how it is spelled.
Spend a holiday in the country of your target language and speak as much as possible there. It is best to take some kind of intensive language course, for example in Malta. But this is a very expensive undertaking. On the other hand, it is in such places that you can make useful business contacts. So consider spending on such a trip as an investment in a happy future.
■ Training period depends on so many factors: your efforts and abilities, as well as how intensively you study and how good your teacher is. You can do it in a year.
■ What is the result. While walking with the Englishman to the embassy, we chatted casually and even giggled a couple of times.
Advanced
This is the level of fluency in English. Above it is only the level of the carrier. That is, when you master the language at this level, there will be almost no one around you who knows the language better. After all, it’s true that 80% of your communication in English occurs not with native speakers, but with those who, like you, learned it. As a rule, graduates of the Faculty of Philology with a degree in English speak the language at this level. What does fluency mean? The fact that you can speak on any topic, even if you have almost no understanding of the subject. Yes, like in Russian. Having reached this level, you can receive one of the certificates: CAE (Certificate in Advanced English), IELTS - 7-7.5 points, TOEFL - 96-109 points.
■ Knowledge and skills at the Advanced level
Congratulations, you have found freedom! For everyday life and office work, this level is quite enough. You will clearly explain to your boss why you need a salary increase, and to your English husband why it seems to you that he does not love you.
■ Our recommendations. Having reached this level, you not only speak the language, you can think in it. Even if for some reason you do not use it for a long time, you will completely restore all your knowledge on your own in a short time.
■ What is the result. You had a pleasant time escorting the Englishman to the embassy and chatting with him along the way. And they didn’t even notice that he had a lisp.
Proficiency
This is the level of an educated native speaker. Educated is the key word. That is, this is a person who graduated from a university and has a bachelor's degree. The level of Proficiency is close to the level of proficiency of a native speaker. As a rule, only people who graduated from university in the country of the language they are studying know it this way (and even then not always).
■ Proficiency level knowledge and skills. If you know a language so well, this means that you can take part in scientific conferences, write scientific papers, and get a scientific degree in the country of the language you are learning.
Yes, this is exactly the level of "Doctor House" and "The Big Bang Theory". This is the level at which you will not have any difficulties in communication: you will equally well understand a grandmother from Brooklyn, a professor from the University of Massachusetts, and an Englishman who, on the way to the embassy, will tell you why he considers her to be untenable
big bang theory. Having proficiency in the language at this level, you can receive a CPE certificate, IELTS (8-9 points), TOEFL (110-120 points).
■ Job prospects. As you can see, if you write “fluent” on your resume, the employer will decide that you have at least an Upper-Intermediate level. The funny thing is that your level may be lower, but he will not notice it, since most often the employer needs an employee with English at the level of “Good afternoon. Would you like tea or coffee?”, but in the requirements for the applicant he writes “fluent.”
Fluency in the language is required when working as an expat or in a foreign company. Or if you are entrusted with the responsibilities of not only a personal assistant, but also a translator. In all other cases
For high-quality performance of your duties and a comfortable stay in the office, the Intermediate level is quite enough.
It is also very important to remember that even if you know English at the Upper-Intermediate (B2) level and above, when preparing for negotiations, speeches, or conversations on a specialized topic, you need to create a glossary.
Perhaps you have ever noticed that some translators do not translate some phrases during negotiations. Most often, these are irresponsible translators who were too lazy to prepare and learn new vocabulary. They just don't understand what we're talking about.
But some mining engineer at the same negotiations, who is familiar only with the Present Simple, may turn out to be much more useful than a professional translator. Because he works with technology, knows all the words, draws a diagram on a piece of paper with a pencil - and now everyone understands each other. And if they have AutoCAD, they don’t need a translator, or even Present Simple: they will understand each other perfectly.
CERTIFICATES FOR LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE
What certificates are we talking about here all the time? This refers to official documents confirming your knowledge of English.
■ CAE(Certificate in advanced English) is an English language exam developed and administered by the ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) unit at the University of Cambridge.
Developed and first introduced in 1991. The certificate corresponds to level C1 of the Common European Classification of Languages. The validity period of the certificate is unlimited. Required for admission to universities where education is taught in English, and to get a job.
Where to get a certificate: in Moscow, the CAE exam is accepted by Education First Moscow, Language Link, BKC-IH, Center for Language Studies. Other educational organizations also accept, but they work only with their students. A full list of centers where you can take the exam is available at: www.cambridgeenglish.org/find-a-centre/find-an-exam-centre.
■ CPE(Certificate of Proficiency in English) is an English language exam developed and administered by the Cambridge University division of ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages). The certificate corresponds to level C2 of the Common European Classification of Languages and confirms the highest level of English language proficiency. The validity period of the certificate is unlimited.
Where to get a certificate: the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages offers courses and exams: www.mosinyaz.com.
Testing and exam preparation centers in other cities in Russia and the world can be found at: www.cambridgeenglish.org/find-a-centre/find-an-exam-centre.
■ IELTS(International English Language Testing System) - an international testing system to determine the level of knowledge in the field of English. The good thing about the system is that it tests knowledge in four aspects: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Required for admission to universities in the UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Ireland. And also for those who plan to go to one of these countries for permanent residence.
Where to get a certificate, see here: www.ielts.org/book-a-test/find-atest-location.
■ TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language, Test of Knowledge of English as a Foreign Language) - a standardized test of knowledge of the English language (in its North American version), the passing of which is mandatory for non-English-speaking foreigners upon admission to universities in the USA and Canada, as well as Europe and Asia . The test results are also accepted in a number of other English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries for admission to universities with English as the language of instruction. In addition, the test results may be used when recruiting for foreign companies. The test results are stored in the company database for 2 years, after which they are deleted.
The certificate also assesses language proficiency in four aspects.
Where to get a certificate: www.ets.org/bin/getprogram.cgi?test=TOEFL.
WHERE TO GO TO STUDY?
This is the most important question. Of course, if you graduated from the English department of the Faculty of Philology, it is not in front of you. In all other cases, you will have to make this difficult choice.
■ Tutor. Courses or tutor? I'm for a tutor. Moreover, for classes in a group of two people. Three is a lot, but one is expensive and not as effective.
Why individual training? Because in this case, the teacher sees all your strengths and weaknesses, he does not have the task of bringing the course to an “acceptable” level for the exam and forgetting about the group, he has the task of really teaching you the language, because then, thanks to word of mouth, he will have more students and, therefore, income.
In addition, the specificity of the tutor’s profession is that every minute of his working time is paid. And when a person works in such conditions, he cannot afford to slack.
It's better to work in pairs because it disciplines. You can cancel a lesson due to bad weather or a bout of laziness - you pay the tutor wherever he goes. But my conscience will not allow me to disrupt a lesson that is planned for two.
Where to find and how to choose a tutor? First of all, on the recommendation of friends whose successes inspire you.
If you don’t have such acquaintances, you need to find courses at a reputable educational institution: university, institute, consulate. They try to hire good teachers there - they keep their mark. And teachers go there because they view such courses as a free advertising platform for recruiting individual students. You can go there to the level you need, and there you will agree with the teacher. By the way, now language schools often present their teaching staff on their websites, and you can search the Internet for reviews of specialists.
■Language schools. If you decide to take courses at a language school, choose accredited centers where you can take an exam for one of the certificates. As a rule, such schools have a good level of teaching, there are various exchange programs, study abroad programs, and the teachers in them are native speakers.
■ Skype. Another option is to learn English via Skype. Why not?
This can be done at work, if conditions allow, and at home. Among international well-established schools, we recommend paying attention to Glasha: www.glasha.biz.
■ Study courses abroad.
If you have the opportunity (financially) and knowledge of the language is at least Intermediate level, then you can choose language learning courses abroad. For example, here: www.staracademy.ru. Yes, there is training in Australia. There are also summer camps for adults. In Malta. And in Ireland. And many other places. It's expensive, but very effective.
Tricks and Useful Tips for Learning a Language
■ Learn grammar. Reading adapted literature is boring. Useful, but unbearable. Learning grammar is generally a nightmare. But grammar in language is like formulas in mathematics. Once you have learned them, you can move on and take on new heights. No - it will only get worse, and with every step there is less and less chance of getting to the top.
■ Use all available resources. In the pursuit of knowledge, all means are good: interactive Internet resources, comics, video games, pulp literature, beauty blogs - whatever.
The more interesting the topic is for you, the easier it will be for you to complete the training. Also, try to find or organize a conversation club (you can even create a group on WhatsApp) and discuss topics that concern you there. No, it’s not what books you liked that you read this year, but what qualities infuriate you in your partner, why you are still offended by your mother, and when the stadium on Krestovsky Island will finally be completed. When a person is interested in a subject, he will find a way to say it.
■ Read books. Starting from the Intermediate level, you can safely read:
Books by Sophie Kinsella;
Her own works under the name Madeline Wickham;
Bridget Jones series;
Jane Austen;
Somerset Maugham.
Choose books by modern authors that do not have a twisted detective plot, complex allegory, excessive philosophizing, or a large amount of special vocabulary. You need a simple narrative text: she wanted to marry him, and he wanted to become an astronaut. And so on for three hundred pages. You will get used to modern British/American/other English, learn new words willy-nilly, and at the same time you will not get confused in the twists and turns of the plot and the high feelings of the main character.
■ Watch movies and TV series:
Any action films, especially with subtitles - there is little dialogue, the video sequence is beautiful;
Comedies in the spirit of “Home Alone”, “We Are the Millers”, “Beethoven” - no discussions about Nietzsche’s philosophy, a simple and understandable plot, a lot of everyday vocabulary;
Melodramas of the “Eat, Pray, Love” format;
TV series “Sex and the City”, “Friends”, “The Simpsons”, etc.
Learning a language is a long and difficult journey. And he is also very interesting. In addition to knowing the language, you will receive a pleasant bonus - you will begin to understand how native speakers think. And it will open up another world for you. And if you lack motivation, just remember that you have no choice. A modern person must know English. And period.
Today, almost everyone strives or simply dreams of being fluent in a foreign language. It is for this reason that there are many courses and training lessons. If you still decide to use the help of specialists, then, first of all, you need to determine your level of knowledge. For what?
Know English proficiency levels very important. Based on your existing skills and abilities, you can choose the appropriate group so that the learning process is interesting, brings new knowledge, and you don’t spend your money on courses in vain. Specially designed tests to check the level of the English language cover its main aspects. The results are very useful and interesting to you. How? To choose directions, a group, set goals and determine desired results - this is why each of you needs a knowledge test.
What is it?
Like anyone test, You are given a task and several answer options. This may include:
— determination of the temporary form;
— insert a semantic or grammatical construction;
- finish the sentence;
- find an error, etc.
By using textbooks and reference books while taking the test, you are doing yourself a disservice. This result, whatever it may be, no one will know except you. Therefore, use only your existing knowledge.
Language proficiency levels can be divided into several groups. The first of them is Russified classification, which gives only a general idea of the existing knowledge:
1. Beginner
2. Medium
3. Tall.
The second of them is more extended. This classification involves 4 levels and helps to more fully reveal existing knowledge. It is often used when filling out various forms, for example in a marriage agency, when applying for a visa. But, nevertheless, this method of determination is still not ideal.
1. With a dictionary;
2. Conversational level;
3. Average level;
4. Free use.
In this regard, the best classification is considered international. Let's take a closer look at all levels of knowledge of the English language, which allow us to most fully determine the existing skills and abilities.
1. Initial (A1 or Beginner) the level indicates an understanding of the basics of the language, the alphabet, sounds, and the ability to read the simplest sentences and words. At this stage, it is very difficult to perceive foreign language speech by ear.
2. Elementary (A2 or Elementary) .
Having this level, a student of English easily reads short texts and understands the main points. The same is true when perceiving speech aloud. Oral speech: presupposes the ability to briefly talk about oneself, about others, to talk about everyday topics, while presenting one’s speech and thoughts logically. It is important to note the phonetic side: not perfect pronunciation, but acceptable to be understood. Writing: the ability to write a request, a notice, to make a brief description of something in the simplest phrases.
3. Weak average level (B1 or Lower (Pre) Intermediate).
Understanding the main idea and meaning of the text, reading simple works. Oral communication: clear pronunciation, the ability to easily communicate on personal and non-personal topics, understand the question and answer accordingly, clearly express your feelings, desires and intentions. Written speech at this level assumes that the student knows how to describe a situation, person, place, express his opinion, write an official letter or request, and construct a grammatically correct sentence.
4. Intermediate level is given by secondary school and assumes the ability to read books, watch films, write, while observing the phonetic and grammatical norms of the language. It is quite easy to perceive foreign language speech by ear. The basics of vocabulary help to build communication not only at the level of question and answer, but also to express a personal attitude, one’s own opinion, to distinguish the general meaning of the speech of foreigners, to distinguish official information from unofficial.
5. Above average (B2 or Upper Intermediate) This level assumes some knowledge, which helps you feel confident when communicating. Knowledge of grammatical rules, norms, the ability to easily perceive information out loud from the first listening, distinguish between accents, talk on the phone, read magazines and books in a foreign language. Oral speech is based on the use of idioms, phrasal verbs, colloquial and formal lexical units. Some mistakes are acceptable.
6. Advanced (C1 or Advanced 1): excellent command of the language, free communication on any topic, easy comprehension of speech, knowledge of the intricacies of grammar.
7. Perfectly (C2 or Advanced 2 (Proficiency)) It’s not enough to say - to communicate freely. This stage presupposes proficiency in English, almost like a native one.
Having considered all levels of the English language, determine yours. But remember that this is only a conditional description. It’s still better to test your knowledge in a test that you can take online.
English language levels are, in fact, a system that allows you to assess how well a person speaks the language, that is, the very result of learning. There are several classifications, they can be systematized according to:
The Russian simple version has only three levels of knowledge. This:
- elementary
- average
- high
However, such a classification is rather amateurish, and it is not suitable for professionals looking for work. The employer, reviewing all kinds of resumes, seeks to identify not only theoretical knowledge, but also the practical degree of training. Therefore, the applicant usually indicates the following levels:
- Using a dictionary
- Speaking skills
- Intermediate
- Fluent
- Basic knowledge of Business English— basic knowledge of business English
International system for determining levels of knowledge
The international version is more complicated, it has a larger number of levels, due to the additional division of intermediate and advanced degrees of English proficiency. For convenience, each category is designated by a letter with a numerical index. 
English proficiency scale So, below is the table Common European Framework of Reference — CEFR(Common European Framework of Reference)
| Language level | Competencies | ||
| A 1 | Beginner | Elementary | Knowledge of simple basics of the language:
|
| A 2 | Elementary | Elementary |
|
| B 1 | Lower Intermediate | Lower middle |
|
| B 2 | Upper Intermediate | Above average |
|
| C 1 | Advanced 1 | Great |
|
| C 2 | Advanced 2 (Upper Advanced) |
In excellence | Everything is the same, but added:
|
Using this table, you can determine which category you will be trained in. For example, in order to get a job in some Call Center, you only need to reach level A 2 - elementary. But for you to teach someone English, A 2 is clearly insufficient: for the right to teach, the minimum category is B 2 (above average).
Professional language classification scale
However, more often, when compiling a resume according to international standards, the following professional classification is used, in which the elementary level serves as the initial one, and there are actually three “near-intermediate” ones. Other scales use a 7-level division (in this case, the initial level is without a category).
In the following table we will take a closer look at exactly Intermediate(average)
| Language level | Corresponding effect CEFR |
Competencies | |
| (Beginner) Elementary |
(Elementary) Elementary |
--- A 1 |
Same as in Beginner CEFR Same as in Elementary CEFR |
| Pre-intermediate | Below average (pre-average) | A 2 | Same as in Lower Intermediate CEFR |
| Intermediate | Average | B 1 |
|
| Upper-Intermediate | Above average | B 2 | Same as in Upper Intermediate CEFR |
| Advanced | Great | C 1 | Same as in Advanced 1 CEFR |
| Proficiency | Ownership in practice | C 2 | The same as in Advanced 2 CEFR, with the difference that knowledge is improved not with the help of textbooks, but in practice, mainly among native speakers. |
As you can see, the concept of “level” is quite subjective: for some, beginner or elementary is enough for training on an amateur scale, but for professionals Advanced may seem insufficient.
Level Proficiency is considered the highest, it is the most valuable and allows a highly qualified specialist to get a well-paid job abroad, and a student to get an education at a prestigious university or college.
In our native “penates” the average (Intermediate) is quite sufficient in order to:
- understand language and communicate
- watch films and read texts in English
- conduct formal and informal correspondence
Testing your English level
How to determine what level of knowledge you are at? There are many tests, here is one of them 
Testing your level of English How to climb a little higher on this ladder? Only through training!
This is a topic without borders. Visit our English Courses and Books and Textbooks sections and choose your favorite technique.
Levels of English proficiency according to the European scale
It is no secret that the American and British versions of the English language are somewhat different, and the international classification is more focused on the American version, since most foreigners study this easier version. However, American English is foreign to Europeans. Therefore, the European English Language Framework was created. 
European Framework of Reference for English Languages
- A1 Level of survival (Breakthrough). Corresponds to the International Level Scale Beginner, Elementary. At this level you understand slow, clear English and can speak using familiar expressions and very simple phrases for everyday communication: in a hotel, cafe, shop, on the street. You can read and translate simple texts, write simple letters and greetings, and fill out forms.
- A2 Pre-threshold level (Waystage). Corresponds to the international Pre-Intermediate level. At this level you can talk about your family, your profession, personal hobbies and preferences in cuisine, music, and sports. Your knowledge allows you to understand announcements at the airport, advertising texts, store texts, inscriptions on products, postcards. You know how to conduct business correspondence, and you can also freely read and retell simple texts.
- B1 Threshold level. On the international scale it corresponds to the Intermediate level. You can already understand what is being discussed in radio and television programs. You know how to express your own opinion, you can justify your views, conduct business correspondence of average complexity, retell the content of what you read or saw, read adapted literature in English.
- B2 Threshold advanced level (Vantage). According to the international scale - Upper-Intermediate. You are fluent in spoken language in any situation and can communicate with a native speaker without preparation. You know how to speak clearly and in detail on a wide range of issues, convey your point of view, giving weighty arguments for and against. You can read unadapted literature in English, as well as retell the content of complex texts.
- C1 Level of professional proficiency (Effective Operational Proficiency). Corresponds to the international Advanced level. Now you understand various complex texts and can identify the subtext in them, you can express your thoughts fluently without preparation. Your speech is rich in linguistic means and the accuracy of their use in a variety of situations of everyday or professional communication. You can express yourself clearly, logically, and in detail on complex topics.
- C2 Level of mastery. According to the international scale - Proficiency. At this level, you can freely perceive any oral or written speech, you can summarize information received from different sources and present it in the form of a coherent and clearly reasoned message. You know how to fluently express your thoughts on complex issues, conveying the subtlest shades of meaning.
Strive for perfection!
Europe has its own scale for assessing the level of foreign language proficiency. This scale developed Council of Europe from 1989 to 1996 (project “Language Learning for European Citizenship”). The purpose of this work was to unify standards in the field of assessing the level of proficiency in various foreign languages, to create international standards in language teaching, their teaching and assessment systems. Council of Europe scale or Common European Framework of Reference ( CEFR ) is an assessment and teaching method applicable to all European languages, including English. In November 2001, an EU Council resolution recommended the use Council of Europe scales CEFR to create national systems for assessing language competence. Council of Europe scale (CEFR) clearly defines what skills you need to have in order to use language for communication purposes, as well as what knowledge and skills you need to master for communication to be successful.
Council of Europe scale defines a standard terminology, system of units or criteria for describing levels of language proficiency, regardless of what language is studied and in what educational context (country, educational institution, courses or privately), and what methods are used.
During development Council of Europe scales Extensive research was carried out in different countries, and assessment methods were tested in practice. As a result, we came to an agreement on the number of levels allocated for organizing the process of learning a language and assessing the degree of language proficiency. There are 3 major levels (basic, intermediate and advanced), each of which is divided into 2 sublevels:
|
A Elementary possession |
A1 |
|
A2 |
|
|
IN Self-ownership (Independent User) |
IN 1 |
|
AT 2 |
|
|
C Fluency (Proficient User) |
C1 (Effective Operational Proficiency) |
|
C2 |
Programs
| Level | Required Skills | Required number of hours of language learning* |
| A1 |
Understanding and the ability to use familiar phrases and expressions in speech necessary to perform specific tasks. The ability to introduce yourself and introduce others, ask questions about place of residence, acquaintances, property and answer them. The ability to participate in a simple conversation if the other person speaks slowly and clearly and is willing to help. | 60 hours |
| A2 | Understanding of individual sentences and frequently used expressions related to basic areas of life (for example, basic information about yourself and your family members, shopping, getting a job, etc.). Ability to perform tasks involving simple exchange of information on familiar or everyday topics. The ability to talk in simple terms about yourself, your family and friends, and describe the main aspects of everyday life. | 180 hours |
| B1 | Understanding the main ideas of clear messages made in literary language on various topics typically encountered at work, school, leisure, etc. Ability to communicate in most situations that may arise during your stay in the country of the target language. Ability to compose a coherent message on well-known or particularly interesting topics. The ability to describe impressions, events, hopes, aspirations, express and justify your opinion and plans for the future. | 300 hours |
| B2 | Understanding the general content of complex texts on abstract and concrete topics, including highly specialized texts. The ability to speak quickly and spontaneously enough to communicate consistently with native speakers without too much difficulty for either party. Ability to make clear, detailed messages on a variety of topics and present your view on the main issue, showing the advantages and disadvantages of different opinions. | 540 hours |
| C1 | Understanding large complex texts on various topics, recognizing hidden meaning. The ability to speak spontaneously at a fast pace, without having difficulty finding words and expressions. Flexible and effective use of language for communication in scientific and professional activities. Ability to create accurate, detailed, well-structured messages on complex topics, demonstrating mastery of text organization patterns, communication tools, and integration of text elements. | 660 hours |
| C2 | Understanding of almost any oral or written message, the ability to compose a coherent text based on several oral and written sources. Possessing the skills of spontaneous oral speech at a high rate and with a high degree of accuracy, emphasizing nuances of meaning even in the most difficult cases. | 800 hours |
* The number of required academic hours to achieve the appropriate level is given as a guide; the exact duration of language study depends on the abilities and capabilities of each student, on his motivation and, of course, the quality of teaching.