How to spot an inconsistent definition. Inconsistent definitions: examples

Definition - a minor member of a sentence. The definition answers the question: what? whose? and denotes the attribute of an object. The definitions are explained by the members of the sentence.

There are 2 types of definitions

1) Agreed

2) Uncoordinated

Agreed Definitions

Agreed definitions are combined with the word being defined in form (number, case, gender). And they can be expressed:

1) Adjective: I bought an orange T-shirt.

2) Pronoun: Our road.

3) Numeral: Give me the second volume.

4) Communion: Greening forest

Agreed definitions most often appear before the word being defined.

The meanings of the agreed definitions are varied. Depends on the meaning of the words (lexical) that they are.

Definitions that denote the quality of an object are expressed by qualitative adjectives. Definitions that denote a characteristic of an object by time and location are expressed by relative adjectives. Definitions that are expressed by possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns denote belonging.

Definitions that indicate the uncertainty of an object in relation to property, quality, belonging, are expressed by indefinite pronouns. Definitions that are expressed by ordinal numbers indicate order in counting. Definitions that can denote a characteristic associated with an action are expressed by participles.

Inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions are combined with the main adjunct (they are an unchangeable part of speech or form) or control (placed with the main word and in a certain case). And they can be expressed:

1) Noun with and without a preposition in the indirect case: Climate in St. Petersburg. Pilot's flight.

2) Infinitive: The desire to see. I have a desire to learn.

3) Adverb: I was served soft-boiled eggs. I love walking.

4) Comparative adjective: Smaller house.

5) Possessive pronoun his, her, their: His sister. Their apartment.

6) In a complete phrase: Mom saw a girl of about fourteen.

Inconsistent definitions can indicate belonging if they are expressed by a noun without a preposition in the genitive case.

Inconsistent definitions may mean different things

- sign according to the material;
- a sign that indicates that an object has any external features or details;
- a sign characterizing an object in relation to space;
- a sign indicating the contents of an object;
- a sign indicating the purpose of an object, if they are expressed by a noun with prepositions in indirect cases.

Inconsistent definitions can mean a sign in relation to direction, quality, time, method of action, if they are expressed by an adverb. Inconsistent definitions, which are expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjective participles, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers: Your joy and sorrow are joy and sorrow for me Goncharov. The meaning of an agreed definition as a minor member of a sentence is determined by the lexical meaning of the word by which it is expressed. In modern Russian, the most commonly used definitions are those expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives.

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Definition of agreed and inconsistent

Agreed Definitionsare expressed by parts of speech related to the word being defined, and are capable of being similar to it in number and case, and in the singular and in gender. Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers: Yours joy and sorrow joy and sorrow for me (Goncharov). An adjective that is part of a phraseological unit (White Sea, New Year) should not be considered a definition.

The meaning of an agreed definition as a minor member of a sentence is determined by the lexical meaning of the word by which it is expressed. In modern Russian, the most common definitions are those expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives.

Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives denote various characteristics of an object, person or phenomenon. They may indicate signs of spatial relationships between objects: From the wide window almost everything that was happening ahead was visible (Simonov); signs of temporary relationships; properties of things perceived by the senses; physical properties of people, animals, insects.

Definitions expressed by relative adjectives denote various characteristics of an object, person or phenomenon not directly, but through the relationship to other objects, as well as to place, time (in accordance with the lexical meaning of the adjective). Relative adjectives can denote a characteristic of an object by material, location, time, a characteristic in its relation to a person, a characteristic in its relation to a concept.

Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives indicate that the characterized object belongs to a specific person. The meaning of belonging is also expressed by possessive pronouns: My labor is related to any labor (Mayakovsky).

Definitions expressed by demonstrative pronouns indicate the specificity of the subject being defined: In this he came to the town from Moscow (Yu. Kazakov).

Indefinite pronouns in the role of definition indicate the uncertainty of the attribute of an object (some kind of house).

Definitions expressed by definitive and negative pronouns denote properties and qualities in accordance with their inherent meanings: Almost no noise was heard all around (Turgenev).

Inconsistent definitionconnects with the defined word using control (birch branch) or adjacency (Turkish coffee). An inconsistent definition can be expressed in a variety of ways. There is a large group of inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in all indirect cases with prepositions: There was a threshold in three steps (Bunin).

Inconsistent definitions include those expressed by the 3rd person personal pronoun in the form of the genitive case in the possessive meaning, as well as the comparative degree of the adjective.

In the function of definition, an adverb (for future use) can be used, as well as an infinitive, which serves to explain the member of the sentence of an abstract noun: He had a weakness think that standing he retains more greatness (Novikov). Phraseological units also become inconsistent definitions (she didn’t like potatoes in uniform).

Inconsistent definitions denote different characteristics of an object, person or phenomenon. Thus, an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the genitive case can characterize belonging. Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in indirect cases with prepositions also denote different characteristics by material, by the presence of external differences in the object, by the purpose of the object.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by adjectives in the comparative degree, denote a qualitative attribute of an object that is characteristic of it to a greater or lesser extent than other objects: Baba, in a red skirt, in a white shirt, stands in a thicket of hemp fields higher her height (Bunin).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by adverbs, denote a characteristic with the meaning of quality, image and method of action, time.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive help to reveal the content of the subject, which is indicated by an abstract noun: Having completely abandoned the thought learn his intelligent reading and writing, I began to teach him to sign mechanically (Kuprin).

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If the main members of the sentence are the basis, then the secondary ones are accuracy, beauty and imagery. Particular attention should be paid to definitions.

Definition as a member of a sentence

The definition refers to a word with an objective meaning and characterizes a sign, quality, property of an object that the word being defined answers the questions: “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?” and their case forms. There are agreed and inconsistent definitions in Russian.

For example, “I loved watching the big beautiful white bird.”

The defined word is “bird”. From him the question is posed: “which one?”

A bird (what?) large, beautiful, white.

Definitions in this sentence characterize an object according to the following characteristics: size, appearance, color.

Definitions "big, beautiful"- agreed upon, and " white"– inconsistent. How do agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones?

Definitions " big, beautiful" – agreed, they change when the defined word changes, that is, they agree with it in gender, number, case:

bird (what?) big, beautiful;
bird (what?) big, beautiful;
a bird (what kind?) big, beautiful.

Definition "white"– inconsistent. It will not change if you change the main word:

bird (what?) white;
birds (what?) are white;
a bird (what?) is white;
bird (what?) white;
about a bird (what?) white.

Therefore, it can be concluded that this is an inconsistent definition. So, we have found out how agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones. The former change when the main word changes, while the latter do not change.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the item is made

Inconsistent members of a sentence are never expressed by adjectives, participles, or consistent pronouns. They are most often expressed by nouns with and without prepositions and have different meanings of the attribute of the subject. One of these meanings is “the material from which the object is made.”

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the item

Very often it is necessary to indicate why an object exists, then inconsistent definitions are used that mean “the purpose of the object.”

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

If it is said that something is present or something is absent from the subject of speech, then inconsistent definitions with the meaning “accompanying subject attribute” are usually used.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of item ownership

Inconsistent definitions are widely used in the language, expressing the belonging of an object or, more precisely, the relationship of an object to another object.

Distinguishing inconsistent definitions and additions

Since inconsistent definitions are expressed by nouns, the problem of distinguishing between definitions and additions arises. Supplements are also expressed by nouns in indirect cases and are not formally different from inconsistent definitions. It is only possible to distinguish between these minor members from a syntax point of view. It is therefore necessary to consider ways to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions.

Complements refer to verbs, gerunds, participles, and definitions refer to nouns, pronouns indicating the subject.
For additions we pose questions of indirect cases, and for definitions we pose questions “which?”, “whose?”

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Possessive pronouns can act as inconsistent definitions. In such cases, questions are posed: “whose?”, “whose?”, “whose?”, “whose?” and their case forms. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by possessive pronouns.

IN her a light came on in the window (in whose window?).

His my friend didn’t come (whose friend?).

IN their the garden had the most delicious apples (in whose garden?).

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in the simple comparative degree

If a sentence contains an adjective in the simple comparative degree, then it is an inconsistent definition. It denotes a feature of an object that is expressed to a greater or lesser extent than in some other object. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by an adjective in the simple comparative degree.

Grandfather built himself a house better ours.

Society is divided into people cleverer me and those who are not interesting to me.

Everyone wants a piece more than others.

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Often adverbs act as inconsistent definitions; in such cases they have the meaning of a characteristic in quality, direction, place, method of action. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with adverbs.

Let's listen to the opinion of your neighbor (which one?) left.

The closet was small with a door (what kind?) outward.

The room was bright with a window (what kind?) against.

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

The infinitive can be an inconsistent definition for nouns that have abstract concepts: desire, joy, need and the like. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with infinitives.

Everyone would understand my desire (what?) capture these magical pictures.

The need (what kind?) lives ineradicably in the heart. be in love anyone.

The division will perform a task (what?) take height on the right bank of the Dnieper.

Everyone should experience joy (what kind?) feel yourself as a human being.

She had a habit (what?) talk with someone invisible.

Isolation of inconsistent definitions in the Russian language

Separating inconsistent definitions in writing with commas depends on the position taken and their prevalence. Inconsistent definitions that stand directly behind the word being defined - a common noun - are not prone to isolation.

At the back of the garden there was a long barn (what kind?) from boards.

The old woman served sour cream in a bowl (what kind?) with broken edge.

Girl (what?) in a blue dress stood at the entrance to the park, waiting for someone.

In the park (which one?) with cleanly swept alleys it was empty and boring.

Desire (what?) survive at all costs owned him all the time.

Inconsistent definitions that appear after the main word - a common noun - are isolated only if it is necessary to give it special semantic significance. Let's consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

In the same jacket , from gray wool, she left the room as if the whole year of separation had never happened.

This vase , with a broken neck, I remember from childhood.

If inconsistent definitions appear before the word being defined, they are most often separated. Such definitions acquire an additional circumstantial connotation of meaning.

In a long elegant dress, the sister seemed taller and more mature.

In a long skirt and with bare arms, a girl stands on stage and sings something in a thin voice.

Inconsistent definitions are always separated if they refer to a personal pronoun and a proper name. Let's consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

She, with braids to the waist, went out into the middle of the room and looked for me with her eyes.

Marya Ivanovna , in a white starched blouse, loudly called the servants and told the girl who came to remove the scattered things.

It (the sun) with red-orange rim, hung very low from the horizon.

Practical task in OGE format

Among the exam tasks there is one that requires knowledge of inconsistent definitions. To complete such a task, you need to find a sentence that has an inconsistent definition. Next is a text with numbered sentences, among which you need to find the one you need.

Example 1: Find a sentence with an inconsistent common definition.

1) The room was quiet, and for a long time neither the boy nor the man broke the silence.

2) After some time, the father suddenly said:

3) Listen, Timur! 4) Do you want me to buy you a dog? 5) Shepherd dog with a black stripe on its back.

Example 2: Find a sentence with an inconsistent isolated definition.

1) Mother stood very close to Nadezhda.

2) She came in from the street.

3) In a raincoat and a white robe, she seemed different to Nadya than she was two months ago.

4) And Nadezhda, not yet coming to her senses, looked at her mother for three seconds, not recognizing her.

5) She saw several new wrinkles spreading from the wings of her nose to the corners of her lips.

6) Only the mother’s gaze remained the same, the same as Nadezhda wore in her heart.

Example 3: Find a sentence with an inconsistent non-isolated definition.

1) She was beaming with joy.

2) Today they called her mother.

3) Didn’t all the neighbors hear this girl with dark hair screaming:

5) The girl understood why her aunt was happy.

6) Only she herself still didn’t understand whether she was calling her.

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Application

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can apply to words of different parts of speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and non-agreed definition

An agreed definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.

(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition may not be consistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:

management

adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the nightstand.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book

(mom’s book is an agreed upon definition, type of connection: coordination, and mom’s book is inconsistent, type of connection: management)

Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift - an expensive gift

(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is coordination)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Wed: center with five floors - five-story center

(a center with five floors is an uncoordinated definition, the type of communication is management, and a five-story center is an agreed definition, the type of communication is coordination)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus - noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French - adverb)

3) verb in an indefinite form:

She had a knack for listening.

(listen is an infinitive verb)

4) comparative degree of an adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(ee – possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.

Applications denote various characteristics of the subject, which are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.

A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, printed publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony is a consistent application, the words river and Sukhona are in the same case.)

My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.

(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases

Definition (syntax)

This term has other meanings, see Definition.

Definition(or attribute) - in syntax, a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed as an adjective or participle. Answers the questions: Which? which? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose? When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with a wavy line.

Classification

Definitions can be associated with nouns by means of agreement ( agreed definitions) and methods of control and connection ( inconsistent definitions).

Agreed Definitions

They agree with the defined member in form (case, number and gender in singular), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns.

« Large trees grow near paternal house"
"IN our no class lagging behind students"
"He decides this task second hour"
“The bright sun was shining in my eyes. »

In modern Russian, the agreed definition in a sentence most often precedes the defined name (see the above examples). The reverse order (the agreed definition follows the defined name) is acceptable, but is used, as a rule, in special cases:

in traditionally established proper names and special terms: “Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky", "Ivan Great", "Name noun", "heather ordinary»;
in poetic works, the order of words of which is influenced by the requirements of form (meter, rhyme, etc.):

Baron in monastery sad
However, I was pleased with fate,
Pastors flattery funeral ,
coat of arms tombs feudal
AND epitaph bad .

A. S. Pushkin. Message to Delvig

Inconsistent definitions

They do not agree with the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degrees of adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, subordinate clauses.

"The leaves rustled birch trees»
"He liked the evenings at grandma's house»
"Choose your fabric more fun with a picture»
“They gave me eggs for breakfast. soft-boiled»
“They were united by desire see you»
"House where I live»

In Russian, inconsistent definitions in a sentence almost always follow the name being defined; exceptions occur only in poetic works:

Yes, I remembered, although not without sin,
From the Aeneid two verses.
He rummage didn't have hunting
In chronological dust
History of the earth:
But days gone by jokes
From Romulus to the present day
He kept it in his memory.

A. S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

kind (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:

"Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
“The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

“Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

“Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

"Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
pronoun – (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

“Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
“We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
“People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separating the participle

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial phrase). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

The frightened girl silently walked forward.
The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use –ash-yasch (smoke – smoking, sting – stinging);
in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -вш (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.

The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).

An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

Frustrated, she went into the yard.
They, tired, went straight to bed.
He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.

Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.

What is a stand-alone inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with a preposition), are isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded along the streets and boulevards. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a smart coat wide open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Usually such inconsistent definitions are isolated:
if they refer to one’s own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of her head and a shawl, was sitting on the sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and extraordinary;
if they refer to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black net on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position held, and so on, since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother’s jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something.
Isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject: Women, with long rakes in their hands, wander in the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a phrase with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated: But at another time there was no more active person than him.
Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, in front of which the words can be placed without prejudice to the meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or to stay - for themselves, for their loved ones. But if, according to the conditions of the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika Asakova

Isolation is highlighting in writing with punctuation marks, and in oral speech with intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of a sentence that answers the question: Which one? Whose? , is emphasized in the sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word according to the method of control or adjacency. For example: a staircase (which one?) to the attic. To the attic - inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Navy borscht is an agreed definition (it has the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our athletes are high-class players. High-class players are an inconsistent definition.
For your information, a participial figure of speech is an agreed upon definition.

Common consensus definition

An agreed definition is a definition associated with the defined noun by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the same gender, number and case as the main word). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjacency, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, promise to come.

A common definition is one that has dependent words, for example: a person running after a bus, a promise to come today. A standalone definition is a definition that is distinguished by punctuation marks.

An example of an agreed upon common isolated definition is a participial phrase, separated by commas: I don’t feel sorry for the years wasted in vain (Yesenin). Will I fall, pierced by an arrow (Pushkin). Along the dusty road leading to the gardens were creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. Tolstoy)

Kostya is ordinary

Pasha Shulepov

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? When parsing sentences, definitions are underlined with a wavy line.

Definitions usually appear as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjacency (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, KNOWLEDGE (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions connected to nouns using agreement are called agreed upon, using control or connection – inconsistent.

Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (PREVENTED ROUTE), possessive pronouns (OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of an adjective (I DIDN'T SEE THE STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .

Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (which?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are entirely appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEETING (with whom?) WITH FRIENDS and MEETING (what?) WITH FRIENDS. In these phrases, WITH FRIENDS will be both an addition and a definition.

Separation- this is the highlighting on both sides of a letter with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, parentheses) of some part of the sentence.

Definitions are distinguished in accordance with the following rules.

1. An agreed definition consisting of several words and relating to the preceding noun is isolated. Compare two sentences:

Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.
Overgrown with grass path led to the river.

2. The agreed definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:

Happy he is
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Pleased with your success, he told me about them.
He, happy with his successes, told me about them.

Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is highlighted with commas. If a definition has dependent words, then together they make up attributive phrase.

This rule has three notes:

1. An agreed definition (both single-word and consisting of several words), relating to a noun and standing in front of it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstances of the reason). For example:

Tired, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.

(In both sentences the definition explains reason refusal to climb again.)

2. Definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:

He could hear things are quite unpleasant for yourself (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).

3. The definition is isolated, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:

In the end of January, covered in the first thaw, Cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).

Exercise

They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).

Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat until late at night without undressing (Pushkin).

The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking (Pushkin).

Foolovites, who were not strong enough in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).

The waves of the sea, encased in granite, are suppressed by enormous weights sliding along their ridges, hitting the sides of ships, the shores, beating and grumbling, foamed, polluted with various rubbish (Gorky).

In its long beak, curved at the end, the seagull held a small fish.

And either he made a grimace - blinded by the setting sun - or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short... (Mann).

The curious and inquisitive children immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.

His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.

He opened his notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.

Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

But now they did not speak for long, - the wise one, who did not interfere with their judgment, spoke himself: “Stop! There is punishment. This is a terrible punishment; You wouldn’t invent something like this in a thousand years!” (Bitter).

A small night_bird_ silently and low rushing on its soft wings_ almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).

Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail that had come out of the felt padding of the clamp (Aitmatov).
Lying on his armour-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex belly, divided by arched scales, on the top of which the blanket, ready to finally slide off, was barely holding on (Kafka).
In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were outlined, thin as letters (Pasternak).
The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me - quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was boiling in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger - born at the thought - that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm insolence - two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, because wounded in the leg a little more severely, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
Grease the mold to prevent it from rusting, and remove the kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore, saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up (Hesse).
My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, with the intention of setting up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to study the art of paramedics (Herzen).
Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
But that’s not all: the third in this company was a cat that had come from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook... (Bulgakov).
Winter evening on December 14th_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
The fields, all the fields, stretched right up to the sky, now rising slightly, then falling again; here and there small forests could be seen, and ravines dotted with sparse and low bushes... (Turgenev).
One, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
The strangest incidents are those that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
Doctor Budakh_ washed up_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

kind (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

"Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
“The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

“Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

“Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

"Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
pronoun – (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

“Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
“We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
“People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

Separating the participle

The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

The frightened girl silently walked forward.
The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use –ash-yasch (smoke – smoking, sting – stinging);
in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -вш (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).

An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

Frustrated, she went into the yard.
They, tired, went straight to bed.
He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.

Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.

Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

Separate members of the sentence

1. As a rule, agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined, are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence separated by commas on both sides), for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma(Chekhov).

Note. Agreed common definitions are not distinguished:

a) standing before the defined noun (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning), for example: The detachment that left early in the morning had already covered four miles.(L. Tolstoy);

b) standing after the defined noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined, for example: He could have heard things that were quite unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky had guessed the truth(Lermontov) (the combination could hear things does not express the desired concept); Chernyshevsky created a highly original and extremely remarkable work(Pisarev); It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft, like that of an awakened child.(Chekhov); Division is the inverse action of multiplication; We often do not notice things that are more significant;

c) connected in meaning and grammatically with both the subject and the predicate, for example: The moon rose very purple and gloomy, as if sick(Chekhov); Even the birch and rowan trees stood sleepy in the sultry languor that surrounded them.(Mamin-Sibiryak); The foliage comes out from under your feet, densely packed, gray(Prishvin); The sea at his feet lay silent and white from the cloudy sky(Paustovsky). Typically, such constructions are formed with verbs of movement and state, acting as a significant connective, for example: I returned home tired; In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Law Club excited and joyful(A.N. Tolstoy). If a verb of this type itself serves as a predicate, then the definition is isolated, for example: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory(Turgenev);

d) expressed in a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since such forms do not form a turnover and act as an indivisible member of the sentence, for example: The guest watched with a wariness much more convincing than the cordiality shown by the host; The author suggested a shorter option; The most urgent messages are published. Wed. (if there is turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters(L. Tolstoy).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words, standing after an indefinite pronoun, are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun, for example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be looking for something resembling hope in mine.(Lermontov). But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible, for example: And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store...(V. Panova) (two single definitions are isolated).

3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it, for example: All factual data published in the book were verified by the author; In this corner forgotten by people I rested all summer; Your handwritten lines were difficult to read. Wed: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked with the stamp of humor was little accessible to him(Korolenko); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head(A.N. Tolstoy).

But if the attributive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial phrase has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated, for example: Everything connected with the railway is still covered in the poetry of travel for me.(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself in front of this person dear to me...(Bitter).

Note. Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation. Wed: That middle one plays better than the others (That– definition for a substantivized word average). – That one there, the middle one, plays better than the others.(substantivized word That– subject, with it a separate definition average).

A common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun, for example: No one admitted to the Olympiad solved the last problem; These dishes cannot be compared to anything served under the same name in the vaunted taverns.(although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more consistent single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition, for example: ...Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are isolated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are isolated). Wed:

1) ...I especially liked the eyes, big and sad e (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates(Gogol); The mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick bundle and was silent...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat beat a passionate and noble heart(Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); A lean and gray-haired man played a bow on the violin of an old gypsy(Marshak).

5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated in meaning to a subordinate clause, for example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);

2) if it has an additional circumstantial meaning, for example: It’s impossible for a young man in love not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (cf.: "if he's in love"); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the defined noun, for example: Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning, for example: And about five minutes later it was pouring heavily,(Chekhov).

Note. A separate definition may refer to a noun that is absent in a given sentence, but perceived from the context, for example: Look - there, dark, running through the steppe (Gorky).

6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary), for example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of the cargo fist, Bulanin first staggered in place, not understanding anything(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to their own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Knowing real village life well, Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of their mother's cleanliness, the boys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused, Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined), for example: And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on the bare slope...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and trousers were drying...(V. Panova); Because of the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window. – persistent, solid(Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, the jealous one, locked in the room, you, the lazy one, will remember me with a kind word(Simonov).

Note. Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:

b) if the definition is semantically and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate, for example: We left happy with our evening(Lermontov); He comes out of the back rooms completely upset...(Goncharov); We reached the hut soaking wet(Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the accusative case (such a construction, with a hint of obsolescence, can be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental case), for example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (cf. “found ready...”); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); Also: And when she's drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with a preposition) are usually isolated in artistic speech if the meaning they express is emphasized, for example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, paraded along the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some plump woman, with her sleeves rolled up and her apron raised, was standing in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, wearing only vests, played...(Goncharov). But compare: The best man in a top hat and white gloves, out of breath, throws off his coat in front(Chekhov); In another photo, a man with a mustache and slicked hair flaunted over the carcass of a killed wild boar.(Bogomolov).

In a neutral style of speech, there is a strong tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions, for example: teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets, permanent inhabitants of underground passages.

Note. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined, for example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from lunch, alone(Turgenev).

Typically, such inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

c) if they refer to a proper name, for example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, a cap on the back of her head and a shawl, was sitting on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna, with red hands, in a man’s dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes, never left my memory.(A.N. Tolstoy); Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and extraordinary(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); ... Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence, for example: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black fishnet on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face, with a straight, large nose, bluish colors shone sternly. eyes (Gorky);

d) if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent separate agreed upon definitions, for example: I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard(Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).

Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position, etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message, for example: Grandfather, in grandma's jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something(Bitter); The headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).

Isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject, for example. Women, with long rakes in their hands, wander into the field(Turgenev); The painter, drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer.(Bitter). Wed. Also: ...It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the entire yard, with its buildings, rose and walked silently towards the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective are separated if the defined noun is usually preceded by an agreed definition, for example: A force stronger than his will threw him out of there(Turgenev); A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, for example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, before which words can be placed without prejudice to the meaning "namely", For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful – shine and die(Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides, for example: ...Each of them solved this issue – leave or stay – for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya). But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted, for example: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

Dedicated Applications

1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often - in front of it), for example: The mother, the lady with gray hair, spoke more(Turgenev); The good-natured old man, the hospital watchman, immediately let him in(L. Tolstoy); The miners, immigrants from the central Russian provinces and Ukraine, settled in the farmsteads of the Cossacks and became related to them(Fadeev).

Constructions in sentences like: The editor-in-chief, who is also the deputy director of the publishing house, spoke about the plans of the publishing house.

2. A single uncommon application, standing after a common noun, is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it, for example: He left his horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, the deacon(Turgenev); One Polish girl looked after me(Bitter).

Less commonly, a non-widespread application is isolated with a single qualified noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merging intonationally with the qualified word, for example: She fed her father, a drunkard, from an early age and herself(Bitter); And our enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death(Fadeev).

Note 1: A single clause is usually attached to the qualified common noun by means of a hyphen, for example: hero city, oil geologists, teenage girls, winter sorceress, melancholy villain, research engineer, single canoe, nurse-niva, pilot-cosmonaut, frost-voevoda, operator-programmer, dead father(But: father archpriest), gentlemen(But: pan hetman), song bird, innovator worker, bomber plane, giant slalom, musician neighbor, old watchman, excellent student(But: excellent students...– heterogeneous applications), scientist-physiologist, French teacher, organic chemist, battle painter.

Note 2. In some cases, hyphenated spelling is also possible in the presence of an explanatory word (definition), which in meaning may refer to the entire combination ( famous experimenter-inventor, dexterous acrobat-juggler), or only to the word being defined ( demobilized conscript soldier, original self-taught artist, my neighbor-teacher), or only to the application ( female doctor with extensive experience). However, in these cases, double punctuation is possible; compare: The lecture will be given by a famous chemist professor. – The lecture will be given by a famous professor, chemist; The assignment was given to one philology student. – The assignment was given to one student, a philologist.

A hyphen is also written after a proper name (most often a geographical name, which acts as an appendix for a generic name), for example: Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Kazbek Mountain, Astrakhan City(but without a hyphen when the word order is reversed: Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Mount Kazbek, Astrakhan city; expressions like Mother Rus', Mother Earth have the character of stable combinations). After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only if the defined noun and the appendix merge into one complex intonational and semantic whole, for example: Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.

The hyphen is not written:

a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to the definition of an adjective, for example: handsome man(cf.: handsome man), old father, giant plant(but when rearranging words: giant plant), a poor tailor, a strong horseman, a little orphan, a predatory wolf, a skilled cook;

b) if in a combination of two common nouns, the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific concept, for example: magnolia flower, baobab tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver steel, carbon gas, floss threads, zipper, tweed fabric, Roquefort cheese, kharcho soup. But if such a combination is a compound scientific term (in which the second part does not serve as an independent specific designation), the name of a specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written, for example: brown hare, goshawk, stag beetle, hermit crab, vole mouse, cabbage butterfly, general practitioner, tool maker;

c) if the defined noun or application is itself written with a hyphen, for example: female doctors, surgeons, civil engineer, designer, mechanical designer, Mother Volga River; but (in separate terms): rear admiral engineer, captain lieutenant engineer;

a) if with the defined noun there are two uncommon applications connected by a conjunction And, For example: students of philology and journalists, Conservative and Liberal MPs; the same if two qualified nouns have a common application, for example: undergraduate and graduate students of philology;

e) if the first element of the combination is words citizen, lord, comrade, our brother, your brother(in meaning “I and those like me”, “you and those like you”), For example: citizen judge, Mr. Envoy, Comrade Secretary, our student brother.

3. An application related to a proper name is isolated if it comes after the defined noun, for example: My brother Petya, a teacher, sings wonderfully(Chekhov); Sergei Ivanovich, the head of the family, a tall, stooped man who shaved his head, was a good carpenter(Soloukhin).

Before a proper name, an application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: A renowned intelligence officer, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was when they first met.(Kazakevich) (cf.: “although he was a famous intelligence officer” - with a concessionary meaning). But: Lieutenant of the tsarist army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland...(Fedin) (without additional adverbial meaning).

4. The proper name of a person or the name of an animal acts as a separate application if it serves to clarify or clarify a common noun (you can insert the words before such an application without changing the meaning “and his name is”, “namely”, “that is”), For example: Daria Mikhailovna’s daughter, Natalya Alekseevna, might not have liked her at first glance(Turgenev); At the door, in the sun, his father’s beloved greyhound dog lay with his eyes closed. – Milka(L. Tolstoy); And Ani’s brothers, Petya and Andryusha, high school students, pulled him[father] behind the tailcoat and whispered in embarrassment...(Chekhov).

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory connotation of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:

G) Only one Cossack, Maxim Golodukha, escaped from the Tatar hands on the way(Gogol); Elizaveta Alekseevna went to visit her brother, Arkady Alekseevich(she has only one brother; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, her own name should not be isolated); He reminded my son, Borka(same basis);

b) His sister Maria entered; Today my friend Valentin and I are leaving for Moscow; The head of the course, Dima Shilov, reported; Mathematics teacher Ivan Petrovich Belov appeared in the corridor.

5. Union Annex How(with an additional meaning of causality), as well as words by first name, last name, nickname, family, etc., is usually isolated if it is at the beginning or middle of a sentence, for example: Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush in and redo everything himself(Goncharov); As a high-ranking person, it is not appropriate for me to ride a horse...(Chekhov); Like an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold decoration(Sholokhov) (regardless of which part of speech the word being defined is expressed); ...A little dark-haired lieutenant named Zhuk led the battalion to the backyards of that street...(Simonov) (pay attention to the intonation of isolation).

Note. Union-joined application How with meaning "as", as well as words by first name, last name, nickname, family, etc., is not isolated if it is at the end of a sentence, for example: The response received is considered as consent(Azhaev); He got himself a bear cub named Yasha(Paustovsky); We met a German doctor named Schultz(without intonation of isolation).

6. The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant?(Pushkin); A doctrinaire and somewhat pedantic, he loved to instruct(Herzen); Tears of humiliation, they were caustic(Fedin); Here it is, the explanation(L. Tolstoy).

In sentences like the last example, double punctuation is possible, depending on the nature of the intonation, the presence or absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in the demonstrative function) with a preceding particle here (there); compare:

A) Here they are, a hare's dreams!(Saltykov-Shchedrin); Here they are, the workers!(Troepolsky);

b) This is reality(Sukhovo-Kobylin); That's pride(Gorbunov); This is the triumph of virtue and truth(Chekhov).

It is not used in such sentences when a demonstrative particle with a pronoun follows a noun, for example: Spring is just around the corner(B. Polevoy).

7. A separate application may refer to a word missing in a given sentence if the latter is suggested by the context, for example: What about before lunch? – I, brother, have a court waiter in mind: the dog will feed you so much that you just won’t get up(Gogol); Everything gets smarter, the devil...(Gorky. The Artamonov case: Peter about Alexey).

The missing pronoun can be suggested by the personal form of the predicate verb, for example: I never drink, sinner, but in this case I will drink(Chekhov).

8. Instead of a comma when separating applications, a dash is used:

a) if words can be inserted before the application without changing the meaning "namely", For example: The new state flag of the Russian Federation has been approved - a three-color cloth with white, blue and red longitudinal stripes;

b) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if the independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given, for example: I don't like this tree too much – aspen(Turgenev); We drove around some old dam, drowned in nettles, and a long-dried pond – deep ravine overgrown with weeds taller than a man(Bunin); There was a closet nearby – directory storage(Granin).

Wed. single application after a common proper name: Welcome to the capital of Ukraine – Kyiv!

c) to highlight on both sides applications that are explanatory in nature (usually in artistic speech), for example: Some kind of unnatural greenery – the creation of boring incessant rains – covered the fields and fields with a liquid network...(Gogol); Light convulsions - a sign of strong feelings - ran across his wide lips...(Turgenev); The caretaker of the shelter - a retired soldier from Skobelev's times - followed the owner(Fedin).

The second dash is omitted:

1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application, for example: Using a special device for human breathing under water - scuba gear, you can dive to a depth of tens of meters;

2) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding defined word has a more general meaning, for example: At the meeting of the leaders of the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, current problems of economic development were considered;

3) if in such a construction the application precedes the word being defined, for example: The most deceitful, hypocritical and most influential of all “teachers of life” - the church, preaching “love for your neighbor as yourself”, in the past burned tens of thousands of people at the stake, blessed “religious” wars(Bitter); One of the outsiders of the national championship – athletes from the Fili club won their third victory in a row(From newspapers);

a) for clarity, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: At the table sat the mistress of the house, her sister - my wife's friend, two strangers to me, my wife and me. The second dash is not placed in these cases; compare: I began to talk about conditions, about inequality, about people - the victims of life and about people - the rulers of it(Bitter);

b) to separate prepositive (front) homogeneous applications from the word being defined, for example: The author of wonderful works for children, a brilliant translator, poet and playwright, Marshak has taken a prominent place in Russian literature;

c) in constructions like: Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable. Wed: Ernani – Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker(from a letter from A.P. Chekhov).

What is a standalone definition?

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

If you are only interested in the term itself, then a separate definition is a definition that is distinguished in pronunciation by voice, and in writing by punctuation marks, usually commas, and sometimes dashes.
A separate definition is most often expressed:
a) participle with dependent words (participial phrase) - Along the dusty road leading to the gardens, creaking carts filled with black grapes stretched (L. T.);
b) adjective with dependent words - We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous centuries-old forest, equal in size to a good principality (Kupr.);
c) two or more single adjectives or participles - The other shore, flat and sandy, is densely and discordantly covered with a dense cluster of huts (M.G.)
d) forms of indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions) - single or common - Serf, in shiny attire, with sleeves folded back, immediately served various drinks and food (G.)

If you are interested in the conditions for separating definitions, then they are discussed in detail [link blocked by decision of the project administration]

A sign can help figure this out

Knot for memory

A definition distinguished in speech by pauses and intonations, and in writing by commas. Usually expressed by homogeneous adjectives or participle phrases.
Separate definitions are: a) agreed upon and b) inconsistent.

Separate members:
– clarify the expressed thought;
– specify the description of the action;
– give a more in-depth description of a person or object;
– add expressive coloring to the sentence.

General conditions for isolating definitions:
1) stand after the word being defined;
2) refer to a personal pronoun;
3) have additional circumstantial meaning.
4) the distance of the definition from the word being defined

What is a separate agreed common definition? Preferably expanded and with example(s)

Tamara

Anya Magomedova

The rule is long. In short, this is a participial turnover. Isolation is the placement of commas at the beginning and end of a turn. As a rule, common agreed definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over the high tops of poplars was already pouring rain (Cor.); Sciences alien to music were hateful to me (P.).