Many words of foreign language origin are firmly assimilated into the Russian literary language and are pronounced in accordance with existing spelling norms. A less significant part of foreign words related to various fields of science and technology, culture and art, to the field of politics (also foreign language proper names) deviate from generally accepted norms when pronounced. In addition, in a number of cases, double pronunciation of foreign words is observed (cf.: s[o]net - s[a]net, b[o]lero - b[a]lero, r[o]man - r[a]man, r[o]ryal - r[a]ryal, k[ o]concert - k[a]concert, p[o]et - p[a]et and etc.). pronunciation options like k[o]concert, r[o]man, n[o]vella, t[e]xt, mez[e]y, characterize the pronunciation as deliberately bookish. This pronunciation does not meet the norms accepted in the literary language.
Deviating from the norms when pronouncing foreign words, they cover a limited layer of vocabulary and come down mainly to the following:
1. In unstressed syllables (pre-stressed and post-stressed) in foreign words in place of a letter O the sound [o] is pronounced: [o]tel, b[o]a, p[o]et, m[o]derat[o], radi[o], ha[o]s, kaka[o], p[ o]ethess; in proper names: B[o]dler, V[o]lter, Z[o]lya, D[o]lores Ibarruri, P[o]res, Zh[o]res, etc.
2. Before e in foreign words, the dental consonants [t], [d], [z], [s] and [n], [r] are pronounced firmly: hotel, atelier, ground floor, metro, interview; model, cleavage, code, disorientation; highway, meringue, morse, based; muffler, pince-nez; Sorrento; Porez, Jaurès, also Flaubert, Chopin.
3. In unstressed syllables of foreign words with a hard consonant before [e] in place of the letter e the vowel [e] is pronounced: at[e]lie, at[e]ism, mod[e]lier, etc. In place of the letters e after And in the following foreign words it is pronounced [e]: di[e]ta, di[e]z, pi[e]tism, pi[e]tet.
4. In place of the letter uh at the beginning of a word and after vowels it is pronounced [e]: [e]ho, [e]pos, po[e]t, po[e]tessa is pronounced softly: removed, from him, slacker, idle, product, out of business, withdraw - [snal], [s nivo], [business], [product], [iz-del], [izjat].
5. Prefix - preposition V before soft labials it is pronounced softly: in the song, in front - [f song], [f p and mouth].
6. The labials do not soften before the posterior palatals: stakes, breaking, chains [stafki], [breaking], [tsepki].
7. Final consonants [t], [d], [b] in prefixes before soft labials and separators ъ do not soften: eat, drink - [ Ltjel], .
8. The consonant [r] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [h], [sch] is pronounced firmly: artel, cornet, feed, samovar, welder - [ Lrtel], [kLrnet], [kLrmit], [smLvarchik], [welder].
Private rules concern all sections of orthoepy. They are like variants of general pronunciation norms. These options allow for fluctuations in standards. They arise either under the influence of Leningrad or under the influence of Moscow.
Private spelling rules include the following:
1. Letter combination – chn- in several dozen words it is pronounced as [shn] or [shn`]: mustard plaster, scrambled eggs, bakery, of course etc. Many words do not fall under this rule and are pronounced with [chn]: fabulous, country, familiar, eternal and etc.
2. Fricative [X] is in most cases non-literary; however, in some words its pronunciation is acceptable: good - blah[x]o, aha - a[x]a.
3. In place of the letter sch you need to pronounce the sound [u]: slot, pike.
4. In many foreign words, letters are in place O, denoting an unstressed vowel, contrary to the general rule, it is pronounced [O], and not [L] or [ъ]: nocturne, poetry, cocktail and etc.
5. The correct pronunciation of some letter abbreviations has also recently become a question of spelling. As a general rule, alphabetic abbreviations are read in accordance with the alphabetical names of the letters: Germany, USA.
6. In the first pre-stressed syllable A after f, w can be pronounced like A or how s. This pronunciation is called Old Moscow: balls [balls].
7. At the endings of adjectives with a stem on g, k, x in adjective forms nod - nod Pronunciation of soft back-lingual words is also acceptable. This is the old Moscow norm: quiet - quiet.
8. Reflexive suffix –xia usually pronounced with a soft tone s`:learn, be proud.
9. Combination Thu pronounced like [PCS]:what, to, but something.
A person who does not know the rules of spelling well, or knows them but poorly applies them in practice, makes many spelling errors, leading to a distorted reconstruction of the sound form of words, as well as incorrect intonation of speech.
There are several reasons why spelling errors are made.
Many pronunciation errors in Russian speech are explained by dialectal influence, for example: Viasna instead of spring, rate instead of very, move instead of year etc. Certain individuals, having mastered the articulatory base and phonetic laws of a dialect from childhood, do not immediately, not always, or completely adapt to literary pronunciation. However, with the development of society, as a result of universal education, under the influence of radio and television, dialects are increasingly disintegrating and disappearing, and the Russian literary language is becoming the main means of communication; therefore, the number of dialect pronunciation errors in the speech of our contemporaries - Russians - is declining.
A bunch of people of non-Russian nationality who have sufficiently studied the Russian language make spelling errors, also associated with the discrepancy between phonetic units (segmental and supersegmental) and sound laws of the Russian and native languages; For example: look at this instead of watch, flow instead of current, seteranica instead of page, niesu instead of I'm carrying.
Such errors, especially numerous at the initial stage of mastering the Russian language, may gradually disappear due to the widespread practice of Russian speech and orientation towards the speech of Russians.
Third An important factor in deviations from the orthoepic norms of the Russian language is the interference of written texts. This reason can be combined with the first or second and supported by them. Firstly, a person who does not know the oral forms of some words well enough and at the same time is not sufficiently, only in general knowledge, aware of the sound meanings of Russian letters, is guided when reading words (and later - when reproducing them without relying on written text) by their spelling , understood superficially. So, those starting to study the Russian language read [h]to instead of [w]to, today instead of se[v]odnya, honestly, and not che[sn]o. Secondly, a person (including a Russian native speaker of the Russian language who speaks it well) may develop a false belief, which he follows, that oral speech needs to be corrected by written speech. This false “correctness” is characteristic, to one degree or another, of most people who begin to read Russian. Later, the native speaker abandons this, recognizing the different principles of spelling and pronunciation of words. However, there is a tendency to pronounce words to some extent on the norms of pronunciation of individual words and their groups. Consequently, as a result of this, a pronunciation like thin, strong instead of the previously literary tone, strong.
On the part of some native Russian speakers who know foreign languages to one degree or another, there is sometimes a deliberate phonetic distortion of words of foreign origin. A person speaking Russian pronounces these words not the way they should be pronounced in Russian, based on the Russian articulatory base, but in a foreign way, pronouncing them in French, German or English, introducing them into Russian speech sounds alien to her and replacing individual sounds, for example: [hai]ne instead of Heine, [zhu]ri instead of [zh`u]ri. Such pronunciation, including with sounds alien to the Russian language, does not contribute to the normalization and culture of speech.
To avoid the above mistakes, it is necessary: a) to constantly monitor your own pronunciation; b) observe the speech of people who have a good command of the norms of the literary language; c) constantly study the rules of phonetics and spelling and constantly refer to reference dictionaries.
Normative speech is an obligatory sign of an educated, intelligent person, and the culture of spoken speech is as important an aspect of national culture as the culture of the written word, the culture of communication, and the culture of social life. All recommendations regarding pronunciation norms can be divided into two unequal parts: the vast majority of them concern how individual words should be pronounced, and only a very small part concerns the features of an utterance or continuous speech. Meanwhile, observations show that the type of speech is very important for creating the phonetic appearance of an utterance.
The following types of speech can be distinguished: monologue - dialogical, prepared - spontaneous, careful - casual. Monologue speech involves the speaker making certain statements over a fairly long period of time. Any monologue speech differs from dialogic speech, the essence of which is the exchange of messages between two or more interlocutors. Prepared speech differs from spontaneous speech in that the speaker, before the act of verbal communication, knows not only what, but also how he should speak. Examples of prepared speech - stage speech, reading a pre-written text; Spontaneous speech is generated at the moment of communication; its form is not prepared in advance. Careful speech presupposes that the speaker pays special attention to the sound side - for example, when dictating a text, casual speech differs from careful speech by less attention to the sound side itself.
Each of the listed types of speech can be combined with other types.
Monologue speech can be prepared and unprepared, careful and relaxed.
Prepared speech can be monologue and dialogic, it is more often thorough than casual.
Careful speech can be monologue or dialogic, prepared or spontaneous.
Dialogue speech often spontaneous and relaxed, but can be prepared and thorough.
Spontaneous speech can be monologue and dialogic, thorough and relaxed.
Casual speech can be monologue and dialogic, prepared or spontaneous.
The specific combination of these types depends on the conditions of speech communication and is characterized as a pronunciation style. Most often, three styles of pronunciation are distinguished - solemn-official, neutral and colloquial. Of course, this is only an approximate classification of style features, since each of the three styles can come in several varieties. A neutral pronunciation style is a combination of speech types that can be characterized as not carrying information about the special conditions of speech communication: in this way, the neutral style differs from the solemn-official and colloquial style. If we talk about the choice of phonetic means, then the neutral style is most likely characterized by those features of articulation, phonetic design of words, intonation design of statements, which we talked about in this book without special mention as normal. In a solemn-official style, articulations become clearer, the volume of speech increases, the tempo slows down, and syntagmatic division becomes more vivid. This is, as a rule, a monologue, prepared, careful speech (once I had a chance to look at the prepared text of a colleague’s speech: all the syntagmatic boundaries were marked there in red pencil, the main words were emphasized - and his speech was an example of an official and solemn style). The conversational style is characterized by spontaneity and ease, and in phonetic terms - a faster pace, less clear articulation, and more monotonous intonation figures. An important task of phonetics as the science of living speech is to develop criteria by which the differences between literary colloquial style and vernacular style are determined.
One way to rely on phonetic criteria to distinguish between pronunciation styles is to use the concept of pronunciation type. The type of pronunciation is the method of implementing the phonemic model of a word in speech (perhaps in the future it will be possible to include here the method of implementing the intonation model of the utterance, but so far this issue has not yet been seriously developed). The type of pronunciation that is sufficient to unambiguously determine the phonemic model of a word will be called the complete type of pronunciation. With an incomplete type of pronunciation, additional information is needed to determine the phonemic model of the word, that is, to interpret its sound composition as a certain sequence of phonemes.
L. V. Shcherba wrote that in ordinary speech the full type of pronunciation is never found: only some sections are pronounced in the full type, while the rest are pronounced in the incomplete type, as a result of which such sound segments arise, the phonemic interpretation of which is impossible without recourse to more high levels of language, that is, without defining what kind of word it is or what kind of word form it is. Let us emphasize that this is a normal phenomenon, a property of all speech. Let's look at one specific example. At the end of nouns. kind of them. case under stress, the exponent of the morpheme is the phoneme /A/ - /krAsa/, /dušA/, etc. What happens if this ending is preceded by a soft consonant, but it itself does not carry stress? Indeed, for the Russian vowel system, the law of alternation of stressed /A/ after a soft consonant with unstressed /i/ is obligatory. Then in words melon, nanny, bullet, storm the phoneme /i/ must appear, which is the exponent of the ending of another case - melons, nannies etc.
If from the words in the nominative case recorded in the standard pronunciation, using a special device, we isolate the last vowel and rewrite it outside the context in which it was realized, then almost everyone who listens to this vowel will identify it as a front and upper or middle vowel . However, not a single Russian specialist will agree that the last phoneme in these words is /i/. In this case, a kind of substitution occurs - instead of the allophone that is realized in the incomplete type of pronunciation, the allophone characteristic of a strong position and pronounced in the full type is discussed. We already know that significant variability in allophones of the same phoneme is determined by combinatorial and positional conditions, so that the appearance of segments of an incomplete type of utterance can be predicted on the basis of this knowledge. Thus, there is a kind of normative probability of the appearance of segments of an incomplete type, and if the characteristics of a speech sequence correspond to this probability, then we can say that this sequence belongs to a neutral pronunciation style. If the number of sections of the complete type of pronunciation is greater than can be expected, then this style of pronunciation should be defined as solemn-official, and if less, then as colloquial. A further increase in areas of incomplete type of pronunciation should indicate the transition of speech to the category of non-normative. A quantitative description of the procedure that makes it possible to determine the style of speech based on the type of pronunciation is a matter for further research, among which the main place should be occupied by studies of the phonetic organization of coherent texts.
18. Pronunciation of borrowed words and morphemes.
Borrowed words, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. The most significant of them is the preservation of the pronunciation of the sound [o] in unstressed syllables and hard consonants before the front vowel [e]. In an unstressed position, the sound [o] is preserved, for example, in words such as m[o]del, m[o]dern, [o]asis, b[o]a, [o]tel, f[o]nema, modernism also in foreign proper names: F[o]ber, V[o]lter, T[o]gliatti, Sh[o]pen, M[o]passan. The same pronunciation [o] is observed in unstressed syllables: kaka [o], for the sake of [o]. However, the majority of borrowed vocabulary, which are words firmly adopted by the Russian literary language, is subject to the general rules of pronunciation [o] and [a] in unstressed syllables: b[a]kal, k[a]suit, canned food, b[a] xer, r[a]yal, pr[a]gress, k[b]binet, f[b]formulate and DR- In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t']et, pa[t' ]efon, faculty[t']t, [t']theory, [dumoy, [d']espot, [n']nervg, pio[n']er, [s']section, [s']series, mu['z]-ey, newspaper[z"]eta, [r']enta, [r']ektor.
The back consonants are always softened before [e]: pa[k'e)t, [k'e]gli, [k'e]ks, ba[g'e]t, [g'e)rtsog, s[x' e]ma. The sound [l] is also usually pronounced softly in this position: [l'e]di, mo[l'e]kula, ba[l'e]t, etc. However, in a number of words of foreign origin the hardness of the consonants before [e ] preserved: sh[te]psel, o[te]l, s[te]id, ko[de]ks, mo[de]l, ka[re], [de]miurg, [de]mping, kash[ ne], e[ne]-rgiya, [de]marsh, mor[ze], k[re]do, etc. Moreover, usually in borrowed words the dental consonants [t], [d], [] remain firm before [e]. s], [h], [g], [r]. A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R. I. Avanesov “Russian Literary Pronunciation”, as well as in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language.
Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, unstressed O pronounced sound [o]: hell A jio, bo A, bum O nd, bont O n, how A o, r A dio, tr And O. In addition, stylistic fluctuations in high-style text are possible; preserving the unstressed [o] in words of foreign origin is one of the means of attracting attention to them, a means of highlighting them. Pronunciation of the words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Foreign-language names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation.
In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm, encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, era, effect, effective, etc.
2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before a letter in borrowed words e, for example, in the words tempo, pool, museum, etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, promissory note, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; the word tempo is pronounced firmly T.
In other words, before e a solid consonant is pronounced: adept, auto-da-fé, business, western, prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, muffler, codeine, codex, computer, motorcade, cottage, bracket, open-hearth, billionaire, model, modern, Morse, hotel, parterre, pathetic, polonaise, purse, poetess, resume, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known among us for at least one hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.
In borrowed words starting with a prefix de-, before vowels dis-, as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard are observed d To n, for example: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.
Firmly pronouncing consonants before e recommended in foreign language proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaures, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [d uh]. e nesis [gene], relay [rele], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [pe;ne], renome [re;me], secretary [se;re;te], ethnogenesis [gene], etc.
In relatively few words of foreign origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e, for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in the words businessman [ne;me], annexation [ne] pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in the words dean, claim, soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard [de] and [te] are also allowed; In the word session, the hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in the words laser, computer, as well as in the colloquial pronunciation of the words business, sandwich, intensive, interval.
Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Bertha, “Decameron,” Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck, et al.
3. Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute, brochure. The word jury is pronounced with a soft hissing [zh’]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced.
19. reflection of pronunciation norms in spelling dictionaries.
Closely related to phonetics is orthoepy, a science that studies standard literary pronunciation (Greek - correct; - word, speech). The pronunciation of speech sounds, placement of stress, etc. are subject to orthoepic norms. Term Orthoepy It is used in linguistics in two meanings: 1) a set of norms of a literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: norms for the pronunciation of sounds in different positions, norms of stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (spelling rules).
Among the norms that allow for variability in pronunciation in the same position, it is necessary to note the following norms, updated in the school course of the Russian language:
Pronunciation of hard and soft consonant before E In borrowed words;
Pronunciation of combinations in individual words Thu AND Chn Like [pcs] and [shn];
Pronunciation of sounds [zh] and [zh’] in place of combinations LJ, zhzh;
Variability of positional softening of consonants in individual groups;
Variation of stress in individual words and word forms. Exactly those related to the pronunciation of individual words
And the forms of words and pronunciation norms are the object of description in spelling dictionaries.
Remember a few rules that reflect modern spelling standards.
At the place of combination Chn Pronounce [sh]: horse[sh]o, naro[sh]o, skuk[sh]o.
Instead of a combination Thu Pronounce [pcs]: [pcs]o, something [pcs]o, [pcs]like, but something [pcs].
Instead of G At the end - Wow - pronounce [v]: then [v]o, more-[v]o, new [v]o.
Y Combinations Zsh AND Ssh Pronounced as a long [sh]: ra[sh]it (to embroider), [sh]um (with noise), be[sh]ineli (without an overcoat).
Y Combinations Szh AND Zh Pronounced as a long [zh]: [zh]al (squeezed), ra[zh]yog (lit).
Y Combinations Zh AND SCH Pronounced as a long soft [sch’]: vo[sch’]ik (carrier), pi[sch’]ik (subscriber).
Y Combinations DC AND Shopping center Pronounced as a long [ts]: kolo[ts]a (well), molo[ts]a (well done). Combination at the end of verbs - Tsya AND - Tsya Pronounced as [tsa]: beru [tsa] (taken).
Y Combinations PM AND dch Pronounced as a long soft [ch’]: nala[ch’]ik (serviceman), le[ch’]ik (pilot).
Y Double consonants in borrowed words are usually pronounced as a long consonant, but a number of words allow the double consonant to be pronounced as one sound: bath[n], flu[p].
Y Letter G At the end of the word God Pronounced as [x].
Y Letter combination Gk Pronounced [h'k'] in words Lightweight, soft.
Y Letter combination Gh Pronounced as [hch'] in words Lighter, softer.
Y In many foreign words after consonants it is written E, and the consonants are pronounced firmly: Studio [te], Muffler [ne], Cafe [fe], Summary [meh], Stand [te], Masterpiece [de].
Y At the beginning of words, letters E AND E Write according to pronunciation ( Huntsman, ellipse).
Y After AND, and also after consonants the letter is written E (Hygiene, diet, muffler, stand).Exceptions: Foreign words Mayor, Sir And some proper names ( Ulan-Ude).
Y is often written after other vowels E (Poetry, silhouette, maestro).
Y In other words the letter is used E (Project, registry). Errors in stress can be caused by various reasons that need to be taken into account.
Y Errors associated with ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed. Word Miserly, for example, comes from the French word Miser And pronounced with emphasis on E - Miserly.
Y Errors associated with the absence of a letter in the printed text Yo. Letter Yo Always takes the emphasis. elimination of two points above Yo In printed text, it led to the fact that many words began to be pronounced with the letter E, and the emphasis moved to a random place: they began to say, for example, Bile, Gall Instead of Bile, Gall; Spellbound Instead of Spellbound; Newborn Instead of Newborn Etc.
Y Errors that are a consequence of spelling errors resulting from poor knowledge of spelling. For example, Reservation - gross mistake! This word is spelled with the letter I At the end - Armor, and the emphasis in it has a distinctive meaning: Armor - priority right to receive something ( Ticket reservation), in contrast to the word Armor - protective coating (tank armor). Toast - gross mistake! Word Toast - masculine, in the plural the accent is on the final syllable - toasts.
There are difficulties with stress in the simplest words due to the fact that many do not know exactly whether they belong to one or another part of speech. You can also find out about stress in words in spelling and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, in various reference dictionaries, and in manuals on speech culture.
In the Russian literary language, as in any literary language with a long history, there are a considerable number of words of foreign origin, often inaccurately called “foreign words”. A borrowed word was rarely adopted by the Russian language in the form in which it existed in the source language. Differences in pronunciation between Russian and foreign languages led to the fact that the foreign word changed, adapted to Russian phonetic norms, and sounds unusual for the Russian language disappeared. Nowadays, a significant part of such words in their pronunciation is no different from native Russian words. But some of them - words from different fields of technology, science, culture, politics, and especially foreign-language proper names - stand out among other words of the Russian literary language by their pronunciation, breaking the rules. The following describes some features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin.
Combinations [j], [dz].
Words of foreign origin often contain the combination [j], corresponding to the phoneme [ћ] of other languages, which is an affricate [z], but pronounced with a voice. In the Russian language, the combination j is pronounced in the same way as the same combination in native Russian words, namely as [ћж]: [ћж]ем, [ћж]emper, [ћж]igit, [ћж]entelmen.
In isolated cases, the combination [dz] occurs, corresponding to the sound [z]. This sound is a voiced [ts]. Like j, the combination dz in Russian is pronounced in the same way as the corresponding combination in native Russian words, namely: muein.
In some words of foreign language origin, an aspirated sound [h] is pronounced in place of the letter g, for example, [h]abitus or bra, in which it is possible to pronounce [h] along with [g]. Some foreign proper names can be pronounced with this sound, for example, Heine: .
The sound [o] in unstressed syllables.
Only a few borrowed words retain [o] in the 1st pre-stressed syllable, and even then somewhat weakened: b[o]a, d[o]sie, b[o]rdo. [o] is also preserved in some complex words, for example, in the word communist party.
In the 2nd pre-stressed syllable, in the absence of vowel reduction, it is possible to pronounce [o] in words such as k[o]ns[o]me, m[o]derat[o], b[o]lero.
There are a small number of words in which the vowel [o] is pronounced in place of the letter o in overstressed syllables after consonants and vowels: vet[o], avid[o], cre[o], radi[o], kaka[o], ha[ o]s.
The unstressed vowel is often preserved in foreign proper names: B[o]dler, Z[o]lya, V[o]lter, D[o]lores, R[o]den.
The pronunciation of unstressed [o] has a stylistic meaning. When announcing the performance of a composer’s work, it is more appropriate to say Sh[o]pen, but in everyday speech you can also say Shpen.
Consonants before e.
In foreign language non-Russified words, the consonants before e are not softened, as in native Russian ones. This applies, first of all, to dental consonants (except l) - t, d, s, z, n, r.
Hard [t] is pronounced in words such as atheism, atelier, stand, aesthetics. The hard [t] is also preserved in the foreign language prefix inter-: in[te]ryu; as well as in a number of geographical names and other proper names: Ams[te]rdam, Dan[te].
The sound [d] is not softened in the words code, model, modern, etc., as well as in such geographical names as Delhi, Rhodesia and the surnames Descartes, Mendelssohn.
The sounds [z] and [s] are pronounced firmly only in a few words: [s]entence, mor[ze]. Also, hard [z] and [s] are found in given names and surnames, such as Joseph, Seneca.
The sound [n] also remains solid in given names and surnames (Re[ne], [nel]lson). Most words are pronounced with a hard [n], but there are cases when the [n] before e is softened: neolithic, neologism.
But in most words of foreign origin, the consonants are softened in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation, therefore pronunciation such as pro[fe]ssor, ag[re]ssor, [beret]et, etc. is completely unacceptable.
Pronunciation of borrowed words.
In the Russian literary language, as in any literary language with a long history, there are a considerable number of words of foreign origin, often inaccurately called “foreign words”. A borrowed word was rarely adopted by the Russian language in the form in which it existed in the source language.
Differences in pronunciation between Russian and foreign languages led to the fact that the foreign word changed, adapted to Russian phonetic norms, and sounds unusual for the Russian language disappeared. Nowadays, a significant part of such words in their pronunciation is no different from native Russian words.
Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.
1. In some words of foreign origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed [o]]: adagio, boa, beau monde, bonton, cocoa, radio, trio. In addition, stylistic fluctuations in high-style text are possible; preserving the unstressed [o] in words of foreign origin is one of the means of attracting attention to them, the means of highlighting them: sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, etc.
In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: poetic, aegis, evolution, exotic, equivalent, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, element, elite, emigrant, emir, energy, enthusiasm, encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, era, effect, effective, etc.
2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant in borrowed words before the letter e, for example, in the words tempo, pool, museum, etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beige, brunette, promissory note, monogram, motto, declaration, incident, compliment, correct, museum, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; the word tempo is pronounced with a hard t.
In other words, a hard consonant is pronounced before e: adept, business, western, prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, muffler, codeine, code, computer, billionaire , model, modern, hotel, parterre, purse, poetess, resume, rating and others. Some of these words have been known among us for at least one hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.
In borrowed words starting with the prefix de-, before the vowels dez-, as well as in the first part of complex words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d k n are observed eg: devaluation, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.
In borrowed words with two (or more) e's, one of the consonants is often pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before the e: strap [rete], genesis [gene], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], ethnogenesis [gene], etc.
In relatively few words of foreign language origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e are observed, for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in the words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne], pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in the words dean, claim, soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard [de] and [te] are also allowed; In the word session, the hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in the words laser, computer, as well as in the colloquial pronunciation of the words business, sandwich, intensive, interval.
3. Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute, brochure. The word jury is pronounced with a soft hissing [zh].
Borrowed words make up 10-20% of the vocabulary of the Russian language. Many of them are organically included in its composition and are foreign only by their origin: meter, culture, newspaper. Most of them are no different in pronunciation from native Russian words, but some have features that violate the basic orthoepic norms of the Russian language.
In native Russian words in position before [ uh ] only soft paired consonants are represented: faith [v'era]. Therefore, the pronunciation of hard consonants before [ uh ] in borrowed words is a new feature in Russian phonetics, but associated with systemic factors. The combination itself hard consonant + [uh ] is not alien to the Russian language. This is a potential feature, the possibility of which is built into the system. We pronounce a hard consonant before [ uh ] in such Russian words as tin [zhes’t’], target [tsel'] and others. Also L.V. Shcherba said that “no Russian finds it difficult to pronounce the syllables te, de, ne, se at the junction of words - from this, above this, at the junction of the prefix and the root - razedakiy.” There are few such words, but the very fact of their existence speaks of the inherent possibility in the system of pronouncing a hard consonant before [ uh ].
Dictionaries pay a lot of attention to foreign words with the sound [ uh ] in different positions – drums ( rector) and unstressed ( dean). Russification of such words consists of replacing the hard consonant before [ uh ] to softened, orthographically this is indicated e, pronunciations like rector, pioneer considered illiterate; in the case of an unstressed position ( dean – d'e and kan) pronunciation of the sound [ uh ] after a softened consonant also qualitatively changes the sound - “uh” close to "And" – [e and ]. There are a lot of foreign words with the indicated sound in the modern Russian language, grammatically they have long been mastered by the Russian language - many of them are declined, but the pronunciation is often preserved in the original, this is especially typical for terminological vocabulary: phoneme [ne], fashion show [de], awning [te], artery [te] and so on. Along with this, other special words were subjected to Russification: detonator, hyphen, pace, term, thermometer, theory; wherein [ uh ] can store everyday words like neckline [de, te], muffler [ne], diet [ie].
It is interesting to trace the gradual change in the attitude of lexicologists towards the formation of a new pronunciation of borrowings from [ uh ]. In the middle of the twentieth century, further indications were required in this regard, even in words such as text, timbre, tenor, awning. In the 1959 reference dictionary there are notes: text[Not te], subject[Not te], textualist[Not te], tenor[Not te]. Steadfastly preserve [ uh ] words timbre [te], trend [te And de], awning [te], but the word pace underwent phonetic change: 1959 dictionary - pace [te], dictionary 1998 – pace [t'e]. The same thing happened with other words: the 1959 dictionary - dismantling [de], demoralization [de], depression [de, Not re]; the 1998 dictionary gives [ d'e].
The process is uneven; unification did not occur even at the end of the twentieth century. Moreover, soft and hard variants coexist in similar word groups. For example, in words with the component press: press [r'e], compress [r'e], press conference [r'e] – the soft pronunciation was fixed, and in the words repression, express Accepted along with the soft version is the hard one. In mass use, the hard version is preferable, contrary to the instructions of the dictionaries. The predominance of the hard version is also supported by the practice of using other words with re: progress [re], stress [re], congress [re], where the norm provides for a soft option. As an unconditionally non-normative option, one can even find the utterance beret [re], correction [re].
It is the language system that determines the patterns of pronunciation of a hard or soft consonant before [ uh ] in borrowed words. You can select a number of factors influencing the pronunciation of a consonant as hard or soft . According to L.A. Verbitskaya, they can be divided into three groups.
First group – phonetic factors : primarily the quality of the consonant, as well as the position in relation to the stress. It was noticed that most often they are pronounced as hard front-lingual consonants, less often - labial, and extremely rarely back-lingual. In addition, the percentage of solids decreases with distance from the stress.
Second group - morphological factors : namely, the morphological mastery of the word, that is, whether the word in the Russian language has acquired inflection paradigms. The morphological lack of mastery of the word contributes to the preservation of the firmness of the consonant before [ uh ]. For example, indeclinable nouns: cafe, meringue.
Third group - lexical factors : time of borrowing and lexical mastery of a word. There is an opinion that the earlier the word came, the more Russified it was. However, the word panel was already recorded in the Lexicon of 1726, but its pronunciation has not yet been established. The second lexical factor is the lexical mastery of a word or the degree of familiarity of native speakers with a given word. You can select 3 degrees of mastery:
1 – words well known and used;
2 – words that are familiar, but rarely or rarely used;
3 - unknown words.
It has been experimentally proven that most often a hard consonant occurs in unfamiliar and unfamiliar words, and, conversely, the probability of soft consonants appearing in well-known words is 2-3 times greater than in little-known and unknown ones.
Special studies have shown that there is a certain hardness-softness relationship between the consonant before [ uh ] from what language the word came from, apparently not.
Finally, the pronunciation of the consonant before [ uh ] in borrowed words may depend on the individual characteristics of the native speaker: education, age, place of residence. But the language system will play a decisive role , which L.V. wrote about several times. Shcherba: “Everything truly individual that does not flow from the language system, is not potentially inherent in it... perishes irrevocably” [Shmelev; P. 19].
The main difficulty in developing rules for the pronunciation of borrowed words is due to the fact that wide variability is allowed here .
You should pay attention to words in the roots of which only hard consonants are pronounced [ With ], [R ], [n ], [m ], [f ]; these are words pince-nez, cabaret, muffler, panel, Burim, cafe. Almost all of these words are classified as indeclinable, that is, morphologically undeveloped. These examples indicate the importance of the morphological factor when pronouncing a hard or soft consonant.
It is interesting to note that sometimes factors such as consonant quality and lexical acquisition of a word act in opposite directions. Most often, the phonetic factor turns out to be stronger; for example, we pronounce a hard consonant in such well-known and frequently used words as tennis, index, thermos.
So, the pronunciation of a soft or hard consonant in the words under consideration primarily depends on the quality of the consonant: velar and labial in most cases are soft: scheme [sh'ema], skittles [k'egli'i] and only in some cases – solid: camping [camp'ink], canapes [canapes]; anterior lingual – mostly hard: pace [tempo], phoneme [fanema], antenna [antenna].
Borrowed words in some cases differ from Russian ones in terms of pronunciation. The most significant of them is the preservation of the sound [ O ] in unstressed syllables and hard consonants before the front vowel [ uh ]. In an unstressed position the sound [ O ] is preserved, for example, in words such as m[O]del, b[O]A and in foreign proper names: Fl[O]ber, IN[O]lter. The same pronunciation is observed in unstressed syllables: kaka[O], for the sake of[O]. However, the majority of borrowed vocabulary, which are words firmly adopted by the Russian literary language, is subject to general rules of pronunciation [ O ] And [ A ] in unstressed syllables: b[ă ]feces, To[ă ]suit.
In accordance with the law of Russian pronunciation before the vowel [ uh ] is pronounced as a soft consonant. This rule also applies to borrowed words that have become firmly established in the Russian language, for example, aqua[r'e]l, [d'e]To[r'e]T and many others. However, in speech practice we encounter facts that contradict this rule. Even foreign words that have long been mastered by the Russian language and have entered into widespread speech use are pronounced by some with a hard consonant. You can often hear: [ te]rmin instead of [ t'e]rmin, co[fe] instead of co[f'e]. Many words that were previously pronounced only firmly can now be pronounced softly, for example: artery [te] and additional [ t'e], vaudeville [de] and additional [ d'e] .
In most words, the main option is the soft pronunciation of the consonant, and the option with a hard consonant is additional, for example: aggression [r'e] and additional [ re], congress [r'e] and additional [ re]. However, for individual words - artery, inert, trend, pace, according to dictionaries of recent years, there has been a strengthening of solid pronunciation: ar[te]Riya, And[ne]mouth, [te]trend, [te]mp.
Some effect on the pronunciation of unstressed [ O ] rendered the letter. In foreign words like poet, poetry, bolero pronunciation of unstressed [ O ] arose, of course, under the influence of writing and, apparently, was supported by the desire to emphasize the origin of these words, so in Russian words the unstressed o always alternated [ A] corresponding degree of reduction. It should be noted that cases of influence of spelling on pronunciation are noted when the new pronunciation does not conflict with the system, when systemic relations are not affected.
It follows that the general process of Russification (mastery) of foreign words gradually leads them to “subordination” to the pronunciation norms of the Russian literary language. However, the adaptation of “foreign” sound combinations to the phonetic nature of the borrowing language occurs very unevenly and creates considerable difficulties when pronouncing words of foreign origin .
So you can do the following conclusions.
The leading trends in the development of modern literary pronunciation are primarily the following.
The first one is simplification of a number of complex spelling rules .
The second is screening out local pronunciation features under the influence of the media: radio, television, school, cinema, theater .
The third is the rapprochement of standard pronunciation with writing, which is explained by the fact that the literary language is acquired by students through written speech, through books, newspapers, magazines .
The fourth is phonetic adaptation of foreign words .
The fifth is leveling pronunciation socially .
Speaking about the dependence of the norm on the system, it should be said that in the phonological system of the Russian language a number of patterns have emerged, certain internal rearrangements that can lead to some changes in the norm. In contrasting hard consonants with soft ones, not all potential possibilities of this category have been exhausted. An analysis of our research shows that there may still be an increase in the number of pairs of consonants contrasted by hardness and softness, and the number of positions in which this opposition is realized may increase or decrease. The process of increasing the number of positions in which hard and soft are differentiated occurs in modern language due to the expansion of the opposition of hard and soft before the front vowel uh . A further restriction is planned in the use of vowels in an unstressed position. If until now this restriction applied only to two phonemes< uh > and< O >, vowels of medium rise, then currently there is a tendency to weaken the functional load< at >.
The lack of a universal pronunciation standard can be explained, on the one hand, by the influx of dialect-speaking rural populations into cities, and on the other, by the spread of the media (radio, television, cinema). In this regard, the study of pronunciation norms of the Russian language and the identification of a set of orthoepic rules are of particular importance. Knowledge of these issues is necessary for Russian language teachers. Teaching pronunciation is as necessary as teaching correct spelling and grammatical rules; however, orthoepy is still not an independent subject in teaching the Russian language in schools and universities.
Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, veto, gross, net, advice, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of words poetry, credo etc. with unstressed [o] optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento and etc.
2. In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: aegis, evolution, duelist and etc.
3. In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]yn or bass[s"e]yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.
Soft Pronunciation:
In other cases, before e a hard consonant is pronounced.
Firm pronunciation:
4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:
6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis[g"ene], relay[rel"e] and etc.
7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in words pair shu T[shu], bro shu ra[shu]. In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [ and"]. Names are pronounced just as softly Julien, Jules.
8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:
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