Reflexive and non-reflexive forms of the verb. I and II verb conjugations

Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them talk about the same situation, for example: something is black in the distance and something is black in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what a non-reflexive verb means and what it looks like “in life” by noting that the verbs reflexive and non-reflexive mean completely different moments.

The division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive has developed in the Russian language completely regardless of their division into transitive and intransitive, voicing and non-vocal. It does not coincide with either one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sia represents the intransitivity of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide voice correlation.

Putting on shoes, dressing, swimming(action is directed towards oneself);
See each other, hug, quarrel(reciprocal action that is performed by several subjects in relation to each other);
Happy, sad, upset(physical or mental state of the subject);
The fabric wrinkles, the cat scratches, the nettle stings(constant property, quality of the subject);
Build, tidy up, get some money(indirect reciprocal action performed by the subject in his own interests);
I wish it was getting dark(impersonal action).

Reflexivity of verbs– a grammatical category of verbs, indicating the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya/-sya, as well as by shades of meaning.

Reflexive and irreflexive verbs

The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive was established in the Russian language without regard to the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix –sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and voice correlation is provided only by the reflexive forms of the verb.

The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scientists define the content of this category differently, and therefore resolve the issue of the number of voices differently: some count up to 17 voices, others deny the presence of voices altogether.

What are reflexive and non-reflexive verbs

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. This is their common grammatical property. Therefore, like other intransitive verbs (irreflexive), they cannot control the accusative case of nouns with the meaning of a direct object and do not form passive participles.

Contents What is reflexivity of verbs. Reflexive verbs Shades of the meaning of reflexive verbs Formation of reflexive verbs Non-reflexive verbs Test What is reflexivity of verbs. Reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category of verbs that indicates the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in the Russian language are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya/-sya, as well as in shades of meaning.

Returnable and non-returnable forms- 1. Options like the sail is whitening in the distance - the sail is whitening in the distance (with reflexive and non-reflexive forms of the verb, which have the same meaning “to be visible by its color, to stand out with it”) differ in that in the reflexive verb the indicated feature ... ... Reference book on spelling and stylistics

Participle forms- 1. Of the options wandering - wandering, acquiring - acquiring, dragging - dragging, the first is used in book speech, the second - in colloquial speech. 2. Unprefixed verbs with a suffix like go out, get wet, dry (see § 172... ... Reference book on spelling and style

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian

What is the correct word for firefighter or firefighter? In modern Russian, the words firefighter and fireman, denoting a firefighter, are synonymous. The adjective fireman is derived from the noun fire. The word firefighter means a squad, a signal, a hose - everything that relates to extinguishing fires.

How do you spell the word nostalgic? The spelling of unstressed vowels in the word nostalgia should be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary. The verb to nostalgia has a number of unstressed vowels at the root of the word. The suffix of the verb is stressed: In its formation, this verb went through a number of stages: nostalgia - nostalgia - nostalgia.

What are significant parts and how to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb

Let's figure out what the significant parts of verbs are? It's simple, these are all the morphemes that make it up. One of these important parts of any verb will be suffixes: SYA, SY, T, CH, L; as well as basics: infinitive, present tense. (Splash - toil, SAT - crowded, DRINK - cry, LIE - flow, Puffed - licked; talk - speak, spit - spit - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - ricej - the basis of the present tense).

Two words are given: run and walk. We produce analysis by composition. 1st chapter: beige - root; -at – ending, suffixes Сь and СЯ out of stock. 2nd chapter: pro- – prefix; rumble-root; -yat – ending; -sya is a postfix (which indicates recurrence). Also, all non-reflexives are both transitive and intransitive, while their “brothers” are only intransitive.

What is non-refundable and refundable?

Since the new amendments came into force, passengers have become acquainted with a new term - “non-refundable tickets”, for which prices have been reduced (approx. - on domestic routes) by almost ¼. You will not be able to return such a ticket before departure - after all, most likely, the airline simply will not have time to sell it, which means an empty seat on the plane and losses for the carrier.

Life doesn't always go according to plan. There are often cases when she makes her own adjustments to planned events, and even hits her pocket. For example, when you have to cancel a flight with non-refundable tickets in hand. On the one hand, such tickets are much more profitable, on the other hand, it is impossible to return them in case of “force majeure”.

Morphology of the Russian literary language*

Depending on the presence or absence of verbs with grammatical features indicating the intransitivity of the process, verbs in the Russian language are divided into two categories: reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. In other words, the division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive is determined by whether or not the form of the verb itself indicates that the process it denotes is not reversed, is not directed towards a direct object, which is expressed by nouns in wine. pad. without pretext.

Passive meaning denoting that the action is directed by some actor to an object defined by the verb, which is thus the object of the action. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are used mainly with inanimate nouns, and the character in this case is expressed by animate nouns in the instrumental case: a house is painted by painters, a locomotive is driven by a driver, a problem is solved by students, a model is designed by engineers etc. It should be noted, however, that this kind of phrases with the instrumental case of the character are rather artificial book formations and are relatively little used. It is more common to use reflexive verbs in the passive meaning without indicating the producer of the action, in abstraction from it: Soon the fairy tale will tell, but not soon the deed will be done, The floors are washed once a week, New cities are built etc., but in this case the passive meaning is not so clearly identified and may be completely lost, cf.: The problem is solved by students And The problem is being solved(can be resolved) Linen is washed by a laundress And Linen is not washed well(does not become clean, white), etc.

What you need to know about refundable and non-refundable air tickets

The cost of return tickets is always higher. For example, to book a flight from Moscow to Rome on August 11 at Aeroflot at a non-refundable fare, you will have to pay 14,890 rubles. For comparison, the airline has two return fares - “Economy Optimum” costing 18,155 rubles (and 70 euros will be charged for the return) and “Economy Premium” costing 22,640 rubles (in this case, return and exchange will be free).

After the changes came into effect, so-called non-refundable tickets were introduced into the Air Code. The authorities believed that innovations would create favorable conditions for the development of low-cost airlines in Russia. However, all carriers have made the cheapest air tickets non-refundable. In addition, fares on the market have become more flexible - not only non-refundable and non-exchangeable tickets have appeared, but also those providing for flights without luggage. As a result, flying to domestic destinations has become approximately 25% cheaper.

Non-refundable verbs are verbs without the postfix –sya; returnable– verbs with the postfix –sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs ( wash + xia (“yourself”) = wash).

All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:

irreflexive verbs,

from which returns are formed

non-refundable

returnable

a) wash + wash

build + xia education return

different forms

meet + xia

b) turn white + xia

darken + xia – morphological synonyms

c) look - look enough verbs

work - get enough SD

d) write - impersonal is not written

sleep - can't sleep verbs

reply

lunch

fight

laugh

balk

Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in the Russian language can perform several functions:

Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, whiten);

Form reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning ( forgive - say goodbye, finish - achieve).

It should be noted that some verbs in –sya have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to deprive - to deprive oneself, to cover oneself - to cover oneself).

Pledge category

In Russian linguistics there are the following definitions of voice:

1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);

2) voices are those verbal forms that denote a difference in the relationship of the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, a refundable deposit can be allocated ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) – Aksakov, Fortunatov;

3) pledge is the relation of action to object (Buslaev, Shapiro);

4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);

5) deposit – is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).

In all of the above definitions of collateral there is a common criterion - the relation of the action to the subject and object. This feature is, indeed, important in voice content, since voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of an action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively occurring processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of action.

The mother (subject) washes (action) the child (object).

The child (subject, object) washes himself (action).

But in the Russian language there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:

Clouds (subject) float quietly across the sky.

Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:

1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);

2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).

The verbs of the Russian language contain some morphological inconstant and constant features. One of them includes reflexive and non-reflexive types of verbs. Non-reflexive verbs, as well as reflexive ones, carry the presence or absence of special reflexive word-forming postfixes - -сь and -ся. Let's try to figure out what it is and how such verbs are used.

Reflexivity of verbs

The reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category that will indicate the direction or non-direction of a certain state defined by this verb, or an action on some subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms, which differ in the presence or absence of postfixes -s and -sya (reflexive).

What constitutes reflexivity in verbs can be seen in the following examples: The boy washed himself and got ready. The man got into a conversation with a friend (these are examples of reflexive verbs).

The puppy played with the ball and ran off to the playground. It was raining in the evening (this is a non-reflexive form of the verb). This is how you need to distinguish them.

A couple of useful words

Let us briefly remind you once again that understanding how to define a non-reflexive verb is not particularly difficult. It can be transitive and intransitive, it can mean a certain action that is aimed at a subject (assembling a puzzle, reading a book), a state, a certain position in space, a multidirectional action, and the like (dreaming, sitting, thinking). Irreflexive verbs do not include the postfix -сь and -ся.

Shades of meaning

Reflexive verbs are capable of expressing an action that will be directed at a specific subject (at someone doing something, at a speaker, at a looker, and so on).

It seems possible to discuss reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian endlessly. Here are examples of reflexive verbs with completely different shades of meaning:

To be happy, upset, sad (denotes the mental or physical state of a certain subject);

The dress wrinkles, the dog bites, the nettle branch burns (shows a permanent quality or property of the subject);

Dress, eat, put on shoes, bathe (the action of the verbs is directed exclusively at oneself);

I want, I wish, it gets dark (impersonal action is shown here);

Hugging, quarreling, seeing each other (a reciprocal action performed by several people in their relationship to each other);

Clean up, line up, get some money (an action of an indirect reciprocal nature, which is performed by the subject solely in his own interests).

Unforgettable suffixes for reflexive verbs

Let's figure out what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means.

Verbs in the reflexive form have suffixes:

Xia - maybe, both after consonants (take, surround, and the like), and after endings (teach - learn, dries - dries, and the like));

S will come after vowels (lowered, drawn, unseen, and so on).

In the process of forming reflexive verbs, not only suffixes are of great importance, but also prefixes (read - read a lot, drink - get drunk). In addition, among the verbs of this type there are non-derivatives. They are the ones that under no circumstances are used without the suffixes -sya and -sya (to laugh, to fight, to please).

Since pronouns in the accusative case and nouns are never used after reflexive verbs, they are all classified as intransitive.

No suffixes

Non-reflexive verbs in Russian do not have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be either intransitive (create, breathe, play) or transitive (speak, draw).

An important point: many reflexive verbs can be formed from non-reflexive ones, for example, cook - prepare.

Based on the above, you need to understand that in order to determine what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means and exactly what type it belongs to, you need to find a suffix that helped in education. If the suffixes -sya (-sya) are present in words, then these are reflexive verbs. If they are not present, then non-reflexive verbs.

Situations marked in verbs

So, we already know that reflexive verbs have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be both non-derivative (for example, laugh) and formed from transitive and intransitive verbs (to wash - to wash).

A good example is the following: washing - a situation in which there are two participants (a mother washes her daughter) and washing - a situation in which there is only one participant (the girl is washing); Petya hit Vanya. Petya and Vanya hit a large stone (in both cases we are talking about two boys, but the situations in which they are direct participants are completely different).

Here we can say that the components of meaning themselves, which are introduced into the word by the postfixes -sya and -sya, are word-forming.

What can you find in grammars?

And the following information is noted there (we are talking about several meanings):

The meaning is mid-reflexive - to have fun, get angry, get scared, rejoice;

The meaning is active-non-objective - bite, butt, swear (use ;

The meaning is reciprocal - quarrel, make up, meet, hug, kiss;

The meaning is proper-reflexive - to dress, put on shoes, meet, powder;

The meaning is passive-reflexive - to be remembered, to be remembered;

The meaning is indirectly returnable - to gather, stock up, pack, pack;

The meaning is passive-qualitative - to be introduced, to be remembered.

A reflexive verb can be formed by using -sya as a help, which will be combined with other morphemes (wink, run up).

It is with the voice that reflexivity will be associated (that is, in the case in which the voice is defined at the morpheme level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs will be combined into a voice, which is called reflexive-medial).

The intransitive sign is an affix. Combinations such as I’m afraid of dad, I obey my older brother, which can be found in the Russian language, are few and non-normative.

Without rules - nowhere

Let's return to what a non-reflexive verb is. The rule says that without a postfix -sya. But in return ones this postfix is present. It has long been the case that the appearance of reflexive verbs was associated with the pronoun -sya. True, initially it was attached exclusively to transitive verbs (for example, bathe + xia (that is, oneself) = bathe).

The variety of verbs in the Russian language is divided into different groups.

Non-reflexive verbs from which reflexive verbs are formed - build + sya; meet + xia; write - can't write, sleep - can't sleep.

Non-reflexive verbs - have dinner, answer.

Reflexive verbs - laugh, fight, resist.

From the information provided we can conclude: the postfix -sya in Russian can perform different functions:

Prepare reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning (forgive - say goodbye);

Form the reflexive form of verbs (whiten).

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some verbs in -sya have a synonymous reflexive combination (to cover oneself - to cover oneself).

In conclusion

Let's talk a little more about verbs and summarize the productive conversation.

Verbs are words that define the meaning of a process, that is, capable of expressing the signs they designate as a certain action (say, read, write), state (sit, jump) or becoming (aging).

In addition to syntactic conjugation forms, verbs have non-syntactic reflexive and non-reflexive forms and aspect forms. By the way non-syntactic formal meanings are expressed with their help, verbs can be divided into grammatical categories, which are in some relation to each other.

The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive depends on how much the grammatically intransitive meaning of the process is expressed or, conversely, not expressed in them.

Reflexive verbs are verbs that contain grammatically expressed intransitivity. In other words, they perfectly show that the process they express can be addressed to a direct object, which is represented by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. An example would be the words - get angry, meet, wash, knock, get dressed.

Irreflexive verbs have some difference: they do not have any indication of the intransitiveness of the process. That is why they can be transitive: dressing (daughter), making people angry (parents), welcoming (guests), and intransitive: banging, knocking.

Reflexive verb

Verb with the affix -sya (-еъ). The scope of the concept “reflexive verb” and the related concept “reflexive form of the verb” is presented differently in theoretical studies and in educational literature. In some works (“Morphology of the modern Russian language” by I. G. Golanov, school textbooks), all verbs with an affix (particle, suffix) -sya are called reflexive verbs, regardless of their origin and collateral meaning: formations from transitive verbs (to wash, be upset, hug, etc., where -sya is considered as a formative affix), from intransitive verbs (cry, take a walk, wake up, walk, etc., where -sya is a word-forming affix) and verbs that do not exist without -sya used (to be afraid, to be proud, to climb, to hope, to wake up, to laugh, to crowd, etc.). In other works (academic “Grammar of the Russian Language”), reflexive verbs ы are reflexive verbs, in contrast to which verbs with the affix -sya, which do not express a voice meaning, are called reflexive forms of the verb a; The latter include formations from intransitive verbs (threaten, call, knock, etc.) and verbs that are not used without -sya ( cm. higher). In third works (university textbook “Modern Russian Language,” Part II), reflexive verbs are considered independent lexical formations in which the affix -sya performs a word-formation function (fidget, give out, lean against, call to one another, tidy up, hurt yourself, cry, knock, etc.). etc., be proud, hope, laugh, etc.), and reflexive forms of the verb are formations in which the affix -sya performs a formative function: these are forms of the passive voice that retain lexical-semantic identity with transitive verbs (the window is washed by the worker, the streets landscaping by Komsomol members, etc.). The difference in the interpretation of the terms “reflexive verb” and “reflexive form of the verb” is associated with a different understanding of the category of voice ( cm. voice of the verb.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “reflexive verb” is in other dictionaries:

RETURNABLE, oh, oh. 1. Same as reverse (1 digit) (obsolete). Let's hit the road. 2. Renewing, sometimes arising again. V. typhus (an acute infectious disease that occurs in the form of attacks). 3. In grammar: 1) a reflexive verb denoting... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (gram.) see Reflexive verb... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (reflexive | réfléchi | reflexiv | reflexive | riflessivo) Containing a return to the subject of the action. A reflexive verb (verbe réfléchi) means that the action coming from the subject returns to it again (French je me baigne “I am bathing”) ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

RETURN, return something to where or to whom, turn, turn back, give back, back; send home, put or put in its original place. Get your health back, your money, get back what you lost, get it back for yourself. Come back,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Reflexive pronouns are a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses the direction of action on the person producing it. Group... ... Wikipedia

In our language there are a huge number of words, which, in turn, consist of morphemes. Each of these bricks carries special information, which we sometimes don’t even think about. This article will allow you to decipher some linguistic codes by analyzing small parts of words called postfixes. The rule, the main elements of which will be these morphemes, will allow us to determine whether we have a reflexive or non-reflexive one.

In contact with

What is a verb

The verb in is one of the significant parts of speech, denoting the action or state of an object. Verb can vary according to tenses, persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Also, verbs can be defined repayment, transitivity, voice, gender (past tense). In a sentence, the verb is associated with the subject and acts as a predicate.

What are verbs made of?

Let's figure out what the significant parts of verbs are? It's simple, these are all the morphemes that make it up. One of these important parts of any verb will be suffixes: SYA, SY, T, CH, L; as well as the basics: , present tense. (Splash - toil, SAT - crowded, DRINK - cry, LIE - flow, Puffed - licked; talk - speak, spit - spit - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - ricej - the basis of the present tense).

Based on this, you should understand what reflexive verbs are. These are those that contain the postfix SY. Absence of this morpheme speaks of irrevocability.

Important! It is easy to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb; it is enough to disassemble it by composition and trace the presence of the above element. This rule allows us to distinguish this feature of this part of speech.

How to determine in practice repayment and non-refundability

Conclusion: 1st – non-refundable, 2nd – returnable.

All reflexive suffixes have certain shades of meaning:

Washing, shaving, getting dressed, wiping yourself, admiring, being ashamed - the action is directed towards oneself.
Fighting, calling names, hugging are performed by several subjects in relation to each other.
To be upset, to be happy, to sulk, to laugh is a psycho-emotional state.
The nettle stings, the cat scratches, the flower blooms - constant action.
Cleaning up, getting some money - actions done in one’s favor.
The door opened, water spilled - an event that happened on its own.

More often reflexive verb– derived from irrevocable (to wash – to wash).

Important! It is necessary to distinguish from reflexive verbs verb forms with the passive (The wallpaper is chosen by the buyer. The doors are closed with a key.) and impersonal meaning (It’s getting dark. It’s frowning. The weather will clear up.).

Features of the use of the key morpheme:

SY- is added to the base of the verb, which ends in a consonant (washed, itched, caught fire, hoped, overate, shit yourself, drank too much, got dressed, dressed up);
S- joins a stem ending in a vowel (unraveled, trampled, combed, became familiar, disappeared, put on makeup, cheered up, fledged, hesitated).

Variants of use within a literary text

Let's look at sentences with reflexive verbs using specific examples.

It's getting dark (no return). The reeds are spiking (return) on the pond, the ducks have begun a roll call, anticipating twilight. The river surface lies (return) like an even glass canopy over the entire visible space, close (return) to the banks.

Slowly a small boat moored (non-return) to the wooden bridge, knocking (return) barely audibly against its bow, barely protruding from the water.

The bittern begins to hoarsely (non-return) scream (non-return) in a distant swamp, as if he is not feeling well today (impersonal form). The bloody streak of the setting sun has already turned red (non-return) in the sky, which is about to disappear (return) from the human world and will bask (return) all night in the coolness of the curly clouds.

Between the branches, roots, swaying blades of grass, fog seeps (return.) enveloping everything and everyone that its timid hand touches (return.) with a veil of coolness and enchanting smoky bliss.

A herd of horses is driven (passive form) from the pastures before dawn. In the tangled manes of free animals, bells and daisies, which inadvertently found themselves (return) under their hooves, live out (unreturned) the last seconds of their lives.

The last cry of the rooster ends (non-return.) the reign of the past day, and the first star lights up (return.) in the sky, the cries of an owl, the chirping of grasshoppers and the quiet purring of a cat who sleeps (non-return.) by the stove are heard. And with the arrival of the first rays of sunshine in this world, everything is covered with (irrevocable) awe, in every living being, an (returnable) irresistible desire for life lights up.

And there is (non-return) in all this confusion a special charm, that you are also a direct participant in all this action.

Verb definition. Reflexive/non-reflexive verbs. Grammatical meaning of the verb

Russian lessons Reflexive form of the verb

Conclusion

Often, having mastered a theory, a person cannot easily apply it for practical purposes. Now you know how to determine reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. It is for this purpose that the article provides a number of examples of both single words and entire syntactic structures related to the topic of study “Reflexive and non-reflexive verb”. Offers with reflexive verbs, placed as a separate block, can be an excellent option practical task one of the thematic works in both high school and secondary school.