PUNCTION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH SEPARATE MEMBERS Special circumstances 1. Circumstances, expressed by gerunds and dee participial phrases
1. Circumstances expressed by participial phrases or single gerunds that have not turned into adverbs and retain verb meaning, apartthere are almost always (except for some special cases), regardless of the place they occupy in relation to to g lagolu-predicate. For example: 1) High passion Not having no mercy for the sounds of life, could not he is iambic from trochee, no matter how we fought, distinguish(A. Pushkin). 2) Zina, appearing at the door, loudly screamed(M. Bulgakov). 3) Nogtev stood at the door, leaning his shoulders on the doorframe (A. Chekhov). 4) Fragrant, with ooh herbs, smoking, smoked clouds (I. Bunin). 5) A few days lil, without ceasing, cold rain (K. Paustovsky).
Inconsistent separation is observed only in single participles, acting as circumstances way of action. Like all other circumstances of the manner of action, they are characterized by a close connection with the verb, which prevents their isolation (see below).
2.Participial turnover, standing after coordinating or subordinating union or union word, is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of a pause (intonationally, the conjunction is included in the phrase). Such participial turnover can be torn away from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence: 1) Will you wake up, full of strength, or, obeying the law of fate, you have already done everything you could... (N. Nekrasov). 2) The Chechen looked at Lukashka and, slowly turning away, began to look at the other shore (L. Tolstoy). 3) It became audible how, fromcounting the seconds, with the precision of a metronome, water drips from the tap (K. Paustovsky). 4) And, not letting the darkness of the night into the golden skies,one dawn is in a hurry to replace another, giving the night half an hour (A. Pushkin).
The exception is the union A: depending on the context, it can either be part of an adverbial construction or connect members of the main sentence. Wed: 1) Paul began to bring books and tried to read they are unnoticeable, A Having read it, he hid it somewhere (M. Gorky)(the union merges with participle) and 2) We are not just readerspoems, but, wanting to remember them, they learned them by heart(the conjunction connects homogeneous predicates: not just read,but learned it by heart).
3. It is necessary to distinguish between two constructions: a) homogeneous participles or participial phrases and b) participial phrases related to homogeneous predicate.
a) Between homogeneous participles or participial phrases(they refer to the same predicate) signs are placed according to the same rules as between homogeneous members: 1) Sitting, standing, and lying flat, about a dozen hares escaped in it (N. Nekrasov)- O, and O, and O. 2) Streams, murmuring, and meandering, and calling to each other, rush into the echoing valley (A. Fet) - Oh, and Oh, and Oh.
Attention should be paid to cases where two homogeneous adverbial phrases connected by a single union And,or, or. There is no comma between such phrases: 1) Trying to make as few fast movements as possibleAnd listening to the bees flying past more and more often, he walked along the path to the hut (L. Tolstoy)- O and O. 2) The waves rustled, running up onto the sand, mergingwith him and running up again (M. Gorky) - O, O and O.
b) If participial phrases refer to different predicates, signs are placed according to the rules of isolation participles And participial phrases: Guests remained in the dining room, whispering about this unexpected visit, and, fearing to be indiscreet, soon separated one after another, without thanking the owner for the bread and salt (A. Pushkin).
4. Frozen participial phrases, which are introductory words or those close to them in meaning are highlighted (or separated) by commas: 1) Apparently, our paththe procession will drag on. 2) In all honesty,I don't want to talk about it.
5. Participial phrases and gerunds not in isolationare:
1) If participial turnover- phraseological unit: latersleeves(= carelessly) headlong(= quickly) rolling up my handkava(= friendly), tirelessly(= diligently) mouth open(= surprised) without closing my eyes(= without sleep). For example: And day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed (A. Griboyedov). He worked tirelessly (M. Gorky).
2) If participle has lost its verbal meaning (such participle close in function to the adverb of manner of action): 1) Horses run slowly among the green hillsty fields (I. Bunin). 2) Dmitry listened to him nahmarushing (M. Gorky).
3) If participle approaches in meaning to the preposition: After some time(= after some time) Vesovshchikov came (M. Gorky).
4) If participle has a conjunctive word as a dependent word "which" as part of a subordinate clause: 1) Here is a book, after reading which you will learna lot of interesting. 2) The old factories faced dozens of problems, without solving which it was impossible to move on. To new methods of building ships (V. Kochetov).
5) If the phrase (usually with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action) is closely related in meaning to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement: 1) Yakov satlowering his legs (M. Gorky). 2) The Artamonovs lived neither without meeting anyone (M. Gorky).
If turnover or single participle stands in a series of homogeneous non-isolated circumstances: 1) YardNick looked at Raskolnikov (F. Dostoevsky) with bewilderment and a frown. 2) The coachman climbed down silently and slowly (I. Turgenev). 3) Everyone came to the office doorusually whispering and on tiptoe (L. Tolstoy).
2. Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions1. Always stand apart circumstances concessions expressed nouns with prepositions despite, notlooking at for example: 1) Only Grigory Alexandrovich, n Despite the heat and fatigue, he did not want to return without prey (M. Lermontov). 2) But, despite the holiday, the garden was deserted (M. Gorky). 3) Again, nolooking at the hour of night, the windows are lit, there is no sleep in the house (V. Panova). 4) The roosters crowed despite the rainstretched and in turn (M. Sholokhov).
2. Isolating others circumstances, expressed nouns with prepositions, is not mandatory and depends on the author’s intention to highlight and emphasize the meaning given circumstance in a sentence.
Most often, the separation of the following occurs circumstances: 1) circumstances causes With pretexts gracerya, according to, in view of, as a result of or With prepositional combinations for a reason, by chance, for lack of, due toAnd etc.; 2) circumstances conditions With prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, provided and etc; 3) circumstances concessions with pretext contrary to for example: 1) IN coastal area, due to the long autumn and late spring, bird flights are also delayed (V. Arsenyev). But: I am writing to you from a village where I visited due to sad circumstances (A. Pushkin). 2) Fortunately, due to the unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted (M. Lermontov). 3) Our football team, subject to regular training, can move to the first league. 4) Contrary to the predictions of my companion, the weather cleared up and promised us quiet morning(M. Lermontov)!
The participle and the words related to it (depending on it) represent an adverbial turnover. As in the case with, the placement of commas in adverbial phrases has its own subtleties.
Our starting point will be the general rule: “Adverbial phrases on both sides are separated by commas.” But what should you consider besides this?
* If in a sentence two homogeneous (that is, related to the same verb) participial phrases are connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as other coordinating or disjunctive phrases - “or”, “either”, etc.), then by analogy with other homogeneous members of the sentence do not use commas around “and”, “or” and other similar conjunctions. The same applies to single gerunds and participial phrases. “He approached the house, dreaming of rest and thinking about the future dinner.” However, remember, this rule applies only to those cases where the adverbial phrases / gerunds refer to the same verb. If we're talking about O different verbs, commas will be placed: “He approached the house, dreaming of rest, and, thinking about the future dinner, opened the door.”
* “Only” and “only” that come before the participial phrase are, as a rule, included in it, that is, a comma is placed before these words.
* An adverbial phrase is not isolated if it is included in subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent word (the same is true for a single gerund). “Each of us has our own fears, without repelling which we will not be able to free ourselves.”
* If the participial phrase is adjacent to the conjunctions “a”, “and” and other similar ones, then in order to understand whether to put a comma before or after the conjunction, determine whether it is included in the phrase or not. So, if the conjunction belongs to the participial phrase, then, as a rule, when mentally removing the latter from the sentence, the remaining conjunction violates the structure of the phrase. This is especially true for the conjunction “a”. If, when the turnover is removed, the role of the conjunction in the sentence does not change, then it is not included in the turnover.
Compare:
“For a long time she couldn’t choose shoes to match the dress, but when she chose stiletto sandals, she was very happy.” -> The phrase “She couldn’t find the shoes to match the dress for a long time, but she was very happy” doesn’t look entirely logical.
“For a long time she couldn’t choose shoes to match the dress and, taking stiletto sandals, she realized that they fit perfectly with the outfit.” -> The phrase “She couldn’t find shoes to match the dress for a long time and realized that they [the sandals] fit perfectly with the outfit” is quite consistent.
* Phraseologisms with gerunds (such as “without closing your eyes”, “rolling up your sleeves”) are not separated by commas.
* If there is an intensifying particle “and” between the verb and the phrase immediately following it, the phrase is not separated by commas. “I can solve my financial problems without taking out loans.”
* Commas are also not needed if the participle expresses not an additional action, but a shade of the main one, which we discussed in detail in the article about the isolation of single participles. Similar structures can represent a whole revolution.
Let us remind you that “despite” and “despite” are prepositions, and they are written with “not” together (while the participial phrases “despite” / “despite” are written separately). Prepositions are also words such as “thanks to”, “after”, “starting”, etc. At the same time, of course, we should not forget that there are “similar” participles. Compare: “Thanks to his tips, I passed the exam” (preposition), “Thanks to his tips, I handed him a bottle of cognac” (gerund). Some of the phrases with similar prepositions also stand out, but in their own way own rules, and not according to the rules for separating participial phrases.
1. Participial phrases, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of their location in relation to the predicate verb.
For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, schools of horses(Ser.); Without putting on a cap, went out onto the porch(Shol.); Having gotten drunk overnight, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping wet pine branches(Sparrow); Leaning back on a comfortable, soft chair back in a trolleybus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich, quickly raised her hand(Adv.); After[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving behind swirls of snow (Paust.).
Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases have additional meaning predicativeness inherent in gerunds as verb form. Therefore, gerunds and participial phrases are often perceived as additional predicates.
For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting the book down and trying to ask something, didn’t ask and started looking out the window(Spread) (compare: The old woman put the book down and tried to ask something, but she never did..).
However, gerunds and participial phrases are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They mean different signs actions and can be replaced by isolated participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.
For example: Doctor, not being able to talk to crying women , sighed and walked quietly around the living room. “Doctor,” couldn't talk to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).
It is the presence of an adverbial connotation of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.
Many adverbial participles and adverbial phrases that have adverbial meaning can be compared with subordinate clauses complex sentences.
For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his gloomy face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)
2. Participial phrase after coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word, is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of emphatic intonation(intonationally, the conjunction is included in the turnover).
For example: And Korney turned slightly on the beam and, watching with a thoughtful gaze the flashing horseshoes of the harness, starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he, too, would work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M.G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches, Sergei felt shag crumbs and, gently shaking its contents into your hand, rolled up a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow).
Depending on the context, the conjunction a can either be included in the participial construction or connect members of the main sentence.
For example: We must understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join in the active struggle for it. – We must understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, we must not be content with just verbal calls for it.
3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example: He went, staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M.G.).
If adjacent participial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunctions and are not included in their composition, then they stand out as independent constructions.
For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of tea cups, And, looking around aimlessly, drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M.G.) ( he stood and drummed).
Participial phrases located in different parts proposals are prepared independently.
For example: Sergey, after standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, carefully laying out the overcoat on the floor, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergei headed... and sat down); Pushing the door with your chest, Sergei jumped from the house and, not paying attention to the dry bushes tearing the body and the pine branches whipping in the face, ran, panting, forward into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);Cars, tapping on the rail joints, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanking their buffers, became silent again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and became silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, crimson illuminated from below, the south-eastern express rushed in the distance, crossing the highway(Boon.) ( The South-Eastern Express was rushing along).
4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing before adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.
For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for her.
The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin the adverbial construction. For example: Along the dark stairs... two walked, then three... hesitating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).
5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining their verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for participial phrases.
For example: The waves played, and Shakro, sitting on the stern, disappeared from my eyes, sinking along with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M.G.); It's charming to lie face up, watching the stars light up(M.G.); Whispering, as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M.G.); At first, even in the car, we moved at walking speed, every now and then we scraped the differential and, backing away, went around stones(Hall.); The doors creaked and closed. Darkness filled the carriage. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Having gotten used to it, my eyes made out a pile of bodies on the cement floor(Sparrow).
6. Single gerunds and participial phrases are not isolated:
1) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning.
For example: Horses run slowly among green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergei lay motionless for a long time(Sparrow);
2) if d her participle is included in stable circulation: work tirelessly; run with your tongue out; run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.
For example: IN difficult days he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);
3) if adverbial participle or participial phrase is among homogeneous members sentences along with other parts of speech.
For example: He said in a whisper and without looking at anyone; Klim Samgin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M.G.);
4) if the adverbial construction acts as an adverbial modifier of action and is closely adjacent to the predicate verb(its function is similar to that of an adverb).
For example: This exercise do while sitting on a chair; This exercise is done standing. Compare, however, with increased verbosity: The engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).
7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated, taking into account the context.
For example, when acquiring the meaning of clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise, never stopping(compare: the children made noise incessantly).
The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on the meaning of the predicate verb (a non-isolated gerund can be replaced by an adverb).
For example: Shel do not stop (walked non-stop); I asked do not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - asked, but did not stop to do so).
The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund is also influenced by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. - Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.
8. Isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. Thus, participles ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action and therefore are not isolated.
For example: She came in smiling(compare: Smiling, she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).
Participles ending in -в, -вшы, convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reason, time, concession), which contribute to isolation.
For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.
9. Turns of phrases despite, in spite of, despite, based on, starting from, thanks to, after, performing the function of derived prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.
Phrases with the words despite, in spite of, are isolated.
For example: Despite the bad weather, we set off; At the meeting they criticized regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a magnificently sleeping son, scattered despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite the doctors' ban, I wrote the story “Colchis” in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.
The use of words despite is not isolated only in the case of close semantic connection with a verb, and in postposition.
For example: He is did it despite doctors' ban (compare: Despite the doctors' ban, he did it).
Phrases with words starting from, depending on, after, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.
For example: Let's act depending on the circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed dramatically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday); After some time Vesovshchikov came(M.G.).
If these phrases have the meaning of clarification or accession, then they are separated.
For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on the circumstances; Last week, starting from Tuesday, the weather changed dramatically.
A turn of phrase with words based on can have two meanings: with increased verbality, when the action denoted by it correlates with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.
For example: It turns out that we are not the only ones who suddenly discovered the need for new science– bionics, we strive to learn, understand and make the most advantageous use of the properties of living nature; our ancestors did this long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He developed a house project. – The project has been developed based on planned cost.
The phrase with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.
For example: Thanks to the rains the ground was saturated with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.
Circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs
1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.
For example: And Natasha, with painful surprise, looked at the dressed-up people(Boon.); I walked and walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for food, going behind one of the stalls, I saw behind him a figure crumpled on the ground in a pathetic dress(M.G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair(M.G.); The small city, immersed in greenery, when looking at it from above, made a strange impression...(M.G.); The rafts sailed on among darkness and silence (M.G.); When evening came, I out of anger at your failures and at the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing...(M.G.); At night, against the stronger wind, the detachment was heading to the port to land(Plat.); In eleven years, during daily driving I've probably had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.).
Such circumstances usually carry additional semantic load and are synonymous verb constructions(compare examples: ...because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...as I drove every day).
2. Most often, explanatory adverbial members of a sentence contain derived prepositions and prepositional combinations (in spite of, in view of, in order to avoid, as a result of, on occasion, for the reason of, in the presence of, in accordance with, in contrast to, in contrast to, due to, due to absence, regardless of, etc.), manifesting their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.
For example: A rotten, gray-blue balcony from which, due to the lack of steps, it was necessary to jump, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and unnecessary because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, due to the desert, imprinted in the darkness and there is silence again(Ser.); Metelitsa silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and with his whole appearance showing that, no matter, what questions they will ask him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy those asking(Fad.); But, contrary to possibility, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, turned red(Sol.).
If the prevalence of such sentence members is low, variants in their punctuation, dictated by different word orders.
Phrases with derived prepositions and prepositional combinations are necessarily separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : breaking their direct connection and contributes to the release of revolutions. The same thing happens when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such phrases do not complicate the sentence with special emphatic intonations and may not be isolated (without a special task for this).
For example: To avoid gas leakage The faucet is turned off. – Disabled, to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, by force of habit, did it; According to the order the group was disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case was dismissed. - Case, for lack of corpus delicti, discontinued.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be highlighted with a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.
For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring general notebook with hard “crusts” - for taking notes while lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - at great depths– the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created “Faust”, largely coincide with each other(Paust.); Poor poets - in lightning, in storms and thunder– sang inspired songs about the beauty of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).
4. B special cases for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs can be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their allocation are the same as the circumstances expressed by nouns V indirect cases.
For example: He stood in front of me, listened and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and squinting his eyes, rushed at me like a cat(M.G.); Misha put the book aside and, not immediately, quietly answered(M.G.); And so, unexpected for everyone, I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.).
Usually, when the circumstances are different, expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, in order to more strongly emphasize the circumstance, dashes are possible.
For example: The boy sniffed in embarrassment and disbelief, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, and everything, on the contrary, was turning out terribly fun, he wrinkled his nose so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst out mischievously and thinly(Fad.).
Ever since school, many people have retained the idea that, unlike participles, participles are always separated by commas, regardless of the presence of dependent words and place in the sentence. In fact, this idea is not entirely correct - the separation of gerunds and participial phrases has its own characteristics. Within the framework of this article, we will consider the isolation (and non-isolation) of single gerunds. Read about it in the corresponding article.
General rule this is - single gerunds are isolated (set off with commas on both sides) if they express an additional action, and are not isolated if they express a shade of the main action. For example:
* “She opened the door, laughing” (two actions - “when she opened the door, she laughed”).
* “He walked along the road slowly and listened to the birds singing” (“slowly” is a connotation of the main action).
First of all, such shades become gerunds, which, in principle, have practically lost their verbal meaning and are perceived more like adverbs - “silently”, “slowly”. The situation is more complicated with those participles that are isolated or not isolated depending on the context. For example, “She opened the door laughing.” This participle can be seen as a connotation of action (how exactly did she open the door?) or as independent action(when she opened the door, she was laughing). Accordingly, a comma will or will not be placed depending on the meaning that the author puts into the sentence.
The following can serve as a kind of hint when deciding to place a comma: as a rule, shades of action are expressed by gerunds coming immediately after the verb. However, they can be replaced with an adverb or a noun with a preposition. For example, “without stopping” - “without stopping”, “without haste” - “without haste”, “smiling” - “with a smile”. Some sources also indicate that participles ending in “-a” and “-o” are more often shades, while those with “-v” and “-vsh” are additional actions.
Participles separated from the verb are often isolated.
Compare:
* “She greeted smiling.”
* “She greeted with a smile.”
* “Smiling, the girl in a beautiful dress handed him the ball.”
Now let's pay attention to some subtleties regarding the placement of commas with isolated gerunds. In particular, if two homogeneous (that is, relating to the same verb) single gerunds are connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as “either”, “or”, etc.), then around of this union commas are not placed - by analogy with homogeneous members of the sentence. For example, “By running and doing pull-ups, she quickly got into shape.” The same applies to the isolation of the participle phrase and the solitary participle. Separated in relation to the entire phrase, these members of the sentence are homogeneous among themselves (for this participle they must necessarily refer to the same verb).
Also, commas are not placed if the conjunction “and” connects an adverb and a gerund referring to the same verb - such members of the sentence are also considered homogeneous (plus, such gerunds often express shades of action). For example, “He answered quickly and without thinking.” Moreover (by analogy with homogeneous members of a sentence) if connecting union no or there is a conjunction “a” or “but”, then a comma should be placed between the adverb and the gerund: “He answered quickly, without hesitation.”
If a gerund begins a subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent word, then this gerund is not isolated. The same is true if the gerund has other dependent words. “I dream of such a dress, when I find it I will feel like a queen.”
This minor member sentences that denote place, time, purpose, method, measure, degree, action (attribute) and answer questions Where? When? For what? Where? Why? How? etc. For example: Days late autumn scold(When?) usually(A. Pushkin). Circumstances more often relate to the predicate, less often to other members of the sentence. Isolation of circumstances expressed by participial phrases
- Usually, adverbial phrases are isolated regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the predicate verb. For example: After walking a few steps, the Cossacks turned off the ditch(Lee T.); The boat rushed off silently and easily turning among the ships(M.G.).
- A single gerund is isolated if it retains its verbal meaning, indicating the time of action, its cause, condition, etc. (but usually not the manner of action); more often such a participle is worth before the predicate verb, less often - after it. For example: Satisfied passengers fell silent and admired the sunny day(Fed.); The Cossacks looked at him restrainedly, parting(Shol.).The same applies to single gerunds serving the function homogeneous members, For example: Yermolai, sniffing and waddling, ran away about fifty miles a day(T.).
- Participle phrase (adverbial phrase), standing after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction, is separated from it by a comma (such a construction can be torn off from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence), for example: Our father Chimsha-Himalayan was one of the cantonists, but, having served officer rank , left us hereditary nobility and a little name(Ch.). The exception is those cases when the participial phrase comes after adversarial union and, since the participial phrase cannot be torn away from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence without destroying its structure, for example: While still in the rooms, I heard the samovar humming unnaturally angrily, and when I entered the kitchen, I saw with horror that it was all blue and shaking, as if it wanted to jump off the floor.(M.G.). However, when contrasting predicates, a comma is also placed after the conjunction a, for example: We didn’t just read poems, but, wanting to remember them, we learned them by heart.
- single gerunds, directly adjacent to predicate and similar in function to adverbs(such gerunds indicate a manner of action and answer questions How? how? in what position?), For example: She returned from there having lost weight(M. G.) (cf.: came back thinner); She [Aksinya] entered the hall without knocking(Shol.) (cf.: entered without knocking); At home, Gromov always read while lying down(Ch.);
- adverbial phrases that represent idiomatic expressions (phraseologisms), for example: scream without taking a breath, lie staring at the ceiling, rush with your tongue hanging out, listen with your mouth open, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes and so on.;
- participial phrases used as homogeneous members with non-separate circumstances, For example: Having stopped Vlasova, he in one breath and without waiting for answers bombarded her with crackling and dry words(M.G.). The same in combination with single gerundial participle, For example: He answered him without embarrassment and frankly(Crumpled.);
- expressions with words starting from, based on, if they have lost the meaning of verbosity and act as complex prepositions, For example: Construction of this house has been underway since autumn.(the word starting can be omitted without damaging the meaning and sentence); Statistical indicators are displayed based on many data(the word based can be omitted).