We will learn to use personal pronouns correctly. Let's find out their meanings. Let's learn how to correctly determine the case endings of personal pronouns.
My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. She was very elegant and festive.
(It’s unclear who was dressed up, the girl or the Christmas tree)
How to write. My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. The tree was very elegant and festive.
And here’s another thing: The clown gave balloons to the guys. They were round, elongated and long.
(The guys were elongated and long).
How to write. The clown gave balloons to the children. The balls were round, elongated and long.
We were confused by the pronoun.
Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.
The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.
Places of pronouns by meaning
There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:
1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself (He will not offend himself. His hopes were not justified).
3. Possessives : mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.
5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone (obsolete), every kind (obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity.
7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (conjunctive words).
8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.
9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix something or the suffixes -to, -or, -any.
Pronoun grades
|
pronouns |
Pronouns |
How do they change? |
|
pronouns |
I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they |
By person, case, 3rd person pronoun He varies by gender |
|
Interrogative pronouns |
who?, what?, which?, whose?, how many?, what? |
They vary by gender and number. Pronouns who what? do not change by gender and number |
|
Refundable pronouns |
It has no nominative case, gender and number |
|
|
Relative pronouns |
who, what, which, which, whose, how many, what |
Change by case |
|
Undefined pronouns |
someone, something, some, several, some, something, someone, anyone, something, etc. |
Indefinite pronouns except someone, something change by case. Also some indefinite pronouns |
|
Negative pronouns |
no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing |
They change according to cases. Pronouns no one and nothing do not have a nominative case |
|
Possessive pronouns |
my, yours, yours, ours, yours |
Changes by gender, case, number |
|
Demonstrative pronouns |
that, this, such, such, how many |
The pronouns that, this, such, change according to gender, cases, and numbers. The pronoun such changes according to gender and number |
|
Determinative pronouns |
all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other |
Changes by gender, case, number |
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :
1st person: I, we;
2nd person: you, you;
3rd person: he, she, it, they.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we, you, they).
All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker.
The pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.
The pronoun he is masculine: he came.
The pronoun she is feminine: she came.
The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.
The plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. (there is no you - I see you).
All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined. In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to 3rd person pronouns: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.
|
face |
units h., Cases - im. (rd., dt., ext., tv., etc.) |
pl. h., Cases - im. (rd., dt., ext., tv., etc.) |
|
I (me, me, me, me/me, about to me) |
we (us, us, us, us, O us) |
|
|
you (you, you, you, you/you, O you) You (You, You, You, You, about You) |
you (you, you, you, you, O you) |
|
|
he (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, O her) it (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) |
they (their/them, them, their/them, them/them, O them) |
Say the pronoun IH correctly!
Their clothes
Boy - I learned it.
Girl - I learned it.
Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons do not change according to gender.
Rice. 4.
You, Petya, have learned your lesson, and you, Masha?
“Yes!” said Masha, “I learned it!” “And I,” said Petya.
Rice. 5.
Boys, have you learned your lessons?
Girls, are you going to school?
“We,” both boys and girls will answer to themselves.
Let's correct the sentence by indicating the person, number, case, and if possible the gender of the pronouns.
1. Once during a break a friend came up to me.
Came up (to whom?) to me - this is the 1st person singular pronoun of the dative case.
2. Give (you) a monkey?
To give (to whom?) to you is a 2nd person singular pronoun of the dative case.
3. (She) is called Yashka.
Her name (who?) is the 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine genitive case.
4. Dad is angry with (us) Yashka.
Angry (with whom?) at us is a 1st person plural accusative pronoun.
5. Let her live with (you) for now.
Will live (with whom?) with you - this is a 2nd person singular genitive pronoun.
6. (she) is fun.
(With whom?) with her is a 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine dative case.
7. So (I) got a monkey.
(For whom?) For me, this is the 1st person singular accusative pronoun.
1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baykova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book/Textbook.
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.
3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.
3. Russian language in the CIS countries ().
1. Read Tsvetaeva’s verse. Find pronouns in the text and determine their category.
I will win you from all lands, from all heavens, Because the forest is my cradle, and the grave is the forest, Because I stand on the ground with only one foot, Because I will sing about you like no one else.
I will win you from all the others - from that one, You will be no one's groom, I will be no one's wife, And in the last dispute I will take you - shut up!
2. Read. Write it off. Emphasize personal pronouns. Write case questions for them in brackets.
A third of the Earth is occupied by land. The rest is water! A variety of marine animals live in it. Among them there are tiny ones, about the size of a pinhead, and large ones, such as whales. Sharks live in the oceans. They are also different. There are dwarf sharks. And there are giant sharks. They weigh up to 20 tons.
3. Copy the sentences, inserting the missing pronoun in the correct form.
1) I liked the pianist’s concert. His performance made a... wonderful impression.
2) I called ... all evening yesterday, but ... was always busy.
3) I have been studying with Volodya since my first year. I know very well...and for a long time
I'm friends with...
4) I have a younger sister. In the evening I go to kindergarten.
4.* Write a dialogue on any topic, using as many personal pronouns as possible in different case forms.
Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of changing according to cases. Now we will look at some of them in more detail.
1. Cases of personal pronouns
In indirect cases, not only the endings of these pronouns change, but also the stem:
I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they
R.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their
D.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their
V.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their
etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them
P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.
The 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns do not have clearly defined gender categories; they are used in both masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Third person pronouns, when inflected, may lose their initial consonant she - but her, etc.
2. For the reflexive pronoun self, there are only forms of indirect cases. It is declined in the same way as the personal pronoun you:
etc. by myself (by myself)
P.p. (About Me
- 3. Some pronouns that have the categories of gender and number change by case according to the same rules as adjectives. This applies to:
- · possessive pronouns (my, yours, ours, yours);
- · indicative (that, this, that);
- · interrogative/relative (which, which, whose);
- Definitive (most, himself, all, every, other).
I.p. our, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; so, so, so, so
V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this
P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (about) such, (about) such, (about) such, (about) such
The attributive pronouns he and most, although similar, are declined differently. The difference is indicated mainly by emphasis:
I.p. the most, the most
R.p. most, most
D.p. myself, myself
V.p. most, most
etc. by myself, by myself
P.p. (about) myself, (about) myself
Pay attention to the declension of the attributive pronouns all, all, all:
I.p. all, all, everything
R.p. everything, all, everyone
D.p. everything, everything, everyone
V.p. everything, all, everyone
etc. everyone, all (all), everyone
P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone
When declension of feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender the stem also changes.
4. For interrogative/relative (who, what) and negative pronouns formed from them (nobody, nothing) the stems change when changing by case:
I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing
R.p. who, what, no one, nothing
D.p. to whom, what, no one, nothing
V.p. who, what, no one, nothing
etc. who, what, nothing, nothing
P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.
At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.
5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative case form:
R.p. no one
D.p. no one
V.p. no one
etc. no one
P.p. not about anyone.
6. Indefinite pronouns are declined in the same way as the interrogative/relative pronouns from which they are formed:
I.p. any, something
R.p. any, something
D.p. to any, something
V.p. any, something
etc. somehow, something
P.p. (about) any, about something
7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun “some”:
I.p. some
R.p. some
D.p. to a certain
V.p. no one
etc. some (some)
P.p. (about) someone
Variant case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.
8. Some demonstrative (such), relative (what), indefinite (someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns and adverbs do not decline where, where, when, so.
- in any case, who will be first? I myself - first person.
- if I can't bear it, You you will help because you are the closest to me - after me second person.
- the one who stands at a distance is in the third echelon. If neither I nor You can cope, you can invite a third - He will help, that is, third party
- We we solve these issues - first person.
- You you can be enemies, not be at one with us - this is second person.
- if We or You can still be personified somehow, then They pronoun third party can be considered a vague concept.
There are three persons in total in the great and mighty Russian language (1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person).
They can also differ in numbers: singular and plural.
The pronoun I refers to the first person, singular;
The pronoun We also refers to the first person, but the number is already plural;
The pronoun You refers to the 2nd person, singular;
And the pronoun you is for the second person plural;
The pronouns He, She and It already refer to the 3rd person, they have a single number;
And the pronoun They is 3rd and plural.
We conjugate verbs using faces and can determine the person of the verb.
For example: the verb drinks refers to the third person and singular (he drinks, she drinks, etc.).
Persons are distinguished by personal pronouns. To determine the person of a pronoun, just remember the following:
Keep in mind that personal pronouns have different cases and numbers. This passage contains listings of singular and plural cases for different persons.
Only personal pronouns can have a person.
3.he, she, it
And the person of pronouns can be determined by the endings of verbs.
You are walking,
To determine the person of personal pronouns, you need to learn a small table.
Below is a table with a very small number of pronouns that are easy to remember. There are only three faces and two numbers.
we look, remember with our eyes, pronounce it and have already learned it. That's all.
We recently went over pronouns at school. We were given a table, it was also given in the textbook that we studied. But they studied it in order to know the grammatical features of the pronoun. For example, the pronoun: she (feminine, third person, singular), and so on with other pronouns. All grammatical features of pronouns had to be learned by heart, including the person of pronouns. Taught. And at home they assigned a repetition exercise, in which it was necessary to insert the pronoun itself based on the grammatical features of the pronoun. Here is one sentence from this exercise, I format it as a quote:
It is clear that the pronoun you is missing.
There were four similar proposals. There was a table in front of the children's eyes, they quickly completed the task, some remembered it almost immediately, and no longer looked at it when they completed the exercise.
In the Russian language there is a separate group - a category by meaning - personal pronouns. There are three persons in total, each of which can be singular or plural.
1st person - me, we
2nd person - you, you
3rd person - he, it, she, they
In other categories of pronouns, except for personal ones, the person is not identified.
Personal pronouns are learned by heart at school.
1st person I (or we).
2nd person you (or you).
3rd person he, she, it (or they).
To more consciously deal with this, you can speculate. For example,
We do the same with the plural. Our personal problems and issues always come first - family, work, city.
Children become closely acquainted with the pronoun as a part of speech at school in the sixth grade, when they use words in sentences that help them point to an object, its sign or number.
Instructions
1. In elementary school and in fifth grade, children were introduced to nouns, adjectives and verbs. But in order to indicate these words in sentences, they need other helper words. These are pronouns. And occasionally it is necessary to indicate the number of someone or something. Let's say: I have many friends. When schoolchildren have become familiar with pronouns, learned to recognize them in text and distinguish them from other parts of speech, they are faced with a new task: how to determine case pronouns?Pronouns are nominal parts of speech, therefore they change according to case just like nouns, adjectives.
2. Change by case Schoolchildren learned nouns and adjectives in the fifth grade. They know that in Russian there are six case to her. Define case Allowed, by posing a question. Let's say: Nominative case- Who? What? Genitive case- Whom? What? Dative case- To whom? What? Accusative case- Whom? What? Creative case- By whom? What?Prepositional case- About whom? About what? By also asking a question about a pronoun, the guys can determine case And pronouns. In addition, there are pronouns that change according to gender and number.
3. When declination (change case a) personal pronouns Occasionally, not only the ending in a word changes, but the entire word. How are proper pronouns declined? Let's look at the example of the declension of the personal pronoun Ya. Nominative case– IGenitive case– MeDative case– MeAccusative case– Me Creative case– By mePrepositional case– About me. We see that when the personal pronoun I is declined, not only the ending in the word changes, but also the basis of each word changes. Occasionally, even alternation can occur in the root when changing case and pronouns. Let's say: for you - by you (alternating E with O), for me - by me (alternating E with zero sound).
4. It is worth remembering the following combinations: I'm sad for you, you miss us, you miss you
5. But there are pronouns that do not change according to case or not everyone has case And. Let's say the pronoun Self, which indicates the one about whom they are talking. This pronoun does not have a nominative case A. And the indefinite pronouns Someone and Something do not change at all case am.
6. Possessive pronouns that indicate ownership and answer the questions Which? Whose? change like adjectives. Let's look at this using the example of the possessive pronoun My: Nominative case– my friend Parent case– my friend Dative case– to my friend Accusative case– my friend Creative case– my friendPrepositional case- about my friend.
Pronouns of the 2nd and 1st persons (singular or plural) can indicate certain persons, a person walking past, an interlocutor (I, you, you, we).
3rd person pronouns (singular or plural) indicate those or who Not participates in dialogue, or on an object (he, she, it, they). Personal pronouns can be used with prepositions: at him, to him, behind him, with them, with him, thanks to him, her, them.
Forms of personal pronouns in Russian
3rd person pronouns have different forms in the presence and absence of a preposition: her - with her, them - with them (after the preposition “n-” is added).
Some pronouns in the instrumental case have additional “elongated” forms: by me - by me, by you - by you, by her - by her, by her - by her.
All personal pronouns have the same genitive and accusative forms.
Definitions and applications relating to personal pronouns are always separated by commas.
| case | units h. | pl. h. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 l. | 2 l. | 3 l. | 1 l. | 2 l. | 3 l. | ||||
| simple form | polite form | m.r. | and. R. | Wed R. | |||||
| AND | I | You | You | He | she | it | We | You | They |
| R | me | you | You | his | her | his | us | you | their |
| Rp | him | her | him | them | |||||
| D | to me | you | To you | to him | to her | to him | us | to you | them |
| Dp | him | her | him | him | |||||
| IN | me | you | You | his | her | his | us | you | their |
| VP | him | her | him | them | |||||
| T | me, me |
you, you |
You | them | her, her | them | us | you | them |
| Tp | him | her, her | him | them | |||||
| P | to me | you | You | him | her | him | us | you | them |
Designation of cases in the table: I - nominative, P - genitive, Rp - genitive with a preposition, D - dative, Dp - dative with a preposition, V - accusative, Vp - accusative with a preposition, T - instrumental, Tp - instrumental with a preposition, P - prepositional (always with a preposition).
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See what “Personal pronouns” are in other dictionaries:
Personal pronouns- PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Nouns denoting the 1st or 2nd person of speech (see Person). In Russian This includes L.M. of the 1st and 2nd persons of both numbers (I, me, etc.; you, you, etc.; we, us, etc.; you, you, etc.). In eminent pad. L.M. can... ... Dictionary of literary terms
PERSONAL, oh, oh; chen, chna. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
The category of pronouns indicating the participants in speech - the author (I, we), the addressee (you, you) and all non-participants (he, they), as well as possessive pronouns. The rules for using personal pronouns (you and you) are determined by speech etiquette. Literature... ... Literary encyclopedia
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns- 1. The 3rd person pronoun (he, she, it, they) usually replaces the closest antecedent noun in the form of the same gender and number. However, this connection of a pronoun with a noun is sometimes determined by the meaning, and not by the order of words... ... A reference book on spelling and style
See personal pronouns (pronoun in the article) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
personal pronouns- Nouns denoting the 1st or 2nd person of speech (see person). In Russian This includes L.M. of the 1st and 2nd persons of both numbers (I, me, etc.; you, you, etc.; we, us, etc.; you, you, etc.). In eminent pad. L.M. can be used, etc.,... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
This article examines the forms of personal pronouns in Catalan. Stressed form Catalan language Russian language jo i tu you ell he ella she vostè you (polite form, singular) nosaltres we vosaltres you ells they (m. r.) elles they (f. r.)… … Wikipedia
Terms and concepts of general morphology: Dictionary-reference book
personal pronouns in grammar- Words that express grammatical meanings, but are not modifiers, since they are autonomous, fully grammaticalized roots that denote objects, although they do not contain any lexical semes. For example:… … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Niger-Congo proto-language. Personal pronouns, Babaev Kirill Vladimirovich. The book is devoted to a comparative analysis of personal marking systems in the languages of the Niger-Congo macrofamily - the largest genetic association of languages in the world. The macrofamily includes...