What are sentence punctuation schemes? Punctuation analysis of a simple sentence

This task tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of a sentence complicated by introductory constructions. Introductory words are words or
combinations of words with which
the speaker expresses his attitude towards
what he says:
Of course, we didn't count all the ducks that were shot.
got it. Vladimir, to the great
to Yermolai’s surprise, he didn’t shoot at all
Great. Ermolai shot, as always,
victorious. As usual, I -
Badly.

Introductory words have different meanings:

1. expressing the speaker’s feelings
to joy, to sorrow, to shame, to
unfortunately, to horror, to amazement, to
indignation, etc.
The students went forward, and, to the greatest
their joy, a bark was heard in the distance.
Luckily, the next day we left
Amantaeva.

Varying degrees of confidence (more or less)

undoubtedly, probably, obviously,
it seems, probably, obviously, perhaps,
certainly, indisputably, perhaps, apparently
apparently, etc.
Of course, all this was thought childishly.
Dad will probably go to the hero now
Gottlieb may be ordered to harness
Gnedko.

Message source

according to (someone's) message, in my opinion, in
in your opinion, in (someone's) opinion
words (of someone)
According to reliable information
sources, floods this year on the rivers
will not be.
I got tanned like a blackamoor and went wild, basically
in the expression of all our friends.

The order of thoughts and their connections

Firstly Secondly Thirdly,
finally, therefore, therefore,
for example, on the contrary, by the way,
therefore, by the way, in addition, etc.
I didn't like the river, first of all.
because everything is overgrown from the banks
reeds, so that the water was not visible,
and secondly, because there was water in it
bitter. However, the bitterness of the water is not
had a bad effect on fish.

Notes on ways to formulate thoughts

in a word, in other words, if possible
so to speak, so to speak,
so to speak, etc.
The year, in a word, was not lived in vain.
In my spare time I gave free rein to my
imagination, or better said,
consideration. (Ax.)

An appeal to the interlocutor in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated

imagine, do you believe, do you know,
Do you understand, listen, have mercy,
please tell me, etc.
Imagine a door opens and
Masha runs in! And from where, tell me
mercy, got it!

Introductory sentences are used in the same function as introductory words. Introductory sentences can be impersonal, vaguely personal

Introductory sentences are used in the same
functions as introductory words. Introductory
sentences may be impersonal,
indefinitely personal or two-part:
Time seemed to stand still.
As they said, there must be some
number of minks, otters and foxes.
In this way, it is believed, it is possible to quickly and
carry more load.
The hired yard, as already said,
was a complete wasteland,
littered with all sorts of heaps.

10. Pay attention!

Are not introductory and do not stand out
words and phrases separated by commas:
supposedly, as if, even, hardly, suddenly,
literally, as if, after all, it’s unlikely, after all, just, besides, by decision, by
representation, therefore, in addition, in
ultimately, I suppose, as if

11. Word however

if it is in the middle or at the end
sentences are introductory and
separated by commas. At first
sentences it has the meaning of a conjunction
but is not introductory either:
However, we had to wait for you for a long time.
You're late, though.
However (=but) he never received the letter.

12. Word however

The snow is over
however the clouds are still there
hung low over
quiet city.

13. The word is finally

indicates a connection of thoughts and ends
enumeration and it can be replaced by the expression “and
more":
A.P. Chekhov was a playwright, short story writer and, finally,
a model of self-education.
The word finally is not introductory and does not stand out
commas if used in the meaning “under
the end”, “finally”, “as a result of everything”. IN
In such cases we can finally add to the word
a particle:
He waited a long time for a call from the school, did not sleep, was nervous
and finally waited.

14. The word in general

is introductory and is separated by commas,
if used in the sense of “in general”
saying":
Actually, I'd like to hear this
story from your mouth.
If "in general" has any meaning at all,
“always”, “at all”, “in general”, “never
under what conditions”, “in all respects”, then
it doesn't stand out:
Don't wait for me at all. From invitation
I completely refused yours. For similar
He generally punished actions strictly.

15. The word means

is introductory and is separated by commas if
it can be replaced with the words “therefore”
"hence":
You rarely sit at homework, which means it’s unlikely
good results should be expected. You mean
Didn't make it to the train?
If means replace with the word means or it
stands between the subject and the predicate, then it
not separated by commas:
Your kind attitude towards my children means
a lot for me.
To answer rudely means to show your
bad manners.

16.

Words actually, more precisely, rather, more accurately
are introductory if after them
you can put the word saying:
What exactly do you need from me?
This, more precisely, was at the end of the past
centuries.

17. Features of punctuation marks for introductory words.

18.

Between adjacent introductory words
a comma is added:
True, according to your friend, you led
not doing my best.
If the input combination is
incomplete construction, then instead of one
a comma is followed by a dash
According to intelligence officers, the enemies settled in
small town, in my opinion - they are moving to ours
side.

19.

If the introductory word is a word (one word)
comes after homogeneous members before
generalizing, then a dash is placed in front of it, and
after it there is a comma
Mountaineering, skiing, swimming, tennis
- in a word, he was attracted by a lot.

20.

Between the coordinating conjunction and the introductory one
a word is put with a comma if the introductory
the word can be omitted. If this
impossible, then no comma is used
And by the way, I have already prepared dinner.
Not a year, but maybe ten years lived
Ivan Georgievich in one night.
The first frosts began, and
therefore, talk about river rafting is already
didn't behave.

21. Punctuation marks in introductory sentences

22. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:

1) If they are impersonal or
vague-personal: Missing
detachment, it seems to me that we need to look for
another side of the mountain. Her temper, they assured
me, stopped even the ardent
fans.
2) If they are personal, undistributed
sentences: Rain, I think, soon
will end. The diploma, he believed, would open
doors to a new world of creativity.

23. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:

3) If they begin with conjunctions or
in allied words: Against the very gates,
on the wall hung an image of Nicholas
The miracle worker, as Kovlyaga told me. I
I got so excited, so excited,
as Yevseich said, I was shaking
arms and legs. It's time for mine
fishing, as Yevseich predicted.

24. Difference between introductory words and sentence members

It must be remembered that in some cases
introductory words can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence
Will not change:
The beavers probably decided that they were in complete
security - the introductory word can truly be omitted.
She did the right thing - in this case the word is true
cannot be lowered;
introductory words can be replaced with others similar in
meaning:
Beavers, right (obviously, probably, probably),
They decided that they were completely safe.
She did the right thing (i.e. right).

25.

introductory words can be replaced with others,
close in meaning:
The snow has probably stopped, but the clouds
still hung low over the silent
city.

26. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

When (1) finally (2) the sun appeared and
warmed the ground, then the trees and grass
drenched in such heavy dew, such
looked out from the dark with luminous patterns
forest branches of fir trees, which (3) seemed (4) to this
the finishing wouldn't be enough diamonds all over
our land.

27. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

If the Moon's orbit is in any way
reasons (1) after all (2) to move away from
Earth at a short distance, then (3)
astronomers' opinion (4) of life on the planet
disaster threatens.

28. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

Cheerful, carefree childhood (1) anyway
(2) will end someday, and the adult
life (3) of course (4) will require serious
decisions and responsible actions.

29. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

On the one hand (1) they were silent
mountains, on the other side (2) the sea was noisy. WITH
on the one hand (3) cars are useful, and
(4) on the other hand (5) everyone knows that
the harm they cause to the environment
environment.

30. Place punctuation marks, indicate all numbers in the place of which there should be commas.

Makes animals in the forest wary (1
there must be (2) even the rustle of falling
leaves. Outline of a house under construction (3)
seemed (4) like a ship.

31. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

It was assumed that the President of the Russian Federation
will talk to the ambassador for an hour (1)
however (2) the conversation dragged on. Minister (3)
however (4) signed an order regarding
need for so long
spoke in society.

In studying punctuation analysis, it is important to highlight the basic principles:

search for grammatical basis;
search for participial or adverbial phrases;
search for introductory structures.

We suggest you familiarize yourself with the main steps in the algorithm for punctuation parsing a sentence:

First of all, you need to pay attention to the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. By whether there is a period, a question mark or an ellipsis at the end of a sentence, the reader determines the emotional coloring of the statement. It is necessary that the student can explain in detail and clearly why this particular punctuation mark was chosen.
The next step is to determine the construction of the sentence. The number of punctuation marks depends on whether the sentence in front of us is simple or complex. In order for students to easily distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, they must be able to independently determine not only the grammatical basis of the sentence, but also the type of subordinate clause.
Next, you should analyze the functions of each punctuation mark; We remind you that they can be dividing and highlighting.

Students should understand the difference in the use of separators and emphases.

TO highlighting signs should include dashes, colons, commas, quotation marks and parentheses. With their help, isolations, definitions and generalizations, etc. are highlighted.

TO separators include comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Signs are intended to separate homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, etc.

Immediately before punctuation analysis, teachers recommend analyzing the sentence by composition with the obligatory highlighting of the grammatical basis, homogeneous parts of the sentence, definitions and circumstances.
A graphical diagram of a sentence, compiled on the basis of analysis of the sentence by composition, will significantly simplify punctuation analysis.
The final point is punctuation analysis.

Examples

We propose to consolidate the information received in practice. Students need to have an accurate understanding of what the teacher is asking of them, so it is important to provide them with a sample review.

Example 1

[A trapezoid of sunlight was pushed into the opening of the half-open window], 1 (the upper corner of which touched the edge of the mirror cabinet).(D. Rubina)

Grammar basics: trapezoid pushed in, angle touched.
The main clause and subordinate clause are separated by a comma.

[The boys looked at each other and, 1 |without taking their eyes off me|, 2 began to slowly and carefully back away]. (K. Paustovsky)

Grammar basis: the boys looked at each other and began to back away.
There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
The participial phrase is highlighted in the sentence with two commas.

|Straining and turning purple|, 1 (the sun plopped down behind the village cemetery), 2 (and after me the blue twilight swirled across the brushwood). (M. Sholokhov)

Grammar basics: the sun flopped down, twilight swirled.
There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
There are two punctuation marks in the sentence. In the first case, a comma separates two homogeneous gerunds, and in the second case, a comma separates parts of a complex sentence.

It is worth summing up. If a student is able to remember this simple algorithm, then he will master the punctuation parsing of a sentence to perfection.

When writing various types of texts, many of us are faced with the acute problem of correct use of punctuation marks. There are often situations when the author of a text misses necessary commas, does not work correctly with direct speech, or makes other punctuation errors. To correct these shortcomings and improve overall work with speech, it is recommended to use punctuation parsing of sentences, which is an important tool for syntactic text analysis.

Working with punctuation analysis of a sentence allows you to “hone” the correct use of punctuation marks (specific cases of applying the punctuation rule), learn to determine the boundaries of semantic segments in a sentence, and use punctuation norms in practice.

When conducting punctuation analysis, they analyze the structure of the sentence, the presence of main and minor members, the number of parts of the sentence, its intonation features, the order of the members of the sentence, and so on.

The procedure for punctuation analysis of the text

Let's move on to the direct algorithm for punctuation parsing of sentences. It usually looks like this:

Explanations for punctuation marks

If the sentence we are analyzing contains a complete message talking about some action, event, or fact that is affirmed or denied, such a sentence is declarative. If a sentence contains a question, it is interrogative, and if a sentence contains an order or request, then such a sentence is motivating. When there is an understatement in a sentence, or speech is interrupted by pauses, you should use an ellipsis at the end.

When analyzing a complex sentence, decide on the number of its parts, and the characteristics of the connection between these parts (conjunctive or non-conjunctive, subordinating, coordinating). Having decided on the specifics of the connection, you will be able to understand the need to use one or another sign between the parts of the sentence in question.

Emphasizing marks(comma, dash, parentheses, quotation marks, colon) are used to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence. Such significant elements can be introductory words, addresses, phrases, sentences, circumstances and additions, homogeneous members of the sentence, clarifying and explanatory members of the sentence.

Dividing marks(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) in a simple sentence indicate boundaries between homogeneous members (usually a comma and a semicolon are used). In a complex sentence, they help to separate the simple sentences that are part of the specified complex sentence.

When analyzing direct speech, determine where the author’s words are located and where direct speech is located. If direct speech occurs before the words of the author or after the words of the author, then the rule of four punctuation marks is used, but if direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, then use the rule of seven punctuation marks.

Examples of using punctuation analysis of written speech

Let's look at examples of punctuation analysis of simple and complex sentences.

Example of a simple sentence

As an example of a simple sentence, let's take the sentence:

“The words “language” and “speech” for a person who is not involved in linguistics usually mean the same thing.”

Let’s denote the punctograms in this sentence with numbers:

The words “language” and “speech” for a person (1) not involved in linguistics, (2) usually mean the same thing. (3)

Let's look at the proposal:

Example of a complex sentence

As an example of a complex sentence, take the sentence:

“Of course, the modern Russian language is different from the one in which Pushkin, Gogol, Karamzin and Turgenev spoke and wrote.”

Let's designate each available paragraph in the sentence with numbers:

Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from the one (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (5).

Let's look at the proposal:

First, we explain the punctogram at the end of the sentence. Since we are dealing with a declarative sentence where there is a complete thought, there should be a point (5) here.
A comma (2) separates the subordinate part of a complex sentence from the main one;
The comma (1) is used to separate the introductory word from the rest of the sentence;
Commas (3) and (4) separate homogeneous members of the sentence.

Conclusion

Punctuation analysis of the text consists of a consistent explanation of the punctuation diagrams used in the sentence under consideration. Its implementation requires knowledge of the necessary rules of the Russian language in terms of the use of punctuation marks in a particular sentence. I recommend using the tips given in this article to perform punctuation analysis of the text you need.

Punctuation analysis is one of the oral reviews of lessons. This is a test of knowledge of the rules and regulations of punctuation marks. Analysis, by analogy with others, has an order. Complexity depends on intonation features, the number of grammatical bases, and ways of expressing minor members. Let's see how do punctuation analysis of a sentence.

In contact with

What is punctuation parsing

Punctuation analysis is carried out according to a certain algorithm, but you should start with an understanding of the differences between analyzes that are similar in content:

punctuation;
syntactic;
graphic.

Punctuation studies rules for arranging punctuation symbols in the Russian language. A generally accepted scientific concept is punctuation marks.

Syntax looks inside the semantic unit of the text and involves parsing it into major and minor members. Two branches of linguistics, syntax and punctuation, do not exist separately.

You can understand why there is a period or a comma only by understanding the structure of the syntactic structure. Graphic analysis shows how words, members of a sentence, their type and method of expression are related to each other.

Performing punctuation parsing is built on the basis of the assignment. Options for tasks that occur more often:

Parsing the finished text with the signs already placed.
Explanation of their setting.

Difficulties arise in any variant. Sometimes a task is added: draw a diagram. It helps you spot errors: missing or extra commas. The order of punctuation analysis:

Number each punctuation character.
Find a rule that explains the placement of a sign at the end of a sentence.
Explain the sign that combines parts if you are parsing a complex sentence (SP).
Find rules for symbols inside a simple sentence (SS).

Punctuation of the end of a speech unit

Punctuation marks that complete the semantic unit of the Russian language, depends on the type of statement:

narration;
question;
exclamation;
understatement.

In a narrative statement, simple or complex, there is a period at the end. In case of reticence, incompleteness of thoughts, understatement - ellipsis. Questions require posing an interrogative?. When an emotional background appears in speech – ! exclamations.

Punctuation at the end of a sentence can be combined:

? — !;
? — …;
! — …

Such variants and combinations are more often found in poetic works and artistic tests.

Punctograms PP and SP

In a simple speech construction there are various signs. You can consider the basic rules for setting them up.

The dash should be placed:

Between the main members, when they are expressed by one independent part of speech: nouns (in Im.pad.), cardinal numerals.
Between the subject and the predicate, when one member of the sentence is an indefinite form, and the other is a noun (in Im.pad.).
Before the index fingers: this, here.
Between the subject (noun) and the predicate (cardinal number). And vice versa.

Attention! A dash occurs in incomplete constructions when one of the main members is missing. The missing word can be mentally pronounced from the understanding of the first part.

Punctuation in the presence of homogeneous members

Commas are required:

between homogeneous words, if they are listed without conjunctions.
before adversative conjunctions;
with repeated conjunctions (after each homogeneous part).
pair connection (between pairs).
before the second part of the double conjunctions.

There is no need to put commas, if homogeneous concepts are connected by meaning, are an integral expression, or with the following construction:

[Ο yes (= "and") Ο].
[Ο and Ο].

Semicolon; is necessary if the homogeneous members are not single words, but common ones, already separated inside by commas.

Sometimes a generalizing concept appears before homogeneous enumerations; then, in addition to commas, you will need to put a colon or a dash, both symbols. You can see in the diagrams how they should be installed:

[Θ: Ο, Ο, Ο].
[Ο, Ο, Ο - Θ].
[Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο - in a word, Θ].
[Θ: and Ο, and Ο, and Ο - ...].

Highlighting direct speech in writing

A special spelling of the Russian language is adopted for formatting of the speaker's speech. Direct speech is one of the difficult topics. There is a combination of several symbols: quotation marks, colons, commas, periods and others used to complete speech constructions. It all depends on the place of direct speech (P) in relation to the words of the author (A, a):

At the beginning: A: “P!”; A: “P?”; A: "P".
At the end: “P” - a.; "P!" - A.; "P?" - A.
In the center: “P, – a, – p.”

The use of quotations in written speech follows the rules established for direct speech.

Punctograms of the Russian language

The most common punctuation symbol in Russian linguistics is the comma. What rules will have to be explained during punctuation analysis:

isolation of minor members: additions, definitions, applications, circumstances;
clarifying members;
highlighting comparisons and phrases;
constructions with the conjunction “how”;
addresses, introductory words, interjection expressions.

Punctuation analysis a complex expression begins with a clarification of the form:

coordinating connection of parts;
subordinate;
without the help of unions.

Punctuation analysis of a sentence diagram and sample

[Pierre, 1 (who knew) 2 that she was very stupid, 3 with a strange feeling of bewilderment and fear, sometimes attended her evenings and dinners, 4 where politics, 5 poetry and 6 philosophy were discussed.7]. (L. Tolstoy)

Explanation of the rules for placing signs complex sentence:

7 – Point. The purpose of the statement is narrative, non-exclamatory in intonation and represents a complete thought. The explanation excludes the possibility of others: ?, …, !

1,2 – a comma connects parts of a complex structure: type – complex. Three subordinate clauses: who knew that she was very stupid, where it was said.

1 – a comma separates the subordinate clause “who knew”.

2 – completes the subordinate clause.

3 – continuation of the main main part.

4 – beginning of the third subordinate clause.

5 - comma for homogeneous additions “about politics, poetry and philosophy.”

6 – no emphasis required: there is a conjunction “and”.

[But before, in all acts of self-sacrifice, she joyfully realized 1 that she, 2 sacrificing herself, 3 thereby raised her worth in the eyes of herself and others and became more worthy of Nicolas, 4 (whom she loved most in life); 5 but now her sacrifice had to consist in 6 giving up that 7 which for her was the whole reward of the sacrifice, 8 the whole meaning of life]. 9 (L. Tolstoy)

A period is the end of a declarative sentence.

The beginning of the subordinate clause. There are 4 subordinate clauses in total.

2, 3. Participial phrase.

3.Continuation of the subordinate clause.

Beginning of the second clause.

5.Semicolon. A combination of two sentences, the first part of which has a large number of punctuation marks.

The beginning of the subordinate clause.

The beginning and end of the subordinate clause.

Clarification.

Attention! An example analysis shows that one sign can be explained by several rules, but some of them are applied only under one specific condition.

The order of punctuation analysis of a simple sentence

You can perform punctuation analysis as follows:

The student loved all academic subjects: 1 mathematics, 2 literature, 3 history.4

Explanation:

4 – Point. The statement is narrative.

1 – Colon. A generalizing phrase comes before a group of homogeneous additions.

2-3 – Commas. Homogeneous additions are connected using intonation, without conjunctions.

Sample analysis plan:

Write out a proposal.
Explain the ending sign.
Find and highlight the grammatical basis.
Explain the reasons for setting the symbols.
Make a diagram.

How to disassemble complex design:

Write out a proposal.
Explain the final sign.
Highlight grammatical basics.
Explain the reasons for the need for signs between parts.
Explain each sign in the PP.
Create a graphic diagram.

Examples of how to do punctuation analysis of a sentence:

I rang the bell, 1 the door opened, 2 but no one was visible behind it.3

Explanations:

3 – Period, narrative sentence.

1 – comma between PP.

2 – comma before the adversative conjunction “but”, between two simple ones.

The teacher gave instructions to Andrey, 1 because he was sure 2 that he could do such a thing, 3 he would do an excellent job 4 and 4 present the result, 5 without violating the deadlines. 6

6 is a period, because the purpose of the statement is storytelling.

1 – beginning of the first subordinate clause.

2 - the beginning of the second subordinate clause.

3 – differentiation of homogeneous subordinate clauses.

4 – signs are not needed, homogeneous predicates are connected by the conjunction “and”.

Example of punctuation analysis of a sentence

Punctuation, what it is, how to do punctuation work

Conclusion

Punctuation analysis requires knowledge of the rules and the ability to see the structure of the text. Each character needs to be explained from the position of the structure of the speech unit. What does it mean to perform punctuation analysis? Explain to yourself and the examiner the correctness of the choice of punctogram.