Quotes are verbatim excerpts from statements made by third parties or texts. Quotes are one of the types of direct speech in Russian.
We can use citations in research papers and essays in order to reinforce the reliability of our own opinion by referring to more authoritative sources, which makes linguistic work scientifically sound and emphasizes its originality.
In the Russian language, citation began to be used in 1820 and is still successfully used.
Citation methods
There are three main ways of citing in Russian.
1) Quote applies like direct speech. With this method of quoting, punctuation marks should be placed in the same way as in sentences with direct speech.
For example: Julius Caesar said: “It is better to die immediately than to spend your whole life waiting for death.” Or another option: “It is better to die immediately than to spend your whole life waiting for death,” as Julius Caesar said.
2) You can enter a quote and through indirect speech using the conjunction “what”. The quotation in such cases is also placed in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter.
For example: F. Ranevskaya said that “loneliness is a state that there is no one to tell about.”
3) To introduce a quote into the text there can be special introductory words were used: as he spoke, according to words, as he wrote, as he believed, or without them, introductory words are replaced with punctuation marks or quotation marks.
For example: As Horace said, “Anger is a momentary madness.”
Or: L. Beethoven “knew no other signs of human superiority except kindness.”
4) Quoting Poems does not require auxiliary punctuation marks, in particular, quotation marks. It is enough to indicate the author and the title of the poem, which should be written on the red line. For example:
A. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"
What can Moscow provide me?
Today is a ball, and tomorrow is two.
Basic citation requirements
1. Quoted text must be placed in quotes and be identical to its original source. The lexical and grammatical form must fully correspond to the original.
2. Categorically It is forbidden to combine passages in one quote, which were taken from various cited sources. Each passage should be presented as a separate quotation.
3. If the expression is not quoted in full, but in an abbreviated or unfinished form (the quote is taken out of context as a separate phrase), instead of missing sentences or words ellipses should be placed in brackets. When abbreviating a quote, it is important to ensure the logical completeness of the expression.
4. In the Russian language it is prohibited to enter citations that takes up more than 30% of the total text volume. Excessive quoting not only makes your text formulaic, but also destroys its ability to be easily understood.
5. It is unacceptable to quote authors whose texts marked with a copyright symbol- ©. This mainly applies to scientific papers and research articles. In this case, the option of modifying the text (transmitting the meaning of the fragment in your own words) with an optional link to the source is acceptable.
Quotes and ways of citing
Quotes are verbatim excerpts from statements made by third parties or texts. Quotes are one of the types of direct speech in Russian.
We can use citations in research papers and essays in order to reinforce the reliability of our own opinion by referring to more authoritative sources, which makes linguistic work scientifically sound and emphasizes its originality.
In the Russian language, citation began to be used in 1820 and is still successfully used.
Citation methods
There are three main ways of citing in Russian.
1) The quote is used as direct speech. With this method of quoting, punctuation marks should be placed in the same way as in sentences with direct speech.
For example: Julius Caesar said: “It is better to die immediately than to spend your whole life waiting for death.” Or another option: “It is better to die immediately than to spend your whole life waiting for death,” as Julius Caesar said.
2) You can also introduce a quotation through indirect speech using the conjunction “what”. The quotation in such cases is also placed in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter.
For example: F. Ranevskaya said that “loneliness is a state that there is no one to tell about.”
3) To introduce a quotation into the text, special introductory words can be used: as he said, according to words, as he wrote, as he believed, or without them, introductory words are replaced by punctuation marks or quotation marks.
For example: As Horace said, “Anger is a momentary madness.”
Or: L. Beethoven “knew no other signs of human superiority except kindness.”
4) Quoting poems does not require auxiliary punctuation marks, in particular, quotation marks. It is enough to indicate the author and the title of the poem, which should be written on the red line. For example:
A. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"
What can Moscow provide me?
Today is a ball, and tomorrow is two.
Basic citation requirements
1. The quoted text must be placed in quotation marks and be identical to its original source. The lexical and grammatical form must fully correspond to the original.
2. It is strictly forbidden to combine in one quotation passages that were taken from different cited sources. Each passage should be presented as a separate quotation.
3. If an expression is not quoted in full, but in an abbreviated or unfinished form (the quotation is taken out of context as a separate phrase), instead of missing sentences or words, ellipsis should be placed in parentheses. When abbreviating a quote, it is important to ensure the logical completeness of the expression.
4. In the Russian language, it is prohibited to enter citations that occupy more than 30% of the total volume of the text. Excessive quoting not only makes your text formulaic, but also destroys its ability to be easily understood.
5. It is unacceptable to quote authors whose texts are marked with the copyright symbol - ©. This mainly applies to scientific papers and research articles. In this case, the option of modifying the text (transmitting the meaning of the fragment in your own words) with an optional link to the source is acceptable.
Quote - a verbatim excerpt from any text or in
the accuracy of someone's words.
Quotations are used to support or explain the statement.
In written speech, quotations usually consist of
in quotation marks or in bold font. If quotes are given
are not complete, the place where the gap is missing is indicated by many
exactly.
Quotes are formatted in the following ways: 1) proposal
niyami with direct speech: Pushkin wrote to his friend Chaadaev:
“My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!” ;
2) sentences with indirect speech: A.P. Chekhov emphasized,
that “...an idle life cannot be pure”; 3) offer
with introductory words: According to A. M. Gorky, “art
“We must ennoble people.”
Often quotes are used to more clearly express
thought:
We must be attentive to the language, to combinations of words,
to the text you are reading. This enriches speech. Brightly said
the famous Russian poet V. Bryusov talks about this:
Perhaps everything in life is just a means
For brightly melodious verses,
And you from a carefree childhood
Look for combinations of words.
Quotations from poems are not enclosed in quotation marks unless
the poetic line is followed.
Interviews, films, TV series, even from computer games - users are happy to post them on their walls, repost and like them. In this regard, it would be nice to remember how to format quotes correctly. Of course, there are quite a lot of rules for quoting and formatting quotations, however, for the average user it is enough to know the basic
Highlighting a quote in the text
There are three ways to indicate that a given text is a quotation. The first is using quotation marks.
“It is much easier to die than to steadfastly endure a martyr’s life” (Johann Wolfgang Goethe. The Sorrows of Young Werther).
The second is highlighting in cursive or smaller font (for example, regular text is typed in 14th, and the quote is typed in 12th).
“A person fears death the more, the less he truly lives his life and the greater his unrealized potential.”(Irwin Yalom).
And the third method is the so-called “retractable set”. That is, the quote is typed indented in relation to the main text.
In this case, quotation marks are not necessary.
Indication of the author and source of citation
We won’t talk about how to format a bibliographic footnote - we don’t really need that. But it is often necessary to correctly indicate the name of the author and the cited work. So, if the indication of the author or source comes immediately after the quotation, then it is enclosed in parentheses. The period after the quotation marks is not placed, but after the closing parenthesis.
“Seeing the battle from the outside, everyone fancies himself a strategist” (Kozma Prutkov).
Moreover, if the first word indicating the source or author is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.
“Words are the least effective means of communication. They are the most open to misinterpretation and the most often misunderstood” (from the book Conversations with God by Neale Donald Walsh).
If the name of the author and the source are indicated below the quotation, on the next line, then they are written without parentheses or any other punctuation marks. In this case, after the quotation there is a period (or another sign, as in the original).
Who has deceived you as often as you have?
Benjamin Franklin
The same rule applies to epigraphs.
Highlights within a quote
Author's selections, as a rule, are preserved in the form as they appear in the source. If for some reason this is not possible, then replace it with another type of selection. Usually it is not specifically stated that this is the author’s emphasis. But if the emphasis belongs to the quoted one, then this must be indicated. To do this, write “emphasized by me” or “italics mine” in parentheses and put your initials.
Punctuation marks when quoting
I will be extremely brief here, since these rules formatting quotes can be found in the textbook. If a quotation is preceded by words from the quotator warning that there will be a further quotation, then a colon is added.
E. Hemingway correctly noted: “We become stronger where we break.”
However, if after the quotation (or inside) there are words of the quotator introducing the quotation into the text, then a period is added.
Maria von Ebner-Eschenbach said this exactly. “The inimitable is precisely what evokes the majority of imitators,” he wrote.
If the quotation is an addition or part of a subordinate clause, then no marks are added.
Bruce Lee once said that “truth is living, therefore changeable.”
If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark at the end of a phrase, they are placed before the quotation marks. There is no point.
Stanislaw Jerzy Lec wittily remarked: “So you hit the wall with your head. What are you going to do in the next cell?”
If there are no signs before the quotation marks, then put a period. But after the quotation marks (or after indicating the author/source).
George Bernard Shaw said: “The intelligent man adapts to the world; the unreasonable man persistently tries to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, progress depends on unreasonable people.”
If the quotation is not an independent sentence, but part of a subordinate clause, then a period is placed after the quotation marks even if there is an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark before the quotation marks.
B. L. Pasternak emphasized that “the most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence...”.
What letter does the quote start with?
If a sentence is quoted from the very beginning, then the quotation naturally begins with a capital letter. If the beginning of the sentence is omitted, the quotation begins with a small letter.
Dale Carnegie notes: "...a man who is happily married is much happier than a genius who lives alone."
However, if we begin a new sentence with a quotation, then it is written with a capital letter, regardless of whether we quote the entire sentence or cut out a part.
“... A man who is happily married is much happier than a genius living alone,” notes Dale Carnegie.
Quote, or excerpt, is a text from a work, reproduced verbatim by the author in the publication to substantiate his own statements or refute the quoted author, etc.
What are the rules for formatting quotations, depending on their location in the phrase and the syntactic relationships between it and the preceding and subsequent text?
1.
Between the words of the quoter and the quotation that follows them:
- put a colon if the quoting words preceding the quotation warn that a quotation will follow; For example:
I.S. Nikitin wrote: "...not reading means for me not living..." - they put an end to it if, despite the warning nature of the text preceding the quotation, inside the quotation or behind it there are words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text of the phrase; For example:
I.S. said this clearly. Nikitin. “...Not reading means for me not living...” writes the poet N.I. Vtorov. - do not put any marks if the quotation appears in relation to the text preceding it as an addition or as part of a subordinate clause begun in the quoting text; For example:
S.I. Vavilov demanded "...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books."
S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”
2.
After quotation marks in a phrase ending with a quotation:
- put a period if there is no ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before these quotation marks; For example:
A.N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the absence of unification.” - they put a period if the closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, but the quote is not an independent sentence, but acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included (usually such quotes are part of a subordinate clause); For example:
Gogol wrote about Manilov that “in his eyes he was a distinguished man...”. - do not put any marks if there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon are like this, separating them from the words of the quoting person preceding them); For example:
Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a more blue and fresh morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
3.
In a sentence with a quote in the middle:
- before a quotation, a colon is placed or not placed according to the same rules as before a quotation, which ends the quoting phrase (see paragraph 1a);
- after the quotation marks closing the quotation, a comma is placed if the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase that ends with it, or a subordinate clause that also ends with it; For example:
So, ninth-graders, having read the phrase: “The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India,” asked themselves...
or completes the first part of a complex sentence:
Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially interested in books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed the gross logical error;
or the quotation completes the main clause, followed by a subordinate clause:
And then you have to read: “The viewer met E. Vitsin...”, although Vitsin’s name is Georgy. - after the quotation marks closing the quotation, a dash is placed if, according to the conditions of the context, the subsequent text is not supposed to be separated by a comma (in particular, in the text before the quotation there is a subject, and in the text after it there is a predicate or before the quotation there is one homogeneous member, and after it attached by the conjunction “and” another):
The author, after the phrase: “Production management is built on a scientific basis,” quotes...
or the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark:
When the literary staff member signed the answer to the reader’s question: “Are vitamins preserved in fruit juices?” - He apparently wasn’t concerned...
or a dash must be placed according to the rules of punctuation between the part of the phrase before the quote and the part of the phrase after it:
To say: “sensory representation is the reality existing outside of us” means returning to Humeanism... - after a poetic quotation, a punctuation mark is placed, which applies to the entire text with the quotation, at the end of the last poetic line; For example:
“Life is spread out in nature like a boundless ocean,” and even that it is to man
blissfully indifferent
As befits the deities (1.96),
does not cast a shadow on the call...
4.
In a phrase with the words of the quoter inside the quotation:
- if at the break in the quotation there is a comma, semicolon, colon, dash or there are no punctuation marks, then the quoting words are separated from the text of the quotation on both sides by a comma and a dash; For example:
in the source:
I have become incapable of noble impulses...
in the edition with a quote:
“I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...” - if there is a period where the quotation breaks, then a comma and a dash are placed before the quoting words, and after these words - a period and a dash, starting the second part of the quotation with a capital letter; For example:
in the source:
...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. I'm ready to make any sacrifice...
in the edition with a quote:
“...My heart is turning to stone, and nothing will warm it up again,” concludes Pechorin. “I am ready for all sacrifices...” - if there is a question or exclamation mark at the break in the quotation, then before the quoting words this sign and a dash are placed, and after the quoting words - a dot and a dash or a comma and a dash, starting the second part with an uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on which letter it began in the quotation after an exclamation or question mark; For example:
in the source:
I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others too?..
I became incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem funny to myself.
...Forgive me love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again.
in the edition with a quote:
“I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” admits Pechorin. “I have become incapable of noble impulses...”
“...Forgive me love!” Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart is turning into stone, and nothing will warm it up again.” - if there is an ellipsis at the break in the quotation, then an ellipsis and a dash are placed before the quoting words, and a comma and a dash after the quoting words; For example:
“I sometimes despise myself...” admits Pechorin, “isn’t that why I despise others too?..” - if in the words of the quoter there are two verbs, one of which refers to the first part of the quotation, and the other to the second, then after the first part of the quotation a punctuation mark is placed at the place where the quotation breaks, and a dash, and after the quoting words a colon and a dash; For example:
“I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?” asks Pechorin and admits: “I have become incapable of noble impulses...”
5.
In a sentence that begins with a quote:
- if the quotation in the source ended with a period, then after the quotation a comma and a dash are placed before the quoting words; For example:
in the source:
...I'm afraid to seem funny to myself.
in the edition with a quote:
“I’m afraid to seem funny to myself,” Pechorin wrote. - if the quotation in the source ended with an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then after the quotation a dash is placed before the quoting words; For example:
in the source:
I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others too?..
in the edition with a quote:
“I sometimes despise myself...” admits Pechorin.
Quote correctly!!!
Author: Arkady Milchin