Separation is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message. The additional nature of the message is formalized through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relations of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. An isolated component expresses an independent event. This is a generally polypropositive sentence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sashka sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.

Separate addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated parts of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;

common definition expressed by the phrase: the girl, excited by the news she received,...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She, excited, could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced subordinate clause reasons with union because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although. To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example: Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.(additional meaning of reason) Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.(additional value of concession).

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) what is the definition expressed by, 4) does it express additional adverbial meanings.

Dedicated Applications

Application- This special kind definition expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the fidget, tormented everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tormented everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain: And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

Separation (separated by commas) circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.
A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds

1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds, as a rule, are isolated regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the predicate verb:

For example: A grimy tractor driver is sleeping with his legs spread wide. Maria had dinner, spreading the tablecloth on the table.

If a circumstance expressed by a gerund and a participial phrase is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:

For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. The caterpillar, shuddering, pressed its paws.

Special circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, are close in meaning to the secondary predicate, but they are never independent predicates! Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.

For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. – Ivan left his tractor and ran to the river. The caterpillar, shuddering, pressed its paws. – The caterpillar shuddered and pressed its paws.

1) Restrictive particles are only included inside separate design and stand out along with it.

A spark flashed, illuminating the woman's face only for a second.

2) The participle and the participial phrase that comes after the coordinating or subordinating conjunction/ of the allied word are separated from it by a comma. Such a phrase can be torn away from the conjunction, rearranged to another place in the sentence, or removed from the sentence.

For example: She threw down her pencil and, leaning back in her chair, began to look out the window. “She threw down her pencil and began to look out the window;

3) Union, allied word are not separated by a comma from a gerund and participial phrase in the event that the gerund construction cannot be torn away from the conjunction, allied word, or removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to coordinating conjunction"A".

For example: He tried to write letters unnoticed, and after writing, he hid them somewhere (impossible: He tried to write letters unnoticed, but hid them somewhere); but: He did not name the author of the letter, but, having read it, put it in his pocket. – He did not name the author of the letter, but put it in his pocket.

Two homogeneous gerunds or participial phrases, connected by single coordinating or dividing unions and, or, or, are not separated by commas.

The waitress sat with her arms wrapped around the chair and her head resting on it.

If the conjunction connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts complex sentence etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for placing punctuation marks for homogeneous members, in compound sentence etc.

For example: 1. I took the candy and, after looking, put it in my pocket. A single conjunction connects the predicates (took and put) and a comma is placed after the conjunction;
2. He slowed down, thinking about something, and, turning around sharply, called the watchman. A single conjunction connects two predicates (stopped and called). Circumstances - participial phrases refer to different predicates (slowed down, thinking about something; called, turning around sharply). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.

2. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are not isolated in the following cases:

An adverbial phrase is a phraseological unit:

For example: He ran headlong. He worked carelessly;

Note. Most often, the following phraseological units are not isolated in the texts: run headlong, work with your sleeves rolled up, work tirelessly, sit with your hands folded, work like a squirrel in a wheel, listen with bated breath, lie spitting at the ceiling, rush around without remembering yourself, spend the night without sleeping eyes, listen with open ears. But if such a phraseological unit is introductory words(in all honesty, to be honest, frankly speaking, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he was not going to help me; In short, we will have to do it ourselves.

Before the gerund there is an intensifying particle and (not a conjunction!):

You can live without showing off your intelligence;

The gerund in modern Russian is never predicate, so the verb and the gerund cannot be homogeneous members!

The participle is part of a subordinate clause and has the conjunctive word which as its dependent. In this case, a comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the gerund and the conjunctive word:

For example: They are standing in front of you the most difficult tasks, without solving which we will not be able to get out of a difficult situation;

The participial phrase includes the subject.

In this case, the comma only separates the entire phrase from the predicate, and the subject and the gerund are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:

For example: A magpie perched on a spruce tree and was just about ready to have breakfast...; Example: A magpie, perched on a spruce tree, was about to have breakfast;

The participle acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is connected with it by the conjunction and:

For example: He walked quickly and without looking around.

3. Participle constructions and single participles that have lost verb meaning. These are the most difficult for punctuation analysis cases. They demand special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.

Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have become adverbs, or have acquired adverbial meaning in a given context are not distinguished:

For example: He looked at her without blinking (impossible: looked and did not blink); They drove slowly (impossible: they drove and were in no hurry); The bus walked without stopping (impossible: walked and did not stop); She answered standing (impossible: she answered and sat); He walked with his back straight (impossible: he walked with his back straight).

Such single participles, less often - participial phrases, are usually circumstances of the manner of action (answer the questions how? in what way?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause and most often stand immediately after the predicate:

For example: looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, chatted without ceasing, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked with a limp, sat with a ruff, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money without counting etc. .d

Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.

For example: He spoke about it angry. - He spoke about it with anger;

In all such uses, the gerund does not indicate independent action, but on the image of action expressed by the predicate.

For example, in the sentence: He walked upright - there is one action (walked), and the former gerund (straightened) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.

If in this context the verbal meaning is preserved, then single gerund or participial phrase are isolated. Usually in this case there are other circumstances with the predicate verb; The participle takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and is intonationally highlighted.

For example: He walked without stopping. “He walked hurriedly, without stopping.

Increased verbosity in gerunds can be facilitated by the degree of prevalence participial phrase.

For example: He sat waiting. – He sat waiting for an answer.

Former gerunds that have lost connection with the verb and become classified as function words: starting from (meaning “from such and such a time”), based on (meaning “based on”), depending on (meaning “in accordance with”):

For example: Everything has changed since last Tuesday; the report is compiled based on your data;

However, in other contexts the phrases can be isolated:

Isolation of circumstances

A turn of phrase starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:

For example: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with England and the USA;

The word beginning in such contexts cannot be eliminated without damaging the meaning of the sentence;

A phrase with words proceeding from is isolated if in meaning it correlates with the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:

For example: We compiled a report based on your data (we based on your data);

A turn of phrase with words, depending on one, is isolated if it has the meaning of clarification or accession:

For example: It was necessary to act selectively, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert “namely”); depending on the time of year (annexation).

B) Circumstances, expressed by nouns

1. The circumstances of the concession, expressed by nouns with the prepositions “despite”, “despite”, are always isolated. Such phrases can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the conjunction although.

For example: Despite cold spring, the harvest turned out to be excellent. – Although the spring was rainy, the harvest turned out to be excellent;

2. The following circumstances may be isolated:

Reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations such as: thanks to, for lack of, as a result of, in view of, for lack of, according to, by virtue of, in connection with, due to, on occasion, etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction since).

For example: Petrovich, in agreement with the opinion of the boss, advised to return. - Since Petrovich agreed with the boss’s opinion, he advised him to return; The children, due to their young age, were not given any work. – Since the children were small, they were not given any work;

Concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with the conjunction although).

For example: His life, despite all his misfortunes, was easier than Anton’s life. – Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier than Anton’s;

Conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, in the case, etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with a conjunction if).

For example: The prisoners, in case of refusal, decided to go on a hunger strike. – If the prisoners are refused, they decided to go on a hunger strike;

Goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations in order to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction so).

For example: to avoid damage, transport the goods by mail. – To avoid damage, transport the goods by mail;

Comparisons with the union are similar.

For example: Ivan Nikolaevich was born in the north of Russia, like his older brother Anton.

However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.

More often, phrases that are located between the subject and the predicate are isolated:

Petrovich, in agreement with the boss’s opinion, advised them to return.

Besides, isolated revolutions usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:

Thanks to the good weather and especially holiday, our street came alive again.

As a rule, the indicated phrases at the end of the sentence are not isolated.

For example: The prisoners, on the orders of the warden, went to their cells. - The prisoners went to their cells on the orders of the warden.

In general, the isolation of phrases with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire additional semantic load, have explanatory meaning or combine several adverbial meanings. For example: temporary and causal, temporary and concessional, etc.

For example: Vova, after receiving a decisive refusal, went home.

In this case, the circumstance combines the meanings of time and reason and answers the questions when did he leave? and why did you leave? The turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.

Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns are always highlighted intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. Thus, the circumstances that appear at the beginning of the sentence are highlighted intonationally.

For example: I was in Moscow last year; Last year / I was in Moscow.
However, a comma is not placed after such a circumstance!
C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs

Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them or if they have the meaning of a passing comment.

For example: After some time, a boy in a white suit, with a head black as coal, ran out into the street, from nowhere.

An isolated circumstance, expressed by an adverbial phrase, is always highlighted in speech with commas and answers certain questions given in this article. There are also exceptions for isolating adverbial phrases in sentences with examples.

What is an isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase?

In russian language isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase, is a minor member of the sentence, represented by a gerund with dependent words. It denotes a sign of action, depends on the predicate verb and is always highlighted in writing with commas. Answers the questions - When? How? How? For what purpose? and etc.

Examples of sentences with isolated circumstances with adverbial verbs:
Moving the furniture, we freed up space (freed up - how? - moving the furniture). Guys, hiding from the rain in a hut, discussed what they saw (discussed - when? - sheltered from the rain). Mom went to bed kissed my son goodnight(went to bed - when? - kissing my son).

Exceptions when isolating adverbial phrases in a sentence

An isolated circumstance can be represented by two homogeneous adverbial phrases or an adverbial phrase with a single participle, which are used through a conjunction And. In this case, commas highlight the entire circumstance, and not each adverbial phrase separately.

Examples: Girl, evoking a song And dancing, walked through the park. Greeting your opponent and shaking each other's hands, the athletes prepared for the match.

In addition, the circumstances expressed by the participial phrase are not isolated:

• If the participial phrase is part of a phraseological expression.

  Examples: They worked tirelessly all day. Worried about her brother, she spent the night without closing my eyes.

• If the participial phrase contains a conjunctive word which.

  Examples: Masha drew up an essay plan, following which she will write interesting story. Seryozha had many friends, communicating with whom he learned a lot of new things.

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A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign of an action or other feature. The circumstances are explained by predicates or other members of the sentence. At parsing sentences of circumstance are underlined with a dotted line (dash, dot, dash). Circumstances must be separated by commas in three cases. Let's look at each of them in turn.

First case

Circumstances in sentences can be expressed in four parts of speech:

adverb, for example: The janitor gets up early;

participle or participial phrase, for example: The men, seeing the landowner, took off their hats;

infinitive, for example: Everyone went outside (why?) to clear the snow;

In addition, the circumstance can be expressed by an expression that is integral in meaning, for example: It rained for two weeks straight.

It is necessary to remember that It is necessary to highlight with commas the circumstances that are expressed by the participle or participial phrase. Compare: He sat leafing through a magazine and was bored And He was sitting on a bench. In the first sentence the circumstance leafing through a magazine stands out, since it is expressed by an adverbial phrase, and in the second, the circumstance on the bench is not isolated, since it is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Second and third cases

According to their significance, circumstances are divided into the following main groups:

circumstances of a place that answer the questions WHERE? WHERE? WHERE? For example: We entered (where?) into the city;

circumstances of time that answer the questions WHEN? SINCE WHEN? HOW LONG? HOW LONG? For example: We waited for them for about two hours;

circumstances reasons that answer the questions WHY? FROM WHAT? FOR WHAT REASON? For example: I could not speak from fatigue;

circumstances of the goal that answer the questions WHY? FOR WHAT? FOR WHAT PURPOSE? For example: In the sanatorium everything is prepared for the treatment of vacationers;

circumstances of the manner of action and degree, answering the questions HOW? HOW? IN WHAT DEGREE? For example: I got a little thoughtful or My father did not let me go one step;

circumstances conditions that answer the question UNDER WHAT CONDITION? For example: With effort you can achieve success;

circumstances of the assignment that answer the question DESPITE WHAT? For example: The street, despite the frost, was crowded;

circumstances of comparison that answer the question HOW? For example: Her head is shorn, like a boy's.

In the classification of circumstances by meaning, one of the eight types are circumstances of comparison: they answer the question HOW? and begins with the conjunctions AS, AS WELL or AS IF. For example: She had long hair, soft like linen. In some textbooks and reference books circumstances of comparison are also called comparative turnover. It is necessary to remember that circumstances of comparison in sentences are separated by commas.

Another type of circumstances that must be separated by commas are the circumstances of the assignment. Such circumstances answer the question DESPITE WHAT? and begin with the preposition DESPITE (or, less commonly, despite). For example: On the streets, despite bright sun, the lights were on.

So, you should remember three cases when circumstances need to be separated by commas:

if they are expressed by an adverbial phrase,

if they represent comparative turnover,

if they begin with the preposition DESPITE.

Look at the examples again. Sparks swirled quickly in the heights.(Lermontov) She suddenly disappeared, like a bird scared out of a bush.(Lermontov). Despite unforeseen difficulties, the work was completed on time.

This rule has several important notes:

The adverbs STANDING, SITTING, LYING, SILENTLY should be distinguished from gerunds. RELUCTANTLY, JOKINGLY, WITHOUT LOOKING, PLAYING. They were formed due to the transition of words from the category of gerunds to adverbs. The circumstances expressed in such words are not isolated. For example: He stood silently.

Circumstances expressed by phraseological units are also not highlighted, for example: They worked with their sleeves rolled up or I spin around all day like a squirrel in a wheel.

In addition to the circumstances of the assignment, which are always distinguished, circumstances expressed by nouns with derived prepositions THANKS, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, IN VIEW, CONSEQUENCE, can optionally be isolated, for example: Thanks to good weather, we swam in the river all summer. Usually such circumstances are isolated if they are common and come before the predicate.

Exercise

In two weeks_ our employee will return from vacation.

Peter went to the library to prepare for the exam.

Running out to the podium, he quickly spoke.

Overtaking a truck, the car drove into the oncoming lane.

Despite the danger, the captain ordered to continue moving.

For the sake of victory_ they are ready to do anything.

The wet steps turned out to be slippery like ice.

The port will be closed_ in case of strong wind.

It was dark, only two stars, like two rescue beacons, sparkled on the dark blue vault (Lermontov).

- Flies_ headlong! Almost knocked me off my feet! - muttered the old woman.

A precious stone stuck out like an eye on the side of the jacket (M. Bulgakov).

The old woman, despite her advanced age, sees and hears perfectly (A. Chekhov).

Having gone through difficult trials, he managed to maintain his human dignity(M. Sholokhov).

The stove was humming like a fire (M. Bulgakov).

He answered the investigator's questions reluctantly.

The boat dived like a duck and then, flapping its oars, as if with wings, jumped out on the surface (M. Lermontov).

Having grabbed the German major and a briefcase with documents, Sokolov gets to his people (M. Sholokhov).

Having experienced a strong shock, he fell asleep like the dead.

Everywhere and in everything he tried to emphasize his superiority, considering himself well-mannered and humane (A. Fadeev).

And then hundreds of small incendiary bombs were sprinkled on the fires like grains on freshly plowed ground (K. Vonnegut).

There are quite a few people in this world who are lonely by nature, who, like a hermit crab or a snail, try to retreat into their shell (A. Chekhov).

Some kind of bastard, Siberian-looking stray cat emerged from behind a drainpipe and, despite the blizzard, smelled the Krakow one (M. Bulgakov).

For a long time he struggled with his guess, taking it for a dream of an imagination inflamed by food supplies, but the more often the meetings were repeated, the more painful the doubts became (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Target: deepen concepts about syntactic role gerunds and gerundial phrases, repeat the morphology of verbs and gerunds, suffixes of gerunds;
further development the ability to see sentences with separate definitions and applications in the text, the ability to highlight them with intonation and punctuation marks;
repeat spelling Not with the sacrament, - n- And - NN- in participles, derivative prepositions.

During the classes.

1 . Separate:(write on the board)

1. distinguish from the general, creating a special position from others;
2. in grammar: to intonationally highlight some semantic segment within a sentence.

S.I.Ozhegov

We continue this topic, reinforcing what we have learned about isolated applications and definitions and dwelling in more detail on isolated circumstances, understanding the importance of intonation and semantic highlighting speed data and more great need correct setting punctuation marks in a sentence.

2. Fragments of the homework are checked on the board (test tasks in the Russian language are used. Author A.B. Malyushkin, Moscow 2007, Sfera Publishing House).

1) The first student enters the correct answers to the tests into the table.

№ 1 2 3 4 5 6
Answers 3 1 2 4 1 1

a) the spelling is explained not with an adjective and participle,
b) analysis is done based on the composition of the word connected,
c) task No. 3 is explained and characteristics of proposal No. 2 are given

(narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, complete, widespread, complicated by a separate circumstance).

2) The second student gives answers to tasks No. 4,5,6,

a) explains the spelling -n-, -nn- in second task,
b) parses the word according to its composition preserved and analysis of this word as parts of speech.

3. At this time, work takes place with the class.

a) I remember general character isolation of minor members, which, as a rule, denote some additional action, some additional feature.
b) Separated minor members are characteristic primarily book speech. They are very widely used in fiction.
c) Students give examples from the text homework: (punctuation marks and missing letters) are filled in by students:

Text.

1. Panikovsky and Balaganov rolled silently on the carpet, standing and kicking out their legs.

2. They wandered through the streets, pale, disappointed, dull with grief. 3. Bender walked behind everyone with his head down and automatically purring. In the depths under the canopy the Antelope was yellow. Kozlevich was sitting on the tavern porch. Puffing sweetly, he pulled hot tea from the saucer. He was blissful.

“Adam!” said the great schemer, stopping in front of the driver. - We are out of stock. We are beggars, Adam! Welcome us! We are dying.
Kozlevich stood up. The commander, humiliated and poor, stood before him with bareheaded. Adam Kazimirovich's bright Polish eyes blurred with tears. He came down the steps and hugged all the Antelopeans one by one.
“Taxi is free!” he said, swallowing tears of pity. - Please sit down.
Panikovsky cried, covering his face with his fists and whispering:
- What a heart! Honest, noble heart! What a heart!

Questions:

Indicate all isolated parts of the sentence using punctuation marks.
Name the work and its author.
For what purpose do I. Ilf and E. Petrov use separate members?
(They help writers describe the subject in detail in an economical manner)
Explain the spelling of words with missing letters.

4. Let us turn to the texts of A.S. Pushkin and M. Gorky.

Nothing to do. She,
Full of black envy
Throwing the mirror under the bench,
She called the black girl to her place
And punishes her
Hay to his girlfriend,
News to the princess in the depths of the forest...

b) M. Gorky in the story “Childhood” describes his grandmother:
“She tells fairy tales quietly, mysteriously, leaning towards my face, looking into my eyes with dilated pupils, as if pouring into my heart strength that lifts me up...” The author, using isolated parts of the sentence, emphasizes main idea- Alyosha’s grandmother was the most wonderful person. It was she who woke him up, hidden in the darkness, and brought him into the light.
Students identify isolated parts of a sentence by ear (who can name them the most) and draw a conclusion about the need to use fiction in texts.

5. Let's return to the text by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.

a) A diagram for sentence 3 is drawn up on the board and its characteristics are given.
It is determined that with one predicate there can be two participial phrases, i.e. two separate circumstances.
How are punctuation marks used in this case?
(In this case, a comma between isolated circumstances connected by the union And, not set).

b) Such cases should be distinguished from sentences in which isolated circumstances refer to different predicate verbs:
pay attention to the table (it is on each student’s desk as Handout) point No. 3, read the sentence.

Isolation of circumstances

Separate themselves	Not isolated
1. Before and after the main word - predicate verb
A)expressed by single gerundsand participial phrases b) expressed by nouns with a preposition c) expressed nouns with prepositionsin view of, as a result of, in order to avoid, contrary to, in accordance with,thanks, etc.with significant spread and intonation emphasis	a) representing stable turnover 2. After the predicate verb a) single gerunds with adverb meanings b) closely related to the predicate c) expressed by an adverbial phrase and included in a group of homogeneous members with an adverb
Distinguish!
homogeneous members - special circumstances	homogeneous members - predicate He quietly changed into his work suit, sat down at the table, and opened a book. (BUT.)

Here we have homogeneous predicate members. Consequently, the punctuation marks will be different. Let's pay attention to the diagram this proposal in the table.

1. Why is there a comma before the conjunction?
2. Why is it not in the second example?

6. Work continues with the table of isolated circumstances.

1. What circumstances have we not yet talked about?
   (Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition. Left column).
2. What pretexts? (derivatives).
3. What's happened derivative preposition? (Independent part speech, losing its lexical and morphological meaning goes into service).
4. Examples (Who will lead faster?).
5. What is the difference in spelling: during- during; towards - to meet;
   about - on account; in continuation - in continuation; as a result - as a result.

7. Working from the textbook p. 145, approx. No. 2.

What other prepositions can be used with such isolation?

Exercise in progress. No. 333, p. 147.

8. Compose sentences with isolated circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition, and use these words as independent words
parts of speech:

1. option - (as) a consequence...
2. option - thanks.

9 . The circumstance of a concession is always isolated with a pretext despite.

Despite All my suffering, I could not sleep.

10. The isolation of other circumstances depends on stylistic objectives.

Circumstances are especially often isolated causes(due to, thanks to, as a result) conditions(if present, if absent), concessions(contrary to).

11 . After this, we continue to work with the table in the “Non-exclusive circumstances” section

What are the conditions for non-isolation of these circumstances?

a) The circumstance represents a stable turnover, i.e. phraseological turn.

We find example sentences and read them.

Name the phraseological units you know (which row will complete this task faster).
(Listen with your ears open; rush headlong; answer without further ado; shout without remembering yourself; listen with your mouth open;...)
- Compose one sentence at a time, using any phraseological phrase, and write it down as shown in the table.

b) Single adverbial participles or, as they used to be called, adverbs.

Let's pay attention to their place in the sentence.

(they stand after the predicate, answer the questions: how? in what way? in what position?).

c) We work with the textbook note on p. 145 (top).

Name such adverbs.
(Sitting, lying, standing, silently, jokingly, reluctantly, etc.)

These words have firmly become adverbs. When used alone, they are not isolated; they can be replaced with synonymous adverbs. For example, he speaks slowly - slowly; answered reluctantly - sluggishly.

Intonation can be a helper here. There is no pause before or after the adverb, but after a separate participial phrase the pause is observed.
- This rule is confirmed by the example of exercise No. 326.

d) The third case from table (b) is being worked out.

These are single participles, which also appear after the predicate at the end of the sentence and are circumstances of the manner of action; synonyms can also be found for them. Let's look at table examples.
- Replace the adverb with a gerund and make sentences:

1. V. Lightning flashed continuously (without ceasing).
2. V. The cloud was moving slowly (not in a hurry).

12. Quiz.

Task No. 1.

Explain why the gerunds are not isolated in the following sentences:

and then a strange man slowly walked around the lower decks.(Cat.) b) The doorman decided to walk slowly.(Paust.) c) The fox turned to the chicken coop and left, slurping unsalted.

a) a single gerund is closer to an adverb, as if merging with the predicate;
b) slowly - adverb;
c) is a phraseological unit.

Task No. 2.

Rearrange the sentences so that isolated circumstances become non-isolated:

1.. Gritting their teeth, they continued to work. 2. Hanging her head low, she left the room. 3. He continued to sit, determined to finish the job.

Task No. 3.

Make up a sentence with phraseological units, indicating which ones stand out:

Headlong, carelessly, heading towards something, without hesitation, taking into accountattention.(in rows, one example at a time).

Task No. 4.

Indicate errors in the use of participial phrases: 1. Having left for the open steppe,they were caught in a snowstorm. 2. Reading the story, a vivid image of the leader appears before uspopular uprising.

13 . Test tasks (attached). The summary of learning new material in the lesson is summed up. The answers are written down by the students on the board. Notebooks are exchanged for verification.

Test.

1. Identify incorrect statements.

1. Isolated members of a sentence are distinguished by meaning using intonation in speech.
   nary speech and using punctuation marks in written speech.
2. Definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated.
3. Applications with the conjunction as are always isolated.
4. Dedicated Applications can be highlighted with a dash.
5. The circumstances expressed by the adverbial phrase are always isolated.
6. Only minor members of a sentence can be clarifying.

2. Find sentences with isolated definitions (no punctuation marks).

1. Carelessly scattered stars sparkled brightly in the sky.
2. The forest, covered with a haze of young greenery, came to life.
3. An overgrown country road hugged the river.
4. Tired of the spring bliss, I fell into involuntary oblivion.
5. Tired of the storm, the captain went down to his cabin.
6. A cloudy and foggy March night enveloped the earth.

3. In which example is it not necessary to isolate a single definition?

1. Invisible, you were already dear to me.
2. Behind blue seas forgotten, he faded away alone.
3. The fallen poplar is silver and light.
4. The poor thing cries tirelessly.

4. Indicate which sentences contain punctuation errors when separating applications.

1. The island was covered in fog - a gray, motionless haze.
2. Fedka, our young director, came out from around the corner.
3. Artillery captain, Maksimov hangs up the phone.
4. Yuri, as a native of the south, found it difficult to get used to the Arctic climate.

5. Everyone knows Alexander Blok as a brilliant poet.

1. Find sentences in which the adverbial phrase is incorrectly isolated.
2. Peace to the aspen trees that spread their branches and gazed into the pink water.
3. After drinking tea, I went hunting before dawn.
4. A young ray of sunshine peeked through the window, playing merrily.
5. There, having left the star round dance, a beautiful star sits on the trumpet.

6. Indicate a sentence in which it is not necessary to isolate a single gerund (no punctuation marks are placed).

1. As they said goodbye, the young people bowed.
2. The father nodded his head without turning around.
3. The uncle looked at the grandmother with narrowed eyes.
4. The boy, startled, dropped the spoon.

7. Find a sentence in which it is not necessary to isolate the highlighted circumstance.

1. There at a coal mine the boy was noticed.
2. On the other side over the river the nightingale sang.
3. We lived then in the Meshchera forests in the village.
4. Turning to follow the sun during a long day almost all flowers.

14 . Words hard work.

Working on task No. 11 (tests) word maneuver(French - manouere, Lat. - manuopera from manus “hand” and opera “deeds”.)
Maneuver - act deftly and cunningly, avoiding troubles; movement of troops with the aim of striking the enemy.

15. Mini-dictation (distributed among columns).

Spreading, spreading, having calculated, not having calculated.
What spelling rules are common to explain the spelling of these words.

16 . Rearrange the sentences so that they contain all possible cases of isolation.

1 row. 2nd row. 3rd row.
Small forest Fruit blossoms The dog got scared
crossed, twisted and filled the trees and barked loudly.
between the trees the air is heady
path. aroma.

17 . Change the sentence into a complex sentence by replacing the preposition despite union although.

Despite the good weather, we managed to walk a short distance that day.
(That day, despite the fact that the weather was good, we managed to walk a short distance).

18. Find isolated circumstances in the poem by A. S. Pushkin.

What can we quickly say to her in poetry?
Truth is dearer to me than anything else.
Without having time to think, I’ll say: you’re the cutest of all.
After thinking about it, I will say the same thing.

19. This is interesting.

1. Remember the lines from I.A Krylov’s fable “Fish Dance”: Here, Lev licked the headmanmercifully in the chest..., set off on his further journey. This rare case, when the subject took a completely unusual place for itself - it was located inside the adverbial phrase.

2. By the will of the author, the participial phrase can be attributed not to the verb. Here is an excerpt from a poem by Leonid Martynov: Sleeves, islands... This is a river delta! This is what it’s like, it’s starting to get dark! However, this is not the norm, but a property of the individual author's style.

3. Think about the sentence!He wrinkled his forehead, unable to understand what was written.
It does not fit any type of isolation known to you. It turns out that this is a “splinter” of an adverbial phrase being unable to in which the participle played only an auxiliary role and therefore disappeared without prejudice to the meaning.

20 . The lesson is summarized.

1. What new did you learn about the isolation of circumstances in class today?
2. What caused the difficulties?

In subsequent lessons we will continue this topic.