A special place among the isolated members of the proposal is occupied by the so-called explanatory And clarifying members of the proposal.
Their function is to give additional characteristics to those members of the sentence to which they relate: to limit (narrow) or, conversely, to expand the scope of the concept expressed by the main member of the sentence (explained or to be specified), specify a member of a sentence by denoting it in other words, for example: Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, with the Oblonskys. , and did not accept anyone (L. Tolstoy); There, behind the quiet river, there is a high mountain (A. Pushkin). It is customary to distinguish between clarification and explanation. The word that is specified or explained is called clarified (explained); one that contains clarification (explanation) - clarifying (explanatory).
Clarification - this is a limitation of the scope of the concept, i.e. transition from a broader concept to a narrower one: In the east, behind the wavy line of hills, the dark golden light of the moon, ready to rise, grew (A. Kuprin).
Explanation - this is a designation in a given context of the same concept by another word or words: Before, that is, before arriving in the village, they lived in great harmony (I. Turgenev).
Clarifying(explanatory) all members of a sentence can be, including the main ones: The most early ripening mushrooms, For example birch trees And russula, reach full development in three days (S. Aksakov). (Birch trees And russulaclarify word mushrooms and also serve as the subject.) The tower would la high - no less than thirty meters(K. Paustovsky).(Here the qualifying member is the predicate.) A long shadow, several miles long, lay from the mountains on the steppe (L. Tolstoy)(clarifying definition). There was one thing he didn’t know how to do: train dogs (I. Turgenev)(clarifying addition).
Clarifying(explanatory) members can contact clarified (explainable) words using conjunctions that is, or (- that is), namely, and also with words especially, in particular, for example, including and so on.: It was a pleasant, noble, short challenge, il cartel... (A. Pushkin); Rhyme, i.e. the consonance of two words is at the end of the verse; Everyone, and especially officials, remained stunned for some time (N. Gogol); At that time, exactly a year ago, I was still collaborating on magazines (F. Dostoevsky).
Clarifying words give character to a statement more precisely, more precisely, rather etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated: His kindness, or rather his generosity, touched me.
Not all clarifying words are equally active in speech. The most active are the circumstances of place and time. They; can be lined up one after another, strung on top of each other, forming chains of clarifying members. For example: Before, long ago, in the years of my youth, in the years of irrevocably flashed childhood, it was fun for me to drive up to an unfamiliar place for the first time (N. Gogol); In the west, behind the village, behind the blackening wooded fields, the long Moscow summer dawn was still shining deathly (I. Bunin).
Clarifying proposals And explanatory sentences differ from each other.
Clarification is a transition from a broader to a narrower concept.
Explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.
In general, they have the function of additional messages.
Clarifying members of the sentence:
Isolated clarifying members of a sentence are members of a sentence that explain the meanings of other members of the sentence.
Clarifying isolated sentences answer the questions:
how exactly? where exactly? Who exactly? when exactly? and so on.
1. Specifying circumstances of time and place are identified.
(from there, everywhere, there, there, everywhere, then, then and others)
Here's an example:
There, (where exactly?) on the outskirts, a bright red strip of light shone;
2. Other circumstances may also be specified if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:
Here's an example:
She tossed her hair and coquettishly, (how exactly?) almost defiantly, stepped forward into the hall;
3. Agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. can be clarified.
Here's an example:
One more, (which one?) last legend - and my chronicle is finished;
4. Clarifying inconsistent definitions are isolated more often compared to agreed upon definitions:
Here's an example:
The ship sailed, constantly moving in the dark, (what exactly?) almost ink-colored shadow cast by the high coastal cliffs;
5. The words more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, and so on, give the statement a clarifying character. The members of the sentence following them are not isolated.
Here's an example:
Her kindness, or rather his generosity, shocked me.
(the predicate in this sentence is consistent with the preceding word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma);
Quite recently, more precisely, in the latest issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published;
The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.
Clarifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas or dashes (less often).
A dash is usually placed:
- in clarifying circumstances, when not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized,
The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and in the grass - birds began to sing and chirp (A.N. Tolstoy);
- when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example:
He got a job at a mine, part-time - after school (Baruzdin)
Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma will distort the meaning by equalizing the positions of all three circumstances: (at the mine, at part-time work, after school). The dash, in turn, emphasizes that circumstances are unequally related to each other;
- when specifying the nominal part of the predicate
(The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep).
Explanatory members of the sentence:
Before the explanatory part of the sentence there are the words: namely, namely, that is, that is.
For example:
At that time, namely a year ago, I was still collaborating with several companies.
In the absence of explanatory conjunctions, that is, namely, namely, and in the presence of an explanation, emphasis usually occurs using a dash rather than a comma.
For example:
There was only one conversation - about politics;
His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
The placement of a colon is also found in the explanatory part of a sentence. It is often used to avoid two dashes.
For example:
Another option has been proposed: the use of certain types of marine plants - algae, rich in valuable substances.
Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):
It was Alexander Petrovich, or simply Sasha, who came from St. Petersburg.
Connecting members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey clarifications or comments, additional information that arose incidentally in connection with the content of the main statement.
The connecting parts of a sentence can be separated by commas (more often) or dashes (less often).
The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above (Turgenev);
Connecting members of the proposal may have the following special connecting words: for example, moreover, and moreover, and even, especially, especially, mainly, in particular, including, yes and, and in general, yes and only, etc.
For example:
At night, especially in the heat, it was unbearable in the house.
The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular to organizational specifics.
Such members of a sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, a dot can be placed instead of a comma.
For example:
You have quite a bit of work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms. – Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual one.
An connecting construction can be separated from the preceding part of a sentence by a comma if this construction is closely related in meaning to the subsequent part of the sentence, from which it is not separated by a pause in pronunciation, for example:
It’s too late now, and there’s no point in returning to this issue.
A comma is not placed after the introductory word if the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word (for example, in particular, etc.)
There is no comma before the conjunction:
- if the conjunction is used in a connecting meaning.
So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost (Turgenev);
- in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she just died (Uspensky);
- in combination no-no yes and:
...No, no, and he will remember her (mother), write a letter (Gladkov)
Affiliate members can be part of a sentence without the use of conjunctions, accompanied by a pause. In this case, the sentence is separated by a dash, comma, period or ellipsis.
For example:
At night I stand on duty as an orderly. (,)
We went to the dacha - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains. (-)
I'm completely frozen. My feet were frozen. And the face (Yu. Kazakov). (.)
It’s scary to admit, but I want this person to know that she is like a song to me... And it must be the last (N. Pogodin). (...)
What are Clarifying Members of a Sentence?
Clarifying members of the sentence– these are members of a sentence that limit the scope of the concept expressed by the preceding member of the sentence of the same name. The next day, early in the morning, Olenin woke up from the freshness in his camp and indifferently looked to the right (L. Tolstoy) (the circumstance of the time is being specified). On the other bank, near the edge of the Nikolsky forest, the light of a fire (Gaidar) glimmered dimly (the circumstances of the place are being specified). The qualifying and qualifying members of a sentence may have:
a) the same morphological expression. There, below, there was a strange rumble, similar to a sudden gust of wind that flew into the forest (Gorky) (in both cases an adverb). All night, until the rooster's dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the brave snoring of the commanders (Furmanov) (in both cases, prepositional case form); Wed also: On a crooked haystack sadly, like an orphan, a crow perched and was silent (Fadeev). Directly opposite the cordon, on the other bank, everything was empty (L. Tolstoy);
b) different morphological expression. Tumbleweeds ran across the steppe, along and across, stumbling and jumping (Chekhov) (prepositional case form and adverb). In the summer, in the evening dawns, a steppe golden eagle (Sh o-lo kh o v) (adverb and prepositional case form) flies to the top of the mound from under the clouds. Clarifying terms can be arranged in a “chain” in a descending gradation (subsequent words clarify the meaning of the previous ones). Below, under the iron network of the air road, in the dust and dirt of the pavements, children are silently fiddling around (Gorky). Even here, across the lake, a kilometer away, a rumble and crackling sound could be heard along with the hot air (Gaidar). To the left, in the corner, by the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty (Pomyalovsky). Suddenly, at a bend in the river, ahead, under the dark mountains, a light flashed (Korolenko). Here, at home, in this magnificent office, Valgan was especially attractive (Nikolaeva).
Under the influence of the meaning of the specified member of the sentence, the syntactic function of the clarifying words may change. Farther from these grips, to the village, to the aunt, into the wilderness, to Saratov (Griboyedov) (the clarifying prepositional case construction to the aunt has not an objective, but a circumstantial meaning). Only in this way, among grass, flowers, wheat, could our river Vorsha (Soloukhin) begin (the clarifying phrase loses the meaning of the circumstance of the place and acquires the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action). The clarifying role is often played by circumstances of time and place, but clarifying circumstances of the manner of action are also possible. And he took care of his soul solidly, like a lord, and did good deeds not simply, but with importance (Chekhov). She looked up at him mischievously, like a girl (Fedin). The functions of clarifying members of a sentence also include definitions indicating the size, color, shape and other characteristics of an object. A long shadow, several miles long, lay from the mountains on the steppe (L. Tolstoy). From under his steep, wolfish figure and balding forehead, he glanced quickly around the room (Sholokhov). And they, so fresh, clean, without a single spot, were lying on the ground like that? (Fedin). It was a village outside the city, on a bare, low, treeless, bushless place (Panova). Thick, guards cloth, trousers certainly did not suit either the craftsman or the farm laborer (K a-t a e v). The boat walked, constantly moving in the black, almost ink-colored, shadow cast by the coastal rocks (Simonov).
The clarifying function is performed by homogeneous members of the sentence in relation to the generalizing word. The location of the estate was good: friendly, secluded and free (Turgenev). See general words.
One of the most difficult, in our opinion, rules in the Russian language - punctuation marks for clarifying, connecting and explanatory parts of a sentence - is somewhat undeservedly neglected in textbooks. In fact, it is more useful to explain the rule for spelling "not" with parts of speech or a complex sentence with several clauses. The rule about the use of punctuation marks when specifying members of a sentence has been pushed out, as it were, to the periphery of the Russian language. One can only guess why every year, in response to a question addressed to an applicant: “Why is there a comma here?”, examiners hear: “This is a clarification.” Moreover, applicants “tailor” this answer to individual definitions, circumstances, and, most often, applications. As for the independent written work of schoolchildren, there is particular success in highlighting the “clarifying” member of any level - from a homogeneous subject and object to circumstances and “words similar to introductory ones”. When analyzing such works, you constantly hear explanations: “This is a clarifying term.” The root of the errors lies in an unsteady understanding of the essence of the clarification, and even in the construction of our manuals, which are replete with examples from fiction, but do not teach the real Russian language.
So, first of all, it is necessary to determine what clarification is, how clarification differs from addition and explanation, which members of the sentence may serve as clarifying, connecting and explanatory.
“Clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one,” defines the “Handbook of Punctuation” edited by D. E. Rosenthal (Rozental D. E. Handbook of Punctuation. - M. AST, 1997, p. 79). (In another manual by a famous author (Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. - Ulyanovsk, Moscow, 1997, p. 239) clarifying members are words that “clarify the meaning of words”). But, in addition to this definition, in the text of the above manual we find homogeneous terms that “are in the nature of clarification”, and “clarifying remarks” in a group of homogeneous members, and an additional “clarifying meaning” of separate definitions; applications that clarify or qualify common nouns; revolutions with the meaning of clarification or accession. The very concept of “clarification”, “clarifying member” is blurred. A student studying a textbook either throws out a bunch of “unnecessary notes” from his memory, or extends the concept of “clarification” to any use of a double comma (after all, in each case of isolated terms, he reads about additional clarifying shades of meaning). It seems, why study several pages about isolating definitions if there is a magic word “clarification”?
Another problem is the examples given by the authors of the manuals. It is often almost impossible to see the difference in a “clarifying” and a simply isolated member. Compare: In the deep blue sky, the silver moon was melting. And about five minutes later it started to rain heavily. These are examples from different sections of the rule on isolating a single definition. Isolation in the first case is explained as follows: “carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to the subordinate part of a complex sentence” (Rozental D.E. Punctuation Handbook. - M. AST, 1997, p. 49), and in the second case – as having a clarifying meaning. Another example: Then Dasha was surprised by the “homegrown” nature of all this much-talked-about boldness. Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head. In the second example there is no clarifying meaning; in the first, from the author’s point of view, there was one. How can you tell the difference? I don’t know about you, but, in my opinion, most high school students should formulate the following rule: “Any member of a sentence that I, as a writer, want to highlight can be isolated, and this can be explained either as a special semantic load, or as its clarification". Another version of the rule, perhaps more dangerous for a schoolchild: “In every rule for non-isolation there is a special exception - the clarifying meaning requires isolation, so I will isolate just in case - in case I miss this clarifying meaning.”
The second formulation we came up with begins to work when completing tasks from the manuals. For example, several sentences are given in which it is necessary to place signs or indicate those where there are no signs. Compare: “Two years later, at the beginning of September, I had to visit these places again. One spring I heard in the aroma of the buds a fragrant conversation between birch and bird cherry . The next day, early in the morning, I went to Kosovo. By morning, still dark, they should be in place" (Tkachenko N.G. Tests on Russian grammar. Part 2. - M. Iris, 1998, ex. 89-91 ). Students must decide where to put signs and where not to. True, in the above-mentioned Rosenthal reference book it is stated that it is the will of the author to decide whether a member is drowning or not. But put yourself in the shoes of those testing their knowledge who did not guess the will of the author in the phrases he proposed from the works of the classics. Will they subsequently guess the will of the examiner? So schoolchildren begin to isolate everything and explain it by the clarifying nature of the secondary member or phrase.
As a result, we have the following extremely common mistakes in essays and presentations:
*These observations made by Belinsky are still relevant today.
*In his office in St. Petersburg, Onegin keeps various objects that he does not need.
*In Manilov’s office there was a dusty book, hidden on page 14.
*Once, while hunting, he managed to shoot a seasoned wolf.
In the practice of teaching the Russian language at preparatory courses and the preparatory department of Moscow State University, the author gave listeners similar examples as true and offered to explain the meaning of isolation. Applicants easily found explanations, the absurdity of which did not require comment: because they were made by Belinsky; precisely the one in St. Petersburg; exactly those that he does not need; dusty because it is blocked, that is, it is not readable; what happened during the hunt (it’s hard to imagine that you can kill a wolf during a ball!). But what leads children to search for such explanations is the need to explain the will of the authors, and not to place commas themselves.
It seems that the time has come to more accurately define the rule for separating qualifying members, without resorting to reforming spelling rules.
1. A member of a sentence will be considered clarifying if, located after its syntactic analogue, it will narrow the conveyed concept or limit it in some respect. In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application.
2. Circumstances of time can be expressed by pronominal words: then, then, now. In this case, the following circumstance of time is isolated, since it specifies the time of action - Then, in childhood, even ice cream seemed sweeter. The next day, March 15, the final test was scheduled.
The second circumstance of time can limit the time of the first, giving it more precise and narrow boundaries. Compare: Reception of visitors on Tuesdays and Fridays from 11 to 18.– in this case, both temporary circumstances indicate a wide time frame for the action. On Friday, from 11 to 11.30, there will be a distribution of coupons for free lunches. – time is limited very narrowly, which is noted both by the intonation of the sentence and by punctuation. Let us immediately note that in the first sentence we have the opportunity to indicate a narrowing of the boundaries of time - reception takes place only on Fridays, from 11 to 18. Sentences in which the second circumstance is isolated require a more careful attention to the exact time, and not just to the general time offers. Every morning from 7 to 10 I go to the gym. – in this phrase there is no clarification regarding the exact time, it is usually, this is the time most people associate with the concept of “morning”. Early in the morning, at the beginning of six, Masha runs around her house. The concept of “early morning” is quite vague - for some it is six hours, for others it is eight, so it needs to be clarified. At the very rush hour, at three o'clock in the afternoon, I was tightly stuck on Tverskaya.– unfortunately, the reality of our life is such that when we say “rush hour,” we specify its time. In big cities it sometimes lasts for a day.
The circumstance of time can more accurately describe the time of the action, giving it a more detailed and even figurative description: I first came to Paris in the spring, on a sunny and warm day. In winter, on a cold and dank evening, I had to walk for about an hour to get home.
The isolation of time circumstances in other cases depends on the will of the author and on the meaning that we want to give to the entire sentence: In the fall, in a thunderstorm, walking on this bridge is dangerous. The phrase can be interpreted approximately like this: during thunderstorms, walking on the bridge is dangerous, and the strongest and longest thunderstorms occur in the fall. When writing down someone else's text, you can hear the intonation emphasis of the clarifying member. The author does not recommend that schoolchildren create sentences where the clarifying meaning requires such a long interpretation, and, whenever possible, paraphrase it (“during autumn thunderstorms...”).
3. The circumstances of a place can also be expressed very vaguely: there, from there, everywhere. The circumstances of place following them will be clarifying - There, in Moscow, Tatyana found her destiny. From above, from the observation deck, the city seems to be painted.
Often the qualifying circumstance of a place will be the exact name of the locality in relation to the wider area - I lived then in Spain, in Barcelona. Every summer they vacation in Europe, in Austria. He received an apartment in the south of Moscow, in Troparevo.
Most circumstances of place are isolated or not depending on subjective, extralinguistic factors: In the yard, between the sandbox and the swing, there is a flowerbed.– By the presence of a clarifying member, we know exactly the picture of the yard. There was a checkpoint on the road ahead. – the speaker is also on the road.
4. The circumstances of the manner of action are specified, since they carry additional information about the manner of performing the action, and this information is of a more specific nature - She dressed sadly, like an old woman. Only then, in silence, could she work.
5. Definitions are separated if they have a more specific meaning than the definition being specified (agreed), which expresses the characteristic in its general form. Clarifying definitions most often include color, size, age - She was wearing a light, pale blue skirt. A young girl, about eighteen years old, entered the room.
Almost all manuals provide examples of clarifying definitions for the pronouns that, that, and such. Meanwhile, in the text of the rules for isolating definitions, it is noted that the attributive phrase after these words is closely adjacent to them in meaning and should not be isolated (see, for example, Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of Punctuation. P. 47). And although the authors of manuals always point out the possibility of isolation with a clarifying nature of the definition, it seems to us that when teaching practical literacy one could refuse to analyze such examples. Confused in discovering a clarifying or non-specifying meaning, the student makes more mistakes than would have appeared if he had learned only one rule. Examples of isolating definitions with demonstrative pronouns are found mainly in fiction, they depend entirely on the will of the author, and the use of such cases when writing essays and presentations by schoolchildren themselves is unlikely. In dictations, according to already established practice, the isolation of a clarifying definition with the named pronouns can be considered as an optional sign; non-isolation, in our opinion, is preferable.
6. Formal means of highlighting the clarifying member of a sentence are words more true, more precise, more likely, otherwise (when you can add “speaking” to them), moreover. These words stand alone; the clarifying term following them is not separated by commas. Thus, these words turn out to be introductory, which, in fact, is reflected in the manuals. In our opinion, duplicating them in the rule into clarifying terms leads to errors when the student begins to isolate the above words together with the sentence members that follow them:
His honesty, or rather, his truthfulness, did not give him the opportunity to be cunning. I immediately understood, or rather, felt my involvement in what was happening.
The word is rather not isolated in the meanings of “better to say”, “better”, “more willingly” - He was not pleased, but rather surprised by her comment. She would rather agree to quit, but not comply with the boss’s absurd demand.
Let us give as an example a text on which we can consider different cases of isolating clarifying members:
Typically, institutions are open on holidays from 10.00 to 15.00. No one, or rather, most people, would prefer not to work at all on such days, because they need to clean up the house, prepare a festive dinner, and, moreover, get themselves in order. At the main office of the Whole World company on December 31, a young unmarried secretary was on duty, (the comma is optional, given the end of the sentence, you can use a dash or do without punctuation) Lidochka Sergeeva. She had to send confirmations for the arrival of groups of our tourists in warm countries, Spain and Greece, to celebrate the holiday under the hot rays of the sun. There, at the resort, celebrating the New Year was supposed to be a special, unforgettable (can be either a homogeneous member of the sentence or a clarifying) holiday for someone. Lidochka visited Spain in the spring, in May, and now, in the midst of a cold winter, she recalled this trip with pleasure. Today the girl sent faxes without the usual envy, with pity. For a week now, since December 23, news programs have been reporting about unprecedented cold snaps in Europe, especially in Athens and Barcelona. From here, from frozen Moscow, their minus one seems funny, but they, poor fellows, (especially the application with the personal pronoun) are probably sad.
The door slammed and Lida’s friend, Katya Petrova, a girl of about twenty-five, entered the room. On the occasion of the holiday, she was in an elegant light blue dress. She usually dressed business-like, faded and gray. From the threshold, Katya began noisily, loudly and shrilly, telling something funny about her work colleagues. Lida frowned: she could only work in silence, calmly and without distraction, and did not like to participate in these stupid and meaningless (in this case, it is possible to isolate definitions after “these” as an author’s sign, the rules allow this) conversations. Therefore, Lidochka interrupted her friend and turned the conversation to the problems of Europe, or rather its southern countries.
Half an hour later, at about noon, Lida, with the help of Katyusha, finished sending faxes and joined the noisy, young and cheerful crowd of her colleagues. The work for today has come to an end and the employees of the travel company have begun to jointly celebrate a joyful, fun and beloved holiday.
The above text shows some typical cases of using clarifying members of a sentence in speech. But no less important will be the work of analyzing the writers’ own mistakes. The tendency of some to excessively highlight the circumstances of time, others - the mode of action, the failure to distinguish between a group of homogeneous members and the clarifying and clarifying member should be the subject of attention of teachers, school teachers and teachers of various preparatory courses. Work on such errors should be based on the creation of individual tasks, and not texts from fiction, in which the student is faced with the need not only to apply the rule of punctuation, but also to “guess” the individual will of the author.
Now let's move on to looking at the rules for highlighting the explanatory parts of the sentence.Explanation is the designation of the same concept in different words. Almost any member of a sentence and even an entire sentence can be explanatory. To introduce an explanatory member, coordinating explanatory conjunctions are used, namely, precisely, that is, or (= that is). If these conjunctions are not used in a sentence, they can be inserted. An explanatory clause is set off by a comma, but can be set off by a dash, especially if it is at the end of a sentence.
Basic Rule: the explanatory member of the sentence is highlighted by commas on both sides along with the explanatory conjunction. The explanatory member itself is not separated from the union.– Next week, that is, from the seventh to the thirteenth of March, I will be busy preparing for the conference. His new apartment, namely a two-level 150-meter apartment, was the envy of all his acquaintances. Between the explanatory conjunction and the explanatory member itself there may be introductory words and introductory constructions - His cousin, or, to be precise, second cousin, is the president of a large real estate company.
The appendix often has explanatory meaning. Firstly, it can be a proper name with a common noun, if before the name without changing the meaning you can insert namely, that is, and his name is - His youngest daughter, Larisa, differed from her peers in her quiet and calm character. In this case, punctuation often depends on the meaning being conveyed. For example, in the above example, it is acceptable to assume that the listener/reader is receiving information about someone’s daughter for the first time or does not clearly remember her name. Or - She went to visit her sister Larisa.- we can assume that she has several sisters and it is important for the speaker to indicate the choice of one. If there is only one sister, we will clarify her name and add a comma. Secondly, applications become clarifying in cases where participants in speech or objects of speech are more accurately named, and the word being defined is more general in nature - Both father and son were fond of fishing.
A sentence may have an explanatory member introduced without an explanatory conjunction (it can be inserted without changing the meaning). The punctuation in this case remains the same. – For this room, other wallpapers, light and with small stripes, would be more suitable than these, red and with flowers..
If an explanatory member is introduced without using a conjunction, but is at the end of a sentence, a dash can be used - He wanted one thing - to eat. He had only one dream - to see his hometown at least once again. He spent more time completing the order than the customers allocated to him - three months.
If the whole sentence turns out to be explanatory, and the conjunction “namely” is in front of it, then a colon can be used after the conjunction - When doing homework, one circumstance should be taken into account, namely: the work should be formatted strictly in accordance with the exam requirements.
Possible difficulties with punctuation with explanatory terms are associated with the following:
When using the conjunction “or,” one should distinguish between cases of its use as an explanatory conjunction (meaning “that is”) and as a disjunctive conjunction (“or”). – The addition of a prefix or prefix does not affect the change in the partial affiliation of the word. – here “or” is used in the meaning “that is”, introduces an explanatory member and is isolated along with it. Attaching a suffix or a suffix together with a prefix often changes a word's part of speech. – here “or” is used in a disjunctive sense. Compare also: The pocket edition of the book, or pocket book, is in high demand due to its relatively low price. Publishers have not yet decided whether to publish a pocket or regular book format.
Explanatory definitions are separated from the word being defined, but a comma is not placed after them (that is, they are not isolated) – The poem "Dead Souls" shows the negative, terrible and ugly sides of Russian reality. Memories of the old, broken car no longer bothered him.
Exercise . Place punctuation using the rules outlined above.
The fourth and last part of the novel “War and Peace” turns out to be unread by almost all schoolchildren.
Nectarines or a hybrid of peach and apricot are an artificially bred fruit.
There were always nectarines or peaches on the table, because these were Katya's favorite fruits.
His house was considered elite, namely, on the ground floor there was a swimming pool and a gym, in the courtyard there was a guarded parking lot only for residents and guests, and each apartment had a winter garden.
Since childhood, namely from the age of 11, he had a single dream of becoming a great hockey player, and then an Olympic champion.
His dacha plot of ten acres, a tiny house and a bathhouse he built himself were the annual gathering place for all his friends.
Figure skiing or freestyle skiing is one of the most difficult, but at the same time very beautiful sports.
This year, enrollment has been announced for groups wishing to study Korean or Thai, as well as Persian or Farsi.
Either he decided that she would not come and decided not to meet with him again, or he was simply offended, but Ivan left the meeting place without waiting for the girl.
The connecting members of the proposal are those members that contain additional clarifications or comments. They are introduced in the middle or at the end of a sentence and separated by commas, although a dash may be used. Usually the connecting member is introduced by the words even, especially, especially, for example, in particular, moreover, and (= and moreover), and, and in general, and only, including...
Basic rule:the connecting clause and the connecting clause are separated by commas together with the word introducing this connecting phrase. – Everyone, especially first-year students, went to his lectures to look at the first handsome man of the faculty. He always read, even ruined his eyesight, but he was absolutely unable to tell what he read about. His classmates laughed at him, and rightly so. His apartment was small, and, moreover, very shabby and in a non-prestigious area, so he was embarrassed to invite his friends there.
In order to isolate the connecting member (select it from both sides), it is often necessary to consider the entire structure of the sentence. We isolate the connecting member if its removal does not violate the general structure of the sentence, and we do not separate it if the removal of the connecting member violates the structure of the entire sentence - In this novel, and in the previous one, the writer managed to create a surprisingly accurate image of our contemporary.– in this example, the removal of the connecting member will not disrupt the structure of the sentence. In this, and in the two previous novels, the main character was police major Petrova. – when the connecting member is removed, the structure is disrupted – “in this... novels.”
A whole sentence can act as a connecting member: I didn't like going to school, and none of my friends were eager to learn..
By the way, the conjunction “yes and” should be treated very carefully. It can act not only in a connecting meaning, but also as a connecting one (= “and”) – He went into the forest and got lost.– in this case, a comma is not placed before the conjunction. “Yes and” can be part of the construction “took and did”, which is a single predicate, therefore there is no comma inside the construction - After arguing with his friends, Vasya ate the toadstool. A stable combination, without a comma inside, is the construction “no, no, yes and” - Pavel no, no, and he remembered his quiet life at home.
Exercise. Place the missing characters using the following rule:
All my classmates, especially Katya, are rooting for me.
I didn’t want to see her and there was no need for us to meet again.
You have extensive experience working with children, especially with little ones, which is why we recommended you.
In mine and in two neighboring apartments, after a major renovation of our house, the plaster fell from the ceiling.
The most experienced athletes, including veterans, volunteered to help organize a children's sports camp.
I fell and it hurt so much that I cried.
During the week of my absence, the floor of the window sills and indeed all the free surfaces in the room were covered with dust.
In my yard and in the neighboring one, hooligans broke all the benches.
Our athletes, mainly skiers, will be our hope at the upcoming Olympics.
Out of boredom, I took it and entered the competition but unexpectedly won.
Task 2.
In the proposed text there are isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, clarifying, connecting and explanatory members. Place the missing signs and explain them.
In a large clearing cleared of trees, the hare and the fox built two houses at the beginning of a long and cold winter, especially for forest animals. Everyone, of course, was surprised by such a strange neighborhood, but the hare and the fox, meeting each other every day, as a result, even became friends, or rather, learned not to quarrel. Of course, the fox would not mind having dinner with a bunny that settled nearby, but for the time being she tried to restrain her predatory instinct. In the mornings from seven to nine, the neighbors were busy clearing the area around the houses, removing the snow that had piled up overnight, after which the hare snacked on crunchy carrots stored since the fall, and the fox, probably sniffing the pleasant smell of a young hare, ran to steal rabbits in a village located a mile or one and a half kilometers from the forest edge . There in the village, a fox sometimes managed, despite all the precautions taken by the housewives, to grab a chicken for lunch. The fox only calmed down after swallowing its prey and, having had its fill, went to its neighbor to chat. Satisfied with the food, she did not even notice that her tomorrow's lunch was possible in front of her. So the evening flew by unnoticed while talking and the fox and the hare, two sworn forest enemies, managed to finally become friends.
Now, having finished the exposition, we should move on to the characterization of the main characters of the story, that is, the hare and the fox. The hare was a serious and positive animal. He built his hut from mostly pine boards received from beavers for help provided during logging. A strong and durable hut was supposed to stand for more than one year, and besides, starting in the spring, the hare was going to begin expanding it. While hatching plans for marriage, the hare could not help but understand the need to have a warm house, especially during the cold season. Therefore, he worked tirelessly all winter, distracted only by lunch and nightly conversations with the fox. By the way, while talking with the fox, the hare was thinking about the time when small and fluffy bunnies would run around the clearing and hoped that a friendly and warm relationship with his neighbor would help him protect his unborn children.
Now let's talk about the neighbor, that is, the fox. The red-haired sly woman, as her acquaintances called her, built her relationship with her neighbor on completely different grounds. The fact is that, having decided to save on building materials, the fox built her house from the most fragile material, that is, from ice. The animals laughed at the cunning but still stupid fox, and rightly so. Everyone immediately started talking with one voice about the upcoming global warming and began to take bets, mostly “on bunnies” when the house begins to melt. But not understanding the reasons for the giggling of the forest inhabitants, the fox repeated only one thing, namely: “The hare’s hut is dark, but my fox’s hut is light.” Although now, at the beginning of March, it became clear to even the stupid little fox that he needed to be friends with his neighbor. Therefore, the fox began to use every evening free from her personal affairs and meetings with her fox friends to establish good, almost family-like relationships with the hare.
Calmed by the imaginary friendliness of the neighbor, the hare lived calmly until the arrival of real spring. In one such short week, the snow melted and with it came the inevitable and even predictable end to the fox’s house built of light, marbled ice. She, being cruel, did not do anything special and, moreover, it was pointless to ask to go to the houses of her even her closest friends. Having just come in one evening to chat with a neighbor, the fox did not talk about her mostly fictitious problems, did not ask about the romantic and sentimental plans for the hare’s life, but simply had a delicious dinner and at the same time privatized the comfortable house built with the expectation of a large family of the unfortunate victim of her predatory plans.
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Theoretical information
1. Clarifying members of the sentence they clarify, specify, explain, narrow the meanings of different members of the sentence - main and secondary - and, as a rule, are isolated.
For example: Tower was high - at least thirty meters.
(K. Paustovsky) Long, several miles , the shadow lay from the mountains on the steppe.(L. Tolstoy)
1) Most often, clarification is required by the circumstances of place and time, since they can be indicated in a sentence very generally and vaguely by such words as: there, there, from there, in front, behind, everywhere, everywhere, then, then, now and so on.
It is precisely such general indications of space and time that usually require specification and a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one. From the specified member of the sentence to the clarifying one, you can ask a question with the word exactly:
For example: There, ( where exactly? ) behind the quiet river , there is a high mountain (A. Pushkin).
2) Clarifying members with the meaning of explanation call concepts already designated in the sentence in other words and are usually joined with the words : that is, exactly, namely,or(=that is). Such sentence members are sometimes called explanatory .
For example: From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves . (S. Aksakov)
2. Connecting members of the sentence contain additional messages to the main statement that arise in the process of communication as a passing comment.
Often such sentence members are joined using connecting conjunctions ( yes and, yes and that, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and moreover, too, also) or particles and combinations of words ( even, especially, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and therefore, and only, and in general and etc.).
For example: All, including a funny bouncing guy , reached for the window. (A. Chekhov) Big, also square , the window looked out onto the garden.(S. Zalygin) At night especially in a thunderstorm , the faces of the images constantly lit up in the hall, the trembling pink-golden sky opened and swung open over the garden. (I. Bunin)
3. Clarifying and connecting members of the sentence can be separated not only by commas, but also by dashes and parentheses.
For example: We have fulfilled the duty of the guests - told city news - and spent the night with the Cossack.(K. Paustovsky) Rich deposits of selenite (types of gypsum ) are available in the Urals. Suddenly, interrupting his memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared before her - and also with the river .
4. Not separated by commas clarifying members of sentences with wordsor rather, more precisely, sooner. However, these words themselves are used as introductory words and are therefore separated by commas on both sides.
For example: His kindness more precisely , his generosity touched me. I I'll fix it or rather , I'll clarify article material. We heard his voice quicker , whisper and became silent.
5. Clarifying and connecting syntactic constructions are pronounced with a special emphatic intonation (intonation of clarification): with pauses and lowering of the voice. In this case, words with which such constructions are associated are highlighted with logical stress with a raised voice.
For example: There, II on the horizon ,// a pale pink strip of light glowed.(M. Gorky)