Simple complicated sentence
There are different ways to complicate a simple sentence, among which there are homogeneous members, isolated ones, and methods of complication that are not grammatically related to the sentence: inversion, introductory and inserted constructions. Let's consider each of them in turn.
Homogeneous members of the sentence
Homogeneous are those members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function in a sentence, relate to the same member of the sentence, are connected to each other by a non-union or conjunction, coordinating connection, and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses.
All members of a sentence, both main and secondary, can be homogeneous. They are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, i.e. they are morphologically homogeneous, but can also be expressed by words of different parts of speech, i.e. be morphologically heterogeneous, for example:
1. The air was rare, motionless, sonorous (L. T.); 2. Pushkin presented amazingly, with brilliant humor: wise tales of the Russian people (M. G.)
Homogeneous members to be non-common and widespread. For example, in the following sentence I love this gloom of delight, this brief night of inspiration, the human rustle of grass, the prophetic cold on a dark hand: (N. Zabolotsky) homogeneous additions are common.
Homogeneous members of a sentence must be distinguished from the following cases of external similarity:
1) when the same words are repeated in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an intensified manifestation of a characteristic, etc.,
for example: I’m going, I’m going in an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.);
2) in integral expressions of a phraseological nature: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc.;
3) when combining two verbs in the same form, acting as one predicate, for example, I'll go look at the class schedule; took it and did the opposite, etc.
Homogeneity of predicates
1. The question of homogeneity and heterogeneity of predicates is difficult. In some cases, several predicates with one subject are considered homogeneous within a simple sentence.
For example: He already remembered, listened to Dymov’s laughter and felt something like hatred for this man (Ch.); and in others - as predicates included in different parts of a complex sentence, for example: The defendants were also taken out somewhere and were just brought back (L. T.),
2.Cases where similar predicates turn out to be distantly located are more obvious:
Levin looked ahead and saw the herd, then he saw his cart, drawn by Voronoi, and the coachman, who, having approached the herd, said something to the shepherd; then, close to him, he heard the sound of wheels and the snorting of a well-fed horse, but he was so absorbed in his thoughts that he did not even think about why the coachman was coming to him (L.T.).
Taking into account the entire context, such predicates can be placed in different parts of a complex sentence: looked... saw... then saw (in the latter case, the pronoun is even easily inserted - then he saw...).
Form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: 1) on the position of the predicate in relation to homogeneous subjects (preposition or postposition), 2) on the meaning of the conjunctions connecting the subjects (conjunctive, disjunctive, adversative or comparative), 3) on the lexical meaning of the noun in the role of the subject (abstract concepts or names of persons; materially close or distant, etc.).
Postpositive predicate
The postpositive predicate, as a rule, has a plural form: The hall and living room were dark (P.); Nikolai’s face and voice, the warmth and light in the room calmed Vlasova (M.G.). A predicate located after homogeneous subjects can have a singular form only in exceptional cases, for example, when there is significant material proximity of the subjects: ... Need, hunger is coming (Kr.); or with subjects arranged according to a gradation system: Every day, every hour brings new impressions; or with the emphasized dismemberment of the subjects: The dungeons did not break the dead silence, neither a groan nor a sigh (Snout); or, finally, in the presence of dividing relations between the subjects: Either the cry of a bird, or the flapping of wings cut through the silence of the early morning.
Prepositive predicate form
The form of the prepositive predicate is determined by additional conditions.
1. If subjects are connected by connecting conjunctions or enumeration intonation, then the predicate has a form corresponding to the adjacent subject (singular form).
For example: We will be greeted by care and need (N.); You could hear the sniffling of the locomotive, whistles, and the switchman's horn (Fad.); On the clay shallows stood a handful of natives and about five Europeans (Green); I would have a wonderful library, various musical instruments, a beekeeper, a vegetable garden, an orchard (M. G.);
2. The plural form is required if the subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes the action of these persons: Vitya, Pavlik, Kirill shouted... (Fed.); The plural is also possible with some other subjects, in which case the predicate emphasizes each of the subjects: She liked his directness and ease (T.).
Note 1
If the subjects are connected by disjunctive conjunctions, then the prepositive predicate has the singular form: In harmony, my opponent was the noise of the forests, or a violent whirlwind, or the living melody of an oriole, or the dull hum of the sea at night, or the whisper of a quiet river (P.); His face alternately showed fear, melancholy and resentment (Gonch.).
Note 2
With subjects connected by adversatives, as well as comparative conjunctions, the prepositive predicate gravitates towards the first subject and therefore has a singular form: But here it was not a strike, but simply a physical and mental impossibility of memorizing all this (Mumped); Children are introduced into the world of fairy tales not only by folk poetry, but also by theater (Paust.).
Note 3
The predicate, broken by homogeneous subjects, has a plural form: Both summer and autumn were rainy (Zhuk.). If with homogeneous subjects there is a generalizing word, then the predicate is formed according to the form of this generalizing word: Everything was gray and gloomy - the sky, the bay, the city, and the faces of the inhabitants hiding in their homes (Paust.); Both his father and his aunt, Lyubov, Sofya Pavlovna - they all teach him to understand life... (M. G.).
Structure of homogeneous members
Homogeneous members in the structure of a sentence form a structural-semantic block, which is connected with other members of the sentence by a subordinating relationship, except for homogeneous subjects, which themselves subordinate the predicate or common minor members of the sentence.
For example: Hot stones and sand burned their bare feet (V. Konetsky).
When the members of a sentence are homogeneous, there may be generalizing words. Typically, a generalizing word expresses a generic concept in relation to specific ones, which are denoted by homogeneous members, has the same grammatical form as the homogeneous members, and is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members, for example:
Every day the old literate Moiseich began to bring various large fish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch (Aks.)
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses.
Use of homogeneous definitions
1. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to designate the distinctive features of different objects, b) to designate different characteristics of the same object.
In the first case, varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light fall on passers-by and slide along facades (Cat.).
In the second case, the characteristics of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on one side, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.).
2. Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (a unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the features, appearance, etc.),
for example: Napoleon made a questioning gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L. T.). Under contextual conditions, homogeneous definitions synonymously come closer together, for example: The sun appeared long ago in the cleared sky and bathed the steppe with life-giving, calorific light (G.).
3. As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: Some grasshoppers chatter together, as if embittered, and this incessant, sour and dry sound is tiring (T.).
4. In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, not similar to anything (Ax.)
Ways of expressing homogeneous definitions
1. Usually the role of homogeneous definitions is an adjective and the participial phrase that follows it, for example: It was somehow really sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn (Hump.).
2. Agreed definitions that appear after the defined noun are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the defined word.
for example: The houses are tall and made of stone, built here recently.
Note
However, in combinations of a terminological nature, post-positive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.
3. Definitions become homogeneous when contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: Previously, there were narrow, dirty streets in this quarter, but now there are wide, clean ones.
Heterogeneous definitions
1. Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun,
for example: The sun disappeared behind a leading low torn cloud (L.T.).
2. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an elongated pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. If it is possible to subsume such features under a general generic concept, definitions can become homogeneous, for example: By along the mossy, swampy banks there were black huts here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is swampy).
3. Definitions are not homogeneous with the meaning of explanation. For example: another, experienced doctor (before that there was an inexperienced doctor).
In this case, between both definitions you can insert not a conjunction and, but the words that is, namely.
For example: Completely different, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (Cat.)
4. Clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limiting the attribute it expresses), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks (L. T.)
Homogeneous additions
Homogeneous additions refer to the same word, are in the same relationship to it and have the form of the same case: That evening Alexander Blok noted in his diary this smoke, these colors (Nab.); There was almost nowhere to hide from the rain and wind (Sim.).
Note
Homogeneous additions can also be expressed with an infinitive: It was ordered to appear for the exam on time and report to the group.
Homogeneous circumstances
1. Homogeneous circumstances, revealing the same syntactic dependence, are usually united by the same meaning (time, place, reason, mode of action, etc.):
It must have been from this alien air, from the dead streets and rain dampness that I felt complete loneliness (Paust.) - three reasons for this
His speech flowed heavily, but freely (M. G.) - two circumstances of the manner of action; About a dozen tiny wooden cages hung between the windows and along the walls... (T.) - two circumstances of the place.
2. However, it is sometimes possible to combine opposite circumstances, provided that the meaning of the combined words is generalized: Somewhere, once upon a time, I heard these words, Why and why do I need to be here? In this case, they are not homogeneous, although they exhibit a creative connection.
3. Circumstances can produce a rather complex semantic association: In the quietest winter, by some scarlet dawn in the evening, you anticipate the spring of light (Prishv.).
4. Homogeneous circumstances can be both morphologized and designed in different ways: My heart began to beat hard and fast (Paust.); The leaves on the trees trembled because of this laughter or because the wind kept rushing around the garden (M. G.); ...The lady explained in a quiet voice and without raising her eyes (M.G.); Makar pulled the door open on time and without much effort (Shol.).
Unions with homogeneous members.
As already noted, connections with homogeneous members of a sentence can be non-conjunctive (then the only way to connect is intonation) and conjunctive. In the latter case, this role is played by a group of coordinating conjunctions. Which ones specifically?
1. Connecting conjunctions: and, yes (meaning “and”), neither... nor. The union can be single and repeating.
A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive and the number of homogeneous members is complete,
For example: Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).
The repetition of the conjunction before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation.
For example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner years (P.).
Function of connecting conjunctions with homogeneous members
1. A union can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).
2. The repeated conjunction neither...nor is used in negative sentences, fulfilling the role of the conjunction and, for example: Neither the sea nor the sky was visible behind the rain (M. G.).
3. The conjunction yes (in the meaning of “and”) is used mainly in colloquial speech, and its use in works of art gives the speech a stylistic coloring of the vernacular. Example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).
2. Opposite unions with homogeneous members
1. Adversative conjunctions: a, but, yes (in the meaning of “but”), however, but, etc. The conjunction a shows that instead of some objects, signs, actions, others are established, i.e. that one concept is affirmed, and another denied.
for example: The tit made glory, but did not light the sea (Kr.).
In the absence of negation, the conjunction a indicates opposition,
For example: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly (last).
2. The union but introduces a connotation of restriction, for example: On the right bank there are peaceful, but still restless villages (L.T.).
3. Let the union introduce a colloquial tone, for example: Whoever is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart (Kr.)
4. The opposition is emphasized by the conjunctions however and then, for example: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.); They [the singers] fight a little, but they don’t put anything drunk in their mouths (Kr.) (the last conjunction has the meaning of “substitution”).
Note
The role of an adversative conjunction can be played by a multi-valued connecting conjunction and, for example: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but did not travel around the hundredth part (Gr.).
3. Dividing unions with homogeneous members
Dividing conjunctions: or, either, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that, etc. The conjunction or (single or repeating) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other
2. A conjunction either with the same meaning (usually repeated) is colloquial in nature, for example: Gavrila decided that the dumb man either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)
3.. A repeating conjunction then... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, for example: The stars blinked with a weak light, then disappeared (T.).
4. The repeated conjunction whether... li has a dividing-enumerative meaning, for example: Whether a tug, a herring, a jam, a kingpin or something more expensive - everything found a place for Polikei Ilyich (L. T.).
5. Repeated conjunctions, not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice, for example: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)
4. Gradational unions with homogeneous members
Graduation conjunctions both... and, not so... as, not only... but (a) and, not so much: how much, how much: so much, although and... but, if not... then express the meaning of strengthening or weakening the significance of one of the members of a homogeneous series, therefore they always exist as components.
For example: 1. All the windows, both in the manor’s house and in the servants’ quarters, are wide open (S.-Shch.);
2. The sight of a large awakened river is not only a majestic, but also a terrible and amazing sight (Ax.). In this case, a comma is not placed before the first part of the double conjunction (in 1 sentence).
Note
To avoid grammatical errors, use a comma when using double conjunctions.
Prepositions with homogeneous members.
1. Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains... (Kr.).
2. It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; Wed: On ships, on trains, in cars they traveled a long distance... (Semushkin).
3. With common homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now Pavel Korchagin has been rushing around his breed country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear (N. Ostr.).
4. You cannot omit a preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating conjunctions, for example: Collective farms still experienced a great shortage of machines, taxes, and equipment... (Laptev).
5. The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative conjunctions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs (Gonch.).
6. In the presence of an adversative conjunction, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: They judge not by words, but by deeds (last).
7. If there is a disjunctive conjunction, the preposition may be omitted or repeated; cf.: Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not get carried away by this general movement... (M.-S.).
Generalizing words and homogeneous members
1. Often, with a number of homogeneous members of a sentence, there is a generalizing word, that is, a word that is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members of the sentence, and acts as a more general designation of concepts expressed by homogeneous members. (Everyone came to the assembly hall: teachers, students, parents.)
2. Between the generalizing word and homogeneous members there can also be semantic relationships of the whole and the part, for example: But I seem to see this picture in front of me: quiet banks, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and on the bridge long shadows of running people ( Cav.).
3. Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the latter and homogeneous members, which is expressed in the presence or possibility of inserting words, namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The entire Tchertopkhanov estate consisted of four log buildings of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, and a bathhouse.
4. For strengthening purposes, one of the summarizing words is placed before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in a word, everything that is necessary on the hike was packed in backpacks.
5. Homogeneous members agree in case with a generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all of humanity into two very unequal parts: into owners and customers (Ch.).
Usually the adjective and the participial phrase that follows it act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was kind of sad about thissmall, already touched in late autumngarden(Hump.).
Agreed definitions that appear after the defined noun are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the defined word, for example: At hometall, stonerecently built here.
However, in combinations of a terminological nature, postpositive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.
Definitions become homogeneous if they are contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: Previously in this quarter there werenarrow, dirtystreets, and now -wide, clean.
Heterogeneous definitions
Definitions are heterogeneous, if the previous definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: The sun disappeared behindadvanced low rippedcloud(L.T.).
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, for example: large leather briefcase(size and material), long pale face(shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. If it is possible to bring such characteristics under a general generic concept, definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Bymossy, muddyblackened huts here and there along the banks(P.) (unifying feature - marshy).
Combinations like: another experienced doctor(before this I was already an experienced doctor) - another, experienced doctor(before that he was an inexperienced doctor). In the second case, the second definition is not homogeneous, but explanatory. In these cases, the second definition explains the first (between both definitions you can insert a conjunction And, and the words that is, namely), For example: At allothers, urbansounds were heard outside and inside the apartment(Cat.) (see § 315).
Clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first and limits the attribute it expresses), for example: Onlynarrow, three hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks(L.T.) (see § 315).
Agreement in sentences with homogeneous members
Form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: word order, the meaning of conjunctions, the lexical meaning of the subject or predicate, etc.
For subjects that have a plural form, the predicate is put in the plural; the same thing if the subject closest to the predicate is in the plural form, and the remaining homogeneous subjects are in the singular form. For example: Valleys, hills, fields, grove tops and river waves flashed(P.); And Sasha, and Motka, and all the girls, how many there were, huddled in a corner on the stove(Ch.).
If the subject closest to the predicate or all homogeneous subjects are in the singular, and they are connected by a non-union connection or connected by connecting conjunctions, then in the case of direct word order the predicate is usually placed in the plural, and in the reverse order - in the singular, for example: a) The heat and drought lasted for more than three weeks(L. T.); A dog, a lion and a wolf and a fox once lived next door(Kr.); b) Suddenly, because of this rustling, a howl, squeal, cry, and laughter of jackals were heard(L. T.); There was aching in all the limbs and a painful headache(T.).
The placement of the predicate in these cases in the singular form - in the postpositive position and, conversely, in the plural form - in the prepositive position is explained by the influence of other conditions (see below).
The forms of the predicate depend on the meaning of conjunctions with homogeneous subjects.
In the presence of connecting conjunctions, the above predicate forms are usually observed.
When there are disjunctive conjunctions, the predicate is usually put in singular form, for example: The fear or momentary fright experienced within a minute seems funny, strange, and incomprehensible.(Furm.).
However, if the subjects relate to different persons, then the predicate, as a rule, is put in the plural form, for example: Then, with Mimi’s permission, Volodya or I go to the carriage...(L. T.); A brother or sister visited their sick mother every day.
In the presence of adversative conjunctions, the predicate is put in the singular, and the gender form is determined by the nearest subject, for example: Not you, but fate is to blame(L.); It was not the pain that oppressed me, but a heavy, dull bewilderment(M.G.).
However, with direct word order, the predicate chooses the number form not of the nearest, but of the more distant subject, if the latter denotes the actual, real (not negated) subject of the sentence, for example: The mountains, not the sea, attract me; The sea, not the mountains, attracts me! When word order is reversed, the predicate is combined with the nearest subject, even if it is negated, for example: I am attracted not by the sea, but by the mountains.
If homogeneous subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes their action, then it is put in the plural form and in the prepositive position, for example: An hour later a regiment of cadets and a women's battalion arrived(Shol.).
If the subjects denote abstract concepts, then the predicate, even in direct word order, can be in the singular form, for example: Everything has passed: with the cold winter, need, hunger comes...(Kr.).
If the predicate denotes an action performed jointly by several persons, then in the prepositive position it is put in the plural form, for example: And in the evening both Cheremnitsky and the new mayor Porokhontsev came to see me(Lesk.).
If there are personal pronouns among homogeneous subjects, then when choosing the form of the predicate, preference is given to the first person over the second and third, and to the second person over the third, for example: Both you and I appreciate music equally; You and your friends will be welcome guests with us.
Coordination of definitions with the word being defined
The question of agreement in number in the presence of definitions in sentences with homogeneous members arises in two cases:
1) if one definition refers to several homogeneous defined words;
2) if several homogeneous definitions refer to one defined noun, and the definitions indicate varieties of objects.
If a definition refers to several nouns that act as homogeneous members and have a singular form, then it is usually put in the singular when, from the meaning of the statement, it is clear that the definition characterizes not only the nearest noun, but also all subsequent ones, for example: The wild goose and duck arrived first(T.).
The definition agrees with the nearest word if there is a disjunctive conjunction between the defined nouns, for example: next Sunday or Monday.
The definition is put in plural form to show that it applies not only to the nearest noun, but also to all homogeneous members being defined, for example: ...The field smelled, young rye and wheat were green...(Ch.).
If a noun has several homogeneous definitions listing types of objects, then the defined noun can be in either the singular or the plural.
The singular number emphasizes the internal connection of the defined objects, for example: masculine and feminine noun; verbs of the first and second conjugation; in the right and left half of the house and so on.
The noun being defined is put in the singular if there is a divisive or adversative conjunction between the definitions, for example: printed or lithographed edition; not French, but German.
The plural form of the qualified noun emphasizes the presence of several objects, for example: German and French languages; philological and historical faculties; eldest and youngest daughters and so on.
If the defined noun comes before the definitions, then it is put in the plural form, for example: conjugations first and second; types perfect and imperfect.
Prepositions with homogeneous members
Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains...(Kr.).
It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; Wed: a) Marya Pavlovna got up, went into another room and returned with a sheet of paper, an inkwell and a pen.(T.); b) They traveled a long distance on ships, on trains, and in cars...(Semushkin).
With common homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now, Pavel Korchagin has been running around his breed country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear.(N. Ostr.).
You cannot omit a preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating conjunctions, for example: The collective farms experienced a greater shortage of machinery, tax, and equipment...(Laptev).
The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative conjunctions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs(Gonch.).
When there is an adversative conjunction, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: Actions speak louder than words(last).
When there is a disjunctive conjunction, the preposition may be omitted or repeated; Wed: a) Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not get carried away by this general movement...(M.-S.); b) Another river runs through a valley or across a wide meadow(Ax.).
Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members
General word usually is a grammatical form of expression of a generic concept that unites, on the basis of material proximity, subordinate concepts, the grammatical form of expression of which is the homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Every day the old letter Moiseich began to bringvarious largefish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch(Ax.).
Often, words denoting concepts with a wide scope are used as generalizing words, for example: GerasimNothingI didn’t hear: neither the quick squeal of the falling Mumu, nor the heavy splash of water(T.); In the steppe, across the river, along the roads -everywhereit was empty(L.T.).
Between a generalizing word and homogeneous members there can also be semantic relationships between the whole and the part, for example: But I seem to see in front of methis picture: quiet banks, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and on the bridge long shadows of running people(Kav.).
Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the latter and homogeneous members, which is expressed in the presence or possibility of inserting words namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The entire Tchertopkhanov estate consisted of four log buildings of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse(T.); He was served the usual tavern dishes, such as cabbage soup, brains with peas, sausages with cabbage(G.); Khor understood reality, that is, he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and other authorities...(T.).
The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them (see examples above). Sometimes homogeneous members are found between the subject - a generalizing word - and the predicate, for example: A crowd of buildings: human buildings, barns, cellars - filled the yard(G.).
For strengthening purposes, one of the summarizing words is placed before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in short, everything that was needed on a hike was packed into the backpacks.
Homogeneous members agree in case with the generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all humanity into two very unequal parts: owners and customers.(Ch.).
Proposals with separate members
General concepts
Separation is called the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of additional message, due to which they are logically emphasized and acquire greater syntactic weight and stylistic expressiveness in the sentence. Wed: a) The remaining bread on the root burned and spilled out(J.I.T.); b) Morozka woke up from the sound of a horse stomping, suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock.(Fad.).
In the first sentence, the participial phrase remaining on the root acts as a common definition and serves only to characterize the subject. In the second sentence, the participial phrase suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock performs the same defining function, but at the same time it has the connotation of an additional statement (cf.: Morozka woke up from the sound of a horse stomping, which suddenly burst out from behind a hillock.
The semantic highlighting of isolated members of a sentence is achieved in oral speech by intonation highlighting them: before the isolated member (if it is not at the beginning of the sentence) there is a rise in voice, a pause is made, it is characterized by phrasal stress, characteristic of the intonation-semantic segments (syntagmas) into which it is divided offer.
Between isolated members and defined words, due to the presence of an additional affirmation or negation, there are so-called semi-predicative relations, as a result of which the isolated members in their semantic load and intonation design approach subordinate clauses.
In the direct meaning of this term, only the secondary members of the sentence are isolated, since the main members serve to express the main, and not the additional, message and cannot be “turned off” (isolated) as part of the sentence.
Vary are common And private conditions of separation. The first concerns all or most of the secondary members, the second - only their individual types. The general conditions of isolation include the following: 1) word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of a sentence member, 3) the clarifying nature of one sentence member in relation to another, 4) the semantic load of a minor sentence member.
Word order is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances.
Prepositive definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with explanatory words, is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades of meaning), postpositive, as a rule, is isolated. Wed: A chicken tied by the leg was walking near the table(L.T.). - At the porch stood several carts and sleighs drawn in single file.(Ax.).
The importance of word order when isolating definitions is also reflected in the fact that the prepositive definition immediately preceding the word being defined is not isolated, but the definition, separated from the subsequent word being defined by other members of the sentence, is isolated. Wed: Snow-covered huts sparkled brightly in the sun(Grieg.). - For a moment, illuminated by lightning, in front of us is a birch trunk(M.G.).
Prepositive application, standing before a proper name, as a rule, is not isolated, postpositive is isolated. Wed: Several years ago, an old Russian gentleman, Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, lived on one of his estates(P.). - About two months ago, a certain Belikov, a Greek language teacher, died in our city.(Ch.).
Circumstance, expressed by a single gerund, is usually isolated if it precedes the predicate, and more often is not isolated in a position postpositive in relation to the predicate. Wed: About ten Cossacks were crowded near the porch, smoking.(Shol.). - Sergei dismissed Vera, nodded to her and left whistling(A.N.T.).
Member prevalence sentences is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances, additions.
Single post-positive definition usually not isolated, common - isolated. Wed: He looked around him with indescribable excitement(P.). - The willow, all fluffy, is spread out all around(Fet).
Single application, expressed by a common noun and relating to a common noun, is usually not isolated, closely merging with it, and a common application is isolated. Wed: Some literate cook from the kitchen ran away to his tavern(Kr.). - Memory, this scourge of the unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past(M.G.).
Single circumstance, expressed by a gerund, is usually not isolated in a postpositive position in relation to the predicate, but a common circumstance with the same meaning (adverbial phrase) is isolated. Wed: - Did you see it? - asked the smiling grandmother(M.G.). - A belated hawk flew briskly and straight into the heights, hurrying to its nest(T.).
Members of a sentence with meaning inclusions, exclusions And substitution with prepositions except, instead of, besides and others show a tendency towards isolation depending on the degree of prevalence. Wed: ...Instead of words, a dull bubbling sound came out of his chest(Grieg.). - ...Instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different, unknown places(T.).
Clarifying the nature of one member of a sentence in relation to another is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, additions, circumstances. For example: Thick, guards cloth trousers certainly did not suit either the craftsman or the farm laborer.(Cat.); There were only two of us Russians, and all the rest were Latvians(N. Ostr.); I want one thing - peace(Cupr.); Far away, somewhere in the thicket, a night bird moaned(M.G.); All night, until the rooster dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the brave snoring of the commanders(Furm.).
the secondary member of the sentence is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances.A prepositive definition, which has only an attributive meaning, is not isolated, but a definition complicated by an adverbial meaning is isolated. Wed: Brown twigs tangled with peas stuck out closely on the ridges(T.). - Tightly tied to young oak trees, our good horses suffered terrible torture from the attack of a gadfly.(Ax.).
A prepositive application relating to a proper name is not isolated if it has only an attributive meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by an adverbial meaning. Wed: ...My comrade Emelyan Pilyai took his pouch out of his pocket for the tenth time...(M.G.). - A short man, Tiomkin was almost invisible from behind the podium(Already).
A circumstance expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example, temporary O th) has an additional connotation of meaning (for example, causal, conditional, concessional). Wed: As night approached, everything around me changed strangely.(T.). - As the enemy approached Moscow, Muscovites’ view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, became even more frivolous(L.T.).
Particular conditions of isolation include such as syntactic incompatibility of words related in meaning (for example, personal pronouns and definitions), weak syntactic connection between the defined and defining words (poor controllability of nouns in the indirect case); proximity of other isolated groups, etc. (see below).
Separate Consensus Definitions
As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: Cloud,hanging over the high tops of poplars, it was already raining(Cor.); Science,alien to music, there were hateful words for me(P.).
Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun itself in a given sentence does not express a lexically necessary concept and needs a definition, for example: I have never seen a more exquisitely calm, self-confident and autocratic man(T.).
Common postpositive definitions are also not isolated if their meaning is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: I sat lost in deep thought(P.); Taiga stood silent and full of mystery(Cor.). This usually happens with verbs of motion and state that can act as a significant connective.
Two or more postpositive single definitions are distinguished, explaining the noun, for example: In the air,hot and dusty, talk of a thousand voices(M.G.).
However, the separation of two uncommon definitions is only necessary when the defined noun is preceded by another definition. Wed: I want to know the secrets of life wise and simple(Bruce.). - The spring spirit, cheerful and dissolute, walked everywhere(Bagr.).
A single postpositive definition is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(M.G.).
A definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence; in these cases, the definition is also related in meaning to the predicate and has an additional adverbial connotation. For example: Here,disturbed by the whirlwind, a crake flew out of the grass(Ch.); Sunlit, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river(Shol.).
The definition standing immediately before the defined noun is isolated if, in addition to the attributive one, it also has an adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive), for example: Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were, in his understanding, rich(I. Ostr.); Cut off from the whole world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor(Furm.).
Definitions relating to the personal pronoun are always isolated; such definitions are attributive-predicative in nature and have additional adverbial meaning. For example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore(T.); How,poor, should I not grieve?(Kr.).
Separate inconsistent definitions
Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman,in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with burkas in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L.T.).
Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with a proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself quite specifically designates a person or thing, and the indication of a characteristic in this case has the nature of an additional message that clarifies the instructions, for example: Shabashkin,with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him(P.).
The same is observed with personal pronouns, which indicate an object or person already known from the context, for example: He,with your intelligence and experience, could already notice that she distinguished him(P.).
Often, the isolation of an inconsistent definition serves as a means of deliberately separating it from one member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to another (usually the subject), for example: Women,with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(T.).
Usually, inconsistent postpositive definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, are isolated; in these cases, the qualified noun is often preceded by an agreed definition. For example: Another room,almost twice as much, was called the hall...(Ch.).
Dedicated Applications
Isolated applications in some cases have a purely attributive meaning, in others adverbial shades of meaning are added to it, which is associated with the degree of prevalence of the isolated construction, its place in relation to the word being defined, and the morphological nature of the latter.
The common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun is isolated; Such applications, as a rule, are postpositive; they are less common in the prepositive position. For example: a) The hospital watchman always lies on the rubbish with a pipe in his teeth,old retired soldier(Ch.); b) Misfortune's faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun(P.);
A single application relating to a common noun is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it, for example: One girl looked after me,polka(M.G.).
Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single qualified noun, for example: And the enemiesfools, they think that we are afraid of death(Fad.).
The application relating to a proper name is isolated if it is in postposition; a prepositive application is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning. For example: a) The sailor Zheleznyak lies under a mound overgrown with weeds,partisans(Dutk.); b) A fan of Bach and Handel, an expert in his field, ...Lemm over time - who knows? - would become one of the great composers of his homeland(T.).
A person’s own name can act as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (the words namely can be placed in front of such an application without changing the meaning). For example: The rest of the brothersMartyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexey to the smallest detail(Shol.).
The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example: It's a shame for meold manlisten to such speeches(M.G.).
An isolated application may refer to a word that is absent in a given sentence, but clear from the context or situation, for example: Child herself, I didn’t want to play and jump in a crowd of children(P.).
A separate application can be joined by a union How(with causal meaning), words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth and so on. For example: The commandant friendly advised me to give up poetry,as a matter that is contrary to service and does not lead to anything good(P.); At the guardhouse there was a huge black dog of an unknown breed,named Arapka(Ch.).
Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases
As a rule, participial phrases are isolated, i.e. gerunds with explanatory words, acting as secondary predicates or adverbials with different meanings, for example: After walking a few steps, the Cossacks turned off the ditch(L. T.); Long shavingscurling tightly with a corkscrew, climbed out of the plane(Cat.); Sometimes the blind man took the pipe and completely forgot,choosing thoughtful melodies to suit your mood(Cor.).
Two single gerunds are distinguished, acting as homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Shouting and squealing, barefoot boys were jumping...(M.G.).
Single gerunds are isolated if they mainly retain the meaning of verbs; More often they come before the predicate verb, less often - after it, for example: Month,going golden, went down to the steppe(L. T.); The Cossacks dispersedwithout agreeing(Shol.).
Single (usually postpositive) gerunds, close in function to adverbs, with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action are not distinguished, for example: Seagulls wander around the shallows and only occasionally cry out hoarselyout of breath(M.G.); My coachman cried silently andslowly(T.).
SIMPLE COMPLICATED SENTENCE - a simple sentence in which there are “complicating elements” that express an additional message. Complicating elements are divided into two subtypes. 1- homogeneous members of the sentence and isolated members of the sentence; 2 - words and phrases that are not members of the sentence and are not included in its structure: introductory and inserted constructions, addresses and interjections.
HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in the sentence. Homogeneous members are or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the so-called enumeration intonation. Both the main and secondary members of a sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Meadows, vegetable gardens, fields, and groves have already stretched along the banks. - homogeneous subjects; The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds - uniform definitions. Homogeneous members of a sentence can be uncommon and common, that is, they can have explanatory words with them: My horse jumped through the bushes, tore the bushes with its chest. Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be morphologically dissimilar: He was always pale, thin, prone to colds, ate little, slept poorly. The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not seen when repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the enhanced manifestation of a sign, etc., for example: I’m eating, I’m eating in an open field. HOMOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS are each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue flowers were collected in a huge bouquet for the sister. b) to denote different signs of the same object: He loved a strong, decisive, firm word.
Definitions are HETEROGENEOUS if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun: The sun disappeared behind a leading low torn cloud. HETEROGENEOUS definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material). Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word: The entire estate consisted of four, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse. The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them. SEPARATION - semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Isolated members of the sentence contain an element of additional message: He woke up from the stomping of a horse, suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock. Between isolated members and defined words there are so-called semi-predicative relations, as a result of which isolated members in their semantic load and intonation design approach subordinate clauses.
There is also an intonation-semantic emphasis on words that can be not only secondary, but also main members. This is the so-called CLARIFICATION and EXPLANATION.
CLARIFICATION - narrowing the scope of the concept, its limitation: Ahead, near the road, a fire was burning. Most often, the circumstances of place and time, as well as the circumstance of the manner of action, are clarifying: Quietly, with fear, she told him something strange. Definitions often act as clarifying terms: He examined the little high school student in a long overcoat that reached to his toes from all sides. EXPLANATION is a designation in a given context of the same concept by another word or other words. Both minor and main members of a sentence can be explanatory, for example: I only need one thing - to warn you. - the subject is explained; Completely different city sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment - the definition is explained. INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND PHRASES are not grammatically related to the members, are not parts of the sentence and express the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed. Introductory words and phrases can refer either to the entire sentence as a whole, or to its individual members: Fortunately, no one noticed me; - . . . Our dilapidated ship sank, fortunately, not in a deep place.
According to the meaning they express, introductory words and combinations are divided into several categories: 1. ASSESSMENT by the speaker of the degree of RELIABILITY of what is being reported: of course, without any doubt, it may be: Mountain air, without any doubt, has a beneficial effect on human health. 2. EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT of the reported: fortunately, unfortunately, strange thing, etc.: But, as luck would have it, at that time the governor turned up. 3. The connection of thoughts, the SEQUENCE of presentation is indicated by introductory words and phrases: firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the contrary, however, in particular, in addition, for example: Nikita’s whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, it was an unceasing service. 4. INDICATION TO THE SOURCE of the reported: according to, in opinion, in my opinion, from the point of view: According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away.
INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS introduce additional information, incidental comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence, are usually not syntactically related to the main sentence, do not express the speaker’s attitude to the thought expressed, do not contain an assessment of the message, indications of its source, connection with other messages, etc., plug-in constructions can only be in the middle and, less often, at the end of the main sentence: The father lost his usual firmness, and his (usually silent) grief poured out in bitter complaints. APPEAL can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence: Sergey Sergeich, is it you! The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, for this purpose, the form of the vocative case was used, which in modern language is sometimes used for stylistic purposes: What do you want, elder? Very rarely, the role of address is played by words that name the sign of the person to whom the speech is addressed: Hey, in a white scarf, where can I find the chairman?
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More on topic 23. Specifics of a complicated sentence. Types of complicating structures:
- Constructions not included in the structure of the sentence (address, nominative representations, introductory and plug-in constructions, interjections)
- 31. Types and functions of introductory words. Introductory constructions as rheme actualizers. Methods for isolating introductory structures.
- Complex sentences of open and closed structure; homogeneous and heterogeneous composition; with reversible and irreversible parts; these types of structures in their relationship and opposition; distribution of semantic-syntactic types of complex sentences according to these types of structures. Typology of compound sentences
Exercise 228. Rewrite, placing commas where necessary.
1.1. Innocently betrayed to involuntary, disinterested love
she was (Ya.). 2. Heavy cold clouds lay on the top
tires of the surrounding mountains (L.). 3. And together with the chilling current
she is carried out from the depths of the building by a slow, deaf man
doubtful (T.). 5. He was met by a skinny, hunchbacked old woman
with a sharp chin (Ch.). 6. I saw a young woman
beautiful, kind, intelligent, charming
(Ch.). 7. It seemed that the muscles had melted from the heat and remained
Only thin elastic nerves were present (M.G.). 8. Smooth mo-
the monotonous muttering is interrupted (Seraph.). 9. In the chest
I found a yellowed hetman written in Latin
Chinese diploma (Paust.). 10. Chapaev loved with strong determination
tel. firm word (Furm.). 11. Down in blue yellow
The reflection of the city swayed rhythmically in purple spots (Sayan).
12. Through a small window covered with ice, a
Xia moonlight (Closed). 13. She really looked like
on the young “Velaya slender flexible birch (Field.).
14. The trained, cheerful, determined ones moved into battle
young people who were burning with the desire to prevent the enemy
to the great city (Trans.). 15. Blood of righteous scarlet
our friendship is sealed forever (Oshan.). 16. Not long ago
there were low wooden houses in this area, and now -
tall stone ones.
II. 1. Loud laughter filled the snowy surrounding fields
(Ax.). 2. An old black silk scarf enveloped the fire
the rosy neck of the Wild Master (T.). 3. Alyosha gave it to him
small folding round mirror (Add.).
4. The sun disappeared behind the advanced low torn
cloud (L.T.). 5. The snowdrifts turned thin
some ice crust (Ch.). 6. Dark July lawlessness
sunny steppe nights (Seraph.). 1. Do you imagine
nasty southern county town? (Cupr.). 8. Fedo-
ru was brought down by a smart black stallion (Furm.). 9. Ran-
the harsh winter dawn emerged through the deathly
haze (Fad.). 10. Give me another interesting book.
Reference.
1. Definitions are homogeneous if:
a) indicate the distinctive features of different objects,
for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels
lights fall on passersby, glide along facades (Cat.);
b) indicate different signs of the same pre-
meta, characterizing it on the one hand, for example: Everything was asleep
sound, motionless, healthy sleep (T.).
Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly related to
refers to the defined noun; between homogeneous
definitions, you can insert a coordinating conjunction.
Homogeneous definitions can also characterize a subject
from different sides, being united in the context of
some common feature (appearance, similarity
impression, causal connection, etc.), for example:
Her sweet, hard, red lips still wrinkled as before.
de, at the sight of him from uncontrollable joy (L. T.); One thing was melting in the sky
small, golden cloud (M.G.) (appearance); Wed Also:
spring, morning, thin ice (a common sign is “weak,
fragile"); red, inflamed eyelids (“red because inflamed
scorched"); moonlit, clear night (“moonlit, and therefore clear”).
As a rule, artistic definitions are homogeneous (epi-
theta), for example: The old woman closed her leaden, faded eyes
(M.G.); Some grasshoppers are chattering together, and this non-
constant, sour and dry sound (T.).
Definitions are homogeneous if in the context between them there is consistency
synonymous relations are created, for example: It’s time
difficult, difficult days (T.).
Definitions are homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation
tion (each subsequent definition strengthens the designation
sign they represent), for example: Joyful, festive, radiant
the mood was exploding, and the uniform seemed to become tight
Homogeneous are usually a single definition and
the definition that follows it, expressed by the participial symbol-
mouth, for example: That was the first one, not clouded by any opacities.
Seniyami the joy of discovery (Gran.); His black, not covered with anything,
that head kept flashing in the bushes (T.); It was somehow good
who is sad in this small, already touched by late autumn
garden (Hump.); In the Collective Farmer's House, fast, dressed like a city
the man looked at her ID... (Nikol.).
As a rule, agreed definitions are homogeneous, one hundred
those after the word being defined, for example: On the winter road,
boring three greyhound runs (P.). Deviations from the rule occur
appear in poetic speech, for example: Hello, blue days
former autumn... (Bruce.). Also in some combinations of terminology
gical nature, for example: black cloth trousers, pear
winter late-ripening, thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes
Definitions that are opposed are homogeneous
combination of other definitions with the same defined word,
for example: This bottle contains simple, black ink, and that one contains
chemical, purple.
2. Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous one is relative
does not refer directly to the defined noun,
and to the combination of the subsequent definition and this essence
telny, for example: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject with different
different sides, in different respects, for example: In the corner of the living room,
there was a pot-bellied walnut bureau (G.). - form and material;
Magic underwater islands quietly float and quietly pass
white round clouds are walking (T.) - c v e t i f o m a; We lived
in the basement of a large stone house (M. G.) - size and material
r and a l; Once upon a time I had the opportunity to sail along the gloomy Siberian
river (Kor.) - quality of location
etc. Such definitions become homogeneous if they are combined
has a common feature, for example: Reserved for a tourist base
large, stone house (the unifying concept is “landscape- .
Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed in combinations
I eat qualitative and relative adjectives because
they denote heterogeneous "signs, for example: Bright winter
her sun looked into our windows (Ax.); Suddenly the horse is alarmed
neighing was heard in the darkness (Fad.). Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions
are formed by a combination of some qualitative adjectives, such as
example: A light, restrained whisper woke me up (T.).
Double interpretation and double punctuation allow for co-
combinations like: another leather briefcase (I already had one before)
leather briefcase) - another, leather briefcase (previously there was
not a leather briefcase). In the latter case, the second definition
is explanatory (such a definition can be preceded by
to create not a coordinating conjunction and, but explanatory conjunctions a-
but, that is)", cf.: ...saw completely different things, unknown to me
places (T.); Completely different city sounds were heard outside and
inside the apartment (Cat.).