Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal (December 19, 1900, Lodz, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire - July 29, 1994, Moscow, Russian Federation) - Soviet and Russian linguist, author of numerous works on the Russian language.

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (1952), Professor (1962).

Dietmar Rosenthal was born in Lodz (Poland) into a Jewish family. In his early youth he lived in Berlin, where his father worked. In Moscow - since 1914. Until 1918 he studied at the 15th Moscow (Warsaw) gymnasium. Since 1918 - at Moscow University (graduated in 1923 with a degree in Italian), the Karl Marx Institute of National Economy (graduated in 1924); then - at RASION (1924-1926; graduate student, researcher).

From 1922 to 1923 he taught in secondary school, and from 1923 in high school (Workers' Faculty named after Artyom, 1923-1936). Further places of work - philological faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, since 1927; Moscow Printing Institute, 1940-1962; Faculty of Journalism. Professor, head of the Department of Stylistics of the Russian Language, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University in 1962-1986. For a long time he led the faculty group of television and radio announcers of the USSR.

Rosenthal created a textbook of the Italian language for universities, Russian-Italian and Italian-Russian dictionaries; translated works of Italian writers into Russian.

Rosenthal was not an academic specialist in the linguistics of the Russian language; the degree of Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences was awarded to him honoris causa for a textbook of the Italian language. Nevertheless, he is considered the founder (together with Professor K.I. Bylinsky) of practical stylistics, one of the main developers and interpreters of the rules of modern Russian spelling.

Author of more than 150 textbooks (published since 1925), manuals, reference books, dictionaries, popular books, as well as research works on the Russian language, speech culture, stylistics, spelling, linguodidactics.

Books signed with the name of D.E. Rosenthal, continue to be published in revised editions.

Russian language was not for D.E. Rosenthal's family: he spoke German with his father, and Polish with his mother and brother. In total, he knew about twelve languages, including Italian, Latin, Greek, English, French, and Swedish.

Books (12)

The book, in an accessible and entertaining form, tells schoolchildren about the expressive means of the Russian language, revealing the secrets of using words, their compatibility, rules and subtleties of using grammatical forms. For high school students.

When there is a breakdown of social structures, legal consciousness, culture, intellectual and spiritual life of society, language finds itself at the epicenter of all these upheavals. And therefore, when reviving the spirituality of our society, it is necessary to think about good speech, preserve the richness of the Russian language and learn to use it.

The book talks about the features of correct Russian speech and helps to avoid common speech mistakes. Using interesting examples of the high artistic skill of Russian writers, poets, and publicists, various stylistic techniques are shown to enhance the expressiveness and emotionality of speech.

The book is addressed to everyone who strives to improve their speech culture, master the art of public speaking, and develop a sense of style.

Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language

The “Dictionary...” contains about 20,000 words representing difficulties of various kinds.

The reader will receive information about the spelling, pronunciation, formation of the word, learn the grammatical and stylistic characteristics of the word, possible compatibility, and controls of the word.

Modern Russian language

The manual contains all sections of the modern Russian language course: vocabulary and phraseology, phonetics and graphics, spelling and spelling, word formation, morphology and syntax. All theoretical information is illustrated with examples from works of fiction, journalism, and popular science literature.

A variety of training and creative exercises are given to reinforce the material.

The manual contains theoretical information on all main sections of the Russian language course and various exercises of the Russian language course and various exercises on spelling, punctuation, vocabulary and style, and grammatical analysis.
The book will help students systematize and deepen their knowledge of the school curriculum in preparation for written and oral exams in the Russian language.
The manual is intended for high school students and applicants, Russian language teachers and teachers of preparatory courses at universities.

Unverifiable unstressed vowels in the root.
There are many words whose root vowels cannot be checked by stress. These are the so-called unverified writings. Among them there are words that are originally Russian, but for the most part similar words come from other languages. Their spelling is determined by the dictionary.

The spelling of the most common words should be remembered: vinaigrette, object, dilemma, conductor, dependent, quotation marks, obsession, charm, smell, panorama, periphery, gudgeon, confusion, tunnel, tunnel, tunneler (currently this spelling is more common than the spelling tunnel, tunnel, tunneler), utilitarian, etc.

CONTENT
Preface 3
Introduction 4
PHONETICS. GRAPHIC ARTS. ORTHOEPY
§1. Sounds and letters 6
§2. Phonetic analysis and phonetic transcription 11
§3. Syllable 12
§4. Accent 13
§5. Pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, some grammatical forms 16
SPELLING
Principles of Russian spelling 19
Spelling vowels in root 20
§6. Tested unstressed vowels at root 20
§7. Unchecked unstressed vowels in root 21
§8. Alternating vowels in root 22
Root gar-/gor- 22
Root zar-/zor- 23
Root cas-/kos(n)- 23
Root clan-/clone-24
Root lag-/false-24
Roots poppy, mok-25
Roots equal-, rhoen- 25
Roots swim-, swim-, swim- 26
Root rast-/ros- 26
Root skak-/skoch- 27.
Root tvar-/tvor- 27
Roots ber-/bir-, der-/dir-, mer-/mir-, per-/pir-, ter-/tir- 28
Roots bleat-/blist-, zheg-/zhig-, even-/cheat-, stel-/stil- 29
Roots with alternating a(i)/im, a(i)/in 29
§9. Vowels after sibilants ir root 30
§10. Letter e 32
Spelling of consonants in the root 33
§eleven. Voiced and voiceless consonants in the root 33
§12. Double consonants in the root 34
§13. Unpronounceable consonants 36
Use of capital letters in proper names 37
Composition of the word. Word formation. Shaping 42
§14. Word composition 42
§15. Morphological method of word formation 45
§16. Non-morphological methods of word formation 48
§17. Ways to form word forms 49
Separating b and b 50
Spelling prefixes 51
§18. Prefixes on -з and prefix с- 51
§19. Prefixes pre- and pre- 54
§20. Vowels ы and и after prefixes 56
Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 57
§21. Vowels o and v after sibilants 57
§22. Vowels after ts 60
Word wrapping 61
VOCABULARY AND PHRASEOLOGY
§23. Polysemy of the word 63
§24. Homonyms 66
§25. Synonyms 67
§26. Antonyms 71
§27. Use of foreign words 73
§28. Phraseologisms 74
MORPHOLOGY
§29. Parts of speech 78
Noun 80
§thirty. Meaning, categories and categories of nouns 80
§31. Spelling noun endings 86
§32. Spelling noun suffixes 88
Adjective 92
§33. Meaning, categories and categories of adjectives 92
§34. Spelling adjective endings 94
§35. Spelling adjective suffixes 95
§36. Letters k and nn in adjective suffixes 99
Spelling difficult words 104
§37. Compound words with a connecting vowel 104
§38. Compound words without a connecting vowel 105
§39. Spelling compound nouns 106
§40. Spelling compound adjectives 108
Number 114
§41. Meaning and digits of numerals 114
§42. Spelling of numerals 116
Pronoun 120
§43. Meaning and categories of pronouns 120
§44. Spelling Pronouns 121
Verb 124
§45. Meaning, categories and forms of verbs 124
§46. Spelling personal endings of verbs 129
§47. The use of the letter ь in verb forms 131
§48. Spelling verb suffixes 134
§49. Stress in verb forms 139
Communion 141
§50. Meaning and forms of participles 141
§51. Spelling endings and suffixes of participles 142
§52. Spelling k and nn in participles and verbal adjectives 145
Participle 151
Adverb 153
§53. Meaning and categories of adverbs 153
§54. Spelling adverbs 156
§55. Continuous writing of adverbs 158
§56. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 163
§57. Separate writing of adverbial expressions 165
Preposition 171
§58. The meaning of prepositions 171
§59. Spelling prepositions 172
Soyuz 174
§60. The meaning and types of unions 174
§61. Spelling conjunctions 176
Particles 179
§62. The meaning and discharges of particles 179
§63. Spelling particles 180
§64. Use of particles neither and nor 182
Interjection 197
Repeated spelling exercises 199
SYNTAX AND PUNCTUATION
Collocation 203
Proposition 207
§65. Types of sentences 207
§66. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 210
Simple sentence 211
§67. Main members of proposition 211
Subject 211
Predicate 215
§68. Dash between the main members of sentence 223
§69. Minor members of sentence 227
Addendum 228
Definition 229
Appendix 233
Circumstances 235
§70. Syntactic and stylistic meaning of word order 239
§71. One-part sentences 241
§72. Sentences with homogeneous members 245
§73. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 248
Homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by conjunctions 248
Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by conjunctions 249
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 253
Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence 255
§74. Proposals with isolated members. 260
§75. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 261
Separation of definitions 261
Segregation of applications 271
Isolation of circumstances 277
Separating additions 287
Isolation of clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of sentence 288
Words not grammatically related to sentence members 293
§76. Introductory words and sentences 293
§77. Appeal 306
§78. Punctuation marks for particles, interjections, affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 309
Complex sentence 313
§79. Complex sentence 314
§80. Complex sentence 319
§81. Punctuation marks in complex sentences 321
§82. Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses 325
§83. Punctuation marks for comparative phrases with conjunctions like, what, than, etc. 333
§84. Non-union complex sentence 338
§85. Complex syntactic structures 348
Direct and indirect speech 351
§86. The concept of direct and indirect speech 351
§87. Punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue 353
§88. Punctuation marks for quotations, for expressions taken from a dictionary foreign to the author or used in an ironic sense 363
Repeat exercises on spelling and punctuation 365
STYLISTICS
§89. Language styles 375
§90. Use of noun forms 378
§91. Using adjective forms 384
§92. Use of numeral forms 386
§93. Use of pronouns 388
§94. Using verb forms 390
§95. Construction of a simple sentence 392
§96. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 395
§97. Harmonization of Definitions and Applications 401
§98. Some cases of 405 control
§99. Sentences with homogeneous members 413
§100. Use of participial phrases 415
§101. Use of participial phrases 418
§102. Complex sentence 420
Application. Don't be mistaken about the accents! 422
Conditional abbreviations 434.

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Handbook of spelling and literary editing. Rosenthal D.E.

16th ed. - M.: 2012 - 368 p. 5th ed., rev. M.: 1989. - 320 p.

The first two sections of the handbook cover basic rules of spelling and punctuation, with an emphasis on difficult cases. The third section provides regulatory information and recommendations related to literary editing. The directory is intended for publishing workers, primarily editors, as well as for everyone who seeks to improve their literacy and speech culture.

Format: djvu(2012 , 16th ed., 368 pp.)

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Preface ............................................. 3

Spelling 5

I. Spelling vowels in the root 5

§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels.................................................. 5

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels...................................... 5

§ 3. Alternating vowels.................................................... ............. 6

§ 4. Vowels after sibilants.................................................. ................... 7

§ 5. Vowels after ts ............................................................................ ............ 8

§ 6. Letters 9 - e .................................................................................. ............ 8

§ 7. Letter th ......................................................................................... ............ 9

II. Spelling of consonants in the root 9

§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants.................................................. ............ ............ 9

§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 10

§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants...................................................... 11

III. Use of capital letters 12

§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text.................................................... . 12

§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation.................................... 12

§ 13. Proper names of persons.................................................... ............... .......... 13

§ 14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties .................. 15

§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays............... 16
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 16

§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names................... 17

§ 18. Astronomical names.................................................... .......... 19

§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods.................................... 20

§ 20. Names of revolutionary holidays, popular movements,significant dates. 20

§ 21. Names associated with religion.................................................... ..... 21

§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms..... 21

§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art.......... ....... 24

§ 24. Names of positions and titles.................................................. .......... 24

§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia.................................... .......... 25

§ 26. Names of literary works and press organs 26

§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations.................................... ......... 26

§ 28. Conventional proper names.................................................. ........ ......... 27

IV. Separating ъ And b 28

§ 29. Use ъ........................................................................... 28

§ 30. Use of b.................................................... ............................ ......... 28

V. Spelling of prefixes 28

§ 31. Prefixes on z-.................................................... ........................................ 28

§ 32. Prefix c-............................................ ........................................... 29

§ 33. Prefixes pre- And at- ............................................................... ........ 29

§ 34. Vowels s And And after the attachments........................................................ . 29

VI. Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 30

§ 35. Vowels owe after the hissing ones ..................................................... 30

§ 36. Vowels after ts ......................................................................... 31

VII. Spelling nouns 31

§ 37. Endings of nouns.................................................... 31

1. The endings of the dative and prepositional cases of nouns with a stem on And (31). 2. The ending of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on ye- (31). 3. The endings of the genitive plural of nouns in ye- and bya- (31). 4. The ending of the genitive plural of nouns ends with -“я (31). 5. Endings -th And -ohm in the instrumental case of proper names (32). 6. Noun endings with suffixes -looking, -ushk, -yushk, -ishk (32). 7. Endings of nouns with the suffix -l- (32)

§ 38. Suffixes of nouns.................................................... 32

1. Suffixes -ik And -ek (32). 2. Suffixes -ets- And -its-(33). 3. Suffixes -ichk- And -echk- (33). 4. Combinations -inc- And -enk- (33). 5. Suffixes -onk- And -enk- (33). 6. Suffixes -chick And -schik (33). 7. Suffixes -nie And -nye (34). 8. Words with rare suffixes (34)

VIII. Spelling adjectives 34

§ 39. Endings of adjectives.................................................. . ........ 34

§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives.................................................. 34

1. Suffixes -iv, -liv-, -chiv- (34). 2. Suffixes -oe-, -ovat-, -ovit-, -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (34). 3. Adjectives on -chiy- (35). 4. Suffixes -at-, -chat- (35). 5. Final ts bases before suffix -chat- (35). 6. Adjectives on -d-sky, -t-sky, ch-sky, -its-ky (35). 7. Adjectives with suffixsom -sk-(35). 8. Adjectives from stems starting with -“6 and -ry (36). 9. Adjectives and nouns with combinations chn And shn at the junction of root and suffix (36). 10. Suffixes -“-, -enn-, -onn-, -in-, -an-, (-yang-)(36) 11. Adjectives on -Insky And -ensky (37)

IX. Spelling difficult words 37

§ 41. Connecting vowels O And e .................................................. 37

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel.................................... ........ 38

§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns.................................... 39

1. Words with elements -auto-, aero-, bicycle-, fierce-, agro-, bio-, zoo-, cinema-, radio-, television-, photo-, macro-, micro-, neo-, meteo-, stereo-, hydro-, electro- and others (39). 2. Words like wryneck (39). 3. Compound words (39). 4. Words like vacuum apparatus, dynamo, chair-bed(40). 5. Words like gram-atom(40). 6. Words like anarcho-syndicalism(40). 7. Names of intermediate

countries of the world (40). 8. Words with elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex- (40). 9. Words like love-not-love (40). 10. Words like boy-woman(40). 11. Words like alpha particle(40). 12. Words like Almaty residents(40). 13. Words like part- And trade union organizations(41)

§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives.................................... 41

1. Complex adjectives expressing subordinating relationships (41). 2. Continuous writing of complex adjectives used as terms (42). 3. Complex adjectives, one of the parts of which is not used independently (43). 4. Adjectives formed from compound nouns with hyphens (43). 5. Adjectives formed from a combination of a first name and a surname, a first name and a patronymic, or two surnames (43). 6. Southern adjectives expressing coordinating relationships (44). 7. Complex adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous characteristics (44). 8. Compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation (45). 9. Compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (45). 10. Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives used as terms (45). 11. Compound adjectives in geographical or administrative names (46). 12. Compound adjectives like literary and artistic(47). 13. Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective or participle (47)

X. Spelling of numerals 48

§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals... 48

§ 46. Numeral floor- ...................................................................... ......... 49

XI. Spelling pronouns 50

§ 47. Negative pronouns................................................... 50

XII. Spelling verbs 51

§ 48. Personal endings of verbs.................................................. .......... 51

§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms.................................. 52

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs................................................................ 52

XIII. Spelling participles 53

§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles.................................................... .... 53

§ 52. Spelling ““ and “ in participles and verbal adjectives
exponents........................................................ ....................................... 53

XIV. Spelling adverbs 56

§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs.................................................... ............... ........ 56

§ 54. Adverbs of hissing. . .................................................. ........ 56

§ 55. Negative adverbs.................................................. .............. ......... 56

§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs.................................................... 57

1. Adverbs of type completely, forever(57). 2. Adverbs of type twice, two by two(57). 3. Adverbs of type for a long time, a lot(57). 4. Adverbs of type close(57). 5. Adverbs of type in trouble, on alert(57). 6. Adverbs of type on time, on time, on time, in installments(58). 7. Adverbs of type up, finally, forever (59)

§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs.................................................. ......... 59

1. Adverbs of type apparently, in a friendly, wolfish way(59).

2. Adverbs of type Firstly(59). 3. Adverbs of type after all
(60). 4. Adverbs of type barely, little by little, not today-
tomorrow, out of the blue(60). 5. Technical term on the-
mountain(60)

§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations.................................. 60

1. Type combinations side by side(60). 2. Type combinations honor honor (60). 3. Type combinations without knowledge, in the old days, before refusal, on the fly, to match, on the run, the other day (60). 4. Type combinations abroad, as a keepsake, under your arm, in your hearts(61). 5. Combinations of a preposition with its noun starting with a vowel (61)

XV. Spelling prepositions 61

§ 59. Complex prepositions.................................................. ........................ 61

§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 61

XVI. Spelling conjunctions 62

§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions.................................................. .......... 62

1. Union to (62). 2. Unions Same And Also(62). 3. Unions and And besides(62). 4. Union but, adverbs why, then, why, because, why, because, therefore, therefore, how much(63). 5. Union So(64)

§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions.................................................. ...... 64

XVII. Spelling particles 64

§ 63. Separate writing of particles................................................. ........ ......... 64

§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles.................................................. ......... 64

Spelling no and no 65

§ 65. Spelling Not with nouns...................... 65

1. Words like ignoramus(65). 2. Words like enemy(65). 3. Words like layman(65). 4. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 5. Particle Not with a noun in an interrogative sentence (66)

§ 66. Spelling Not with adjectives........................ 66

1. Words like careless(66). 2. Words like small(66). 3. Particle Not when contrasted (66). 4. Particle Not with relative adjectives (66). 5. Writing a particle Not in opposition expressed by a conjunction A or But(67). 6. Writing Not with adjectives that have explanatory words (67). 7. Writing Not with short adjectives (68). 8. Writing Not with words ready, must, glad and so on. (68). 9. Denial Not with comparative degree of adjectives (69). 10. Adjectives like incomparable(69). I. Particle Not with an adjective in an interrogative sentence (70)

§ 67. Spelling Not with numerals........................ 70

§ 68. Spelling Not with pronouns........................................................ ......... 70

§ 69. Spelling Not with verbs........................................................ .... ......... 70

§ 70. Spelling Not with participles........................................................ 72

§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs............................................... ........ 73

§ 72. Spelling neither ...................................................................... 75

XVIII. Spelling interjections and onomatopoeic words 77

§ 73. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias. . 77

XIX. Spelling foreign words 77

§ 74. Transcription of foreign words.................................................... ........ 77

XX. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences and during breaks in speech

§ 75. Point................................................... .......................................

§ 76. Question mark.................................................... ......................

§ 77. Exclamation mark.................................................... ....................

§ 78. Ellipsis.................................................... ...................................

XXI. Dash between clauses

§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate....................................................

1. Subject and predicate - noun in the nominative case (81). 2. Subject and predicate indefinite form of the verb (or noun and indefinite form of the verb) (82). 3. Dash before words this is what it means and others (82). 4. Predicate - numeral name (82). 5. Predicate - predicative adverb O(83). 6. Predicate - idiomatic phrase (83). 7. Subject-word This(83). 8. Subject - personal pronoun (83). 9. Predicate - interrogative pronoun (83). 10. Predicate - adjective, pronominal adjective, prepositional-reliable combination (83). 11. Dash in footnotes (83)

§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence.................................................... ........ 84

1-2. Dash in elliptical sentences (84). 3. A dash in an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence (84). 4. Dash in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence (84)

§ 81. Intonation dash.................................................... ....................... 85

§ 82. Connecting dash.................................................... ...................... 85

1. Dash to indicate spatial, temporal, quantitative limits (85) 2. Dash between proper names forming the names of teachings, scientific institutions, etc. (85)
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 85

§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions....................................

1. Comma between homogeneous terms (85). 2. Point c after the heel between homogeneous terms (86). 3. Dash between homogeneous terms (86)

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.................................. ........ 87

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications.................................. .........

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions.................................................... ............................................

1-3. Homogeneous members connected by single connecting and dividing unions (90). 4. Homogeneous members connected by adversarial unions (90) § 87. Homogeneous members,

United by repeating conjunctions § 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired conjunctions. . .

§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms....................................

1. Homogeneous terms with a preceding generalizing word (93). 2. Homogeneous terms followed by generalization with the word (94). 3. Homogeneous members after a generalizing word that do not complete the sentence (95). 4. Generalizing word and homogeneous members in the middle of the sentence (95). 5. Semicolon between homogeneous terms in the presence of a generalizing word (95)

XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words

§ 90. Comma for repeated words.................................................... .

§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words....................................

XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members

§ 92. Separate definitions.................................................. ............

1. A common definition that comes after the noun being defined (98). 2. Definition combined with an indefinite pronoun (99). 3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns in combination with participial phrases (99). 4. Two single definitions (99). 5. Single definition (100). 6. Definition with an adverbial connotation of meaning (100). 7. Definition in isolation from the noun being defined (100). 8. Definition with personal pronoun (101). 9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (101). 10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives (102). 11. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive form of the verb (102).

§ 93. Separate applications.................................................... ............

1. Common application with a common noun (103). 2. Single (undistributed) application (103). 3. Application with your own name (105). 4. Proper names of persons or the name of an animal as an application (105). 5. Applications joined by unions (106). 6. Application for personal pronoun (106). 7. Application relating to the missing defined word (106). 8. Use of a dash in a separate application (106)

§ 94. Special circumstances.................................................... .......

1. Participial phrase (108). 2. Two single gerunds (PO). 3. Single participle (111). 4. Circumstances expressed by nouns (111). 5. Circumstances expressed by adverbs (112)

§ 95. Separate additions.................................................... ............

XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

§ 96. Clarifying members of a sentence.................................................... ....

1. Clarifying circumstances (114). 2. Clarifying definitions (114). 3. Definitions specifying the meaning of pronouns this, that, such(114). 4. Words more precisely, more precisely, rather as introductory words (115)

§ 97. Explanatory parts of the sentence.................................................

1. Constructions with words namely, that is(115). 2. Constructions with explanatory conjunction or (116)

§ 98. Connecting members of a sentence....................................................

1. Constructions with words even, especially, for example, in particular, including, yes and, and moreover and others (116). 2. Non-union connecting structures (117). 3. Signs for the connecting structure (117)

XXVI. Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

§ 99. Introductory words and phrases.................................................... ......

1. Classification of introductory words by meaning (117). 2. Distinguishing between introductory words and sentence parts (119). 3. Punctuation with words finally, in the end, however, of course, means, in general, mainly, in any case(121). 4. Comma when two introductory words meet (123). 5. Introductory words as part of isolated phrases (123). 6. Introductorywords after the coordinating conjunction (124). 7. Introductory words after the connecting conjunction (124)

§ 100. Introductory and plug-in sentences.................................................... 124

§ 101. Appeal.................................................... ................................... 126

§ 102. Interjection.................................................... ................................ 127

§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words. 129

XXVII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 130

§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence.................................... 130

§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence ... 132

§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence.................................... 132

XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 133

§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses 133

§ 108. Comma in complex subordinating conjunctions.................................. ...... 134

§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses..135

§ 110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions.................................................... ....... ...... 136

§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence.................................... ...... 137

§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence.................................... 138

§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in

period ................................................................................ 138

XXIX. Punctuation for phrases that are not subordinate clauses 139

§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning.................................................. .. 139

1. Make revolutions properly, spend the night where you have to, go wherever your eyes take you etc. (139). 2. Combinations not really, not reallyn etc. (139). 3. Combinations (not) more than, (not) earlier thanAnd etc. (140). 4. Combinations unknown who, nepo it’s clear where, it doesn’t matter which one and so on. (140). 5. Combinations anyone, anywhere etc. (140). 6. Speed ​​type I have something to do, I’ll find somewhere to turn etc. (140). 7. Combination that's all... that (141)

§ 115. Comparative turnover.................................................... ............. 141

1. Turnovers with unions as if, exactly, as if and others (141).

2.Revolutions with the union How(142). 3. Absence of a comma when using conjunctions How(143)

XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 145

§ 116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence 145

§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence.... 146

§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence.................................... ...... 148

XXXI. Punctuation marks for direct speech 151

§ 119. Direct speech after the author’s words................................................. ...... 151

§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue.................................................... ..... ...... 155

XXXII. Punctuation marks for quotations 156

§ 124. Quotation marks................................................................. ................... 156

§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting.................................................... .............. 157

§ 126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations.................................... 157

XXXIII. Using quotation marks 158

§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning... 158

§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.. 159

§ 130. Names of orders and medals.................................................... ......... 160

§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, industrial products, etc... 160

§ 132. Names of plant varieties.................................................. .......... 161

XXXIV. Punctuation combinations 161

§ 133. Busy and dash.................................................... ............................... 161

§ 134. Question and exclamation marks.................................... ...... 162

§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs.................................................... ............... ...... 162

§ 136. Parentheses and other signs.................................................... ............... 163

§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs.................................................... .......... 164

§ 138. Sequence of characters for footnotes.................................... ...... 164

Literary editing

XXXV. Word choice 165

§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means 165

§ 140. Elimination of bureaucracy and cliches.................................... 170

§ 141. Pleonasm and tautology.................................................. ................ ...... 173

§ 142. Euphony of speech.................................................... ........................ 174

§ 143. Use of phraseological means.................................... ..... 175

XXXVI. Forms of nouns 178

§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns.................................... 178

1. Words that have parallel masculine and feminine forms (178). 2. Words used in the masculine form (180). 3. Words used in the feminine form (181). 4. Words used in the neuter form (181). 5. Words formed using suffixes (182)

§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings.................................. 182

§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.................................... 183

1. Words without pair formations (183). 2. Paired formations adopted in neutral styles of speech (184). 3. Pair formations used in colloquial speech (184)

§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns..................................... 185

1.Words denoting inanimate objects (185).

2.Substantivized words (186). 3. Words denoting persons (186). 4. Words denoting animals, birds, etc. (186). 5. Geographical names (187). 6. Names of press organs (187). 7. Abbreviations (187)

§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases 188 1. Words like little house(188). 2. Words like home(188).

3. Difficult words mud half an hour(188). 4. Compound words like raincoat, dining car(188). 5. Combination Moscow River(188). 6. Difficult geographical
type names Orekhovo-Zuevo, Gus-Khrustalny(189). 7. Type combinations fifth of March(189)

§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames.................................... 189

1. Type names Levko, Gavrilo(189). 2. Type combinations

Jules Verne (189). 3. Names and surnames of type Karel Capek.(189). 4. Surnames ending with a consonant (189). 5. Indeclinable surnames on -ago, -s and others (190). 6. Non-Russian surnames ending in a vowel sound (190). 7. Ukrainian surnames -ko (191). 8. Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese surnames (191). 9. Double surnames (191). 10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two persons (191). 11. Type combinations two Petrovs(192). 12. Female patronymics (192)

§ 150. Singular genitive endings -and I)----- y(s) ..192

§ 151. Forms of the accusative case of animate and inanimate nouns................................................... ........ 193

§ 152. Endings of the prepositional singular case of masculine nouns -e----- at............. 195

§ 153. Endings of the nominative pluralmasculine nouns -s(-s)----- and I).... 196

§ J 54. Genitive plural endings 199

§ 155. Instrumental plural endings-yami ----- (b)mi ....................................................... 200

§ 156. Use of the singular in the meaning of the plural.................................................... ........................... 201

§ 157. The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural........ 201

§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns.................................. 202

1. Words like little sparrows- sparrow(202). 2. Words like birch forest- bereznik(202). 3. Words like meaninglessness- nonsense(202)

XXXVII. Forms of adjectives 203

§ 159. Full and short form of qualitative adjectives 203

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives.................................... 205

1. Shape type related, peculiar(205). 2. Shape type determined, frank(205). 3. Shape type light, dark(206)
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives.... 206
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives.... 207
1. Adjectives like fathers, uncles(207). 2. Adjectives like paternal, maternal(208). 3. Adjectives like elephant, snake(208). 4. Adjectives like fox(208).
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns.................................... 208

XXXVIII. Forms of numerals 210

§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns.................................... 210

1. Forms eight- eight, fifty- fifty ten, with three hundred rubles - with three hundred rubles, thousand - thousand(210). 2. Forms of compound numerals (211). 3. Type combinations 22 days(211). 4. Shapes of wallpaper: - both(212). 5. Counting word pair(212). 6. Type combinations two or more(212). 7. Combinations of the preposition po with numerals (212). 8. Type combinations 33.5 percent(213). 9. Numerals one and a half n one and a half hundred(213)

§ 165. Use of collective numerals.................................... 213

§ 166. Numerals in compound words.................................... 214

1. Words with element two- And two-(214). 2. Numeral floor-(215). 3. Difficult words mud 2500th anniversary(215)

XXXIX. Use of pronouns 216

§ 167. Personal pronouns.................................................... ........................... 216

1. Pronoun and context (216). 2. Omission of a subject pronoun with a predicate verb (216). 3. Pleonastic repetition of the personal pronoun as the subject (217). 4. Shapes she has - she has(217). 5. Initial “ for 3rd person pronouns (217)

§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns.................................... 218

1. Pronoun myself(218). 2. Pronoun mine(218)

§ 169. Determinative pronouns.................................................... .. 219

1. Any- every- any(219). 2. Myself- most(220)

§ 170. Indefinite pronouns.................................................... .220

XL. Use of verb forms 221

§ 171. Formation of some personal forms.................................... 221

1. Insufficient verbs like win(221). 2. Personal forms of verbs like get well(222). 3. Verbs to rest, to sway, to lay, to honor(222) ^. Abundant verbs like rinse, move(222). 5. Some forms of the imperative mood (223)

§ 172. Variants of species forms................................................. .......... 224

1. Verbs like manage- manage(224). 2. Verbs type condition- condition(224). 3. Verbs like popularize- popularize(225). 4. Verbs disdain, see, smoke, climb, measure, torment, lift, read, whistle, hear, grow old(225). 5. Verbs of motion (226). 6. Combination of verbs of movement with names of modes of transport (227). 7. Shape type mock- got wet (227)

§ 173. Returnable and non-returnable forms.................................................... 227

1. Verbs like turn white- turn white(227). 2. Verbs likethreaten - threaten(227). 3. Verbs circle- cool live, splash - splash n al. (227). 4. Ambiguity of constructions with verbs in -xia (228)

§ 174. Forms of participles.................................................. ........................ 228

§ 175. Forms of participles.................................................... ............... 229

XLI. Construction of a simple sentence 229

§ 176. Types of sentences.................................................. .................... 229

1. Type I constructions I suggest- I suggest(229). 2. Type designs ask not to smoke- no smoking(229). 3. Type I constructions Want- I would like to(230). 4. The phrases are active, passive and impersonal (230). 5. Sentences with “offset” construction (230)

§ 177. Forms of the predicate.................................................... .................... 230

1. Conversational forms of the predicate (230). 2. “Splitting” the predicate (231). 3. Nominative and instrumental case in a compound predicate (231)

XLII. Order of words in a sentence 232

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate.................................................... 233

§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence.................................................... 234

1. Agreed definition (234). 2. Several agreed upon definitions (235). 3. Inconsistent definition (236)

§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence.................................................. 236

1. Direct and reverse word order (236). 2. Location of several additions (237). 3. Type designMother loves daughter(237)

§ 181. Place of circumstance in a sentence.................................... 237

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions.................................................... ................... 239

XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 240

§ 183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun........... 240

1. Type designs the majority voted(240). 2. Type designs the majority of the population voted(241). 3. Conditions for placing the predicate in the plural (241)

§ 184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover) .................................. 242

1. The meaning of joint and separate action (242).

2. The meaning of an undivided and dismembered whole (242).

3. Designation of a measure of weight, space, etc. (243). 4. Combination with words years, months etc. (243). 5. Combinations with numerals two three four(243). 6. Compound numbers ending in one(243). 7. Predicates in words thousand, million, billion(244). 8. Word combinations all, these, only and others (244). 9. The subject is a numeral without a noun (244). 10. Approximate quantity value (244). 11. Word combinations some(245). 12. Combinations with words a lot, a little etc. (245). 13. Combinations with words like troika(246). 14. Combinations with words like mass, a lot(246). 15. Words like half an hour(246).

§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application.................................................... ................ 246

1. Grammatical agreement and agreement in meaning (246). 2. Combination of generic and specific concepts (246).

3. Combination of a common noun and a proper name (246).

4. Agreement with the subject in the presence of qualifying words, connecting constructions, etc. (247). 5. Predicate for words like cafe-dining room (247).

§ 186. Predicate with subject type brother and sister.... 248 § 187. The predicate with the subject is an interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun. . 249 In the subject: 1. Interrogative pronoun (249) ^. Relative pronoun Who(250); 3. Relative pronoun What(250); 4. Indefinite pronoun (250) § 188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, a compound word, an indivisible group of words........................... ........................................................ ............... 251

In the subject: 1. Substantivized word (251); 2. Borrowed indeclinable word (251); 3. Russian abbreviation (251); 4. Foreign abbreviation (252); 5. Conventional name (252); 6. Indivisible group of words (252); 7. Nickname of a person (253) § 189. Coordination of the connective with the nominal part of the predicate. . . 253 § 190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects 254 1. The influence of the order of the main members of the sentence (254). 2. The role of unions (254). 3. Semantic proximity of homogeneous subjects (256). 4. Arrangement of subjects in gradation order (256). 5. The influence of the lexical meaning of the predicate (256). 6. Personal pronouns as part of subjects (257)

XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications 257

§ 191. Definition of a common noun.... 257

§ 192. Definition for a noun that has an appendix.................................................... ... 258

§ 193. Definition for a noun depending on numerals two three four ............................ 259

§ 194. Two definitions with one noun.................................... 261

§ 195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members 263 1. Definition in singular form (263). 2. Plural definition (264). 3. Definition of nouns with a repeating preposition (264). 4. Definition of nouns in plural form (264). 5. Definition when combining type brother and sister(264)

§ 196. Approval of applications.................................................. .......... 265

1. Nicknames and conventional names (265). 2. Type combinationslaunch vehicle (265). 3. Type combinations by name, known ny as, be it, insert words (265). 4. Type combinations showcase stand (265)

§ 197. Applications - geographical names.................................... 265

XLV. Control 268

§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control.................................... 268

1. Variants of non-prepositional and prepositional constructions (268). 2. Designs with weak control (269). 3. Turns of phrases except, instead of and others (269).

§ 199. Choice of preposition...................................:................. ........................... 270

1. Combinations in address- at the address, using- with help cabbage soup, for the purpose- in order to etc. (270). 2. Prepositions with explanatorymeaning (oh, about, about etc.) (272). 3. Prepositions with spatial meaning (at, at, about, etc.) (272). 4. Prepositions with temporary meaning (274). 5. Prepositions with causal meaning (thanks to, due to, as a result of etc.) (275). 6. Prepositions By- o with verbs denoting emotional experience (276). 7. Denominal prepositions in a relationship- in relation to and others (276). 8. New prepositions in business, in the region, in part, at the expense of, along the line(276). 9. Type combinations in the introduction- in the introduction(277)

§ 200. Choice of case form.................................................... ............. 277

1. Stylistic variants of case forms (277). 2. Combinations in absence, in the 20s and others (278). 3. Prepositionsexcluding, between, according to (278). 4. Double Dependency Designs (279)

§ 201. Case of the object for transitive verbs with negation 279 1. Genitive case (279).2. Accusative case (280). 3. Optional use of both cases (282). 4. Complement of a verb with a prefix under- (282). 5. Denial Not not with a predicate verb (282). 6. Case of the complement in sentences with a displaced construction (282)

§ 202. Management with synonymous words.................................... 282

§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word.................................................... ................................... 283

1. Complements of verbs give up, sacrifice, merit live, watchand others (283). 2. Type designs drink water - drink water(288). 3. Design type look for a place- look for places(288). 4. Genitive tenseuse (288). 5. Tina designs owes something to someone(288). b. Tina designs traitor to the motherland- traitor homeland (288). 7. Type designs close to what-close to what(289)

§ 204. Stringing identical shapes.................................................... 290

I. Stringing genitives (290). 2. Stringing other hopes (290). 3. Confluence of case forms with the same prepositions (290). 4. Confluence of infinitives (290). 5. Genitive subject and genitive object (290)

§ 205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence. . . 291

XLV1. Offers With homogeneous members 291

§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members.................................................... ... 291

§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members.................................................... 292

§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous terms.................................... 293

1. Incomparability of concepts (293). 2. Lexical incompatibility (294). 3. Incompatibility of species and generic concepts (294). 4. Crossing concepts (294).

5. Ambiguity with different series of homogeneous terms (294).

6. Incorrect pairwise connection of homogeneous members (294). 7. Morphological incompatibility (294). 8. Errors when using comparative conjunctions (295). 9. Violation of the connection between homogeneous members and the generalizing word (295). 10. Heterogeneous syntactic structures (296)

XLVII. Difficult sentence 296

§ 209. Unions and allied words.................................................... ............... 296

1. Stylistic coloring of unions (296). 2. Unions Bye Andnot yet(297). 3. Conjunctive words which And Which(297)

§ 210. Errors in complex sentences.................................................. 298

1. Variation in the parts of a complex sentence (298). 2. Structure displacement (298). 3. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words (299). 4. Incorrect word order (300). 5. Mixing direct speech and indirect speech (300)

XLV1II. Parallel syntactic structures 301

§ 211. Participial phrases.................................................. ................. 301

1. The absence of future tense and subjunctive forms in participles (301). 2. Separate and non-separate participial phrase (301). 3. The meaning of tense, aspect and voice of participles (301). 4. Agreement of participles (302). 5. Word order in the participial phrase (303). 6. Explanatory words for communion (303). 7. Replacing the subordinate clause with a participial phrase (303)

§ 212. Participial phrases.................................................. ............. 304

1. Standard use of participial phrases (304). 2. Place of the participial phrase in the sentence (305). 3. Synonymy of participial phrases and other constructions (305)

§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns. . . 306 1. Scope of use of verbal nouns (306). 2. Disadvantages of constructions with verbal nouns (306). 3. Editing techniques (307)

The purpose of this manual is to help students strengthen their writing skills, prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it with the highest score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the Russian language study program at school. The book pays special attention to difficult spelling cases. The list of difficult words to write in the book will help you cope with writing the most complex texts, and exercises and dictations will help you test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant for students, teachers, tutors, as well as all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.

Tested unstressed vowels.
The general rule for spelling the tested unstressed vowels does not cause any difficulties. It says: in unstressed syllables the same vowels are written that are pronounced in this part of the word when it is stressed. For example: rinse (rinse) the mouth - caress (caress) the dog; thin out (rare) seedlings - unload (discharge) a gun.

Wed. different spellings of the vowels of the root in words similar in sound composition: climb (up a tree) - lick (a wound), wrap around (cold) - wrap around (braids around the head), run around (square) - offend (children), land (on the ground) - winter (winter crops), boil (mushrooms) - open (gate), shine (a lantern) - dedicate (into a secret), try on (dress) - reconcile (warring), fasten (collar) - fasten (horse), chew (piece meat) - live (in the city center), flutters (flag) - develops (child), brought (by the hand up the stairs) - svila (nest), sing (songs) - drink (tea), turn gray (become gray) - sit (to be in a sitting position), to belittle (to reduce) - to beg (to beg), to pinch (a torch) - to pinch (a hand), etc.

CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling vowels in root 4
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants 8
§ 5. Vowels after Ts 9
Spelling of consonants in the root 11
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants 14
Use of capital letters 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Animal names 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Geographical names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conventional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Issues of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels И and И after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after sibilants and in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after sibilants 43
§ 36. Vowels after Ts 44
Spelling nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling difficult words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 72
§ 46. Numeral Gender - 73
Spelling pronouns 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles 78
§ 52. Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling prepositions 95
§ 59. Complex prepositions 95
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling conjunctions 96
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 96
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions 100
Spelling particles 100
§ 63. Separate writing of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between members of sentence 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma for repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Special circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Clarifying members of sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory parts of sentence 164
§ 98. Accessory members of sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions that are integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks for direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation marks for quotations 203
§ 112. Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPLICATIONS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
A short list of difficult words to spell 259
Conditional abbreviations 281.

1. Point is placed at the end of a complete declarative sentence: A dark leaden mass is crawling towards the sun. Lightning flashes here and there in red zigzags. Distant rumbles of thunder can be heard. A warm wind blows through the grass, bends trees and raises dust. Now the May rain will splash and a real thunderstorm will begin.(Ch.) .

Note. A period is not placed at the end of a sentence after a period indicating an abbreviation of a word: …and etc.; ...etc.; …etc.; …and so on.

2. Point is placed after short sentences that paint a single picture, to make the presentation more expressive: Late. The wind became cold. It's dark in the valley. The grove sleeps above the foggy river. The moon disappeared behind the mountain.(P.)

3. Point is placed at the end of nominative (nominative) sentences that do not contain either a question or an exclamation: Field. Vegetable gardens. Apiary. Milk farm. Poultry house. Fruit garden. Forest. Two tractors. Workshops. And all this is in brilliant condition.(Cat.)

4. Point is placed after the first part of the so-called segmented structures, or “double designation” structures, consisting of two parts. The first part (segment, i.e., segment), located at the beginning of a sentence or text and expressed, as a rule, by the nominative case form of a noun or a phrase headed by this form (nominative topic, or nominative representation), names a person, object, phenomenon , which in the second part (in the following text) receives a different designation in the form of a pronoun: Earth. No one will touch her... Just cling to her tighter.(Sim.); Labor productivity. How to increase it?(gas.)

5. Point is placed after a dividing pause before connecting constructions, which with other punctuation would play the role of members of the sentence (the so-called parcellation, i.e. division): In any case, contact me. Any minute now.(Chuck.); Mitrofanov grinned and stirred the coffee. He narrowed his eyes.(N.I.); Three young watch factory workers came running to the editorial office after work. Excited. Alarmed.(Adv.); The world has become different. One year older.(gas.); The program is grandiose. And quite real.(gas.)

6. Point is placed at the end of the incentive sentence if it is pronounced without an exclamation: You should get treatment.(M.G.); Let me read it another time.(Bl.); Don't teach me.(Good)

7. Point placed before conjunctions and, but, however etc., if they begin a new sentence: There are lanterns on all corners and they burn at full intensity. And the windows are lit.(Sim.); Apparently the man got lost. But getting lost in the taiga now is a disastrous business: neither the month nor the stars are visible.(Mark.); It would be easier for me if he scolded me. But he remained silent and silent.(Kav.)

8. Point is placed at the end of the listing headings if the numbers or letters that indicate the headings have a dot:

§ 83. Written together:

1. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with adverbs...unlikely, for nothing.<…>

2. Adverbs formed by combining the prepositions in and on with collective numerals...three, but: two, three.

3. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with short adjectives...slowly, rashly.(Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation.)

Notes:

1. If there are subparagraphs in numbered headings, the latter are usually divided semicolon(less often - comma).

2. If there is an independent sentence inside the paragraph that forms the subparagraph, then it is preceded by dot and the first word begins with capital letters:

...Timely determine and change the focus of research and development, the organizational structure of scientific institutions. Strengthen the interaction of social, natural and technical sciences;

increase the efficiency of using the scientific potential of higher educational institutions to solve national economic problems. Improve training, advanced training and certification of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel.

9. Point is placed at the end of the sentence introducing further detailed presentation: This is the story.(Paust.) [the story follows]; Imagine this:[further - detailed narration]; The new machine has such a device.[further - a lengthy description].

§ 2. Question mark

1. Question mark is placed at the end of a simple sentence containing a direct question: Where did you come from, Andrey?(Hump.); Do you like oranges?(Sim.)

Note. A question mark can be placed in interrogative sentences after each homogeneous member in order to divide the question: What am I - a parrot? turkey?(M.); Kravtsov smiled affectionately - at his impatience? self-conceit? genius? (Gran.)

2. Interrogative There may also be nominative (nominal) sentences: Fire? (Leather)

3. Question mark is placed at the end of a complex sentence if all the parts included in its composition, or only the last one, contain a question: How long did her heart suffer, or did the time for tears soon pass?(P.); Will you get tired of living with them, and in whom you won’t find any stains?(Gr.)

4. Question mark is placed at the end of a complex sentence if the question is contained in both the main and subordinate parts of the sentence or only in the main or subordinate clause: Do you know what sisters of mercy are?(Acute); All kinds of violations, evasions, deviations from the rules made him despondent, although, it would seem, why should he care?(Ch.)

Note. If the subordinate part of a complex sentence forms an indirect question, then a question mark is usually not placed at the end of the sentence: I interrupted Savelin’s speech with a question about how much money I have (P.); Korchagin repeatedly asked me when he could be discharged(BUT.).

However, if an indirect question contains a strong interrogative intonation, at the end of a complex sentence question mark put: Please tell me what kind of lights these are?(L.T.); I asked how he became a hermit?(M.G.)

5. Question mark is placed at the end of a non-conjunctive complex sentence if the parts forming it are interrogative sentences (between them are placed commas) or only the last part contains a direct question (it is preceded by colon or dash, depending on the semantic relationships between the parts of the sentence): Who jumps, who hesitates under the cold darkness?(Bug.); And I was driving now, talking to you and kept thinking: why don’t they shoot?(Sim.); Praise is tempting - how can you not want it?(Kr.)

6. Question mark placed in brackets to express doubt or bewilderment of the writer, most often within the quoted text: “...Already cheerful and noisy with wine, already melodious (?) and bright (!) sat in circles at the table.” What a strange set of words!(White)