§1. Separation. General concept
Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
- Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed upon
- inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
- participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:
How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
- single definition: excited girl;
- two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:
She, excited, could not sleep.
(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
Excited, she could not sleep.
(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.
(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:
The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:
Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:
Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.
(additional meaning of reason)
Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.
(additional value of concession)
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
§3. Dedicated Applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:
And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.
The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.
§4. Standalone Add-ons
Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:
No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation §6. Isolation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are distinguished:
1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:
- simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
- similes: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with a union like:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:
1. are of a phraseological nature:
It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down in buckets.
2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:
We're walking in circles.
(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)
3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":
It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:
We stayed up late, until nightfall.
Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.
The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.
Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) using unions: that is, namely:
I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:
Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What can be separate definitions?
- common and not common
- agreed and uncoordinated
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?
In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?
- if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
- if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed
Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?
- about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
- except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?
Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?
- kind (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
- the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
- Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
- my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
- father watered (whose?) my tree.
- "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
- “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.
- “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.
- “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”
- "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."
- adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
- pronoun – (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
- numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
- communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.
- “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
- “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
- “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.
- Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
- Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”
- A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
- A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
- Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.
- from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
- adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
- from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.
- The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
- The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.
- The frightened girl silently walked forward.
- The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.
- when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
- when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use –ash-yasch (smoke – smoking, sting – stinging);
- in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -вш (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
- Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).
- The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).
- An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).
- Frustrated, she went into the yard.
- They, tired, went straight to bed.
- He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.
- The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.
- Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.
- In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and menacing.) In this example there is a defining word “appearance”, but the definition is not isolated.
- Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
- If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
- If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
- If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)
- If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (which one?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
- If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
- If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
- If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
- A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)
In contact with
If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.
It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.
Definition concept
A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.
Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:
In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:
In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.
Separate definitions
Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.
Agreed Definitions
Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:
A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:
A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.
Inconsistent definition
When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
Definition structure
According to their structure, definitions can consist of:
The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
Separating the participle
The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial phrase). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.
If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:
You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:
In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.
Isolation of an adjective
Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.
Isolation with a defined personal pronoun
When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:
When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).
Other definitions
A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:
In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.
The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.
separate definitions are:
isolated definitions Members of a sentence that are distinguished by intonation and punctuation and serve as definitions. Separate definitions are: a) agreed upon and b) inconsistent. A. The isolation of agreed definitions depends on the degree of their prevalence, the place occupied in relation to the defined noun, and the morphological nature of the defined word. The following are distinguished: 1) a common definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined. The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured like buckets(L. Tolstoy). The mother pushed forward and looked up at her son, full of pride.(Bitter). Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun itself in a given sentence does not lexically express the desired concept and needs a definition. Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat offended look(Turgenev) (the combination took the form of having no complete meaning); 2) two uncommon definitions, standing after the defined noun (usually if the noun atom is preceded by another definition). And the theater was besieged by a sea of people, violent, energetic(N. Ostrovsky). Then spring came, bright and sunny(Bitter). But; A decrepit and gray-haired Lezghian sits on a stone between them(Lermontov) (in the absence of a prepositive definition, separation is not necessary); 3) a single postpositive definition, if it has an additional adverbial meaning (indicates a state, reason, etc.). Alyosha, thoughtful, went to his father(Dostoevsky). People, amazed, became like stones(Bitter); 4) a definition separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence, which strengthens its semi-predicative role. Suddenly the entire steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded(Bitter). And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on the bare slope(Sholokhov); 5) a definition standing immediately before the defined noun, if, in addition to the attributive meaning, it also has an adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). Captivated by the book, Tonya did not notice how someone climbed over the granite ledge(N. Ostrovsky). Stunned, the mother kept looking at Rybin(Bitter); 6) a definition related to a personal pronoun, due to their syntactic incompatibility, which does not allow the formation of a phrase. Unusually skinny, he ate an awful lot(Fadeev). She, poor thing, didn’t want to cut her hair(Soloukhin). B. The isolation of inconsistent definitions is associated with the degree of their prevalence (the volume of the group being isolated), their morphological expression, the lexical meaning of the word being defined, and the syntactic conditions of the context. 1) Definitions in the form of indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions) are separated if they contain an additional message and express semi-predicative relations. A plump woman, with her sleeves rolled up and her apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard.(Chekhov). A jasmine bush, all white, wet with dew, was right next to the window(Bitter). Most often, inconsistent definitions expressed in the prepositional case form are isolated; a) with a proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself, as a rule, quite specifically designates a person or object, therefore, an indication of the attribute in this case has the character of an additional message. Afanasy Lukich, without a hat, with disheveled hair, ran ahead of everyone(Turgenev). Styopka, with a jagged spoon in his hands, took his place in the smoke near the cauldron.(Chekhov); b) with personal pronouns, which, having a very general meaning, are specified in context. I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); c) when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position, etc., since, thanks to the well-known definiteness of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message. Dad, in a vest and with cuffs rolled up, placed his hands on a thick volume of an illustrated magazine(Fedin). Sotsky, with a healthy stick in his hand, stood behind him(Bitter); d) when combined as homogeneous members with separate agreed upon definitions. I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard(Turgenev) ( Wed non-isolation of an inconsistent definition in the absence of a previous agreed definition: I saw a man with a long beard). 2) Usually, common inconsistent postpositive definitions expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective are isolated. A force stronger than his will threw him out of there(Turgenev). A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.N. Tolstoy).Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976.
17. Separate definitions, circumstances and applications. General and specific conditions of separation.
Separation is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. An isolated component expresses an independent event. This is a generally polypropositive sentence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
Special circumstance: Sashka sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
Separate addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.
Separate definitions are divided into:
Agreed
inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
a common definition expressed by the phrase: the girl, excited by the news she received,...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She, excited, could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although. To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example: Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.(additional meaning of reason) Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.(additional value of concession).
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) what is the definition expressed by, 4) does it express additional adverbial meanings.
Dedicated Applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the fidget, tormented everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tormented everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain: And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.
What is a separate agreed common definition? Preferably expanded and with example(s)
Tamara
Anya Magomedova
The rule is long. In short, this is a participial turnover. Isolation is the placement of commas at the beginning and end of a turn. As a rule, common agreed definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over the high tops of poplars was already pouring rain (Cor.); Sciences alien to music were hateful to me (P.).
Explain what a non-separate agreed common definition is?
Preferably with examples in sentences.
Definition - a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions what/s/s? whose/whose/e/s? (which one? white)
Agreed definitions are connected with the defined word according to the method of agreement, that is, they coincide in the forms of gender, number, case; when the form of the word being defined changes, the agreed definition similarly changes its form (what snow? white, what kind of snow? white)
A common definition consists of a phrase.
Consistent common definitions are not separated, i.e., not separated by commas:
1. standing before the defined noun: /The snow that fell early in the morning/ had already melted by the evening. (what kind of snow? fell early in the morning)
2. standing after the defined noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs a definition: It is difficult to meet a person /more refined, calm and self-confident/. (what kind of person? more refined, calm and self-confident)
3. expressed in a complex comparative or superlative form of an adjective: Messages /most urgent/ are published. (what messages? the most urgent)
4. included in the predicate: Savely stood /stern and trembling with anger/. (“he stood stern and trembling with anger” - predicate)
5. standing after indefinite pronouns (something, anything, etc.): I want to understand and express something /happening in me/ (what something? happening in me)
In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.
Definition
So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate a sign of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.
Agreed Definitions
An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are necessarily excluded. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.
Inconsistent definitions
Like simple inconsistent definitions, conditional in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not require constant features, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with features. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: In the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall chimney on the roof.
Which definitions are not excluded?
In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:
Punctuation marks
When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:
How to find isolated definitions in a sentence
In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often there are isolated homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.
Exercises for consolidation
To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.
A21, B5. Dedicated Applications
APPLICATION is a definition that is expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it other name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. The application is always used in the same case, the same as the noun to which it refers. The application may be undistributed(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).
For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) walked to the sleigh. railway worker(I.p.).(application railway worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), tough guy(I. p.), was not happy about either the guests or the profit.
(application tough guy common, refers to a noun master)
Some applications may be used with the conjunction HOW.
For example: Like any literary innovator Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.
Cases of separation.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:
a) if it's worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (before such an application you can insert a conjunction namely)
For example: Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf Swede.
b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members to avoid mixing the application with a homogeneous member:
For example: The mistress of the house and her sister were sitting at the table. my wife's friend, two strangers to me, my wife and me.
c) to highlight with two sides of applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains
- covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.
d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence is raging in the forests.
Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotes, are NOT separate!
For example: Girls- teenagers On the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched the ballet "Swan Lake".
A21, B5. Separate Consensus Definitions
Separate definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.
Definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
Definitions there are CONSENTED and DISAGREED.
AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participial phrase (Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Pleased with your success, he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)
SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
| Separated by commas | Examples |
| 1. Any definitions and applications (regardless of their prevalence and location), if they relate to a personal pronoun | Friends With childhood, they never parted. They, agronomists, went to work in the village. |
| 2. Agreed common definitions and applications, if they come after the noun being defined | The berries picked by the children were delicious. Grandfather, a participant in the war, knew everything about that distant time. |
| 3. Two or more homogeneous agreed-upon non-common definitions appearing after the defined noun | The wind, warm and gentle, woke up the flowers in the meadow. |
| 4. Agreed definitions and applications (standing before the defined noun), if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional). | Exhausted by the difficult road, the guys could not continue the journey.(cause). |
| 5. Agreed applications (including single ones), if they come after the word being defined - a proper noun. Exception: single applications that merge with a noun in meaning are not highlighted. | The detachment was headed by Sergei Smirnov, an experienced intelligence officer. In my adolescence I read books by Dumas the Father. |
APPLICATIONS WITH UNION HOW