The Latin word is lapsus. It denotes an error in a person's speech. From this word came the well-known abbreviation blunder. Only if a blunder is considered a gross violation of speech norms, then lapsus has a less strict meaning. Unfortunately, there is no analogue of this word, which denotes speech errors, in modern Russian. But lapsus are found everywhere.
Speech errors are divided into normative errors and typos. Typos are mechanical errors. A word may be spelled incorrectly in the text, which will complicate the perception of information. Or instead of one word they accidentally use another. Typos also appear in oral speech. These are slips of the tongue that you hear from people every day.
Mechanical errors occur unconsciously, but a lot depends on them. Errors in writing numbers create a distortion of factual information. And spelling words incorrectly can completely change the meaning of what was said. One scene from the film “Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day,” directed by Miguel Arteta, demonstrates the problem of typos well. The printing house mixed up the letters “p” and “s” and in a children’s book they wrote, instead of “You can jump on the bed,” the phrase “You can burp on the bed.” And according to the plot of the film, this situation resulted in a scandal.
Special attention paid attention to typos during times Stalin's repressions when a misspelled word cost a person his life. It is impossible to eradicate the problem of typos, since people make them unconsciously. The only way, with the help of which you will avoid this type of speech errors, be careful when writing the text, carefully select the words that you pronounce.
Types of regulatory errors
Speech errors are associated with violations of the norms of the Russian language. Types of speech errors:
- orthoepic;
- morphological;
- spelling;
- syntactic-punctuation;
- stylistic;
- lexical.
Spelling error
A pronunciation error is associated with a violation of orthoepy norms. It manifests itself only in oral speech. This is an erroneous pronunciation of sounds, words or phrases. Also, errors in pronunciation do not include correct accent.
The distortion of words occurs in the direction of reducing the number of letters. For example, when instead of “thousand” the word “thousand” is pronounced. If you want to speak competently and beautifully, you should rid your speech of similar words. A common mispronunciation of the word “of course” is “of course.”
Pronouncing the correct accent is not only correct, but also fashionable. Surely you have heard how people correct the incorrect emphasis in the words “Alcohol”, “calls”, “contract” to the correct ones - “alcohol”, “calls” and “contract”. Incorrect placement of stress in Lately more noticeable than before. And the opinion about your erudition depends on compliance with pronunciation standards.
Morphological error
Morphology is a branch of linguistics in which the object of study is words and their parts. Morphological errors occur due to improper education word forms various parts speech. The reasons are incorrect declension, errors in the use of gender and number.
For example, "doctors" instead of "doctors". This is a morphological error in use plural.
They often use the wrong form of a word when changing case. The genitive case of the word apples is apples. Sometimes the incorrect form of "apples" is used instead.
Common morphological errors– incorrect spelling of numerals:
“The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches.” In this example, the word “fifty” was not declined. Correct spelling: "The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches."
There is a common misuse error when using adjectives. comparative degree. For example, this use: “more beautiful” instead of “more beautiful”. Or “the highest” instead of “the highest” or “the highest”.
Spelling mistake
Spelling mistakes- This is an incorrect spelling of words. They arise when a person does not know correct spelling words. Have you ever received a message where you found grammatical errors. A common example: spelling the word “sorry” with an “e.” To prevent such spelling errors from happening to you, read as much as possible. Reading stimulates the perception of the correct spelling of words. And if you are used to reading correctly written text, then you will write without making grammatical errors.
Spelling errors, in principle, occur due to ignorance of the correct words. Therefore, if you are not sure of a written word, you should consult a dictionary. At work, learn the list of words specific to your field that you need to remember and in which you should never make grammatical errors.
Syntax and punctuation errors
These types of speech errors occur when Not correct positioning punctuation marks and incorrect combination of words in phrases and sentences.
Missing dashes, extra commas - this refers to punctuation errors. Don't be lazy to open your textbook if you're not sure about the use of commas. Again, this is a problem that can be overcome by reading a lot of books. You get used to the correct placement of punctuation marks and already on an intuitive level it is difficult for you to make a mistake.
Violations of syntax rules are common. Coordination errors are common. “To be happy, a person needs a favorite place to relax, work, a happy family" The word “need” in this sentence is not suitable for listing. It is necessary to use “need”.
Professional editors believe that management errors are common. When a word is replaced by a synonym or similar word, but the control does not agree with the new word.
An example of a management error: “They praised and congratulated Alina for her victory.”
They praised Alina. They brought congratulations to Alina. Parts of the proposal are inconsistent due to mismanagement. After "praised" you need to add the word "her" to correct the mistake.
Stylistic errors
Unlike other types of errors, stylistic errors are based on distortion of the meaning of the text. Classification of main stylistic speech errors:
- Pleonasm. The phenomenon occurs frequently. Pleonasm is a redundant expression. The author expresses a thought, supplementing it with information that is already understandable to everyone. For example, “a minute passed,” “he told the true truth,” “a secret spy was watching the passenger.” A minute is a unit of time. The truth is the truth. And a spy is a secret agent in any case.
- Cliche. These are established phrases that are used very often. Clichés cannot be completely attributed to speech errors. Sometimes their use is appropriate. But if they are often found in the text or cliches conversational style used in business is a serious speech error. Clichés include the expressions “to win”, “ Golden autumn", "overwhelming majority".
- Tautology. An error in which the same or similar words are often repeated. The same word should not be repeated in the same sentence. It is advisable to eliminate repetitions in adjacent sentences.
Sentences in which this error was made: “He smiled, his smile filled the room with light,” “Katya blushed from the red wine,” “Petya loved to go fishing and catch fish.”
- Violation of word order. IN English language The word order is much stricter than in Russian. It is distinguished by the clear construction of parts of a sentence in a certain sequence. In Russian, you can rearrange phrases as you would like. But it is important not to lose the meaning of the statement.
To prevent this from happening, follow two rules:
- The order of words in a sentence can be direct or reverse depending on the subject and predicate.
- Minor members sentences must agree with the words on which they depend.
Lexical speech errors
Vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language. Mistakes occur when you write or talk about something you don’t understand. More often, errors in the meanings of words occur for several reasons:
- The word is outdated and rarely used in modern Russian.
- The word refers to highly specialized vocabulary.
- The word is a neologism and its meaning is not widespread.
Classification of lexical speech errors:
- False synonymy. A person considers several words that are not synonyms to be synonyms. For example, authority is not popularity, and features are not differences. Examples where an error was made:“The singer was an authority among young people” instead of “The singer was popular among young people.” “The brother and sister had many differences in their personalities” instead of “The brother and sister had many differences in their personalities.”
- Using words that sound similar. For example, using the word “single” when you need to say “ordinary”. Instead of the word “Indian” they may write the mistaken “Indian”.
- Confusion in words with similar meanings. “Interviewer” and “Interviewee”, “Subscriber” and “Subscription”, “Addressee” and “Addressee”.
- Unintentional formation of new words.
Allow speech error Just. Sometimes this happens in case of a slip of the tongue, and sometimes the problem lies in ignorance of some norm of the Russian language or due to confusion in the meanings of words. Read a lot of books, speak correctly and don’t be shy once again consult a dictionary or textbook. Constantly work on your oral and written speech so that the number of errors is close to zero.
Content Linguistic errors around us: the reasons for their occurrence and classification. Linguistic errors around us: causes of their occurrence and classification. a) Language norm and deviation from it a) Language norm and deviation from it b) Types of errors. b) Types of errors. c) Causes of occurrence. c) Causes of occurrence. d) Fighting errors. d) Fighting errors. e) “Slang” words in our school. e) “Slang” words in our school. Conclusion and work prospects. Conclusion and work prospects.
Purpose of the work: to draw the attention of schoolchildren to linguistic errors in our speech and to correct them. draw the attention of schoolchildren to linguistic errors in our speech and their correction. Objectives: Objectives: -to study theoretical material about the language norm and deviations from it, -study theoretical material about the language norm and deviations from it, -collect typical mistakes and classify them, - collect typical errors and classify them, combat errors. Deal with mistakes.
Language norm and deviation from it Norm is the generally accepted use of words, their forms, syntactic structures, enshrined in dictionaries, reference books and recommended by them, as well as confirmed by the use of words by authoritative writers, scientists, and the educated part of society. Norm is the generally accepted use of words, their forms, syntactic structures, enshrined in dictionaries, reference books and recommended by them, as well as confirmed by the use of words by authoritative writers, scientists, and the educated part of society. An error is a violation of norms. An error is a violation of norms.
Types of errors Spelling Spelling Punctuation Punctuation Grammar Grammar Speech Speech Factual Factual Logical Logical Outdated spelling Outdated spelling Non-existent spelling Non-existent spelling Mixing Latin and Cyrillic Mixing Latin and Cyrillic
The fight against mistakes First, carry out campaigns to promote literacy and education among the population. Firstly, carry out campaigns to promote literacy and education among the population. Secondly, open sites that ridicule the errors and also contain an explanation of how they need to be corrected. Secondly, open sites that ridicule the errors and also contain an explanation of how they need to be corrected. Thirdly, monitor your speech and spelling and help your friends with this. Thirdly, monitor your speech and spelling and help your friends with this.
Jargon words in our school In recent years, jargon words have overwhelmed our speech. People seem to forget the literary language, gradually switching to slang expressions. In recent years, jargon has overwhelmed our speech. People seem to forget the literary language, gradually switching to slang expressions.
Questionnaire questionnaire Questionnaire questionnaire Do you use jargon? Do you use jargon? Why: Why: –You want to better express your thoughts; – you don’t want to be different from your peers; – afraid of being ridiculed by others; -cannot replace jargon literary words; -other options. What jargon do you use most often? What jargon do you use most often? How do you understand the meaning of these words? How do you understand the meaning of these words? How many times a day do you use these words: How many times a day do you use these words: –15 times; –610 times; – more than 10 times. Do you think, as a result, speech becomes... Do you think, as a result, speech becomes... -better; -worse; – I find it difficult to answer.
Conclusion A person’s speech is a litmus test of his general culture, proficiency in literary language is necessary component education and, conversely, “linguistic illiteracy,” as M. Gorky also said, “is always a sign of low culture.” A person’s speech is a litmus test of his general culture, mastery of a literary language is a necessary component of education and, conversely, “linguistic illiteracy,” as M. Gorky also said, “is always a sign of low culture.”
South Ural State University
Faculty of Economics and Law
Department of Social Communications and Information Management
Coursework in Documentary Linguistics
On the topic: “Linguistic errors in regulatory documents.”
“Errors in word usage.”
Completed by: Andreeva O.V.
Gr. EiP-345
Checked by: Vaganova E.V.
Chelyabinsk-2001
Part I. Linguistic errors in regulatory documents
Introduction
Syntax regulatory documents
Conclusion
Applications
Bibliography
Introduction
The legal nature of a legal text requires special accuracy and
thoroughness in the formulation of legal regulations, thoughtfulness and
logical structure of the document, does not allow ambiguity,
vagueness and inconsistency of its norms. In known sources
the legislative and legal framework is described quite fully and in detail
technique. It is closely related to the organization of lexical-legal
material, its syntactic structure and semantics, is aimed at
external presentation, designed to improve the language of legal
document, making it more understandable, accurate and competent.
The meaning (content side) of a legal text appears in
result of reading. There is a text, and there is an interpreter who gives
this text has meaning. But since interpreters have different
intellectual capabilities (education, level of culture, including
and legal), common goal legislative technique is the achievement
accessibility of the text of legal norms in terms of their meaning, which, however,
should not compromise its legal accuracy or distort the meaning of the law.
The external presentation of a legal act presupposes that the law affects
the will and consciousness of people only through language. It is the language that serves
a means of transmitting information about the content of instructions, with its help
the legislator's thought takes shape and becomes suitable for external
use.
Meanwhile, modern legislation, both at the federal level,
and at the level of subjects and municipalities, suffers
many shortcomings, including technical ones. Happening
the lag in rule-making activity and the emergence of linguistic
errors in the texts of regulatory legal acts. Bad text legal act
the inaccuracy of its definitions and terms create the opportunity for
incorrect application of legal norms. So that the will
legislator was accessible and its meaning did not diverge from the text
design, clear presentation and clear linguistic
formulation of legal norms. Therefore, one of the conditions for successful
lawmaking activity is compliance with a system of certain
requirements for legal acts. It is knowledge and literate
use of techniques legal technology allows you to create
high-quality and easy-to-read legal documents.
Both at the federal and regional levels have been developed
provisions on
Linguistic examination of legislative acts?, which determine
tasks and procedure for its implementation and main points regarding
use of lexical, grammatical, syntactic and
stylistic means
For example, the Regulations on linguistic examination of the laws of the Voronezh
region and other legal acts of the Regional Duma, approved Resolution
Voronezh Regional Duma dated March 18, 1999 No. 780-II-OD.
It is important to work on the language and style of the legal document
at the stage of not only its discussion and adoption, but also preparation and
writing. The presence of errors and shortcomings is explained as incredible
haste in preparing legal documents, and lack of
opportunities for their competent editorial editing, therefore it is necessary
development of a clear system of rules (lexical, grammatical,
syntactic) usage linguistic means when writing legal
documents that strictly comply with the norms of the modern Russian language and
promoting compliance with certain language and text requirements
normative legal acts (uniformity, clarity, consistency in
presentation of legal material, etc.) There are electronic dictionaries
definitions of Russian legislation (information legal systems
“Consultant Plus”, “Garant”), defining terms (and their meaning),
existing in Russian legislation, legal acts by which they
introduced. All this will facilitate the work of the legislator in drawing up
regulatory texts and the perception of such documents by the reader.
Linguistic basis of legal text
Any text has linguistic, logical, grammatical and
graphic basis. A legal text that has a functional and stylistic
belonging is also a combination of these foundations. And one of the most important
tasks is to develop rules for improving language, style and logic
rights. (See appendices. Documents from the archive. How documents were drawn up in
early 20th century.)
In the text legal document it is necessary to avoid any
emotional coloring. This is due to its functional and stylistic
belonging to formal business style. Regulatory language
the act must be neutral so as not to cause unnecessary emotions and
distract from the essence of the meaning inherent in it. Solemnity is excluded
pathos, rhetorical questions, usage stylistic figures. For
some texts (complaint, diplomatic documents) are characterized
some figurativeness, but it is unacceptable to overstep reasonable limits,
since neutrality of language primarily increases efficiency
interpretation of the text and implementation of legal norms. As stated by the legal
information must be consistent, semantically complete,
since there is a lack of logic, breaks in the sequence of content,
jumping from one subject of consideration to another, etc.
complicate its interpretation, disrupt interconnection and internal unity
legal material.
Any, even the most minimal, ambiguity in design
legal text is fraught with the appearance of inconsistency and contradictions
in his interpretation.
Accuracy (i.e. correspondence of the semantic content of the text to the information
which forms its basis) involves the use of words,
phrases in their direct meaning, allowing no ambiguity,
arbitrary interpretation that distorts the meaning of the normative legal
document and can influence the process of implementation of legal norms.
Clarity of the language of legal texts is achieved through the use of
linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, syntactic), widely
consumable and easy to understand for the most part subjects of application
rights?, however, such accessibility should come at the expense of content.
Language legislative act differs in brevity, because
Its main function is the transmission of instructions, orders. Hence,
the most economic language means are needed, which creates
favorable conditions for understanding and applying the law.
Features of the language of legal texts relate to specific
areas of linguistics.
Lexicology and word usage
To designate certain concepts in normative
acts use special terms of two types: non-legal and
legal. Non-legal terms are used to accurately indicate
realities of reality from other (non-legal) spheres of human life.
When using special legal terminology, it is necessary
observe three principles: unity of terminology? (not valid for
use different terms to designate the same concepts);
generally accepted terminology (the terms used must be recognized
science and practice); stability of terminology
Legal language also uses foreign terminology
(borrowing). This process is inevitable, since in some cases when
writing a legal text is impossible without this
(diplomatic documentation, legal acts based on norms
international law, etc.), and is associated with the expansion
international legal communication between states. Most of
borrowings - Latin legal language, legal system whom
was carefully worked out. At the same time, the abuse of foreign
words or their unjustified use leads to a distortion of meaning and
makes the text difficult to understand.
_________
Many words that are commonly used but do not have
specific legal meaning, can cause serious difficulties,
when their use concerns documents that are not intended for
lawyers, and for ordinary people.
The unity of terminology is not always maintained. For example, in
Constitution of the Russian Federation, representatives of the subjects in the Federation Council of Assembly in
Section one is referred to as the members of the chamber, and in Section two -
Deputies, and explanations for such discrepancies in word usage
the document does not provide.
The use of ethnographisms (words and expressions known only
in a given area) in regulations concerns mainly
regional legislation. Linguistically, their use
is a departure from the norm literary language, unacceptable for
language of legal documents. If this cannot be avoided, in the text
clarification is needed regarding the meaning of such words.
The phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and homonymy in legal
texts, since the language of law is one of the varieties of Russian
literary language. But the use of these drugs should not turn into
abuse. The ambiguity of the word reflects a real fact
the existence of several objects of reality, designated by one
in a word (object, subject, source). And to avoid ambiguity
interpretation, in order to obtain the correct meaning in each particular case
needed when using polysemantic words more attention devotes
context. Synonymy (use different words to transfer one and
the same content) in most cases allows you to clarify or
clarify the author's idea. However, an unsuccessfully chosen synonym can
distort the meaning of the text of a legal document. It is also unacceptable
the use of so-called duplicate terms in one text
(import/export, – export/import, citizens/organizations – individuals
persons/legal entities, etc.). In case of using homonyms (words,
having different meanings, but the same spelling or pronunciation)
increased attention to context is necessary, and when there are differences in
in pronunciation – graphic highlighting (accent mark).
Word formation and morphology
The use of abstract nouns in –i, -nie, ost, -stvo
etc. (reliability, publication, detection, responsibility,
attraction). The abstract nature of the vocabulary serves a certain level
generalizations of statements in a legal text. Most often
a common mistake is a piling up of words with an abstract meaning in one syntagm
meaning, which is undesirable, since it makes it difficult to identify the semantic
content (especially when it comes to clutter genitive case): -
…organ local government, carrying out executive and
administrative functions in order to organize the implementation of laws, other
regulatory acts of government authorities...
Use of official names male in the only
number (chairman, director, candidate, etc.). Parallel
names female have conversational, even reduced
stylistic coloring, therefore they are categorically excluded from the texts
regulations.
Use of verbal nouns and adjectives
(execution, finding, non-fulfillment, non-compliance, importance,
necessity). It seems inappropriate to replace existing
nouns in parallel verbal forms (chairman
court - the presiding judge of the court).
5. Syntax of normative documents
A proposal as part of a legal text must comply with
predominantly direct word order, which is due to increasing k
end of sentence informational role word order in writing.
Usage various kinds inversions shift semantic accents to
phrase and distorts original meaning. For example:
– Decision made on local level, may be cancelled...or
declared invalid by the court in established by law
ok. (Use of the definition “neutral” next to the word “court”
may lead to a completely different interpretation of the phrase: “invalid court”
instead of "invalid decision". Therefore, you should build a proposal
like this: A decision taken at the local level can be canceled...or
recognized by the court in the manner established by the court in established by law ok
invalid.)
–…accountability to the district council people's deputies within it
powers of local government bodies of the Novousmanovsky district...
(should be written: ...accountability of local governments
Novousmanovsky District to the District Council of People's Deputies within
his powers...).
You should avoid using both excessively short and very
long sentences. Increasing the word count in some cases to
several dozen significantly complicates the understanding of the text, since when
When reading, there is a loss of logical meaning. On the contrary, it's too short
the sentence does not allow you to express the necessary thought fully enough
author, so brevity should not come at the expense of meaning.
Phrases should be of simple construction, without overloading them
subordinate clauses and various kinds of complications (involved,
participial phrases, so-called obsessive phrases that destroy
logical structure of the sentence, etc.). Errors in use are unacceptable
connecting or disjunctive conjunctions, punctuation marks;
Omissions of words (...the district Council of People's Deputies temporarily assigns
performance of duties as the head of the district by one of the deputy heads
district administration... - for one of), incomplete sentences,
negative constructions(The decision on self-dissolution is made by two
by a third of the votes of the elected number of deputies. Such a solution cannot
be adopted by the district council of people's deputies less than a year before
the end of the term of office of deputies. – follows: Such a decision can
be adopted by the district council of people's deputies at least one year before
the end of the term of office of deputies).
Conclusion
There are many examples of violations language norms
(spelling, lexical, morphological, syntactic) in
legal acts. Their presence indicates the need for ownership
legislator with the rules and techniques of legal writing, since this
will ensure the greatest activity of legal norms in the stage of interpretation and
implementation. The level of perfection, precision and clarity of the law in
depends largely on the level of development of language norms. Language
embodiment normative act must ensure accessibility and
maximum convenience for its study and application. For achievement
High Quality content and form of a legal act it is necessary:
Develop and legislate a system of linguostylistic
rules of regulatory documents in accordance with Russian norms
language;
Establish mandatory linguistic examination of regulatory documents
acts at the level of subjects of the Federation and municipalities (with
involving specialist linguists);
For students law faculties higher educational institutions enter
studying relevant disciplines in the form of courses or special courses
(for example, “Language and Law”, “Legislative Technique”, “Judicial
linguistics", "stylistics" business speech lawyer”, etc.4
Develop the study of legislative technology in relation to various
branches of law in order to identify specific means, techniques and rules
creation of normative documents.
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
4 In the present time is running active development and improvement
similar courses by Russian lawyers (see: Law: a collection of educational
programs. – M.: Lawyer, 2001.-205 p.
Part II. Usage errors
With development computer technology many people became disdainful
relate to the rules of the Russian language. Maybe that's true, or maybe that's the whole point
is that at the end of the 20th century people got hold of the pen and the computer,
who previously, if they wrote anything, did so only on fences. Anyway,
but today even among journalists and other writing fraternity it is not uncommon
people who make the most rude grammatical and stylistic errors, Not
fully understanding the meaning of the words they use.
Don't rely on automatic checking programs
spelling. There are many types of errors that speller can easily fix
unable. These are errors related to misuse words:
all the words in the text are written correctly, but do not fit together, so
that the text as a whole is illiterate, often ridiculous and funny,
sometimes the whole meaning of the text changes. “Vronsky was Anna’s lover
Karenina", "Onegin wet himself with perfume", "the old man put the fox in the sleigh and
got under way,” the spell checker is unable to correct any of these errors.
IN recent years Errors of this kind have become especially common
in texts – both on the Internet and in the press, in school essays,
student essays, etc.
All errors in word usage can be divided into several main ones:
groups:
Using words with the wrong meaning;
Lack of words (lexical incompleteness);
Excess of words;
Incompatibility of words with each other;
Distortion of set phrases;
The use of words that are incomprehensible to the reader;
The use of clericalism and cliches.
Let's look at each of them in more detail.
Using words with the wrong meaning.
Man with poor vocabulary often uses words
incorrectly, not understanding what they mean and giving them some meaning,
which they don't actually carry. The crudest variety of this
The mistake is to use a completely inappropriate word.
A classic example is the phrase from “12 Chairs” by Ilf and Petrov:
"The waves were falling down with a swift jack" The character who wrote this
phrase, believed that a “jack” is something that falls. In fact -
This is a mechanism that allows you to lift something heavy (for example, when
If a tire needs to be replaced, the car is raised using a jack).
Another example: “A contradiction towards war accumulated in Andrei’s soul.” On
in fact, it could be about irritation towards the war, about
rejection of war, aversion to war - but in no way
Not about the “contradiction” to it. The other two types are more common
this error. The first is the use of a consonant word (paronym): “well-fed”
(having eaten, not hungry) instead of “filled” (nutritious, capable
saturate), “generalsky” (belonging to the general) instead of “general”
(main, main), “change” (exchange something for something) instead
“change” (make it different), etc. The second is the use of a word close
in meaning (synonym), but not applicable in this case: “sweet grin”
(a grin is a smile with a negative connotation: malicious,
mocking, etc.), “close eyes” (instead of “narrow”), “watch
hurry" (instead of "hurry"), black horse" (instead of "black"), "dog
raised her leg” (instead of “paw”), etc. This mistake is often made by people
for whom Russian is not their native language. To avoid this error,
we must try not to use words in the text whose meaning is not
known or not entirely understood. If there is uncertainty regarding
exact meaning of a word, it is better to check it in a dictionary,
or replace it with another word.
Lack of words (lexical incompleteness):
Many words in the Russian language cannot be used on their own, without
additional word. You can’t say “dream” without explaining what exactly it is
dreamed, you cannot say “realize”, “make amends”, “violate” or
“eliminate” without specifying what exactly.
Excess of words (pleonasticity):
Verbosity (pleonasm) is an error in which in a sentence
words are used that repeat the meaning of other words and are therefore redundant.
For example, if a news report contains the words “illegal
gang formation" is shining example verbosity because there is no point
emphasize the illegality of the “gang formation”: it cannot be
legal. Just like
There can be no legal “crime.” Other examples: "to rise up"
(where else can you go up?), “vacancy” (the word “vacancy”
means “vacant position” or “free workplace"), "folk
folklore" - " folk art"), "souvenir for memory" ("souvenir" as
times and means “memory gift”)
Bibliography
Shugrina E.S. Technique of legal writing: Textbook - practical. allowance.- M.:
2000.-272s.
Legislative technology: Scientific and practical. allowance. – M.: Gorodets, 2000.- 272
With.
Problems of legal technology. Collection of articles / ed. V.M. Baranova. –
Nizhny Novgorod.: 2000.- 823 p.
International Center distance learning"KURSY.RU"
Source: Digital catalogue industry department in the direction of "Jurisprudence"
(Faculty of Law Libraries) Scientific library them. M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University
Linguistic errors in regulatory documents.
2. Use of names of masculine officials in singular(chairman, director, candidate, etc.). Parallel names of the feminine gender have a colloquial, even reduced stylistic connotation, therefore they are categorically excluded in the texts of regulatory legal acts.
3. The use of verbal nouns and adjectives (execution, finding, non-fulfillment, non-compliance, importance, necessity). It seems inappropriate to replace already existing nouns with parallel verbal forms (chairman of the court - presiding judge of the court).
Syntax of normative documents.
In a sentence as part of a legal text, predominantly direct word order must be observed, which is due to the increasing informational role of word order in written speech towards the end of the sentence. The use of various kinds of inversions shifts the semantic emphasis in the phrase and distorts the original meaning. For example:
A decision made at the local level can be canceled ... or declared invalid by a court in the manner prescribed by law. (Using the definition “invalid” next to the word “court” can lead to a completely different interpretation of the phrase: “invalid court” instead of “invalid decision.” Therefore, the sentence should be structured like this: A decision taken at the local level can be canceled ... or recognized by the court void in accordance with the procedure established by law.)
- ...accountability to the district Council of People's Deputies within the limits of its powers of local government bodies of the Novousmansky district... (should be written: ...accountability of local government bodies of the Novousmansky district to the regional Council of People's Deputies within the limits of its powers...).
You should avoid using both overly short and very long sentences. An increase in the number of words in some cases to several dozen significantly complicates the understanding of the text, since when reading there is a loss of logical meaning. On the contrary, too short sentence does not allow the author’s necessary thought to be expressed fully enough, so brevity should not come at the expense of meaning.
Phrases should be of simple construction, without overloading them with subordinate clauses and various kinds of complications (participial, adverbial phrases, so-called obsessive phrases that destroy the logical structure of the sentence, etc.). Errors in the use of connecting or disjunctive conjunctions and punctuation marks are unacceptable; omissions of words (...the district Council of People's Deputies temporarily assigns the duties of the head of the district to one of the deputy heads of the district administration... - to one of them), incomplete sentences, negative constructions (The decision on self-dissolution is made by two-thirds of the votes of the elected number of deputies. Such a decision cannot be adopted by the district council of people's deputies less than a year before the end of the term of office of the deputies. - follows: Such a decision can be made by the district council of people's deputies no less than a year before the end of the term of office of the deputies.).
One can give many examples of violations of language norms (spelling, lexical, morphological, syntactic) in legal acts. Their presence indicates the need for the legislator to master the rules and techniques of legal writing, as this will ensure the greatest effectiveness of legal norms at the stage of interpretation and implementation. The level of perfection, clarity and clarity of the law largely depends on the level of development of language norms. The linguistic embodiment of a normative act must ensure universal accessibility and maximum convenience for its study and application. To achieve high quality of content and form of a legal act, it is necessary:
Develop and legislate a system of linguistic-stylistic rules of regulatory documents in accordance with the norms of the Russian language;
Establish mandatory linguistic examination of normative legal acts at the level of constituent entities of the Federation and municipalities (with the involvement of specialist linguists);
For students of law faculties of higher educational institutions, introduce the study of relevant disciplines in the form of courses or special courses (for example, “Language and Law”, “Legislative Technique”, “Forensic Linguistics”, “Stylistics of Lawyer’s Business Speech”, etc.).
Develop the study of legislative technology in relation to various industries law in order to identify specific means, techniques and rules for creating regulatory documents.
See: E.S. Shugrina. Technique of legal writing: Educational and practical work. allowance. – M., 2000. – 272 p.; Legislative technology: Scientific and practical. allowance. – M.: Gorodets, 2000. – 272 p.; Problems of legal technology. Collection of articles / ed. V.M. Baranova. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2000. – 823 p.
For example, the Regulations on linguistic examination of laws Voronezh region and other legal acts of the Regional Duma, approved by Resolution of the Voronezh Regional Duma of March 18, 1999 No. 780-II-OD.
Many words that are in common use but have specific legal meanings can cause serious confusion when used in documents that are not intended for lawyers but for ordinary people.
The unity of terminology is not always maintained. For example, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, representatives of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council Federal Assembly in Section one they are called members of the chamber, and in Section two - deputies, and the document does not provide an explanation for such discrepancies in word usage.
Charter of the Novousmansky district of the Voronezh region, ch. I, art. 1.
Charter of the Novousmansky district of the Voronezh region, ch. V, art. 19.
Charter of the Novousmansky district of the Voronezh region, ch. IV, Art. 18.
Currently, Russian lawyers are actively developing and improving such courses (see: Law: collection curricula. – M.: Yurist, 2001. – 205 p.
A source of information:Scientific and practical conference ¨Constitutional readings¨. (
The cause of logical errors may be a violation syntactic connection in sentences containing phrases with prepositions despite, instead of, except for, besides, along with, etc. Phrases with such prepositions, as a rule, are controlled by predicates: Instead of a hat, he put on a frying pan as he walked (K. Chukovsky). Violation of this rule leads to a violation of semantic connections between parts of the utterance: In addition to increasing academic performance, students spent a lot of time community service; In addition to work, he studies by correspondence at the institute.
Certain logical requirements must be observed when constructing sentences with homogeneous members. Words that denote concepts that are particular, specific in relation to what is common to them can be combined as homogeneous generic concept. In this case, it is necessary to comply with the requirement of a single basis when identifying them as species. For example: Children were taught skiing, skating, sledding, cycling, swimming (skiing, skating, sledding, cycling, swimming - all this different types sports exercises); As a child, the boy suffered from scarlet fever, measles, and chickenpox (scarlet fever, measles, chickenpox are different types of childhood diseases). Failure to comply with the requirement of a single basis for division leads to logical errors: A number of lectures on moral, ethical, family, everyday life, popular science and literary themes(moral and ethical, family, and literary definitions characterize the content of the lectures, and popular science ones characterize the method of presentation).
Words that denote incompatible concepts cannot be combined as homogeneous members: talk about labor veterans and school museum, interest in travel and birds. Each of the controlled words in the given examples is individually combined with a control word, but among themselves they have nothing in common in meaning, therefore they cannot be combined as homogeneous members. Connecting incompatible concepts into homogeneous series often (especially in fiction and journalism) is used as stylistic device creations of comedy or irony: But everyone had to retreat when the wounded hussar Colonel Burmin appeared in her castle, with George in his buttonhole and with an interesting pallor, as the local young ladies said (A. Pushkin); “Love and the Blue Coat” (this is the name of I. Shatunovsky’s feuilleton); “Mother-in-law and fawn” (title of Yu. Strelkov’s feuilleton).
Alogisms also arise as a result of combining words denoting generic and specific concepts as homogeneous members of a sentence: Over the last five-year period, two schools, a hospital, a club, a cinema, and cultural and educational institutions were built in the region (the concepts “club” and “cinema” are included in the concept "cultural and educational institutions").
It is impossible to combine as homogeneous members of a sentence words that express overlapping concepts: parents and adults, boys and youth, children and schoolchildren. However, some combinations, contrary to the rules of logic, have become established in the language as normative: pioneers and schoolchildren, festival of youth and students, art and literature, etc.
When grouping homogeneous members of a sentence, combining them in pairs, words should be selected either on the basis of contiguity, similarity, or for stylistic purposes according to the principle of contrast: At school he was interested in history and literature, physics and mathematics; They got along. Wave and stone, // Poems and prose, ice and fire // Not so different from each other (A. Pushkin). The sentence is logically incorrectly constructed. Adults and students, children and teachers took part in the cleanup. Homogeneous members in this case can be grouped in the following way: adults and children, teachers and students.
An important condition for the logic of speech is the accurate and consistent expression by linguistic means of connections and relationships between parts of a sentence, as well as between individual sentences in the whole text. Used as linguistic means of expressing communication lexical repetitions, pronouns, function words(prepositions, conjunctions), particles, introductory words and phrases (firstly, secondly, therefore, means, etc.) must correspond to the character semantic relations between parts of a sentence or individual sentences, emphasize the unity and consistency of thought, integrity of content, and specify the nature of the relationship between statements. Take, for example, the following excerpt from A. Chekhov’s story “The Lady with the Dog”:
Some month would pass, and it seemed to him that Anna Sergeevna would be covered in a fog in his memory and only occasionally would he be dreamed of with a touching smile, as others had dreamed of. But more than a month passed, deep winter set in, and everything was clear in his memory, as if he had broken up with Anna Sergeevna just yesterday. And the memories flared up more and more...
Selected conjunctions link sentences into a single logically organized text, in which these sentences can only be arranged in this order. If you eliminate the conjunctions, the meaning of the passage will generally be preserved, but the logical-semantic relationships between them will weaken, and the unity of the text will be disrupted.
In the logical organization of written speech, the correct division of the text into paragraphs is very important. It contributes to the clear construction of statements, the unification of thoughts into micro-themes, and facilitates the perception of what is written.
The logic of speech is closely related to the order of words and intonation, that is, with the means of expressing the actual division of the statement. The logic of the development of thought requires movement from the known to the unknown, the new. In speech, this logical pattern is manifested in the semantic division of the utterance into two components: theme (the starting point of the utterance, given, known from the previous context or situation) and rheme (the communicative center of the utterance, communicating something new). The theme is usually located at the beginning of the sentence and is emphasized by raising the tone, and the rheme is at the end and is emphasized by phrasal stress. Phrase stress can move from one word to another, emphasizing an informationally significant component and accordingly giving different meaning statement. Compare the same ones syntactic structure sentences: Brother arrived in the evening - Brother arrived in the evening - Brother arrived in the evening. The order of words in a sentence is determined by the communicative task of the message: Golden rye (golden - definition, one-part sentence, nominative) - Golden rye (golden is a predicate, a two-part sentence). With different word orders, the meaning of the sentence and its communicative task are different: The poplar has outgrown the maple - The maple has outgrown the poplar.
When constructing a statement, it is necessary to ensure that the semantic connections between parts of sentences and individual sentences are not broken, the meaning is not distorted, and amphiboly does not arise. Poor word order makes it difficult quick perception thoughts; for example: Commission on Faculty of Philology noted good preparation students; and in sentences like Pavel Vlasov predicting the death of the old system from the position of the proletariat with its physical decrepitude leads to a distortion of the meaning: it turns out that physical decrepitude is characteristic of the proletariat, and not the old system.
T.P. Pleschenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Taps. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.