Either a conjunctive word is separated from it by a comma (such participial turnover can be torn away from the conjunction and rearranged elsewhere in the sentence): Grandfather was about to pass by, but, looking through the gate, he stopped in bewilderment. The exception is those cases when participial turnover comes after the adversative conjunction A (participial turnover it is impossible to tear a sentence away from the conjunction and rearrange it to another place without disturbing the structure of the latter): While still in the rooms, I heard the samovar humming unnaturally angrily, and when I entered the kitchen, I saw with horror that it was all blue and shaking, as if it wanted to jump off the floor. However, when contrasting corresponding homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma is also placed after the conjunction A: The element of the old quality does not disappear, but, transforming in other conditions, continues to exist as an element of the new qualitative state.
Two adverbial phrases, connected by a non-repeating conjunction And, are not separated by a comma, like other homogeneous members of the sentence in similar cases: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful along with the crowd, he experienced the happy pleasure that the annoying bitterness of the action had passed. But if the union And connects not two adverbial phrases, and other constructions (two predicates, two simple sentences as part of a complex sentence), then a comma can appear both before and after the conjunction: The horses stood with their heads bowed and occasionally shuddered..
Participial phrases are not separated:
if the phrase (usually with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement: She sat with her head slightly thrown back, thoughtful and sad.(it is not simply indicated that "she was sitting", A "sat with her head thrown back"). Compare: The Artamonovs lived without meeting anyone; Huge height, rare strength, hairy, he walked on the ground with his head bowed like a bull. Compare as part of another design ( participial turnover is not separated by a comma from the participle to which it is closely adjacent): The coachman, who was sleeping leaning on his elbow, began to five horses;
if the phrase is an idiomatic expression: Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed.; He worked tirelessly. The exception is frozen expressions in the form participial phrases, acting as introductory combinations: To be honest, I expected better results; Apparently, spring will be early;
if the gerund has a conjunctive word as a dependent word which as part of a subordinate clause (such a gerund is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma): The old factories faced dozens of serious problems, without solving which it was impossible to move on to new methods of building ships. Among the classical poets in poetic texts there are participial phrases, including a subject that is not separated by commas inside the phrase: Hearing her walk and cursing his lodging for the night and the wayward beauty, the count turned into a shameful run;
if the participle has lost its verbal meaning. So, combinations beginning with(in meaning "since such and such a time"), based(in meaning "based"), depending on(in meaning "according") and some others, acting as complex prepositions, do not form (together with the words related to them) participial phrases and are not separated: You can start work starting next week(word beginning can be omitted without affecting the meaning and structure of the sentence). The possibility of isolating such phrases is related to the conditions of the context. So, a turn of phrase beginning with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, incidental explanation, or if it is not associated with the concept of time: Anisov, starting with the Polish war, participated in all campaigns except the Japanese one. Turnover with words based is isolated if in meaning it refers to the producer of the action, who can "to start from something"(definite or undetermined person): The calculator made a calculation based on the data presented to it. Turnover with words depending on (meaning “depending on something”, "in accordance with something"), acting as a complex preposition and not having participial phrase, is not isolated: We will act depending on the circumstances. But if this turnover has the meaning of clarification or accession, then it is isolated: We had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances(clarification); Vacation can be used to practice various sports, depending on the time of year(joining). In addition, such a turn, like other prepositional-case combinations that have adverbial meaning, can be isolated under the conditions of the appropriate context: These imaginary pictures were different, depending on the advertisements that he came across;
if the turnover acts as a homogeneous member paired with a non-isolated circumstance: Alyosha looked long and narrowed his eyes at Rakitin.. Compare also in combination with a single gerund: The janitor looked at Raskolnikov with bewilderment and a frown. But it is possible to isolate such a construction on the same grounds on which circumstances expressed by adverbs are isolated for semantic highlighting or incidental explanation: In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow specks of stars appeared. This also applies to combinations of adverbs with participial phrase: Katerina Ivanovna said quietly and as if turning a little pale.
Single gerunds
Two singles are separated participles, acting as a function of homogeneous circumstances: The key of youth, the key is fast and rebellious, runs, boils, sparkling and murmuring. But: At that same moment an old woman, whitewashed and rouged, adorned with flowers and tinsel, came in singing and dancing.(close connection with the predicate).
Single participle stands out if it retains the meaning of verbality, acting as a secondary predicate and indicating the time of the action, its cause, condition, and so on (but usually not the manner of action); more often this happens participle stands before the predicate verb, less often - after it: Thanks to the Cossack in a deliberately nasal voice, the grandfather, groaning, climbed into the cart; He, smiling, squinted from the light, still smelled of smoke, covered in dust. Singles are not isolated participles, usually directly adjacent to the predicate verb and close in function to adverbs of manner of action (such participles answer the questions: How? how? in what position?): Those seeking manifestations of power turned inward and withered away; She returned from there having lost weight(compare: came back thinner). Dependence of isolation on the place occupied participle in relation to the predicate verb, and from other conditions, a comparison of such examples shows: A squat, short-legged, round-headed man walked slowly across the yard.. Compare also: The wave rolled off, ringing(compare: rolled away with a bang); The young man rushed to help without hesitation; We ran without looking back
For semantic highlighting or, conversely, only incidental explanation, circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases (usually with prepositions) can be isolated, especially if these nouns have explanatory words: Apparently, the Chichikovs, for a few minutes in their lives, turn into poets; In the morning he woke up early, with a headache, awakened by noise... Most often, such constructions are formed by nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations in view of, as a result of, thanks to, for the reason of, like, similarly, provided, in the presence of, with, in spite of, despite, for lack of, according to, with the consent of, in order to avoid and others: Bouillon, on the occasion of the arrival of his sons, ordered to convene all the centurions and the entire regimental rank; Thanks to the excellent weather and especially the holiday, the street of the village of Maryinsky became lively again; However, due to lack of time, we will not deviate from the subject of the lecture.
Among these constructions, as a rule, only the phrase with the prepositional combination stands out despite, in other cases, isolation is not obligatory and depends on the degree of distribution of the phrase, its semantic proximity to the main part of the sentence, the place it occupies in relation to the predicate, the presence of additional adverbial meanings, and the like.
Circumstances expressed by adverbs (single and in combination with dependent words) can be isolated under the conditions specified in the previous paragraph: A moment later, out of nowhere, a man in a nankeen caftan, with a head as white as snow, ran out into the courtyard; Nadezhda sat on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly; And now, unexpectedly for everyone, I pass the exam brilliantly.
Isolation or non-isolation may depend on the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb: the same word can be isolated at the beginning or middle of a sentence, but not at the end: He spoke haltingly. - He added, hesitatingly, a few words of his own..
L.A.AKSYONOVA,
Tupki village,
Chaplyginsky district,
Lipetsk region
Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases
Grade 11
Goals. Generalization, systematization and deepening of students’ knowledge on the topic of the lesson, practicing the skill of highlighting adverbial phrases with punctuation marks.
The use of participial phrases in speech.
Spelling: the main cases of continuous and hyphenated spelling of nouns.
Equipment.
1) Write on the board:
– topic of the lesson;
– lexical meaning of words: metamorphism, personification;
– proposals for analysis;
– output of books for independent reading.
2) Table “Rules for isolating circumstances expressed by single participles and participial phrases.”
3) Cards for students’ independent work.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Vocabulary dictation.
We continue to repeat the main cases of fused and hyphenated spelling of nouns.
Read the words written on the board, remember the basic rules of continuous and hyphenated spelling of nouns, explain the spelling of words.
1) Generosity, millennium, linguistics; 2) microtheme, proscenium, pseudo-nationality; 3) five days, pastime; 4) half past eleven, half a line, half Chaplygin, half December, half a year; 5) philological department, university, State Duma; 6) lieutenant general; linguist, revolutionary democrat; 7) vice-president, ex-champion, non-commissioned officer; 8) northeast, southwest, northwest.
The first group of words are words with connectives oh, oh. Connecting vowel O written after stems with a hard consonant ( language O knowledge),
e– after stems to a soft consonant, sibilant and ts (thousand e anniversary).
The second group of words obeys the rule: “Words with initial word-forming foreign language elements pseudo-, micro-, avant-, air-, cinema-, bio-, television-, photo- and others are written together.”
Words are written together with the first part used in the nominative case form ( time forwarding) or in the genitive case form ( five-day period).
Words with the first part semi- written together ( half year); words with first part floor- are written together if it is not before: a vowel, l, capital letter.
All compound words and abbreviations are written together. The words of the fifth group are subject to this rule: philological department, university, State Duma.
Compound nouns denoting profession, specialty, title, position, scientific degree are written with a hyphen, for example: Lieutenant General, linguist.
Words with initial foreign language elements are written with a hyphen vice-, ex-, chamber-, non-commissioned-, headquarters.
The names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign languages ( northeast, northwest).
– How do you understand the meaning of the following words:
Proscenium – the word contains a word-forming element advance(from French. avant- “front”) - the front open part of the stage, slightly extended into the auditorium.
Pseudo-nationality– pseudo... is the first component of compound words, meaning: false, imaginary (from Greek. pseudos- "lie").
Vice President– vice-... The first part of complex words meaning “deputy, assistant.”
Ex-champion- the ex-... The first component of compound words, meaning: former, who has lost his previous position.
– Write down the words under the dictation of the teacher, graphically highlighting the spelling.
– Take a pen with green paste. Check your work. Check your notes against the words on the board. If you made mistakes, correct them, and at home work again on “your” spelling. (The teacher controls the students’ self-test.)
– I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the issues of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling are the most difficult in Russian orthography. It is in this section that there is a lot of wavering, contradictory writing. There are a large number of rules, as a result of which the same word can fall under different rules and be interpreted in two ways.
That is why it is necessary to refer to a special dictionary “Together or separately?” (I show the dictionary.) I advise you to become more familiar with the dictionary, the principle of its construction, and look into it more often.
Now let’s write down the full name and output data in a notebook: Bukchina B.Z., Kalakutskaya L.P., Cheltsova L.K.. Together or separately? (Experience of a reference dictionary.) Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1972.
II. Vocabulary work.
– We continue to replenish our vocabulary. To this end, note the following note on the board:
Metamorphism (from Greek meta- “re” morphe– “form” – transform, transform) – the process of transforming something. (Metamorphism of Yesenin’s artistic world.)
Personification(from lat. persona– “face” and facere- “to do”) - personification, representation of an inanimate object or abstract concept in a human image. (In fable characters, for example, individual human qualities are embodied through personification.)
– Pay attention once again to the interpretation and spelling of words, pronounce them orthographically and write them down in a notebook.
III. Generalization, systematization and deepening of students’ theoretical knowledge on the topic of the lesson.
– Let’s turn to the topic of the lesson: “Isolated circumstances expressed by participles and participial phrases.” Let's repeat, generalize and deepen our knowledge. The floor goes to Roman Kolykhanov. Roma will remind you of basic information on the topic. And then Elena Rusanova will expand and deepen our knowledge. (Prepared students speak and display tables with the materials of their messages on the board.)
1. Rules for isolating circumstances expressed by single participles and participial phrases
Separate themselves |
Not isolated |
1. Participles with dependent words, as well as two or more participles related to one verb: 1) Sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud gilds it. 2) From the Urals to the Danube, to the big river, swaying and sparkling, the shelves are moving. (M. Lermontov) 2. Single gerunds, if they do not have the meaning of an adverb (usually they come before the verb: 1) Making some noise, the river has calmed down. 2) Bolt, without stopping, rolls on. 3) The steppe turned brown and began to smoke, drying out . |
1. Participles with dependent words, turned into stable figures of speech, which have become integral expressions ( carelessly, headlong, without taking a breath, rolling up your sleeves etc.): 1) Will be working rolling up my sleeves (friendly, persistent). 2) The boy ran headlong (fast). But: Father, rolling up my sleeves, washed my hands thoroughly. 2. Single gerunds, having the meaning of a simple adverb, acting as an adverb of the manner of action (usually they come after the verb): 1) Yakov walked slowly (slowly). 2) Boy reading a book lying down . 3. Groups of homogeneous members, consisting of an adverb and a gerund: 1) The boy answered questions frankly and without any embarrassment . 4. Participles with dependent words, closely merging in meaning with the verb: The old man was sitting head down . (The important thing here is not that the old man was sitting, but that he was sitting with his head bowed.) |
IV. Consolidation. Analysis of proposals.
– Let’s work on consolidating theoretical knowledge.
Exercise 1. Read the sentence written on the board. Write down, using punctuation, explain your choice.
(This sentence matches the diagram:. Direct speech comes after the words of the author, so we put a colon before the direct speech and put the direct speech itself in quotation marks.
The author’s words are complicated by a single gerund; it stands apart because it has retained the meaning of verbosity and acts as a secondary predicate, indicating the time of action.
The participle is separated from the conjunction And comma because conjunction And connect two homogeneous predicates.)
Task 2. Write down the sentence as dictated by the teacher, place punctuation marks, and graphically explain their placement.
2) 
(This is a compound sentence, a comma before the conjunction And separates one simple sentence from another: = –, And – =. Simple sentences as part of the SSP are complicated by participial phrases; we will separate them, since the circumstances expressed by the participial phrase are isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb.)
Task 3. Get ready to work with green cards (each small card has one word written on it, together they make one sentence). Arrange the scattered words in accordance with the parts of speech I indicated to form a specific phrase. If several words in a sentence refer to the same part of speech, then I will indicate an additional category (case, number, gender, aspect, etc.). So, get ready to “collect” offers.
– Read the sentence you came up with. Write it down in a notebook, add punctuation marks, explain graphically, and then verbally explain their arrangement. (Participial turnover spreading out its branches separated from the conjunctive word What comma, since the participial phrase can be separated from the conjunctive word and rearranged to another place.)
Task 4. Each of you has large cards on your desks (a landscape sheet with a sentence written on one side and an illustration of a landscape on the other). Read the sentences written on them. Give them a description, add punctuation marks. Prepare to speak (defend your work) in front of the class.
(This is a sentence with the words of the author and direct speech. Direct speech consists of two simple sentences, we put a comma between them. The author’s words are complicated by a separate adverbial phrase throwing off their hats and isolated homogeneous gerunds praying and sighing.)
(An adverbial phrase standing after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word is separated from it by a comma (such a participial phrase can be rearranged to another place in the sentence).
Phraseological phrases that include gerunds ( without closing your eyes, holding your breath, reluctantly and so on.).
IVa. Suggestions for analysis (additional material)
5) The old church is withering away,
Throwing a cross into the clouds.
6) The golden grove dissuaded me
Birch, cheerful language,
And the cranes, sadly flying,
They don’t regret anyone anymore.
7) Fragrant bird cherry,
Having hung himself, he stands,
And the greenery is golden
It's burning in the sun.
8) You are my fallen maple, icy maple,
Why are you standing bent over under a white snowstorm?
9) And, like a drunken watchman, going out onto the road,
He drowned in a snowdrift and froze his leg.
10) At dawn he will rush by tomorrow,
Bent the moon hat under a bush,
And the mare will wave playfully
Above the plain there is a red tail.
11) They write to me that you, harboring anxiety,
She's very sad about me...
12) Having embraced the pipe, it sparkles across the air
Green ash from a pink stove.
13) And above the world from an invisible staircase,
Announcing the fields and meadow,
Having pecked from the heart of the month,
The rooster crows and takes off.
14) Turning your shoulders closer to the other
And leaning down a little,
You will tell me quietly: “Good evening!”
15) And, calmly accepting the challenge,
I see that it’s the same for me -
Honor the blizzard for the blue pollen of May,
Call sensual tremors love.
16) The old mill leads with his ear,
I sharpened my milling nose.
17) And I kiss you out of habit,
Because I kissed many people
And, as if lighting matches,
I speak loving words.
18) It would be nice, smiling at the haystack,
The muzzle of the month chews hay...
19) Have you seen
How he runs across the steppes,
Hiding in the lake mists,
Snoring with an iron nostril,
Is there a cast iron train on its feet?
20) I remain in the past with one foot,
Trying to catch up with the steel army,
I slide and fall differently.
21) And golden autumn,
Reducing sap in birch trees,
For everyone I loved and abandoned,
Leaves are crying on the sand.
22) But still, oppressed and persecuted,
I, looking at the dawn with a smile,
On earth, close and beloved to me,
I thank this life for everything.
23) And the dawn is lazy
Walking around
Sprinkles branches
New silver.
24) Until the evening she caressed them,
Combing with tongue
And the melted snow was flowing
Under her warm belly.
25) Loudly into the blue heights
She looked, whining,
And the month slid thin
And disappeared behind a hill in the fields.
26) And the barley straw groans tenderly,
Hanging from the lips of nodding cows.
27) Uncomfortable liquid moonlight,
And the melancholy of endless plains, -
This is what I saw in my frisky youth,
That, while loving, not only one cursed.
28) And, listening to the motor bark
In a host of blizzards, in a host of storms and thunderstorms,
I don't want anything now
Listen to the song of cart wheels.
29) It’s good to lie in the green grass
And, plunging into the ghostly surface,
Someone's gaze, jealous and in love,
On myself, tired, to remember.
V. Generalization. Conclusions.
- Look at the sentences written in your notebooks. Which poet's lines were heard in class today? (Recorded sentences are poetic lines by S.A. Yesenin.)
– Why do you think Yesenin often uses gerunds and participial phrases in his poems? What is the role of gerunds and participial phrases in speech? (The participial phrase is a concise, laconic and very expressive form. S.A. Yesenin often uses gerunds and participial phrases in his poems, as they allow you to “complete” the movement, make poetic speech expressive, dynamic. Nature in the poet’s lyrics is animated, he uses the technique of metamorphism. In comparison with subordinate adverbial clauses, the participial phrase is more compressed, although it gives the statement a bookish character.)
– Read the following sentences. Determine the way to express isolated circumstances:
A. Participial phrase.
B. Single gerund.
B. A noun with a preposition.
1. Loudly into the blue heights
She looked, whining,
And the month slipped thin
And disappeared behind a hill in the fields.
(S. Yesenin)
2. A stele of verses with golden mats,
I want to say something tender to you.
(S. Yesenin)
3. Besides books, there was only a desk.
– Today we wrote and read a lot of poetic lines by S.A. Yesenin, in which they encountered gerunds and participial phrases. Why haven’t we encountered syntactic constructions with isolated circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions? (Such syntactic constructions are typical for scientific and official business style; they give speech a clerical tone.)
VI. Completing tasks:
Exercise 1. Look again at the poetic lines written in the notebooks by S.A. Yesenina, find the participles, write them down on a separate line and sort them according to their composition.
Task 2. Name the morphological features of the gerund praying.
Task 3. Name and describe the sounds that the letters indicated by the teacher represent:
Task 4. Compose and write down sentences with these phrases, supplementing them if necessary (with descriptions of nature, comparisons).
VII. Stylistics of sentences with participles and participial phrases.
– Read the following sentences. Please indicate the nature of the error.
1) Jumping off a tram, a passenger's galosh came off.
2) Approaching the forest, I felt cold.
The participial phrase usually moves freely within a sentence; it can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end. This provision is not observed in the first sentence. It talks about two active subjects in the grammatical meaning of the word: about the passenger (he jumped off the tram) and about the galosh (she flew off), and the passenger’s action does not relate to the subject.
– How can this sentence be corrected?
(The action indicated by the predicate verb and the additional action indicated by the gerund must be produced by the same object of speech, otherwise this leads to grammatical errors.)
Read the second sentence. There was also a mistake in it. If the main sentence is impersonal, the participial phrase can only be used if the predicate is expressed by an infinitive. For example: Had to work in difficult conditions, without a free minute for long weeks.
Such errors are often found in speech. Observe the speech of other people - this will help you avoid mistakes yourself.
And I also advise you to get acquainted with the book by I.B. Golub and D.E. Rosenthal “Entertaining Stylistics”, which in an entertaining and accessible form will tell you about the “secrets” of using words, their compatibility, the rules and subtleties of using grammatical forms and flexible syntactic structures. Acquaintance with the materials in this book will expand your knowledge of the Russian language and help you improve your speech culture.
VIII. Ratings.
IX. Homework.
In the next lesson, we will take time to analyze sentences with isolated and non-isolated adverbials, expressed by single gerunds, and we will talk about constructions with prepositional combinations despite, in case... and others. We will work with the rule “Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions.” Therefore, it is necessary to repeat the relevant theoretical material at home:
1) “Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions.”
2) “Spelling of derivative prepositions.”
3) Ex. 387 ( Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. 10th–11th grades: Textbook for general education institutions. M.: Bustard, 1995).
Individual task. Using the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language,” compile a thematic dictionary “Participial phrases as part of phraseological units.” Prepare for your presentation.
Literature
1. Bukchina B.Z., Kalakutskaya L.P., Cheltsova L.K. Together or separately? (Experience of a reference dictionary) / Under. ed. D.E. Rosenthal. M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1972.
2.Odintsov V.V., Smolitskaya G.P., Golanova E.I., Vasilevskaya I.A.. School Dictionary of Foreign Words: A Manual for Students / Ed. V.V. Ivanova. M.: Education, 1983.
3. Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes. / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of Linguistics. M.: State. foreign publishing house and national dictionaries, 1957.
4. Yesenin S.A. Selected / Comp., preface. and note. Yu.L. Prokusheva. M.: Education, 1986.
5. Makurina L.V. Russian language. 11th grade. Lesson by Lesson: A Book for the Teacher. M.: LLC “Russian Word - Educational Book”, 2002. P. 38–42.
6. Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Entertaining stylistics: A book for students in grades 8–10. M.: Education, 1988.
7. Veselova Z.T. Russian language. Difficult cases of spelling and punctuation. Speech development. 10–11th grades: Methodological manual. St. Petersburg: Parity, 2002. pp. 45–48.
An adverbial phrase, standing after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word, is separated from it by a comma (such an adverbial phrase can be torn off from a conjunction and rearranged elsewhere in the sentence), for example: He never spoke about the revolution, but, somehow smiling menacingly, was silent about her (Herzen); You could hear the water dripping from the tap, counting down the seconds with the precision of a metronome (Paustovsky).
The exception is those cases when the adverbial phrase comes after the adversative conjunction a (the adverbial phrase cannot be torn away from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing the structure of the latter), for example: While still in the rooms I heard that the samovar was humming unnaturally angrily, and when I entered the kitchen , I saw with horror that he was all blue and shaking, as if he wanted to jump off the floor (Gorky); It is necessary to make an urgent decision, and having made it, strictly implement it. However, when contrasting the corresponding homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma is also placed after the conjunction a, for example: The element of the old quality does not disappear, but, transforming in other conditions, continues to exist as an element of the new qualitative state.
Two participial phrases connected by a non-repeating conjunction And, are not separated by a comma, like other homogeneous members of the sentence in similar cases, for example: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful with the crowd, he experienced the happy pleasure that the annoying bitterness of the action had passed (Fedin). But if the union And connects not two participial phrases, but other constructions (two predicates, two simple sentences as part of a complex sentence), then a comma can also appear before a conjunction And, and after it: for example: The horses stood with their heads down and occasionally trembled (Pushkin); The steamer shouted and, slapping its wheels, dragged cargo barges past (Serafimovich); Alexander Vladimirovich silently pushed forward, pushing his wife aside, and, going down two steps, looked down on the battlefield (Fedin) (the first adverbial phrase refers to the preceding predicate squeezed through, and the second refers to the subsequent predicate looked around).
Note. Participial phrases are not isolated:
a) if the phrase (usually with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement, for example: She sat with her head slightly thrown back, thoughtful and sad (G. Markov) (it is not simply indicated that “she was sitting” , and “sat with her head thrown back”); The boy walked with a limp on his left leg. This exercise is done standing on outstretched toes; Students acquire knowledge not only by listening to lectures, but also by doing practical work; He usually wrote with his head tilted and his eyes narrowed. Wed. from M. Gorky: The Artamonovs lived without meeting anyone; I do not humiliate myself, but I speak with pain in my heart; Huge height, rare strength, hairy, he walked on the ground with his head bowed like a bull; You can live without boasting of your intelligence, without these conversations... Wed. as part of another construction (the adverbial phrase is not separated by a comma from the participle to which it is closely adjacent): The coachman, who was sleeping leaning on his elbow, began to five horses (Goncharov); Even Laska, sleeping curled up in a ring at the edge of the hay, reluctantly got up (L. Tolstoy);
b) if the phrase is an idiomatic expression, for example: Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you headlong (Griboyedov); He worked tirelessly (Gorky). Compare: scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue out, lie staring at the ceiling, listen with bated breath, listen with your mouth open, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes, etc. The exception is frozen expressions in the form of participial phrases, acting as introductory combinations, for example: To be honest, I expected better results; Apparently, spring will be early;
c) if the gerund has a conjunctive word as a dependent word, which is part of the subordinate clause (such a gerund is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma), for example: Reformers always face dozens of everyday problems, without solving which it is impossible to move forward. In poetic texts there are adverbial phrases that include a subject that is not distinguished within the phrase by commas, for example: The count heard her gait and cursed his lodging for the night and the wayward beauty, running turned shameful (Pushkin); Having called the satyrs for help, I will persuade them, and everything will go smoothly (Lermontov);
d) if the participle has lost its verbal meaning; so, simple verbal prepositions thanks, including, excluding, ending, starting, counting, after and compound verbal prepositions depending on, judging by, despite, despite, not reaching, based on, starting from together with the words related to them, they do not form participial phrases and are not isolated, for example: You can start work starting next week (the word starting can be omitted without compromising the meaning and structure of the sentence); Statistical indicators are derived based on many data (the word based can be omitted); We will act depending on the circumstances (the word depending can be omitted).
The possibility of isolating such phrases is related to the conditions of the context. They can be isolated if the participle as part of the phrase is used in its direct meaning, if it is in the nature of clarification, incidental explanation, or if the meaning of time has not lost, for example: Anosov, starting with the Polish war, participated in all campaigns except the Japanese one (Kuprin); With the mistress of the house was an elderly lady, all in black, from her cap to her boots (Goncharov); The calculator made a calculation based on the data presented to it; Rowers, depending on the size of the boat, range from 4 to 8 and even up to 12 people (Goncharov).
Among the indicated phrases, as a rule, phrases with the preposition are isolated despite And regardless of;
e) if the phrase acts as a homogeneous member paired with a non-isolated circumstance (in artistic speech), for example: Alyosha looked long and somehow narrowed his eyes at Rakitin (Dostoevsky); ...Suddenly she screamed with a tearing scream and burst into tears (Dostoevsky); At first, Mishka removed the tanks while lying down and squatting, then, becoming insolent, he climbed out to his full height (Simonov). Wed. also in combination with a single gerund: The janitor looked at Raskolnikov (Dostoevsky) with bewilderment and a frown; The spindles made noise evenly and incessantly from different sides (L. Tolstoy); Prince Andrei looked at Timokhin, who looked at his commander (L. Tolstoy) in fear and bewilderment; He answered him without embarrassment and frankly (Pomyalovsky). But it is possible to isolate such a construction on the same grounds on which the circumstances expressed by adverbs are isolated (see below, paragraph 5), for example: In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow specks of stars appeared (Gorky); Guilty and coughing, the mother said goodbye to us (Leonov). This also applies to combinations of an adverb with an adverbial phrase, for example: Katerina Ivanovna (Dostoevsky) spoke quietly and as if turning a little pale; Incredulously, but still smiling with all his being, he went to her (Leonov).
2. Two single gerunds are distinguished, acting as functions of homogeneous circumstances, for example: The key of youth, the key is fast and rebellious, runs, boils, sparkling and murmuring (Pushkin); Grumbling and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room (Chekhov). But: At that same moment, an old woman, whitened and rouged, decorated with flowers and tinsel, entered singing and dancing (Pushkin) (close connection with the predicate, see above, paragraph 1, note “a”).
3. A single gerund is isolated if it retains the meaning of verbality, acting as a secondary predicate and indicating the time of the action, its cause, condition, etc. (but usually not the course of action); More often such a gerund comes before the predicate verb, less often - after it, for example: “But it’s time to sleep,” said Burkin, getting up (Chekhov); Thanks to the Cossack in a deliberately nasal voice, the grandfather, groaning, climbed into the cart (Gorky); Having rested, he got ready to leave... (Fedin); Satisfied passengers fell silent and admired the sunny day (Fedin); The Cossacks looked at him restrainedly, parting (Sholokhov) (i.e. they looked and parted); He, smiling, squinted from the light, still smelled of smoke, covered in dust (Shchipachev); Without studying, you can’t weave bast shoes; Without knowing, one could really think that...
Note. Single gerunds are not isolated, usually directly adjacent to the predicate verb and close in function to adverbs of manner of action (such gerunds answer the questions: How? how? in what position?), for example: Those seeking manifestations of strength turned inward and withered away (Goncharov); Neretyev sat leaning over and patted the grass with a branch (Turgenev); Classes had to go on without interruption until two o'clock (L. Tolstoy); He slept without undressing (L Tolstoy); She returned from there having lost weight (Gorky) (cf.: she returned having lost weight); Dmitry listened to him with a frown... (Gorky); He looked at one point for a long time without blinking (O. Forsh); At first I answered with a ruffled face (O. Forsh); She [Aksinya] entered the hall without knocking (Sholokhov) (cf.: entered without knocking).
The dependence of isolation on the place occupied by the gerund in relation to the predicate verb and on other conditions is shown by a comparison of such examples; cf.: A squat, short-legged, round-headed man walked slowly across the courtyard (G. Markov). – We had dinner slowly and almost silently (G. Markov).
Wed. also: Messages cannot be read without worrying (the same as without worrying); We stood motionless for about five minutes; The young man rushed to help without hesitation; I'm not suggesting this in jest; The sniper fired without aiming; We ran without looking back. It rained non-stop, etc.
4. For semantic highlighting or just incidental explanation in artistic speech, circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases with prepositions and standing in the middle or at the end of a sentence can be isolated, for example: Apparently, the Chichikovs, for a few minutes in their lives, turn into poets. .. (Gogol); ...I fell behind a little, then, with the help of a whip and legs, I dispersed my horse (L. Tolstoy); And then he met her in the City Garden and in the square, several times a day (Chekhov); In the morning he woke up early, with a headache, awakened by noise... (Chekhov); And the silence, over time, became more and more ominous (Gorky); One evening, having picked porcini mushrooms, on the way home, we went out to the edge of the forest (Gorky); She will go there on the first of December, I, for the sake of decency, at least a week later (Bunin); Having kept Ragozin in prison for a year, he was sent – for participating in street riots – to three years of exile (Fedin) (the use of dashes instead of commas is optional).
Note. Constructions with simple or compound prepositions thanks to, in view of, as a result of, for the reason of, like, similarly, provided, in the presence of, with, in spite of, for lack of, according to, with the consent of, in order to avoid, etc. are usually not isolated, but in artistic speech in depending on the degree of prevalence of the phrase, its semantic proximity to the main part of the sentence, the place it occupies in relation to the predicate, the presence of additional adverbial meanings, stylistic tasks, etc. they can separate themselves, for example, Bulba, on the occasion of the arrival of his sons, ordered to convene all the centurions and the entire regimental rank (Gogol); As a result of this incident, Vasily no longer saw his parent (Turgenev); However, due to lack of time, we will not deviate from the subject of the lecture (Chekhov).
As a rule, the turnover with the prepositional combination is isolated despite, for example: Every summer dawn Gerasim, despite his blindness, went into the field to catch quails (Bunin) But with a close semantic connection with the word after which this phrase is located, it does not stand alone, for example: The administrator came, called despite the late hour.
5. Circumstances expressed by adverbs (single and in combination with dependent words) can be isolated under the conditions specified in the previous paragraph, for example: A moment later, a man in a nankeen caftan ran out into the yard, from nowhere, with a head white as snow (Turgenev ), The awakened rooks, silently and alone, flew over the ground (Chekhov), Nadezhda sat on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly (Gorky); Passing Teatralny Lane, I almost always saw a man (Gorky) at the door of the small shop; And so, unexpectedly for everyone, I pass the exam brilliantly (Kuprin); So, to spite them all, tomorrow morning I’ll sit down with my books, prepare and enter the academy (Kuprin); Near them - prone - lay Ivan Gora (A.N. Tolstoy) (placing dashes instead of commas is optional); Sometimes he made some request, timidly, shyly (Kataev)
G.G. GRANIK, G.V. VLADIMIRSKAYA,
CM. BONDARENKO, N.A. BORISENKO
Continuation. Beginning at No. 39, 40/2004
Participle.
Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases
Chapter from the new textbook for the course “Russian Philology”
7. Isolation of additional predicates - circumstances expressed by participial phrases
Often gerunds attract explanatory words, that is, they become widespread. Such common participles are called participial phrases.
Keep in mind: an additional predicate - a circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase - is one member of the sentence. Underline it like this: _. _ . _ . _ . Sometimes, for brevity, especially in instructions, we will call an additional predicate - a circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase - simply an adverbial phrase.
Participial phrases in writing are always isolated. Regardless of their place in the sentence.
Like this: The Italian monk Campanella, languishing in prison for many years, wrote a wonderful book about the “City of the Sun.”
You, of course, saw that the participial phrase languishing in prison for many years stands in the middle of a sentence and is therefore separated by commas on both sides.
Try moving the adverbial phrase to the beginning and end of the sentence. Write down the suggestions you receive.
(After languishing in prison for many years, the Italian monk Campanella wrote an excellent book about the “City of the Sun.” The Italian monk Campanella wrote an excellent book about the “City of the Sun” while languishing in prison for many years.)
Is it so difficult to follow this rule? At first glance, not very good. But in fact, there are quite a lot of mistakes with this seemingly simple rule.
The most common mistake is the loss of one of the commas when the adverbial phrase is in the middle of the sentence. First the first comma is lost, then the second. As in the proverb: “If you pull out your nose, your tail gets stuck, if you pull out your tail, your nose gets stuck.” Remember well: an adverbial phrase (unless it is at the beginning or at the end of a sentence) must have two commas - at the nose and at the tail.
26.1. Read the passage. As you read, keep in mind that the end of the line and the end of the phrase may not be the same.
The goose is heavy on red legs,
Having decided to sail across the bosom of the waters,
Steps carefully onto the ice,
Slips and falls. Funny
The first snow flashes and curls,
Stars falling on the shore.
26.2. Rewrite the passage, emphasizing the basics and additional predicates—circumstances—as you write. Determine exactly where the adverbial phrase is - at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence.
27.1. Read an excerpt from V. Kataev’s novel “The Lonely Sail Whitens.” Try to mentally see the picture described.
Petya decided to take a quick bath before leaving.
But as soon as the boy took a running start, splashed into the sea and swam on his side, pushing the cool water with his brown satin shoulder, he immediately forgot everything in the world.
First, by swimming coastal depth, Petya reached the first shallow. He climbed onto it and began to walk knee-deep in the water, looking through the transparent thickness distinct scales sandy bottom.
Peter emitted a cry of delight and, rushing from the shallows into the depths, he began to do his favorite thing - he began to dive with his eyes open.
What a delight it was!
At the depths, a wondrous world of the underwater kingdom appeared before the boy’s wide-open eyes. Among the roots, horns placing scary claws, made his way sideways big old crab.
However, the crab did not interest the boy. Let him crawl, it's not that uncommon. The seahorses seemed much more interesting. With chiseled faces and breasts, they swam upright, straight towards Petya, spreading membranous fins tiny underwater dragons.
As you can see, they are not at all assumed that they could stumble upon a hunter at such an early hour. It would be madness to miss such an opportunity.
Petya surfaced to take in more air and quickly begin the hunt. But suddenly he saw on the cliff of the father.
27.2. Write down sentences with additional predicates - circumstances expressed by single gerunds and participial phrases. Explain punctuation marks.
27.3. Distribute the highlighted words into three columns with spelling patterns: 1) in the prefix, 2) in the root, 3) in the suffix. Please note that the same word may appear in different columns.
In order to understand why these turns are not isolated, read the following story.
A funny misunderstanding occurred in one city with a foreign tourist who understood Russian. An engineer arrived in a car to the guys who were helping builders repair the school in the summer and said: “I have sent you helpers.” “But we rolled up our sleeves and are already finishing,” one of the high school students replied. “In vain, Ivan Petrovich, you rushed headlong.” The tourist who was present during the conversation could not understand what sleeves the guys had rolled up. They didn't have any sleeves, they were all in sleeveless vests. When he heard the boy's last words, his surprise gave way to fear. “At breakneck speed?” – he asked, immediately imagining a wrecked car, orderlies in white coats, blood on the asphalt. The tourist looked with bewilderment at the smiling Ivan Petrovich.
This funny misunderstanding occurred because the tourist understood literally some expressions that we did not use in the literal sense. After all, for us rolling up my sleeves means “quickly, well”, and headlong- “hurriedly, very quickly.”
You probably understand: these are idioms - stable phrases that mean something completely different (or not quite the same) as the words they contain. In contrast to additional predicates - circumstances expressed by participial phrases, idioms with participles in writing are not separated by commas.
You have to keep your eyes open when it comes to idioms. Please do not confuse them with free phrases.
Compare two sentences and say which one is an idiom and which one is a free phrase.
The guys got to work rolling up their sleeves.
Rolling up her sleeves, my mother began to knead the dough.
(You probably realized that in the first sentence there is an idiom, so it does not need a comma. And in the second there is a free phrase.)
Now you know enough to identify gerunds and participial phrases. The “Guide to Action” for all cases of meeting with them can be presented as follows: instructions:
28. Insert into the sentences the appropriate idioms from the list above (see 27.3). Place punctuation marks.
1. Afraid of being late, I rushed to school...... .
2. The whole class... ... started cleaning the school yard, and only two loafers were sitting... ....
3. Without weighing all the possible difficulties, I embarked on a risky venture... ….
4. Not having much love for this subject, I... ... sat down to prepare for the test.
5. Our literature teacher, possessing the gift of storytelling, explained the material so that we listened...….
29.1. Number 1 contains a number of phraseological units (idioms), number 2 contains their explanations, but in a different order. Choose an appropriate explanation for each phraseological unit and write them down in pairs.
1. Without resting your hands, without taking a breath, without finding a place for yourself, slurping unsaltedly, hand on heart, not sparing your belly, without further ado.
2. Do something without interruption, in one sitting; work hard without stopping; speak frankly, sincerely; worry, worry; judge objectively, impartially; speak without fuss and unnecessary reasoning; not sparing life; leave without getting what you want.
29.2. Underline the spelling "Not with participles."
29.3. Make up sentences using two or three phraseological units.
30.1. Rewrite the text using punctuation marks. Pay attention to signs you can't yet explain.
It's still night but soon dawn. Silence. Ichthyander walks along sandy garden path. The path turns sharply right going downhill. Feeling under your feet stone The slabs Ichthyander gradually slows down and stops. Slowly puts large glasses with thick lenses, gloves on his hands and feet. He exhales air from his lungs and jumps into the pond. The man turned into a fish.
Having reached to a tunnel filled to the top with water, he walks along the bottom, overcoming a cold oncoming current. Having pushed off from the bottom, it floats to the top - and as if immersed in a warm bath. Water heated in the ponds of the gardens flows up tunnel to the open sea. Now Ichthyander can go with the flow.
30.2. Determine the type of participles and indicate the suffixes in them.
30.3. Sort the highlighted words according to their composition.
If you have not yet read A. Belyaev’s novel “Amphibian Man,” from which this excerpt is taken, please read it.
31.1. Read the ancient myth about Pygmalion and Galatea.
The sculptor Pygmalion hated women and lived in solitude, avoiding marriage. One day he made an ivory statue of a girl of extraordinary beauty. This statue stood as if alive in the artist’s studio. She seemed to be breathing and was about to move and speak. An artist spends hours admiring his work - this must happen! – fell in love with the statue. He gave her precious necklaces, dressed her in luxurious outfits, and whispered words of love. But she was unresponsive.
The days of celebrations in honor of Aphrodite have arrived. Pygmalion sacrificed a white heifer with golden horns to the goddess of love. He stretched out his hands to the goddess and whispered with a prayer:
– O eternal gods and you, golden Aphrodite! If you are all able, give me a wife as beautiful as the girl I created from ivory.
Fearing the anger of the gods, the artist did not dare to ask Aphrodite to revive the statue. But the goddess, heeding his call, breathed life into the statue.
Returning from the temple, the sculptor found a living statue at home. Galatea (that was the girl's name) became Pygmalion's wife.
(According to N. Kuhn)
31.2. What do you think is the main idea of the text?
31.3. Write an essay on this myth.
32.1. Read another Greek myth. Observe the use of gerunds and adverbial phrases in the text.
Europa was the daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor and lived in the city of Sidon. One day she had a dream, as if two parts of the world: Asia and the land that lies beyond the sea were fighting for her. Waking up in fear and not understanding the meaning of the dream, Europe began to pray to the gods to avert misfortune from her. Then, dressed in purple clothes, she and her friends went to the green meadow, to the seashore. There, frolicking, the Sidonian maidens collected fragrant snow-white daffodils, variegated crocuses, violets and lilies. The daughter Agenor herself, shining with her beauty among her friends, collected only scarlet roses in her golden basket. Having collected flowers, the maidens began to dance in a merry round with laughter. Their voices carried far across the flowering meadow and the azure sea, drowning out its quiet, gentle splash.
But it didn’t take long to enjoy the beautiful, carefree life of Europe. Zeus the Thunderer saw Agenor's daughter and decided to kidnap her. In order not to frighten the girl (after all, gods do not descend from heaven every day), he took on a different guise. And an amazing bull appeared in the meadow - huge, snow-white, with golden horns and completely tame. Barely touching the grass, he approached his friends. They began to stroke him and decorate him with flowers. The bull endured everything, and then lay down at the feet of Europe, as if inviting him to ride. Laughing, Europe sat down on the broad back of the bull. Suddenly the bull jumped up and quickly ran towards the sea.
Trembling with fear, Europe sits on the back of a bull. The sea wind sways her curls and flutters the light blanket, the edge of which she picks up with one hand, afraid to get it wet. But in vain. The waves part before the wonderful bull, and during the entire journey Europe did not wet even the hem of her clothes. Further and further the shore, now he disappeared into the blue distance. Soon the shores of Crete appeared in the distant sea. Zeus quickly swam to him with his precious burden and went ashore. Europa became the wife of Zeus, and from then on she lived in Crete.
32.2. Retell the text. Try to introduce gerunds and participial phrases into your retelling.
32.3. Rewrite any of the paragraphs, emphasizing the basics and additional predicates - circumstances as you write. In gerunds, highlight the suffixes.
8. Special talk about difficult cases
In this paragraph you will learn what difficulties you may encounter when isolating additional predicates - circumstances.
Let us consider these difficulties in order.
Read the sentence.
The clown entered the arena on his hands, dangling his legs in the air and making funny faces.
How many adverbial phrases do you think there are here?
(There are two adverbial phrases here: legs dangling in the air And making funny faces.)
Why are there no commas after the first turn and before the second?
(You probably guessed it: they are homogeneous and therefore obey the general rule of placing punctuation marks for homogeneous members. These homogeneous participial phrases are connected by a single conjunction And, so there is no comma between them.)
Now let's look at another example.
The clown entered the arena on his hands, dangling his legs in the air, and, standing on his feet, greeted the audience.
How many adverbial phrases are there in this sentence?
(Also two.)
Why are the punctuation marks placed a little differently?
Participial phrases refer to different predicates: the first - to the predicate came out, and the second – to the predicate said hello. They are heterogeneous - therefore, each one needs to be isolated separately. That's why the union And I found myself “surrounded” here.
And finally, another version of the sentence with a clown:
The clown entered the arena on his hands, dangling his legs in the air, and the audience applauded him in unison.
Do your syntactic counting again and count how many stems and how many adverbial phrases there are in this sentence.
(You are right if you answered that there are two bases in this sentence ( came out clown, cheered by the audience)– therefore, it is complex. And each part of a complex sentence has its own participial phrase, and it needs to be isolated.)
In all these cases, the difficulties are associated with the union. And it’s not necessary And. To put a comma after a conjunction, you need to make a certain effort. The fact is that the mistake here is provoked by intonation. A kind of intonation “trap”: there is no pause after the conjunction, and the comma is placed in accordance with the rule.
If the participial phrase is located after the conjunction(any except union A) or a union word, it is separated on both sides by commas, the first of which appears after the conjunction (the union word).
All of the above difficult cases of isolating gerunds and participial phrases can be represented in the form instructions.
1. I determine how many adverbial phrases or single adverbial phrases are in the sentence. |
33. Write down the sentences, emphasizing the basics and additional predicates - circumstances - as you write. What connects a “dangerous” conjunction in a sentence? And?
1. A mighty stream of water rushed towards the rocky rapids and, filling the surrounding area with noise and splashes, quickly fell down.
2. Swiftly sliding through the snow and cheerfully waving her poles, a flushed skier rushed past me.
3. In a huge aquarium in Florida, dolphins jump through a hoop, “sing” in a duet and, jumping high out of the water, deftly grab fresh fish from the hands of visitors.
34. Below are several options for each sentence. Decide which of these options has the correct punctuation.
a) We were daydreaming, rocking in the boat on the waves and looking thoughtfully at the distant shore.
b) We were daydreaming, rocking in the boat on the waves, and looking thoughtfully at the distant shore.
c) We were daydreaming, rocking in the boat on the waves, and looking thoughtfully at the distant shore.
a) The dog was seriously frightened, but not wanting to give away his fear, he barked loudly and rushed to the cat.
b) The dog was seriously frightened, but, not wanting to give away his fear, he barked loudly and rushed to the cat.
35.1. Explain punctuation in the following examples. In what cases is a union And found himself “surrounded”?
1. The jugs, sounding, filled with water,
And, proudly nodding his terry head,
Palm trees welcome unexpected guests,
And the icy stream generously waters them.
(M. Lermontov)
2. And the sleeping communities are clear
Deserted streets and light
Admiralty needle,
And, not letting the darkness of the night
To golden skies
One dawn gives way to another
He hurries, giving the night half an hour.
(A.S. Pushkin)
35.2. Remember one of the two poetic passages and write it down from memory.
35.3. Do you know which works these passages are taken from?
36. Try to come up with two or three sentences yourself in which the participial phrase would be after the conjunction And.
37.1. Place punctuation marks in the “segments” of the sentence. And if you know the ancient myth about the master Daedalus and his son Icarus, complete these sentences so that you get a retelling of this myth.
The great master of antiquity Daedalus lived in captivity at .... He thought for a long time about how to escape from Crete and not having the opportunity... Having collected feathers he... . When the wings were ready, he flapped…. Those who saw their flight were surprised, thinking... But the boy forgot... The wax that held the feathers together melted and found itself without…. Turning around, Daedalus didn’t….
37.2. Make diagrams of the 4th and 5th sentences, mentally continuing the “segments”.
If you haven't made a single mistake, then you can skip the next two tasks. If there were mistakes, then you need to practice more.
38.1. Read a humorous story. What do you think: what is he talking about?
COMPOSITION
Congratulating the children on the start of the school year, the teacher said:
- And now, without wasting any time, get to work!
It was suggested that when starting the essay, remember some incident from summer life and talk about it. The essay had to be short - the shorter the better.
And this is what Mitya Sergeev wrote: 
“I woke up very early that morning. Trying not to wake anyone, he left the house and headed to the river. There he climbed a cliff from which even the most desperate daredevils were afraid to jump. I walked up to the very edge, extended my arms forward and, closing my eyes, jumped into the water. They looked for me for three days and three nights, but they never found me. Drowned."
Perhaps because the essay was the shortest, the teacher read it out loud. The class buzzed: what was he, this Mitya, making up! And Kostya Zaitsev was indignant:
- Lies! We are neighbors at the dacha. Our river there is shallow and there is no cliff.
Someone, defending Mitya, tried to object: they say, there are fantastic works. But the majority were indignant: how did he drown if he was sitting among us? When the argument subsided, Tanya Filina suddenly sobbed and said:
- It's a pity.
- Whom?! – my classmates exclaimed in unison.
- Mitya and those who searched for him for three days and three nights.
People perceive the written word differently. It would seem, what should Tanya grieve about? Here he sits, the hero of the essay - alive, intact, and Tanya still feels sorry for him. He drowned after all.
38.2. Find all sentences with additional predicates - circumstances, orally explain the punctuation marks. Among these sentences, is there a case where the participial phrase comes immediately after the conjunction? Write down this sentence and analyze it graphically.
38.3. Write out indefinite and negative pronouns from the text, indicate spelling patterns.
39. Read the quatrain of Bulat Okudzhava. Memorize it and write it down from memory. Pay attention to how the highlighted word is spelled.
Let's understand each other with half words,
So that, having made a mistake once, you won’t make a mistake again.
Let's live, indulging each other in everything,
Moreover, life is so short.
9. Participles and good style
Read the sentences.
Petya carried a squirrel on his shoulder, wagging his tail cheerfully. The groom led the horse, gently shaking his muzzle.
What do you think the authors of these proposals wanted to say and what did they achieve? Who swung their tail and who shook their muzzle?
Of course, they wanted to say that the squirrel was wagging its tail, and the horse was wagging its muzzle, but it turned out that Petya was wagging his tail, and the groom was wagging his muzzle. Oddly enough, such errors occur quite often.
Read the sentence from the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Book of Complaints":
Approaching this station and looking at nature out the window, my hat flew off.
You probably smiled while reading this phrase. What makes her look funny?
(The hat, of course, could not drive up to the station on its own and look out the window. Someone whose hat had fallen off drove up and looked. A.P. Chekhov does not give a description of this person, but we see that the entry in the “Complaint Book” " was made by an uneducated person who speaks Russian poorly.)
Chekhov's hero, who composed an absurd sentence about a hat approaching the station, did not take into account one very important rule. Here it is:
The main action, indicated by the predicate verb, and the additional action, indicated by the gerund, in meaning refer to the same person or thing.
But remember that grammatically the gerund refers to the verb, indicating how, in what way the main action takes place.
40.1. Try to spot errors in the following sentences. Write down the correct options. These sentences can be changed in different ways, the main thing is that they are constructed correctly, in Russian.
1. Approaching the gate, the furious barking of a dog fell upon me.
2. Running up to the house, the first rumbles of thunder were heard.
3. Hiding under the canopy, we were no longer afraid of the rain.
4. Raising his trunk, a loud roar was heard from the elephant.
5. Many elephants became victims of hunters, trying to get precious ivory.
40.2. In what ways have you modified these sentences?
If you have not made a single mistake, then you can skip the next task. If there were mistakes, then you need to practice more.
41. Connect the participial phrase with the one of the two sentence segments to which it fits.
1. Arriving in the village, (the whole garden was in bloom; I found the garden in bloom).
2. After reading the letter, (I was delighted; I was overcome with joy).
3. Getting ready for a hike (the gathering was scheduled at dawn; the tourists thought through all the details).
4. Seeing a poisonous snake, (the children were seized with horror; the guys rushed in all directions).
10. Morphological analysis of gerunds
What do you think are the permanent and non-permanent signs of the gerund?
(You probably realized that this is a trap question. The gerundial participle has permanent features. This is the aspect and reflexivity that the gerundial participle inherited from the verb. But there are no non-constant ones, because the gerundial participle is an unchangeable form of the verb.)
Since the gerunds have no unstable features, the morphological analysis of the gerunds is much shorter than that of other verbal forms.
It is produced in this order.
Plan for morphological analysis of gerunds
1. Part of speech (unchangeable form of the verb). Questions answered by gerunds. From what verb is it formed?
2. Permanent signs:
a) type;
b) repayment.
42.1. Rewrite the text, placing punctuation marks and emphasizing adverbial phrases as parts of the sentence.
In 1959, a small ship coming out from Colombian port suffered accident on the high seas. Once in the water, people were attacked by sharks. Help came unexpectedly. Dolphins fought with predators and saved people. Having driven away Sharks far out to sea, together with people, met a rescue ship.
42.2. Make a morphological analysis of the highlighted verb forms.
42.3. Find the participle in the text using the following characteristics: perfective, reflexive.
Now let's practice.
43.1. Answer the questions.
1. What does the participle mean?
2. By what signs can you recognize a gerund?
3. What suffixes do participles have? Give examples of participles with different suffixes.
4. What is the dual nature of gerunds?
5. How to spell Not with participles?
6. Which part of the sentence is the gerund?
7. How are additional predicates highlighted in writing - circumstances expressed by single gerunds? Participial phrases?
43.2.Repeat.
1. The participle means...….
2. The participle can be recognized in a sentence by... ... and... . ...
3. Participles are formed from the base of the verb using suffixes... .…
4. The participle is a special verbal form that has similarities between both...... and....... Verb signs of gerunds are... . Adverb signs –... .
5. Participle with Not is written...
6. In the sentence, the gerund is...….
7. Additional predicates - circumstances expressed by single participles and participial phrases in writing... . Participles that have turned into adverbs and idioms are not.......
44.1. Read the story. Explain how you understood the title. Find the main idea in the text.
WINNER
Where can a person get lost? In the forest, of course. Or in a big city, if he was brought to an unfamiliar area. But Misha Orlov got lost at the stadium. I stood, almost crying, at the football goal and did not know which way to run next. Here, in this place, there should have been a note with a hint. But there was no note, and, confused, Misha froze in place. 
The horror was that this was the last, decisive stage of the competition. A very difficult terrain orientation competition. They ended at the stadium and began in the park by the lake, then the route, winding, captured streets and alleys. Misha was a leader at all stages and got stuck at the last one.
Where's the note? Maybe they forgot to put it in in a hurry? What to do?
And suddenly, unexpectedly, salvation. His classmate Tolya Andreev, who had come from nowhere, ran past and whispered quite clearly: “Don’t look for a note, but for an arrow.” Misha looked around and saw a barely noticeable blue arrow in the upper right corner of the football goal. She was the one who pointed the direction.
He still managed to arrive first. It was only necessary to gather all the strength and, pushing, be in time. He rushed forward and... stopped again. His rivals were already overtaking him, running headlong, then overtaking him, but he didn’t even look after them. No, he didn't quit the race. He was one of the last to arrive.
His classmates surrounded him: “What happened? Are you sick? Why did you miss the victory? And Tolya Andreev, who “rescued” him, said the most offensive thing: “Blubber.”
No one understood why he lost. After all, they were so rooting for him, they even sent Tolya to the rescue. And it didn’t occur to anyone that he didn’t lose, but won, or rather, won. Defeated himself. Because victory always goes to the one who got it in a fair fight.
44.2. Write down sentences from the text one by one: 1) with single participles, 2) participial phrases, 3) idioms.
44.3. Make a morphological analysis of one gerund, one verb and one adverb.