). It is grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- a grammatical category of a verb expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:
I grow potatoes- the verb “to grow” is transitive, that is, it requires the addition of a patient (object of action). Without it, action is impossible (as a rule, “something” is grown).
The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of the action) and the patient (object of the action) are separated, I perform an action with something.
I'm coming- the verb is intransitive, since the addition of a patient is impossible (in fact, you can “eat something”, but you cannot “go something”).
The meaning of intransitivity is that agent and patient are connected - roughly speaking, “I force myself to act.”
It often happens, however, that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.
I run - I am running(verb in intransitive form).
I run a company - I run a company(the same verb in a transitive form).
Transitivity is interesting, firstly, for its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, for its rare plane of expression, and thirdly, for its relationship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.
In semantic terms, many verbs with the meaning of direct influence of the subject on the object are transitive ( beat, caress), sensory relationship ( be in love, hate) etc. Verbs with the meaning of movement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.
The plan for expressing transitivity is interesting in that it goes beyond the scope of the word form, since its sign is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not verbs in the passive voice and reflexive verbs. For example, it is correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” incorrectly: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” “Vasya saved Dorimedont.” This happens because a verb in the passive voice describes the state of the object, not the subject's actions in relation to it. Reciprocity marks the direction of the subject's action towards himself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.
Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally marked. for example, in Russian it is considered uncivilized to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “I’m hitting”); although there are exceptions (“What are you doing?” “Eating”). At the same time, some transitive verbs, used without a corresponding noun, acquire additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It is remarkable that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes... The verb to drink also automatically equals the verb to get drunk” (See: Vyazemsky P. A. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M ,1988).
see also
Literature
- Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language. (any edition).
- Grammar of modern Russian language. M, 1970.
- Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 volumes. M, 1980.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “transitive verb” is in other dictionaries:
About the verb as a part of speech in the languages of the world, see the article “Verb”. In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of a verb is considered to be the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb.... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did you do(a, and, o)?. The verb can be... ... Wikipedia
verb- ▲ part of speech expressing, change verb part of speech expressing a change or state (he is sleeping. he has fallen asleep. he is turning white). participle. participle. bunch. transition. intransitive. verbal (# noun). mood:... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
transition- I B/ and A/ pr; 109 claim see Appendix II = transitional (intended for moving to another place, to another class, to another course, cf.: transitional and transitional tunnel, transitional and transitional exams) II A/ pr ; 109 See Appendix II... ... Dictionary of Russian accents
- stroked the cat;
- looked for the keys;
- wrote down the recipe, etc.
- fell asleep standing up;
- jump;
- fly.
Transitive verbs are those whose action passes to the subject. For example, write, read, eat, draw, look, warm, and so on.
Intransitive verbs are those whose action does not transfer to the subject. For example, laugh, study, fly, develop, and so on. Everything is very simple!
Transitive verbs, examples:
I read a magazine
watching a movie,
didn't drink tea
amassed a collection
ironing clothes
to love life,
foamed the soap.
Intransitive verbs, examples:
thought about life
got ready to visit
get the flu,
wave a flag
stared at the fire.
Transitive verbs can be identified by conjugation; these are verbs of the second conjugation. Transitive verbs direct their action to an object and on this basis transitive verbs differ from intransitive verbs, which denote an action in itself. The tables contain definitions and examples of two types of verbs.
Transitive verbs are verbs after which you need to write an addition or clarification. And intransitive ones are independent verbs.
Examples of transitive verbs:
- Girl writes composition.
- The boy is already saw This movie.
Examples of intransitive verbs:
- Old man fell.
- Finally a bus I arrived.
Some examples of transitive verbs: draw (landscape), listen (fairy tales), tell (news), carry (bag), give (flowers), bring (joy).
Some examples of intransitive verbs: dress, have fun, rejoice.
Transition the verb indicates that the action moves to another object. Transitive verbs are verbs that control the accusative case of a noun without pretext and the genitive case with negation, with the noun designating a part of the whole or, on the contrary, a large number of objects.
Examples of transitive verbs: draw a house, build an apartment, carry a basket, drank milk, ate jam, ate meat, picked mushrooms, did not learn the rules.
All other verbs are intransitive and returnable Same.
For example: getting ready for a trip, shaking your fist, growing, flying away, shivering, getting sick.
Determining whether a verb is transitive or not is very easy.
After the verb it is necessary to ask the question whom? or what?. If this can be done, then the verb is considered transitive; if not, then it is intransitive.
For example: I see (what?) a tree,
I know (what?) the rule,
I'm preparing (what?) soup.
BUT I admire (the question WHAT? cannot be asked),
I’m coming (you can’t ask such a question either).
There is a rule associated with transitivity. A verb is considered transitive if the noun in the accusative case next to it does not require a preposition. It is recommended to stand the birch bluntly. I look at the birch tree- look intransitive, because the noun in the accusative case comes with a preposition. I see a birch tree verb to see transition, because the noun came into vin. pad. without pretext. And everything like that. Very easy and simple.
The rule indicates that in transitive verbs the object of action (in our case the word birch, but in the text any word) can also be expressed in the genitive case. This happens in 2 cases: 1). It denotes a part of the whole: buy bread, drink water, 2). before the verb there is a negation in the form of a particle not: did not drink coffee in the morning.
The rest are intransitive. If you see a reflexive suffix -sya or -sya on a verb, it is intransitive. It turns out that there are fewer transitive ones than intransitive ones.
Verbs can be transitional And not transitional. In the first case, it means that the action of the verb extends to the subject.
This can happen, firstly, when a verb is used together with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: write poetry, watch TV.
Secondly, it is used together with a noun in the genitive case, when there is a negative particle before the transitive verb (watched TV - didn’t watch TV), and also when the action extends to part of the object, and not to the whole object (took things - took things (part of things).
Other verbs are not transitive: get involved in (what?) football.
If you take into account the transitivity/non-transitivity of the verb, you should pay attention to the meaning of the noun in the accusative case next to the verb, which should name the object of the action: stand for an hour (in line), - the noun is in the accusative case, and the verb is not transitive.
I think the above rule is more than clear. Based on this, we will now try to select a list of transitive verbs:
and intransitive verbs:
, “responsible” for designating actions. It has not only changeable characteristics, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear when words are changed. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these constant features - transitivity.
In contact with
The concept of verb transitivity
Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct object, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less commonly, genitive case, which does not have a preposition.
This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a transition from the semantic side?
The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote “non-independent” actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are examples:
- To write (what?) a play, to serve (who?) a client, to not earn (what?) money are transitive verbs (simply “write” or “serve” is impossible, and “earn” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
- To sit (on what?) on a chair, to wash, to suffer (from what?) from an illness are intransitive verbs (you can simply “sit” or “suffer”).
Transition is what it is transfer of action from subject (subject) to object (called direct object).
In what cases should nouns be put?
Transitive verbs are able to control the object both in the form of the accusative case and in the form of the genitive case - in both cases without a preposition. But how do you know which of the two cases to use in each specific case?
The accusative is basic. The genitive addition takes on the form in the following cases:
- If it means “a certain amount of something”: “drank water” (n.) - that is, some part of the poured liquid; but “drank the water” (vin. p.) - that is, all the water in a given vessel or reservoir.
- In negative sentences, if the meaning “at all” is implied: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
- In negative sentences, if there is an intensifying particle “nor”: “We have no idea.”
The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, and the genitive, on the contrary, strengthens it.
Important! Some nouns with transitive verbal forms acquire a genitive case form that differs from the main one: “I’ll take some sugar”, “not knowing the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water” (instead of “sugar”, “ford”).
How to determine the transitivity of a specific verb
How to determine transitivity? Problems often arise with this. The presence or absence of transitivity can be determined using the following method.
First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or to which you can ask the question “who?” or “what?”
If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct object; in front of us transition.
If the sentence is incomplete, the direct object may not be present, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask a question in the accusative case of the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (who? what?).” If you can’t ask such a question, then this intransitive: “Where have you been all week? “I was sick” (it is impossible to ask “who?” or “what?”).
Important! All reflexive and verb forms in the passive voice are not transitive, that is, those that have the suffix “-s” or “-sya”: it seems, washes, is located.
While observing this rule, you need to keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it must denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the accusative case without a preposition stands next to a verb and is related to it, but it cannot be transitive: “It takes an hour to drive,” “to live for a week.”
Transitivity of polysemous verbs
Verb forms of words can have multiple meanings. In this case, in the first meaning there is a transitive type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He is telling (what?) a lie” is transitive, but “the child is already speaking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) a march” is transitive, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.
In humorous texts, a situation is possible when the normally intransitive becomes transitive: “Drink vodka and misbehave with discipline.”
The comic effect is built on this; the verbs seem to acquire the meanings of those instead of which they are placed– “to hooligan” instead of “to violate”, etc.
Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms may have transitivity.
“Trade” is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, having the meaning of “price the price,” it was transitive: “To trade a horse.” This usage remains in folklore.
Differences between transitive and intransitive
Now you need to find out what is the difference between transitional from intransitive. First of all is its meaning. Transitional is usually designated.
Verbs are independent parts of speech that denote the action of a subject. They, like any part of speech, have constant features, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how the word is changed. One of these properties is transitivity.
What is the transitivity of a verb, how to determine the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb, what methods to use for this?
What is a transitive verb?
Transitive verbs denote an action that is aimed at an object, “transitions” to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.
Words with transitive verbs can also appear in the genitive case in two cases:
- When denoting a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (easy to replace with the accusative case - drink milk).
- If the verb has a negation: fail to complete the task (it’s also easy to replace it with the accusative case: fail to complete the task).
Difficulties may arise when determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We propose an algorithm for how this can be done.
Algorithm for determining verb transitivity
- We find the verb. Let's see if there are words in the sentence to which we can ask questions in the accusative case (who? what?), such words are called direct objects. If questions are asked and the words do not have a preposition, then these are transitive verbs. We remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: “I read (what?) a book.”; "I saw (who?) him."
- If the verb does not have a direct object, then we still ask questions in the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a permanent feature. This means that it will be characteristic of a transitive verb even without an object. For example: He said (what?) - we can easily find the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) them." BUT: “Hurry (who? what?)” - the word is not chosen, the verb is intransitive. “Laugh (who? what?)” is also intransitive.
- If the object of the verb is in the genitive case, does not have a preposition and denotes part of the whole, or if the verb has a negation, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: “Drink (what?) water.”; "Don't write (what?) letters."
Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, having the suffixes “-sya”, “-sya”, are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but “returns” to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided
The indicator that we want to present in the article is one of the most difficult to understand verbal differences in the Russian language. Therefore, we will try to analyze it in many ways. What is a transitive and intransitive verb is the main topic of our material. Let's start by defining the basic concept.
What is transitivity?
In this context, transitivity is one of the grammatical features of verbs, which reflects the ability of the latter to attach direct objects. In other words, it is she who indicates the ability to control nouns without a preposition. Those that denote an active object - a person, an animal, an inanimate object, etc.
From here the transitive and intransitive forms of the verb are distinguished. Let's take a closer look at each group.
Transitive verbs
We begin to determine what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Let's look at the first category.
A transitive verb denotes an action or attitude that is aimed at a specific object, passes to it. The main feature is that such verbs control an unprepositional noun, a pronoun, which is in the accusative case. But this is not an absolute rule.
If the verb form is negative, then the noun or pronoun will be in the genitive case. This state of affairs is also typical for the case when the verb does not control the entire object, but only part of it.
Transitive verbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -i- and a prefix: green, whiten and so on.
To make it clearer what an intransitive and transitive verb is, let's look at examples of the latter:
- Invite relatives.
- Experience joy.
- Read a newspaper.
- Get paid.
- Drink some juice.
Features of transitive verbs
Speaking about transitive and intransitive verbs, the rules for their definition, we note that it is from the former that passive participles can be formed.
Let's look at the lexical features. In this regard, transitive verbs have the following meanings:
- Creation, change, destruction of something, material and intangible, movement ( write a book, repaint a wall, break a contract).
- Sensory perception ( hear footsteps, see the world, feel the cold).
- Impact on something that does not lead to a change in this object ( thank your mother, scold your student, pet your puppy).
- Expressing your emotional attitude, feeling or perception ( hate betrayal, love the Motherland, prefer fruits).
Intransitive verbs
We continue to find out what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Logically, we will include in the second group what is not included in the first.
An intransitive verb denotes any action that does not transfer to the object and does not need the latter at all. Hence, it does not combine with accusative case nouns without a preposition.
Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:
- Sit on the chair.
- Go to the shop.
- Live with you.
- Enjoy the new day.
Features of intransitive verbs
In lexical terms, intransitive verbs can have the following meaning:
- Narration about mental, physical state, position in space ( lie down on the couch, feel homesick, get a sore throat).
- Existence, movement ( walk the road, be yourself, show up at the office).
- Description of any activity, property of a person, object ( teach at school, lounge around in the garden).
- The appearance, change of any qualities, the formation of a certain characteristic ( turn red to the ears, lose weight).
Intransitive verbs are also distinguished by the following:
- Many have the suffixes -sya, -sya ( meet, get carried away, catch fire).
- They are also characterized by the suffixes -icha-, -nicha-, -e- ( to become weak, to be greedy, to be capricious).
- A considerable part of them are returnable (