Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.
The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.
1. Simple verb predicate.
This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:
He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).
Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).
He lost his temper (phraseologism).
They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).
Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).
Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).
I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).
2. Compound verb predicate.
This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.
He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I'm long could not with them meet.
You must study.
He was looking to have fun.
I was unable to think about it.
Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).
3. Compound nominal predicate.
Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.
Weather was good.
The book is true Friend.
He has character harder become.
Grass beveled.
Evening quiet.
Error was obvious.
Two by two - four.
This notebook my.
As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.
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Among predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal predicates. In this article we will talk about the latter.
Features of a compound nominal predicate
As the name suggests, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them plays a primarily or even exclusively grammatical role, while the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is not difficult to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one whose name contains the word “name”: a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.
Ways of expressing grammatical parts
The grammatical part of a compound nominal predicate is the linking verb “to be.” The same role can be played by some other verbs, “semi-links”: seem, become, etc.
The verb “to be” is in the required grammatical form. For example, He it will be fun, He was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". The zero copula is used. In Romano-Germanic languages, the copula is preserved. Compare: He's cheerful. – He is merry (English)
The verb “to be” can be not only a connective, but also an independent simple verbal predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them; it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the connective “to be” is not used in the present tense, but the verb, naturally, remains in the predicate position. Compare:
Ways to Express the Nominal Part
The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by different parts of speech, and not only by names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.
|
Method of expressing the noun phrase |
Example |
|
Noun |
Moscow is capital of Russia. |
|
Adjective |
He's funny. He cheerful. |
|
Numeral |
My favorite number is seven. |
|
Participle |
He was appointed headman. |
|
Pronoun |
The topic was different. |
|
The dress fits her. |
|
|
Infinitive |
My dream is to see the sea. |
|
Phraseologism |
He is some kind of fish and meat. |
|
Syntactically indivisible combinations |
young man was tall. |
Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn away from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it cannot be said that “the young man was tall” - this is meaningless.
Please note that the same word can perform different functions in different sentences. For example, the word "funny" in our example the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.
A compound predicate consists of two parts: ligaments and the verbal or nominal part.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate consists of a copular part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:
phase verb (start, continue, become, quit):
I began/continued/finishedread this book.
modal in a word (to be able, to be able, to want, to desire, to try, to intend, to dare, to refuse, to think, to prefer, to get used to, to love, to hate, to beware):
He wants to enroll in the Institute. I'm long could not with them meet.
Some linguists distinguish a separate group of connectives called emotional connectives.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of noun part and a linking verb.
The most commonly used is the linking verb be. Less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.
The connective in the sentence may be omitted.
The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed in different ways:
adjective: weather was good;
noun: book - true Friend;
comparative degree adjective: he has character harder become;
short form of the passive participles: grass beveled;
short adjective: evening quiet;
adverb: error was obvious;
numeral name: two by two - four;
pronoun: this notebook my;
phraseological combination: He sat in a puddle;
idiom: He wasthe talk of the town .
Secondary members of the sentence
Definition
Definition(or attribute ) - V syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member, denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed adjective or communion. Answers the questions which?, which?, which?, which?, which?, whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?. When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with a wavy line.
Classification
Definitions can be associated with nouns way coordination(agreed definitions) and methods of control and connection ( inconsistent definitions).
Agreed Definitions
Consistent with the defined term in the form ( case, number and gender in units. h.), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numerals,pronouns.
« Large trees grow near paternal house"
"IN our no class lagging behind students"
"He decides this task second hour"
In modern Russian language the agreed definition in a sentence most often precedes the defined name (see examples above). The reverse order (the agreed definition follows the defined name) is acceptable, but is used, as a rule, in special cases:
in traditionally established proper names and special terms: “Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky", "Ivan Great", "Name noun", "heather ordinary»;
in poetic works, the word order of which is influenced by the requirements of form ( size,rhyme and so on.):
Baron in monasterysad However, he was pleased with fate, Pastor flatteryfuneral , Coat of Arms tombsfeudal AND epitaphbad .
- A. S. Pushkin. Message to Delvig
Inconsistent definitions
They do not agree with the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degrees of adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, subordinate clause.
"The leaves rustled birch trees»
"He liked the evenings at grandma's house»
"Choose your fabric more fun with a picture»
“They gave me eggs for breakfast. soft-boiled»
“They were united by desire see you»
"House where I live»
In Russian, inconsistent definitions in a sentence almost always follow the name being defined; exceptions occur only in poetic works:
Yes, I remembered, although not without sin, From the Aeneid two verses. He rummage didn't have hunting In the chronological dust of the Genesis of the earth: But days gone by jokes From Romulus to the present day He kept in his memory.
Circumstance
Circumstance V syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member, depending on predicate and denoting a sign of action or a sign of another sign. Usually circumstances are expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases or adverbs, although some groups of circumstances can be expressed participial turnover. They can also be expressed by an infinitive, a noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition, and even some phraseological units.
According to the meaning, which is clarified by questions, circumstances are divided into the following main types:
|
Circumstances |
What do they mean |
Questions |
Examples |
|
When? How long? Since when? How long? |
Will come tomorrow. Once upon a time in icy winter time I came out of the forest (N. Nekrasov). From sunrise to sunset The streets are full of life (E. Trutneva) |
||
|
Mode of action and degree |
How? How? In what degree? |
Work with passion |
|
|
Scene, direction, path |
Where? Where? Where |
On the image |
|
|
Reason, reason |
Why? On what basis? From what? For what reason? |
Didn't go because of illness |
|
|
Purpose of the action |
For what? For what purpose? For what? |
Go on vacation |
|
|
Comparisons |
Behind the stove a cricket was ticking like clockwork (K. Paustovsky). |
||
|
Condition for performing an action |
Under what conditions? |
Postpone your trip if the weather worsens |
|
|
Condition, Against What |
In spite of what? Despite what? |
We will do it, despite the difficulties |
ApplicationApplication- This definition, expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a cliff -giant . Applications can indicate various qualities of an item, indicate age, nationality, profession and other characteristics, for example:
Grandmother- old lady looks out of the window.
River Don spilled
It is emphasized, like the definition, with a wavy line.
A proper name, when combined with a common noun, can be an appendix when it does not name a person. For example, in the sentence
The Uralmash district is located in the north of Yekaterinburg.
the application will be the word "Uralmash". If a proper name refers to a person:
Cosmonaut Tereshkova went into space
that proper noun is the subject with which the predicate agrees (in the feminine gender), and the common noun astronaut is an application.
If next to the application - a common noun there is a defined word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: Magic carpet,ascetic monk.
When a common noun is followed by a proper noun, there is no hyphen ( boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows the proper noun, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga,Moscow River,Ivan the Fool,Nightingale the Robber.
The application, as a rule, is case coordinated with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be placed in a case different from the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames.
If the application before the main word can be replaced with a single-root adjective, then a hyphen is not placed after the application. For example: “old man watchman” (application - old man, the main word is watchman, old man can be replaced with “old” - old watchman), and watchman-old man (a hyphen is placed because the application and the main word are common nouns).
The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, consistent with the subject (in number, gender, person) and answering the questions: “what does the subject do?”, “what is it?”, “who is it?”, “what is it?” , “what’s happening to him?”
The syntax in Russian provides ample opportunities for composing sentences. The predicate can be a verb, adverb, adjective, or even a noun.
Verb predicate
Most often, the predicate can be expressed as a verb. In this case, a simple verbal predicate, a verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. Simple verb predicates include:
- verbs in the imperative, indicative or subjunctive mood (for example: “Don’t touch the toy!”, “It’s raining”, “I’d like to go for a walk with friends”);
- phraseological phrases based on verbs (“He lost his temper”);
- phrases of two verbs of the same form, the first of which denotes an action, the second - the purpose of the action (“I’ll go, is everything okay”).
A compound verbal predicate is a phrase, the grammatical and lexical meaning of which is expressed in different words: an auxiliary and a main verb, the latter being used in the form and carrying the lexical meaning of the predicate (“I wanted to talk about you”). A compound verb predicate can be complicated if it consists of several auxiliary words (“He decided to stop being angry”).
A compound nominal predicate is expressed by a phrase consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs can be:
- the verb “to be”, deprived in this case of its lexical meaning “to exist”, “to be available” (“She was a student”);
- semi-nominal verbs “seem”, “turn out to be”, “happen”, “appear”, “become”, “become”, “reputed”, “considered” and some others (“He is her hero”);
- full-valued verbs expressing action, movement, state (“The children came to the guests already grimy”).
Other parts of speech, as a predicate
The predicate can only be expressed by an adverb, without using a connective, if the sentence does not need to specify the time of the action taking place (“It’s just monstrous!” Compare: “It was monstrous!”).
A short adjective is often used as a predicate in colloquial and artistic styles (“Our grandfather is not yet old at heart”). Using this technique allows you to vary the composition of the sentence and improve the readability of the text.
The noun becomes a predicate in definition sentences and is often separated from the subject by a dash. For example: “My mother is a cook,” “A book is a storehouse of wisdom.”
Also, sometimes a numeral name (“Twice three is six”) acts as a predicate.
In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, and give examples.
As you know, the predicate and subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.
Main types of predicates:
1) simple verb;
2) compound verb;
3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).
Two principles for identifying types of predicates
They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:
1) by composition;
2) by their morphological nature.
In the first case, types such as simple and compound are distinguished. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of a compound predicate can be expressed as an adjective, noun and adverb. These divisions intersect. Thus, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.
Simple verb predicate
The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of the mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes those options that do not have a formal indicator of tense, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated ones (grab, push, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let, let, as if, it was, as if, exactly, as if, just, etc.)
Compound nominal predicate
As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, such sentences contain a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: “He is young. He is worried about his work and worries.”
Such predicates always have two components. The first is a copula that expresses predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the connecting part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.
Copula in a compound nominal predicate
The doctrine of the copula in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. Firstly, the copula is the word “to be”, the only meaning of which is an indication of tense and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened meaning to one degree or another, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.
Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.
In the first sentence, the connective “to be” is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is characteristic of a verb. However, it is not a verb, since it does not have a procedural action or attribute, as well as the category of aspect that any of them possesses.
Notable and semi-nominal connectives
Other examples present connectives of a different type - denominative and semi-nominal. The latter introduce the meaning of the emergence of a feature (to become/become), its preservation (to remain/to remain), external detection (to appear/to seem), the inclusion of an external carrier (to be known/to be known, to be called, to be considered) into a compound nominal predicate.
The following examples can be given: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was known as smart.
Significant connectives are verbs with a definite, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in a particular state). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in the etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be given as examples:
1. He came hungry (hungry).
2. The boys remained tomboys.
Connection "to be"
The connective “to be,” being abstract, does not have a present tense form in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:
1. It's in vain.
2. The evening is wonderful.
3. The road is good.
The verb “to be”, which has two meanings, should be distinguished from the copula:
1. To be present (We were in the theater. There were many performances at that time).
2. Have (my sister had a doll).
Connections "essence" and "is"
The words “essence” and “is,” which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb “to be,” are considered in modern language to be service words, namely, particles.
The absence of a connective is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky; it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that a syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of a certain nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:
1. The street will (was) crowded.
2. The street would be crowded.
3. The street is crowded.
Compound verb predicate
We looked at such types of predicates as simple verb and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verbal predicate. It includes two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).
Rules for determining a compound verbal predicate
A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any compound with the infinitive of the conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:
1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form, that is, some object called the subject.
The following examples can be given. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he started working, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, the infinitive is usually called subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.
2. When determining the boundaries of a compound predicate, one should take into account the nature of the semantic relationship between the infinitive and the conjugated verbal form. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has this meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I came to chat, I came running to find out, I was sent to find out. The infinitive of the goal (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is a minor member. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are the most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase verbs) should be considered compound predicates.
The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) terms, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).
We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. This is just a brief overview of this topic; more detailed information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.