Compound adjectives, their formation and spelling. Hyphen in adjectives and nouns

compound adjectives formed from compound nouns written together, for example: chronicle (chronicle), local history (local history);
complex adjectives formed from such combinations of words in which one word is subordinate in meaning to another (connected by means of coordination, control or adjacency), for example: widescreen (wide screen), cast iron (casting cast iron), precocious (which will soon ripen).

Notes
Complex adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, should be distinguished from ordinary phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle), written APART, For example: diametrically opposite, purely Russian, Badly hidden, clearly expressed. In a sentence, the first part of the combination acts as a separate member of the sentence (answers questions How? in what degree? how?).
The first part of such phrases is adverbs absolutely ( absolutely calm), immaculate ( impeccably honest), vital ( vital necessary), originally ( originally Russian), true ( true revolutionary), truly ( truly scientific), straight ( directly opposite), sharply ( sharp negative), fatal ( fatal poisonous, fatal pale), strictly ( strictly logical) and etc.
APART phrases are written that include adverbs in -ski , For example: historically important.
A number of compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, is written FULL. Such adjectives are bookish in nature and are often terms, denoting a single, integral concept, for example: highly ideological(play), highly qualified(specialist), above(example), easily soluble(material), insignificant(fact), promising(experiment), following(review), visually impaired(Human), difficult to reach(climb). If dependent words are used with such adjectives, then the adverb and adjective are usually written separately (i.e., they become a phrase). Compare: promising student(= very talented, promising) - student, promising but not fulfilling his obligations; difficult to reach (= almost inaccessible) vertex — difficult to access even for experienced climbers the summit.

With a hyphen it is written:

compound adjectives formed from names, for example: northeastern (northeast), Orekhovo-Zuevo (Orekhovo-Zuevo);
complex adjectives formed from combinations of words that are equal in meaning and independent of each other (connected by the method of composition), for example: interest-free deposits(interest-free, but winning), scientific and technical progress(scientific and technical), spinning mill(spinning and weaving), blue-white-red flag(blue, white and red) (in these cases, a conjunction can be inserted between the words from which a complex adjective is formed And or But );
compound adjectives denoting shades of colors, for example: bright blue, silver gray, lemon yellow, dark brown, yellow red;
compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from foreign words and ends in -iko , For example: chemical-technological, physical-mathematical, mechanical-mathematical(But: Great Russian, high society).

Notes
With a hyphen compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation are written, for example: bitter-salty(salty and bitter) respectfully polite(polite and respectful).
With a hyphen a number of complex adjectives are written, parts of which denote heterogeneous characteristics, for example: military revolutionary Committee(military revolutionary), mass political Job(mass political), popular science magazine(scientific popular). It should be borne in mind that among complex adjectives there are many traditional spellings, for example: world historical(But: well-known), people's liberation(But: national economic). Therefore, if you have doubts about spelling, you should consult a spelling dictionary.

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They wrote together: Rybolovetsky - fish catcherRybolovetsky - fish catcher Greybeard - gray beardGreybeard - gray beard Waterproof - water does not penetrateWaterproof - water does not penetrate Three-masted - three mastsThree-masted - three masts Rhinoceros - rhinocerosRhinoceros - rhinoceros

Adjectives formed from compound nouns are written in the same way as nouns:Adjectives formed from compound nouns are written in the same way as nouns: water pipes (water supply), kindergarten yard (kindergarten), southwest wind (southwest).

Written with a hyphen: Blue-green (blue and green) Blue-green (blue and green) Dark gray (shade of color) Dark gray (shade of color) White-pink (white and pink, shade of color) White-pink (white and pink, shade of color) Southwestern (from southwest)Southwestern (from southwest)

Adjectives formed from two equal adjectives, between which the conjunction and can be placed, are written with a hyphen: adjectives formed from two equal adjectives, between which the conjunction and can be placed: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English) , white-pink (white and pink). Attention! Adjectives denoting shades of colors are always written with a hyphen: yellow-red. Attention! Adjectives denoting shades of colors are always written with a hyphen: yellow-red.

Spelling of complex adjectives Together With a hyphen 1. Formed from the phrase: gray-bearded, fishing 2. Formed from a complex noun that is written together: rhinoceros (from rhinoceros) 1. You can put the conjunction I: blue-green, dark gray, white-pink 2.Derived from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen: southwestern (from southwest)

1. Compound adjectives are written together, formed from complex nouns written together, for example: reinforced concrete structure(cf. reinforced concrete), locomotive depot, bicycle racing, forest-steppe zone.
2. Complex adjectives are written together, formed from combinations of words that are subordinate to one another in their meaning or by the method of agreement. (agricultural, Wed Agriculture), or by control method (mechanical engineering, Wed construction of machines), or by connection method (dearly, Wed deeply respect) For example: national economic plan(National economy), right bank plain(right bank), compound sentence(complicated in the way of composition), train(Railway), average daily temperature(average per day), woodworking shop(wood lining).
3. Many complex adjectives used as scientific and technical terms or expressions in book language are written together. For some of them, the first part is formed by the words high, low, deep, shallow, light, heavy, wide, narrow, many, small, fast, sharp, flat, thin, steep, large, strong , weak-, higher-, lower- etc., which do not act as an independent member of the sentence (for example, highly educated). Rearranging parts within such words leads to the destruction of their terminological character; compare: seriously wounded soldier - seriously wounded soldier. Often the presence of explanatory words indicates that we have a free phrase (adverb and adjective or participle), and not a terminological compound word, for example: a soldier seriously wounded by a shell fragment,” Wed Also: little-explored islands - still little explored islands. The order of words also plays a role: a participle with an adverb (participial phrase) is usually found after the noun being defined; compare: perishable foods - products that quickly spoil in the summer. Noteworthy is the fact that in complex words there is one stress (sometimes with an additional side stress on the first part), and in phrases there are two independent stresses; compare: fast growing ornamental shrubs - rapidly growing young workforce.

There is no doubt about the spelling of complex adjectives, one of the parts of which is not used as an independent word, for example: universally understood(the first part is not used independently), narrow-chested(the second part does not exist in the language as an independent word). In such words, the elements are often used as the first part upper-, lower-, ancient-, general-, middle-, early-, late- etc., for example: Low Saxon, Old High German, vernacular, common, Central Asian and etc.

Among compound adjectives written together, the following are often found: evergreen, geological exploration, wild growing, Indochinese, equestrian, large-panel, easily mobile, easily wounded, easily soluble, little-researched, machine repair, diversified, undersigned, low-paid, double-edged, acutely scarce, primitive communal, fruit and vegetable, potent, freshly cut, difficult to pass, difficult to dissolve y, seriously wounded, highly specialized, baker, cotton, Church Slavonic, widely available, widely representative, South Caucasian, egg procurement.

4. Compound adjectives formed from compound nouns with a hyphen are written with a hyphen, for example: social democratic party, vice-presidential post, southwest wind, northeast direction.

Note. If there is a prefix, such adjectives are written together, for example: anti-social democratic protests.

5. Compound adjectives formed from a combination of a first name and a surname or two surnames are written with a hyphen, for example: Walter Scott style, Jules Verne novels, Boyle-Marriott law.
6. Compound adjectives formed from two or more stems denoting equal concepts are written with a hyphen; between the parts of a complex adjective in their initial form you can insert a coordinating conjunction And or But, For example: commercial and industrial capital(cf. commercial and industrial capital), interest-free loan(cf. interest-free, But winning loan).

The first part of a compound adjective of this type can be either a noun or an adjective; compare: acceptance point(reception and delivery), spring-summer season(spring and summer), cargo handling(loading and unloading), chess and checkers competitions, English-Japanese relations, Russian-German-French dictionary.

7. Many complex adjectives are written with a hyphen, parts of which indicate heterogeneous characteristics, for example:

Military-medical Academy(cf. Military Medical Academy), comparative historical method(cf. comparative historical method), voluntary sports societies(cf. voluntary sports societies).

Adjectives of this type often begin with a stem massively (.mass physical education); folk- (folk-democratic, folk-poetic, but adjective national economic derived from a subordinating phrase national economy)", scientific- (scientific research, popular science and so on.); educational- (educational-methodological, educational-industrial and so on.).

Note. Some complex adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous characteristics, are written together, for example: ancient Greek(culture), modern Greek language(cf. new Greek language), Old Russian writing, Old Russian rituals, Old Slavonic books.

8. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen, denoting quality with an additional connotation, for example: bitter salt water(i.e. salty with a bitter aftertaste), good-naturedly sly smile(i.e. cunning with a touch of good nature).

Especially many such adjectives are found in the language of fiction, for example: alarmingly sad eyes, a coldly indifferent look, a courageously stern appearance.

9. Complex adjectives denoting shades of colors are written with a hyphen, for example: dark blue, bright red, black-brown(But: silver fox- fox), blue-black.
10. Many complex adjectives of a terminological nature are written with a hyphen (cf. and. 3) regardless of the type of education (expressing equal concepts, denoting heterogeneous characteristics, indicating quality with an additional connotation), for example: atomic-molecular, bourgeois-democratic, meat and dairy, physical education and sports, electronic computing(technique).

Complex adjectives are also written with a hyphen, in which the stem of the first part, formed from words of foreign origin, ends in -iko, For example: dialectics - materialistic, historical-archival, critical-bibliographical etc. (they should not be mixed with words with the first stem great-, which are written together, for example: great-power, high-society and so on.).

Often the first part of a complex adjective is the stem vertical, horizontal, transverse, longitudinal etc., for example: vertical-milling, horizontal-milling, transverse-horizontal etc.

Note. The so-called hanging hyphen (see § 40) is also used with complex adjectives, for example: potato and cotton harvesters, twelve- and thirteen-year-olds, ancient and modern Greek.

11. Compound adjectives that are part of geographical or administrative names and begin with a stem are written with a hyphen in capital letters in their constituent parts. east, west, north (north-), south (south-), For example: East European Plain, West Korean Gulf, North German Lowland, South Australian Basin(see also § 21, i. 4).

However, in the common noun meaning, these adjectives are written together with a lowercase letter; compare: The Siberian Lowland is the North Siberian taiga, the South Ural Railway is the South Ural vegetation.

12. Compound adjectives formed from a combination of an adjective and a noun, but with a rearrangement of these elements, are written with a hyphen, for example: literary work(cf. work of fiction).
13. It is necessary to distinguish between complex adjectives, which are written together or with a hyphen (see earlier), from phrases consisting of an adverb -o(s) and adjective or participle and written separately.

For example, comparing combinations industrial and transport departments And industrialized countries, we note in the first of them the presence of a complex adjective industrial and transport, and in the second - the presence of the phrase industrialized with the meaning: in what respect developed?

Adverb on -O in the phrases under consideration may also indicate the degree of the attribute expressed by an adjective or participle, for example: moderately warm climate, the shortest possible time.

Most often, the first element of a phrase is an adverb. absolutely, diametrically, vitally, truly, maximally, unchangeably, authentically, consistently, directly, sharply, strictly, moderately, purely, clearly and etc.

For example: absolutely clear conclusion, vital decision, the closest possible time, invariably friendly meetings, consistently peaceful policy, directly proportional values, purely French pronunciation, clearly an unsuccessful comparison, unusually bright colors, artistically significant detail, impeccably honest young man, dazzling white snow, emphasized contrast comparison, surprisingly lively eyes, calmly calm tone, strictly logical evidence, a fundamentally new proposal, festively elegant costume, economically useful activity, an original Russian word, world famous musician(But: world-historical significance), sharply continental climate and etc.

Adverbs on -ski in combination with an adjective, they characterize a characteristic by comparison and are written separately, for example: childishly trusting eyes, a fanatically devoted person, an encyclopedic educated scientist, a theoretically important question, a practically valuable discovery and etc.

Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relationships or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only by meaning.

Ways of education

In the Russian language there are complex adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:

Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
general historical method (general history);
comprehensive school (general education);
seriously ill patient (seriously ill patient);
one-way traffic (one side).

Adjectives can be formed from nouns that are related to each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:

metalworking machine (metal processing);
forest protection sign (forest protection);
house-building company (house construction);
car rental company (car rental);
petty bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).

Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical objects. For example:

easily wounded person (easily wounded);
sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
Bolshevyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).

Integrated spelling of terms

The spelling of compound adjectives may vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words relate. In the scientific, technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulating, chromate, private, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot raise doubts, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with elements such as general-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. It is also impossible to write separately words on terminological topics that begin with high-, wide-, low-, deep-, small-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, acute-, steep-, dense- and so on. For example:

potent sleeping pills;
highly developed country;
large-scale actions;
highly specialized production;
densely populated area.

Separate writing of terms

The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of individual words can be correct. For example:

densely populated area (an area densely populated by foreigners);
little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).

When spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And a free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:

quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperatures);
an easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
perishable milk (milk that quickly spoils without prior pasteurization).

It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.

Compound adjectives are also words whose first component is quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.

Hyphen in adjectives and nouns

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.

You need to know that adjectives are always written with a hyphen if they are formed from nouns with a hyphen. For example:

social democratic party (social democracy);
south-eastern district (southeast);
Karachay-Cherkess population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
New York Park (New York);
prime ministerial corps (prime minister).

But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:

anti-social democratic views;
Syrdarya city.

Personality

Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas you need to know that in such cases there must certainly be a hyphen between the main elements of the adjective. For example:

Ilfo-Petrovsky characters;
Main-Read novel;
Robin Hood's exploits;
Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
Ivan-Groznovsky time.

Adjectives containing two equal concepts

The writing of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load carried by each of the components. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:

cultural and entertainment center;
reporting and examination concert;
cardiovascular disease;
propaganda event;
English-German dictionary;
workers' and peasants' movement;
Russian-Turkish war;
artistic and journalistic genre;
Distillery;
electronic-automatic method.

Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features

Hyphenation of compound adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous parts of speech. The first part of such adjectives is often such bases as mass-, national-, military-, scientific-, educational-. For example:

Research Institute;
folk arts and crafts;
Navy;
Training and Consulting Center.

Adjectives denoting a connotation of quality

If an adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it some connotation, hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies to writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:

sweet and sour sauce;
masculine and stern appearance;
anxious and obsessive thoughts;
a good-natured, friendly smile;
pale pink lips;
bright red dress.

Spelling terms with a hyphen

Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:

cereals and legumes;
gastrohepatic collection;
magnetically soft materials;
stone-concrete foundation;
filling and drain valve.

Complex adjectives are not written together if their first part is borrowed from a foreign language with the suffix “-iko”. When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:

historical and ethnographic;
critical-journalistic;
medical and health;
political and legal;
chemical-technological.

Hyphenated and continuous spellings of compound adjectives are found in the same definitions. Spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:

courageous-stern appearance (severe and courageous);
courageously stern appearance (masculine severity).

Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is a sure basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:

naive and childish reasoning;
solemnly sublime vocabulary;
arrogant and contemptuous attitude.

Compound adjectives are usually formed with the help of a connecting vowel. Therefore, the basic rule for spelling most complex nouns (“write together if there is a connecting vowel, and with a hyphen if the complex noun is formed without a connecting vowel”) is unacceptable for spelling complex adjectives.

The spelling of compound adjectives together or with a hyphen is determined by the method of their formation.

Continuous writing

1. A complex adjective is written together, one of the parts of which is not used separately: fleeting, omnivorous, freshly shaved (and freshly shaved), empty-headed, publicly available, late-ripening, ancient written.

2. They write together complex adjectives formed from complex nouns that are written together: ball-bearing (ball bearing), foam silicate (foam silicate), reinforced concrete (reinforced concrete), cinder block (cinder block), fruit and vegetable (fruits; but: fruit and vegetable warehouse), oil field ( oil field), forest-steppe (forest-steppe), financial inspector (fininspektor), laurel cherry (laurel cherry), Anglo-Saxon (Anglo-Saxon), turbogenerator (turbogenerator), Don Juan (Don Juan), quixotic (don quixote). By analogy with the forest-steppe, it merges with the forest-meadow, mountain-forest (the words “forest-meadow” and “mountain forest” are not in the language).

3. Compound adjectives formed from an adjective and a noun are written: primitive communal (primitive community), private economic (private economy), national economic (national economy), typhoid (typhoid fever), mountain climatic (mountain climate), citric acid (citric acid; but: lemon yellow as a complex name for color), weak-character (weak character), white marble (white marble), natural science (natural sciences; but: scientific research - from synonymous adjectives), natural history (natural history), spinal (spinal cord), meat-packing (canned meat; but: meat and dairy), hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid; but: salty-sour, salty-sweet - quality with an additional touch), early spring (early spring), foreign trade (foreign trade).

Among the words of this type there are many complex common adjectives formed from geographical names: Latin American (Latin America), East African (East Africa), Middle Eastern (Middle East), East Siberian (Eastern Siberia), Far Eastern (Far East).

Note. For the spelling of complex adjectives included in official geographical and administrative names, such as the East European Plain, South Kazakhstan Region, see below.

4. Write together complex adjectives formed from two words, one of which is subordinate to the other according to the method of management: car-building plant (construction of cars; but: carriage-locomotive depot), machine-counting station (counting by machines; but: machine-tractor park), planting plant (planting seedlings), grassland (meadow for grazing), benevolent (to wish well), waterproof (impermeable to water), tillage (cultivating the soil), corn silage harvesting, butter cheese making, etc. Complex terms without a connecting vowel are also written using the same rule: oxygen-releasing (giving oxygen), nitrogen-containing (containing nitrogen), gold-mining (mining gold), etc.

5. They write fused complex adjectives, formed from two heterogeneous adjectives, between which it is impossible to put conjunctions and, but, not only... but also: ancient Church Slavonic language (ancient church Slavic language), modern Greek language (new Greek language), compound sentence ( compound sentence).

6. Write complex designations for chemical substances, expressed by adjectives: ferrous sulfide, oxalic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic, dibenzylethylenediamine.

7. A series of complex adjectives are written together, formed from a combination of an adverb and an adjective or participle. In literary language there are two groups of similar adjectives. Some adjectives came into the literary language from terminological vocabulary: expensive goods, long-playing record; others arose and are emerging in book speech: highly artistic, unsympathetic, promising. The spelling of these complex adjectives is one of the most difficult cases, since the first components of words are used in the language as independent elements of phrases (cf.: highly organized - highly located, highly respected - imbued with much).

In order for an adverb to become the first part of a complex adjective, the following conditions are necessary: a change in its meaning, a violation of the grammatical relationship between the adverb and the adjective or participle (the first part of the word cannot act as a separate member of the sentence, answering the questions “how?”, “in what way?” ), the impossibility of rearranging parts within a compound word. The main condition is the first - a change in the lexical meaning: an adverb from an adverb turns into a word-forming morpheme, close to a prefix (which either completely loses stress or has a weakly stressed syllable). And this leads to the destruction of grammatical relations between an adverb and an adjective or participle and, as a consequence, to the impossibility of interchanging parts of a complex whole.

Only a few adverbs turn into prefixes, therefore, only a few adverbs form complex adjectives. Numerous adjectives in this group are formed according to certain patterns that are easy to remember. But the spelling of adjectives of this group is complicated by the penetration into the literary language of terms like high-speed cutting machine, by analogy with which erroneous spellings appear in non-terminological texts (for example, “fast-flowing river” means fast-flowing river). Let's look at some types of compound adjectives, the first part of which contains adverbs.

quickly... All the few formations written together are terms: high-speed cutting machine, high-speed steels, quick-hardening mixtures, fast-growing tree species. In literary language, complex adjectives with quickly are not formed, that is, quickly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: a rapidly growing city, quickly opening hatches, quickly falling twilight, quickly spoken phrases; a medicine that acts quickly on the body. In all such combinations, it does not quickly lose its lexical meaning and remains a member of the sentence - a circumstance.

Notes: 1. The word fast-flowing in a figurative sense is written together: fast-flowing life, fast-flowing time; and in the literal sense - separately: I’m going to the old city - through the fast-flowing Ankhor (gas) canal.

2. The word fleeting is written together, since the second part is not used separately.

3. Pay attention to complex adjectives formed from the adjective bystry and the noun, which are always written together: bystrosmenny (quick change), high-speed (quick move), as well as quick-footed, quick-eyed, etc.

forever... Only a complex adjective of terminological origin is written together: evergreen: Periwinkle is a blue flower on an evergreen creeping bush; I am grateful to the trees for a long century, we will preserve the evergreen memory of him [Pushkin] (Az.). But with the short form of the adjective it is always written separately: He is forever green (Inb.); And even though the flower fades, it is forever green

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his escape (gas.). In all other cases, the adverb is forever written separately from the adjective or participle that follows it: forever young, forever alive; eternally red cliffs (Hertz.); the eternal blue sky of Florence (Drun.).

highly... This group of spelled compound adjectives is represented by a large number of words that actively appear both in book style and in terminology: highly intelligent, highly professional, highly paid, highly qualified, highly nutritious, highly courageous.

Note. Based on this model, many interesting new formations are created, often with a satirical overtones: And what a lackey he was in “The Fruits of Enlightenment!” Highly correct and arrogant! (Dor.); The Dynamo midfielder, in search of new ways of football tactics, approached the Torpedo player and hit him. highly technical blow to the face (gas).

As the first part of compound words, high, in contrast to the adverb high, has the meaning 'very, extremely', is not a member of the sentence (you cannot ask the question “how?”) and has stress on the second syllable, and it is not the main, but additional. Wed:

There was a threat of flooding of land that found itself in the vicinity of the highly raised dams of the Volga (gas).

We ourselves must try to allocate a gifted, and even more so highly gifted, artist for this work (Lun.).

The short forms of these adjectives are written together: Such deposits are usually highly productive (gas); A film with a morality set and designed specifically for it by the author, no matter how highly moral it may be, does not work (gas).

As part of a complex adjective, high is written together only if the second part is an adjective. If the second part is a participle, then high acts as a member of the sentence and is written separately, while, as a rule, there are other explanatory words in the sentence (either with the word high, or with the participle). Wed: A particularly high-ranking person in our brotherhood petitioned for you to be accepted into the brotherhood ahead of schedule (L.T.). - And they sit, and walk, and everything is upside down. Even the highest-ranking officials are upside down (M.); critic who highly appreciated the story (gaz.) - But the more ardently his admirers extolled him... the more merciless (Chekhov) was to himself and to all his - so highly valued - creativity (Chuk.). Wed. also: But St. Petersburg is a city of officials. And for officials, the dream is for someone to fall from high standing (Dor.) - this example is interesting because here the author contrasts the literal meaning of the adverb high (‘a great distance up’) and figurative (‘very, to the highest degree’).

above... Written together: above, above, above, above, above, above, etc. (the meaning of above in the composition of these words is ‘before, before, on previous pages’). These formations easily split into two words, i.e., separate writing is possible, while the weakly stressed one above (as part of a complex word) receives independent stress: Communist art, pursuing the two above-mentioned goals...

(Lun-)- , „ .

Of all the numerous formations of this group, the words vyshesreoniy and superior (in the meaning of ‘superior in administrative terms’: a higher authority, a higher authority) are always written with consistency: The great strategist felt inspiration, an intoxicating state in front of the above-average blackmail (I.

I P.); He even wanted to clear his throat, as happens with people of average responsibility when talking with one of his superior comrades (I. and P.). Wed. interesting new formations by analogy: Yes, unfortunately, this happens - complaints descend: the one above him, the one below him, the one below him (gas.).

Note. In terminology, complex adjectives such as overlying (overlying quaternary formations) are possible, in which above has a direct meaning ‘located above something, above something’.

smoothly... Only terminological formations like smooth-colored are written together. In the general literary language, the adverb smoothly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: smoothly combed hair, smoothly flowing speech of the speaker, smoothly finished slabs.

deeply... Only the word deeply respected (‘very, very respected’) is written together. All other formations are free phrases (regardless of whether the adverb deeply has a direct or figurative meaning) - deeply artistic nature, deeply negative attitude, deeply substantiated interpretation of questions (‘seriously, completely, sufficiently conclusive’). Ivanov was interested in everyday life not in itself, but as a path to the secret, to the deeply hidden essence of human relationships (Kav.) - “not on the surface, hidden in the depths, inaccessible”; St. Petersburg is a multifaceted city... It is a living, deeply feeling city (M. G.) - ‘a very strong, intense, significant and complex feeling city’; The domes of the main cathedral, gold in deep blue azure through the branches of poplar (gas); deeply passionate poems (I.S.)

Notes: 1. Glubokb respecting is always written separately, like deeply located (‘nurturing sympathy’).

2. Deeply respected can be written separately if there are explanatory words with the participle: an engineer deeply respected by the workers.

densely... Only the word densely populated (‘densely populated’) is written together: The staircase of a densely populated house was always full of smells (Bakl.). But if the second part of a complex word is presented in a short form, then it should be written separately: This part of the city is densely populated. In all other cases, the adverb is written densely separately from the participle that follows it: a pack of large, densely written sheets; The children put their hats on their thickly greased hair. (Ser.).

Note. Complex names of colors with dense in the first part are written with a hyphen: dense green, dense purple,

a long time ago... Only the linguistic term long-past tense is written together. But all explanatory dictionaries give this word in a continuous spelling and in the meaning of ‘happened a long time ago, a long time ago; very old’: I’m too lazy to describe long-past impressions (Vol.). However, in the general literary meaning, the words with long ago should be written separately: Traces of long-past affectation were noticed in it (T.); If she [the thought of Natasha] came, it was only as a pleasant memory of the long past (L. T.). In the sentence On the ceiling, according to a long-past fashion, cupid was presented (Hertz.) should be written long ago, since it has long required independent stress, being a circumstance in relation to the participle.

All other cases are phrases: I was with you, Russia,

in your long past, let me be with you in the future (V.F.).

long... Only the terms long-playing, long-living are written together: long-playing record, long-living nuclei. In all other cases, the adverb is written separately from the participle that follows it: Vermiculite is also a long-acting poison that is not washed off by rain for weed control (gas); This right should encourage the writer to create long-lasting works, and not ephemeral works (gas.).

expensive... The term expensive is written together: expensive goods. In practice, however, the adjective expensive is written together and in such combinations as expensive work, expensive construction, expensive entertainment, etc.: The current political campaign will be the most expensive in the entire history of the United States (gas.). In combination with other participles, the adverb expensive is always written separately: paid dearly, costly, priced dearly, selling dearly, etc.

easy... Only the terms are written together: lightly wounded, easily mobile, lightly armored, flammable, lightly armed, etc. Not in a terminological sense, it is easily written separately from the participle that follows it; cf: ward of the slightly wounded - lightly wounded in the arm; and also: easily vulnerable, easily explained, easily digestible, easily read.

Note: Adjective types frivolous, athletic, formed on the basis of coordinated combinations (cf.: easy thought, athletics), are always written together (see above).

little... Numerous complex adjectives of this group are written together: unfamiliar, poorly adapted, uninteresting, poorly inhabited, little known, unsuitable, undecent, unpleasant, unreliable, unlikely, inactive, little studied, little studied, insignificant, etc. The second part of such formations is most often represented by an adjective , less often a participle. In the language, however, there are similar phrases: little familiar, little adapted, little interesting, little inhabited, little known, little suitable, little decent, little pleasant, little reliable, little probable, little mobile, little explored, little studied, little meaningful. Compound words with little in the first part and similar phrases differ in meaning.

In phrases, little is an adverb, it has the meaning 'a little, not enough', as a member of a sentence - independently (answers the question “to what extent and degree?”), pronounced as a separate word with a distinct emphasis: What and to whom did the writer want to prove by telling about uninteresting and not particularly characteristic people... (Bl.); ...Children's literature of that time was an uninhabited, or at least sparsely inhabited, island (Marsh.).

As the first part of complex adjectives, the particles not have little meaning: If you mistakenly praised a work of little art, everyone will understand that you don’t understand anything, if for you such rubbish is a masterpiece (A.K.); The picture was declared mediocre, uninteresting, and unartistic (gas.).

Note: Quite often, complex adjectives with little in the first part are used as euphemisms - replacing words that are inconvenient or rude for a certain situation: The situation in the team has been created, to put it mildly, unpleasant (gas.).

Thus, if ‘not’ has little meaning, then it is written together with the adjective or participle that follows it. If little expresses the meaning ‘a little, not enough’, then it is an adverb and is written separately. The formulated rule requires some clarification.

1) Malo, as the first part of a compound word, is not combined with all participles. This circumstance is not always taken into account, which leads to erroneous spellings. For example, in the sentence Mikhail Leonidovich Himself seemed to me to be a man who had little success in the engineering field (gas) should be written little has succeeded: with the participle of having succeeded, the word little can only be an adverb.

2) Little is written together only with single full forms of the participle, i.e. only in this case little can have the meaning ‘not’ (separate writing is also possible if little has the meaning ‘a little, not enough’). If the participle "has explanatory words or is presented in a short form, then it is always written separately. Compare: An ill-informed reader will not understand this - 'an ignorant reader, an incompetent reader', however, it is possible that an uninformed reader will not understand this if it is necessary to express the meaning of 'insufficiently informed reader'; The reader, even little knowledgeable about the life of a modern village, after reading this, will be surprised - a participle with explanatory words has little meaning 'insufficient'; But Pronin was ready to believe him, because people performing duties "mailboxes, usually there is little knowledge about the affairs in which they take part (Ov.) - few with a short form of participle; In Soviet times, some methods of forming words, which were little common before the October Revolution, became very productive - participle with explanatory words, therefore few written separately. Little is written separately from the participle that follows it, even if little is preceded by an adverb of degree: a very little-studied problem, a relatively little-studied question.

3) If little is followed by an adjective (in full or short form, single or with explanatory words), then the continuous or separate spelling is determined by the meaning of the sentence: No, the editors refuse it. Little cultured, writes with mistakes (K.) -■ ‘uncultured’; Klim accepted Kutuzov’s rudeness as the innocence of a person of little culture (M. G.) - ‘not cultured enough’; As a friend, I scolded him... why is he so little cultured (Ch.) - the adverb so enhances the meaning of the adverb little; Yesterday, unknown or little-known people today won the recognition and love of millions of people (gaz.) - ‘unknown or insufficiently known’; My attempt to apply his methods... seemed to me far-fetched and uninteresting - ‘far-fetched and uninteresting’; However, it is no coincidence that the author asked the question: “How much do we know about the writer?” - The answer to it was not very encouraging - ‘disappointing’; Oh, of course! I now feel how little educated I am (L.T.) - ‘not educated enough’.

Notes: 1. In print, unfortunately, the difference in the meanings of mayu and what word (adjective or participle) it is combined with is not always taken into account. There are many unmotivated spellings, that is, those that do not follow from the meaning of the sentences. For example: Toxicologists said that 4-D butyl ether is still toxic. Low toxic, but still toxic (gas.) - you should write low toxic, since the combined writing (hence the meaning ‘non-toxic’) contradicts the statement that ether is toxic; Piastrov flashed in the houses of creative unions, and less-informed creative people asked more informed... (gas.) - one should write less-informed, since in the same sentence there is a phrase more informed, but in general the meaning is: 'less (little) informed people asked more knowledgeable people'; You’ve barely read a few pages before you’re surrounded on all sides by a living, colorful and, of course, very familiar world (gas.) - you should write familiar, since the adverb of degree greatly enhances the meaning of little, rather than the adjective (cf.: very little intelligent person, very interesting book).

2. Complex adjectives with mayu (former adverb) should be distinguished from outwardly similar words such as low-weight, mausemeiny, low-circulation, formed according to the model