Lexical stylistics. Semantic accuracy of speech

In system linguistic means the word plays a vital role. Russian writers, admiring the beauty, strength, and richness of the Russian language, first of all noted the diversity of its vocabulary, which contains inexhaustible possibilities for conveying a wide variety of meanings. S.Ya. Marshak wrote: “Man found words for everything that he discovered in the universe. But this is not enough. He named every action and state. He defined in words the properties and qualities of everything that surrounded him.

The dictionary reflects all the changes taking place in the world. He captured the experience and wisdom of centuries and, keeping pace, accompanies life, the development of technology, science, and art. He can name any thing and has the means to express the most abstract and generalizing ideas and concepts.”

The leading role of a word in the system of linguistic means determines its place in the stylistics of a language: the word is the main stylistic unit. Lexical stylistics studies the correlative lexical means of the language, assessing the use of a word in a specific speech situation and developing recommendations for normative word usage in various functional styles.

Using the achievements of modern semasiology, lexical stylistics studies the word in all the variety of systemic connections that exist in the language. This approach brings to the fore the study of synonyms, antonyms, ambiguous words, paronyms, which serve as a means of the most accurate transmission of information. At the same time, stylistics pays attention to such phenomena as homonymy and paronomasia, which sometimes interfere with the correct perception of speech. The focus of lexical stylistics is the stylistic stratification of vocabulary, the assessment of archaisms and neologisms, words limited use, analysis of patterns of use of stylistically significant lexical means in various areas of communication.

The stylistic aspect of vocabulary learning requires a thoughtful assessment of the word from the point of view of its motivation in the context. Stylistics opposes both the use of unnecessary words and the unjustified omission of words, considering various manifestations of speech redundancy and speech insufficiency.

The word is studied in stylistics not only in its nominative, but also in its aesthetic function. The subject of special interest of lexical stylistics is lexical figurative means of language - tropes.

Problems of lexical stylistics are closely related to problems of speech culture. By characterizing the use of certain lexical means of language in speech, stylistics guards the correct use of words. The normative-stylistic approach to the study of vocabulary involves the analysis of frequently made speech errors: the use of a word without taking into account its semantics; violations of lexical compatibility; incorrect choice of synonyms; incorrect use of antonyms, polysemantic words, homonyms; mixing paronyms; unmotivated combination of stylistically incompatible lexical means, etc. Elimination of lexical and stylistic errors in speech, selection of the optimal variant of expressing thoughts acquires the utmost importance when literary editing texts.

Lexical stylistics studies the correlative lexical means of a language, assessing the use of a word in a specific speech situation and developing recommendations for normative word usage in various functional styles.

The word is the basis for understanding the text. Incorrect choice words distorts the meaning of the statement, generating not only lexical, but also logical errors in speech:

· anachronism (violation of chronological accuracy when using words associated with a certain historical era);
· alogism (comparison of incomparable concepts);

Reasons for illogicality: substitution of the concept, unjustified expansion/narrowing of the concept, unclear distinction between concrete and abstract concepts, inconsistency between premise and action.

For the correct use of words in speech, it is also necessary to take into account the features of lexical compatibility. There are three types of compatibility: semantic, grammatical and lexical. Violation of lexical compatibility is explained by the incorrect use of polysemantic words (for example, deep winter, autumn, but not spring Summer; deep night, silence, but not morning, Not day, Not noise). Violation of lexical compatibility can be used as a stylistic device: to create a comic effect, to make the text more expressive, etc. But if it is not used as a stylistic device, it is speech error. The reason for this may be contamination of seemingly similar phrases.

Oral speech is characterized by such a disorder as speech impairment. This is an accidental omission of words needed for exact expression thoughts ( The management must strive to overcome this indifference- missed get rid of). Due to speech insufficiency, the grammatical and logical connections of words in a sentence are disrupted and the meaning is obscured. However, this error should be distinguished from ellipsis - a stylistic figure based on the deliberate omission of one or another member of the sentence ( I'm for a candle, a candle - in the stove!)

The author's stylistic helplessness in expressing thoughts often leads to speech redundancy, which in some cases borders on absurdity ( the corpse was dead and did not hide it). Stylists call such examples lyapalisiads. Speech redundancy can also take the form of pleonasm - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary ( the main point, valuable treasures etc.). A type of pleonasm is tautology. However, they can also be a stylistic device, for example, to add expression to spoken language: bitter grief, all sorts of things etc. Tautology underlies many phraseological units ( Looks like we'll eat etc.), combinations with a tautological epithet allow you to draw attention to particularly important concepts, tautological repetition gives the statement an aphoristic quality, the stringing of cognate words is used in gradation - a stylistic figure based on a consistent increase/decrease in emotional-expressive significance; in a punning collision, tautology is used for creating a comic effect, etc.

Lexical synonymy is of particular importance for the stylist, representing an inexhaustible resource of expressiveness. Types of lexical synonyms:

1. Semantic
2. Stylistic
3. Semantic-stylistic

Stylistic functions synonyms:

· Hidden (means of the most accurate expression of thoughts)
· Open (clarification, clarification, comparison, contrast, gradation).

Lexical antonymy. Stylistic functions of antonyms:

1. Lexical means expressions of antithesis
2. Increasing the emotionality of the statement
3. Showing the completeness of coverage of phenomena
4. Creating a satirical/comic effect, etc.

Polysemy and homonymy: stylistic functions: metaphorization, paradox, word game, comic effect, joke, pun, etc. There are individual author's homonyms, which are usually based on language game.

Functions paronyms(words of the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning) in speech: expressive (increasing action), clarifying thoughts, puns, language games, etc. The phenomenon of paronomasia represents even more expressive(these words are similar in sound, but have completely different semantics), especially for poetry.

Unjustified use of the above expressive means leads to speech errors.

Words are stylistically unequal, their functions and semantic nuances are concentrated in stylistic characteristics(V. Vinogradov). Functional style - a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary:

1. Common vocabulary
2. Vocabulary fixed in functional and stylistic terms
· Conversational
· Book (scientific, official business, journalistic).

Words can be emotionally and expressively colored, and therefore stand out vocabulary neutral, low and high. Mixing styles can become a stylistic mistake (the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary in book styles, a passion for terms in journalistic texts, an abundance of bureaucratic language in fiction, etc.).

Vocabulary that has limited scope distribution(dialectisms, professionalisms), in artistic speech can perform important functions: conveying local color, peculiarities of the characters’ speech, speech expression, etc. For expressiveness (creating an image, depicting a character’s speech, etc.) jargon is also used in the literary artistic style.

Stylistic functions outdated words(archaisms and historicisms) in artistic speech: recreation of the color of past times, the solemn sound of speech (Slavicisms, Old Russianisms), sometimes a parody-ironic function.

Due to global development, a huge number of new words appear in any language - neologisms. There are also author’s or individual stylistic neologisms, the invention of which is dictated by the lexical and stylistic needs of a particular text.

There is also a layer of borrowed vocabulary that exists and functions in the Russian language. Stylistic classification:

1. vocabulary that has an unlimited scope of use (lost the signs of foreign language origin ( painting), retaining some similar features ( veil), Europeanisms, internationalisms ( terror).
2. vocabulary of limited use (book words ( stagnation), archaic units of salon jargon ( rendezvous), exoticisms ( saklya), foreign language inclusions ( allegro), barbarisms ( sorry, sorry). Speech full of barbarisms is called macaronic. In literary and journalistic texts, this is a very powerful expressive tool, especially for creating character speech. The use of barbarisms in quotation marks is acceptable even in the author’s monologue.

Transcript

1 N.S. Tsvetova LEXICAL STYLISTICS LECTURE NOTES AND MATERIALS FOR PRACTICAL LESSONS St. Petersburg

2 BBK 81.2Rus=5=923 Ts 27 Published by decision of the Methodological Commission and the Editorial Council of the Faculty of Journalism of St. Petersburg State University Reviewers: Doctor of Philology V.I. Konkov (St. Petersburg University), Ph.D. Philol. Sciences K. V. Prokhorova (St. Petersburg University), E. N. Cherkasova (St. Petersburg University). Tsvetova N. S. Lexical stylistics: Lecture notes and materials for practical classes. - St. Petersburg, the textbook consists of plans and lecture notes on the main theoretical problems the first part of the practical stylistics course. Practical tasks are given, performed by students both in the classroom and independently, exercises are offered for independent work. The theoretical part for the first (p. 5-12) and third (p. 36-41) sections was written together with Assoc. A. A. Mitrofanova. Faculty of Journalism St. Petersburg. state university,

3 CONTENTS Lecture plan.4 Subject of lexical stylistics. Basic concepts..5 System relations in vocabulary Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of origin. 36 Active and passive vocabulary Vocabulary with a limited scope of functioning...54 Test tasks 68 Literature

4 LECTURE PLAN 1. The place of stylistics among philological disciplines. The formation of stylistics in the 20s of the last century as a stylistics of fiction (works by V.V. Vinogradov, B.V. Tomashevsky, V.M. Zhirmunsky). The subject of lexical stylistics. Basic concepts and categories: word, lexical meaning (objective and abstract), functions of the word (nominative and expressive); types of lexical meanings (direct and figurative, derivative and non-derivative, free - non-free). Polysemy. The concept of lexical-semantic variant. Homonymy (full and partial) and similar phenomena. Polysemantic words and homonyms in the language game. 2. Systemic relations in vocabulary: word-formation, syntagmatic, paradigmatic. Antonymy and synonymy as manifestations of paradigmatic systemic relations. Linguistic and speech antonymy. Stylistic functions of antonyms (oxymoron and antithesis). Synonymy. Synonymous series, dominant of synonymous series, types of synonyms (absolute, semantic, stylistic, contextual). Their stylistic use in journalistic texts. 3. Stylistic meaning of the word. Components of stylistic meaning (emotional-evaluative and social-genre). Stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Interstyle vocabulary and words that have stylistic meaning(book, conversational). 4. Lexicography. History of lexicography. Explanatory dictionaries and main types of aspect dictionaries. Structure of a dictionary entry. Litter system Stylistic notes. 4

5 5. Dynamics of the vocabulary of the Russian language. General information from the history of the Russian literary language: the first teachers of the Slavs, Slavic alphabet, Old Slavonic language as the first literary language of the Slavs, the bilingualism of ancient Russian culture. Theory of B. Uspensky. Vocabulary from the point of view of origin. Original Russian words and borrowings. Types of borrowings: Old Church Slavonicisms, foreign language vocabulary, exoticisms, barbarisms, assimilated borrowings. Their stylistic functions in journalistic text. Macaronic style. Language purism. 6. Active and passive vocabulary. Obsolete words (historicisms and archaisms), their stylistic functions. Neologisms (general linguistic and occasional) and their stylistic functions. 7. Interaction of the lexical system of the literary language with extraliterary vocabulary. Dialectisms, their types. Colloquial vocabulary. Jargons; argot and slang. Taboo vocabulary; invective, obscene vocabulary. Stylistic possibilities of their use. SUBJECT OF LEXICAL STYLISTICS. BASIC CONCEPTS Lexical stylistics, unlike other branches of linguistics that study visual and expressive capabilities language, focuses on the features and patterns of functioning of lexical means in various speech styles. Lexical stylistics studies the conditions that determine the possibility and necessity of choosing a lexical unit depending on the sphere of communication, on a specific speech situation. 5

6 The basic unit of lexical stylistics is the word. The word is traditionally used to refer to “a unit of language that serves to name objects and their properties, phenomena, relations of reality, which has a combination of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features"(Linguistics. // Bol. encycl. words. M., P. 464). Consequently, the main function of the word is nominative (nominative): words name objects, elements sensory world. As the basic unit of a name, a word is characterized by a number of features: phonetic design, the presence of one stress; grammatical meaning (its most important component is part-verbal); inclusion in the system of formal word-formation relations; lexical and stylistic meaning. A word is able to perform a nominative function due to the fact that it has a lexical meaning. But only significant (independent) parts of speech have lexical meaning: nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs. Specific lexical meaning of proper names and numerals. Proper names (anthroponyms, toponyms, zoonyms, theonyms, astronyms, cosmonyms, chrononyms) name individual objects; they are secondary in relation to the common noun. Their emergence is associated with the transition of common nouns in them, with the transition of proper names from one category to another (Lev, Nadezhda, Moscow city and Moscow river), and therefore they do not have a direct connection with the concept. Numerals are numbers that are abstractions created by man. Many linguists believe that pronominal words (I, my, who, whose, how many, etc.) indicating 6 have no lexical meaning at all.

7 objects, signs and quantity, but not naming them. For example, the pronouns I and you indicate the conditions and participants in the act of speech (I speak, and you listen); pronouns such or such refer to one or another element of the text (such a similar or equal to that, as already mentioned; the other is not the same, not the one mentioned); pronouns someone, some indicators of uncertainty, everyone, any universality, who, what interrogative, no one, not at all negations, etc. They have no lexical meaning and function words(particles, conjunctions, prepositions), because they do not correlate in any way with the phenomena of reality, but only indicate the relationships that exist between these phenomena, as well as modal words(by the way, probably, etc..), expressing the speaker’s subjective attitude to what is being talked about we're talking about how the statement is constructed, or interjections (ah!, hurray!, etc.), expressing but not naming the speaker’s emotions. LEXICAL MEANING is the content of a word, in which two levels are distinguished: subject content (names the subject) and conceptual content (denotes the concept of the subject formulated in the human mind). The lexical meaning of a word can be divided into semantic factors (semes, semantic elements, semantic components), connected to each other by certain relationships. For example, the word chair consists of several semes: firstly, a chair is a product for sitting, secondly, only one person can sit on a chair, thirdly, a chair has a hard seat, fourthly, a backrest, fifthly, The chair has no armrests. And the verbs go, crawl, fly have one common seme (they all denote the method of movement) and at least two differential ones (the method of movement, the pace of movement). Lexical meanings can be characterized by different signs. In relation to reality, direct and figurative; 7 each

8 degrees of motivation - non-derivative and derivative; in relation to lexical compatibility, free and non-free (phraseologically related, syntactically conditioned, constructively limited). The most important and significant difference seems to be the difference between two types of lexical meanings: objective and abstract. Words with an objective meaning are words that name elements of the sensory world, the visible, audible, olfactory, tangible world: things, various objects, their properties, physical actions, sounds, smells, etc. Behind the lexical meaning of such words there is always a real world: a component of this world, properties of this component. The lexical meaning of such words is easy to explain by pointing to the corresponding object: you need to show it, give it a taste, etc. The words camel, table, wire, tree, cat, sun, salty, bitter, soft, smooth, knock, clap, bark , stand up, laugh, run - these are words with an objective meaning. In speech, a word with an objective meaning can name a specific, given object, i.e. the word actualizes the objective content of its lexical meaning (in this case, the word is said to receive a specific reference). For example, in the sentence But as soon as the conductress pulled the rope and the tram started moving, the cat acted like anyone who is expelled from the tram, but who still needs to go, all words with objective meanings are called specific items: tram, cat, rope, conductor and physical action: pulled. Thanks to the ability to name specific objects, words with objective meanings recreate in the text a world that is sensually perceived by the reader, and therefore experienced by him, as reality itself is experienced. If the text is dominated by words with objective meanings, the text gains the ability to depict the real or imaginary world with high 8

9 degree of persuasiveness (they say that the text embodies the category of figurativeness). Let's look at a small fragment of the text: In the next room there were no columns, instead there were walls of red, pink, milky white roses on one side, and on the other a wall of Japanese terry camellias. Between these walls, fountains were already beating, hissing, and champagne was boiling up in bubbles in three pools, of which the first was transparent purple, the second was ruby, and the third was crystal. Negroes in scarlet armbands rushed about near them, using silver scoops to fill flat bowls from the basins. In the given fragment from the novel by M. A. Bulgakov, words with subject semantics (meaning) predominate. The reader gets the opportunity to see the picture depicted with his own eyes, feel the smells, and hear the sounds. That is, the reader has the illusion that he is in the reality created by the text. A word with an objective meaning can be used in speech in another way - to name in speech not a specific specific object, but an entire class of objects. Word in in this case actualizes the conceptual content of its lexical meaning. For example, in the sentence In the near future, St. Petersburg will be left without a tram, the word with the objective meaning tram does not name a specific tram, but a type of public transport, the concept of which exists in our minds. Words with an abstract meaning name concepts. In the lexical meaning of such words there is no subject content; they cannot name objects or their real properties. The lexical meaning of such words has only conceptual content. Words with an abstract meaning include terms that make up the languages of various sciences and ideological vocabulary. The term calls scientific concept, which is explained in the definition placed in a dictionary entry, reference book, textbook, scientific work 9

10 those. After reading the definition (definition), we assimilate the semantic scope of the concept, that is, we understand the lexical meaning of this term. For example, the term barbarisms names a concept in stylistics, which is explained in the following definition: “BARVARISMS are words and expressions borrowed from a foreign language, not fully mastered by the borrowing language and therefore perceived as foreign” (“Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language.” M., S. 23). Traditionally, there are two main types of terms: general scientific (system, concept, etc.) and highly specialized (magneto, suffix, etc.). Sovr Unlike a commonly used word, a term must have one meaning, that is, be unambiguous, and must also be correlated with other terms of a given terminology system, representing the metalanguage of a certain scientific field. Mastering the language of science requires knowledge of the entire terminological system, and not isolated terms. Another class of words with an abstract meaning are words of an ideological system. In contrast to the conceptual content of terms, the conceptual content of ideological vocabulary is formed in the most authoritative works in a given ideology, as well as in the field of numerous ideological texts intended for a mass audience. At the same time, opposing ideological systems can invest opposite conceptual contents into the lexical meaning of the same word. For example, the word totalitarianism in the Soviet era of the 30s called political regimes in fascist Germany and Italy, and in the ideology of our time calls political system THE USSR. The word terror in the years was used in the meaning manifested mainly in the phrases red terror, white terror. In the currently dominant ideology, the word terrorism is assigned a meaning that is understandable from phrases such as international terrorism. 10

11 Such ideological words as democracy, privatization, openness, liberal, in their conceptual content reflect different ideological positions. Ideologists of the Western democratic path of development use them in one meaning, ideologists of the national-patriotic movement in another. Representatives of different ideologies use the media so that the frequently used ideological word imperceptibly forms in the minds of members of society the necessary concept and the ideological views corresponding to it. This is the opportunity to manipulate people’s consciousness through ideological vocabulary. In addition to the obligatory nominative function, a word can perform an additional expressive function: when naming an object, it simultaneously expresses the attitude of the subject of speech to the object and/or addressee. A word is able to perform an expressive function due to its stylistic meaning (some linguists directly correlate it with the stylistic coloring of the word, or connotation). STYLISTIC MEANING is non-objective information contained in a word: expressive-emotional connotations, the result of the influence of the sphere of communication, genre, form, content of speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of speech and to the addressee, and finally, the historically established stylistic characteristics of the word (outdated, vulgar, taboo and etc.). Not all words have stylistic meaning. Words that do not have a stylistic meaning are classified as neutral vocabulary(having zero stylistic value). V. I. Dal called the stylistic meaning “the spirit of the Russian word” (“Naputnoye Slovo”, 1862), modern linguists “energy”. In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, not only the lexical, but also the stylistic meaning assigned to the word is recorded. eleven

12 In the Russian language there are words that can acquire stylistic meaning in speech. A word assigned to a specific speech environment, which is an organic element a certain style, finding himself in a stylistic environment alien to him, acquires expressive possibilities, i.e. stylistic meaning: clericalisms in colloquial speech, a high book word in everyday speech, a slang word in book speech. Components of the stylistic meaning of a word: - emotional-evaluative, expressing an assessment, the emotional state of the addresser or his attitude towards the subject or addressee of speech; - social-genre, expressing the degree of stylistic elevation - decline, attribution or belonging to a certain class of speech genres, the degree of archaism - novelty, the class connotation of the word, its social-group or geographical characteristics and, finally, the connotation associated with the age and gender of the native speaker (Dolinin K. A. Stylistics of the French language. M., S). The main types of stylistic meanings: bookish; colloquial. The most full information about the word is given in EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES. The interpretation of lexical meaning in a dictionary can be descriptive when a description is given essential features concepts (colorless acetylene flammable gas with a characteristic smell, used in gas welding and cutting metals), synonymous, when the meaning of the word is conveyed by a synonym (awful incredible, amazing), enumerative, when the meaning of the word is conveyed by listing subclasses (parents mother and father), referential, when the meaning of the word is described by reference to the producer (son is a diminutive of son). Various marks characterize the stylistic meaning of the word and its grammatical features (see task 8 in this section). 12

13 As illustrative material quotes from fiction, journalism, phrases or short sentences, recorded or compiled by the authors of the dictionary. EXERCISES Task 1. Compare the statements of different authors about the subject of stylistics. Establish differences with the definition of lexical stylistics given in the theoretical part. 1. Stylistics of the national national language covers all aspects of the language, its sound structure, grammar, vocabulary and phraseology. However, she considers the corresponding linguistic phenomena not as internally related elements of an integral linguistic structure in their historical development, but only from the point of view functional differentiation, relationships and interactions of close, correlative, parallel or synonymous means of expression more or less homogeneous value, as well as from the point of view of the correspondence of expressive colors and shades of different speech phenomena. On the other hand, stylistics considers these phenomena from the point of view of their connection with individual forms of speech communication or with individual socially differentiated types and varieties of speech (V.V. Vinogradov). 2. Stylistics can be defined as the linguistic science of the means of speech expressiveness and the patterns of language functioning, determined by the most appropriate use of linguistic units depending on the content of the statement, goals, situation and sphere of communication (M. N. Kozhina). 3. Stylistics is a branch of linguistics whose main subject is style in all linguistic meanings of this term as an individual manner of performing speech acts, as a functional style of speech, as a style of language, etc. (Yu. S. Stepanov). 4. By studying the patterns of use of linguistic means, stylistics evaluates, selects and cultivates the best examples of national speech activity. It reveals and generalizes the successful and most appropriate ways and techniques of using various means of language. Because of this, stylistics is the science of verbal mastery, of the expressive means of language (A. I. Efimov). Task 2. Based on these statements, determine practical significance stylistics. 13

14 1) The art of speaking, especially the art of writing, has its own technical side, the study of which is very important. It can be called stylistics. There is no doubt that when the instinctive ability to speak or write well is added theoretical knowledge language, the power of ability doubles, triples (V. G. Belinsky). 2) They will say: to work miracles you need talent for everything. Of course, the more talent, the better. But is it necessary to prove that even without possessing a rare, outstanding gift, you can do your job well, conscientiously, with full dedication? And for this you need, first of all, above all, to know, love, cherish and not give offense to anyone our native language, the wonderful Russian word. Remember, the word requires careful handling. A word can become living water, but it can also turn into a dry fallen leaf, an empty rattling tin, or even be stung by a viper. And a word can become a miracle. And creating miracles is happiness. But neither in a hurry nor with cold hands can you create a miracle and you cannot grab the Blue Bird (N. Gal). 3) The advantage of style lies in the ability to convey large quantity thoughts in as few words as possible (A. Veselovsky). 4) And I, whose daily bread is the word, The basis of all my foundations, I am for such a strict charter, To limit the waste of words; So that the heart feeds them with blood, So that their living mind closes; So as not to squander haphazardly From capital, capital (A. Tvardovsky) Task 3. Underline the words that have a stylistic meaning. Use three of them in stylistically appropriate statements. Raise, mouth, coming, new, brown, bonds, applaud, sleep, stand. 14

16 3. The world community did not even notice that on September 13, 2002, the state of Florida was under attack by terrorists. Air space was partially blocked, because a powerful terrorist attack in Miami, worse than the one in New York, was expected. Cable news channels spent the entire day reporting live from the scene of events that took place on the highway where three Arab terrorists (E. Dodolev, M. Lesko) were captured early in the morning. 4. Any society, regardless of its structure, has unique, unique types of crimes that characterize socio-economic processes in a certain period of its development. It is noteworthy that every modern social phenomenon, including crime, has its historical roots. In this regard, taking into account the thematic specificity of the section, for clarity, I would like to cite the most striking historical examples of domestic organized crime and corruption (S. Brutman. “Petitions to the government returned back to the province.” \\ Economic life). Task 7. Analyze the article from the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D. N. Ushakov (vol. 1. M., p. 503). Which part of the article describes the lexical meaning of the word? Are there stylistic marks in this dictionary entry? How should you read them? “SUPERIOR, oh, oh; -ren, rna, rno (bookish) Too refined, pompous, expressed in a high syllable. Pompous expression. V. style. Express yourself pompously (adv.). Task 8. Write an article for explanatory dictionary, describing the noun “student”, the verb “sleep”, the adjective “rainy”. Structure of a dictionary entry: 1) heading unit; 2) phonetic characteristic(emphasis, deviations); 3) grammatical characteristics; 4) stylistic marks (actually stylistic - colloquial, simple, high, bookish, folk poet; emotionally expressive ironic, joking, disapproving, contemptuous, respectful, abusive, affectionate; chronological obsolete, historical, arch., new; statistical rare, less common, usually, little used; prohibitive not used; functional-style newspaper, official, special, chemical, linguistic, etc. ) 16

17 5) lexical meaning; 6) illustrations; 7) word-formation relations; 8) phraseological units. Task 9. Read the transcript of the speech of the President of the Russian Olympic Committee at the 2002 Olympics in Salt Lake City at a press conference on doping problems in the Russian team. Evaluate the speaker's vocabulary. Determine the lexical meaning of the adjective "serious" in this context. How appropriate is it to try to use words figuratively? How exactly is the phraseologism “gutta-percha boy” used? Do you think the inclusion of colloquial words and expressions is justified in this case? At today’s meeting with Mr. IOC President, I raised this question to Mr. President, that if Russia is not needed for big sport, world-wide, Olympic, then in this regard we can leave olympic village and, probably, to unite elite sports among those people who would like to compete in a clean sports arena and with good refereeing. If decisions are not made and the issues that I officially stated to the IOC President are not considered, then the Russian delegation will neither play hockey nor run 30 kilometers and, naturally, will very harshly raise the issue in the future about the purity of sport, objective refereeing, and a serious attitude to the athlete and coach, so that the athlete and coach are not made into a gutta-percha boy or a toy. Task 10. Determine the differences in the lexical meaning of the highlighted words. In what cases are the highlighted words used in direct or figurative, unmotivated or motivated, phraseologically related or free meanings? 1) Crystals have a strictly defined arrangement of molecules. Each branch was showered with sparkling crystals of frost. The indignant storekeeper shouted that she was not afraid of any inspection, because she was pure as crystal. 2) Argon refers to inert gases. Your son has good discipline, but it worries me that he has been so inert lately. 17

18 3) The pendulum oscillates at different frequencies depending on the length of the pendant. The reflections of the stars oscillate quietly in the waves. The young man hesitated for a long time before making a decision. 4) During the flowering period, apple trees require special care. It was time for the apple trees to bloom. Thirty years is the time to bloom for any woman. 5) The human body does not immediately adapt to the state of weightlessness. All these days the lovers were in some kind of happy state of weightlessness. 6) The artist builds his work according to special laws of composition. -What are the kids doing there? -They are building something out of sand. He was always pretending to be something. 7) When reading fluently, some unfamiliar words can be understood in context. He took a quick glance at those sitting in the room and stopped at the door in indecision. The family froze: standing on the threshold was the same fugitive whom the police had been stubbornly searching for for three days (see A.N. Vasilyeva). Task 11. From these phrases, select only those whose components have a stylistic meaning. Determine the structure of the stylistic meaning of the marked units. Fighting fervor, fighting girl, hanging a coat on a hanger, hanging (on someone) extra work; climb a tree, get into an unpleasant situation; cost dearly, pay dearly, pay dearly; household, home child; hold on to the handrails, hold on to the (service) chair; cool hill, tough temperament, tough businessman; wave your hand, wave abroad; transfer money by mail, transfer money to trinkets; slide down a hill on a sled, slide down a deuce; hit the corner of the table, hit the stamp collection. Task 12. In each pair of given examples, match the meanings of the highlighted words. In what sense is the highlighted word stylistically neutral? Determine the type of stylistic meaning of stylistically marked words (material by A.N. Vasilyeva). 1. Nikolai stuttered badly as a child. They treated him special exercises carried out, and you see now he speaks well. 18

19 Don’t bother telling me about fishing. No fishing this week! We're going to the theater on Saturday. And on Sunday we have guests. 2. You’ll probably be hot today under a cotton blanket. Take this, make it easier. You're a little weak today. Didn't get enough sleep, maybe? Are you sick? 3. At the farewell party we acted out a scene from Chekhov, everyone liked it. The guys played a little prank on Natasha yesterday, and she suddenly became offended. 4. He's probably in some kind of trouble. He doesn't say anything himself. But I just notice: he doesn’t fall asleep for a long time, he lies there, thinks, sighs. Is your Seryozha not married yet? Not yet. There is one girl in their course there, he has been sighing for her for a long time, but I don’t know how they will succeed: he is very shy. 5. What kind of package is this? Don't know. My father brought it. He put it out of his briefcase, but didn’t say anything. - How do you know that they quarreled? Yes, Olga told it herself. As soon as she arrived, she immediately laid out everything, with all the details. 6. After all, Saburov and I once worked together, and he was in love with me, he even matched me. But then I fell in love with someone else. They are marrying me to become a foreman in our workshop. I won't go, however. I’m already used to my machine; my hands love to work on it. 7. This room was painted by one of our locals. Actually, he is a driver, and wall painting is something of a hobby for him. Let's go to the Czech glass exhibition. There was light. I described it so much later that I became envious. 8. When they voted “yes”, I raised my hand, but forgot to lower it. And I sit. And I hold it. They say to me: are you against it? - Well, how did you get there? It’s very simple: they voted on the roads. Today one will give you a lift, tomorrow another, the day after tomorrow a third. So we drove a thousand kilometers. Task 13. From this group of words that have a stylistic meaning, select words whose stylistic meaning lacks an emotional-evaluative component 19

20 Asthenia, waterline, voltmeter, incoming, outgoing, employer, summons, valerian, train. Task 14. Write the words below in combinations in two columns: in the first where they function as words with zero stylistic meaning, in the second as colloquial. In what meaning are these words used in the first and second cases (exercise by A.N. Vasilyeva)? Sample: CATCH catch a butterfly, catch someone at their word Stick around, full, abyss, jump, empty, scary, sleep, stand, dark, stretch, die, endure. Task 15. Y. Shenkman in one of his articles tried to determine the lexical meaning of the neologism “pro.” Which of the definitions proposed by the journalist seems most accurate to you? Suggest your option. a) The person who received special education; b) a person with professional skills; c) a person who knows how to sell his skills well on the labor market. Task 16. In what lexical meaning does the Italian poet and writer (author of scripts for “Nostalgia” by A. Tarkovsky and many films by F. Fellini) Tonino Guerra use the noun “air”? Try to describe the lexical meaning of this word yourself. Air is that light thing that is around you and that becomes light when you smile. Task 17. By comparing these fragments from journalistic texts, try to determine the lexical and stylistic meaning of the noun “shopping”. 1. “Shopping” is a non-Russian word. And thank God that it has caught on with us, otherwise as long as you say “going shopping for the purpose of making purchases,” you won’t want anything. Because before your eyes you will immediately see boorish saleswomen, a terrible crowd in front of 20

21 counters and in the end the result: there is no required size. And you say “shopping” - and your soul immediately feels joyful. Maybe because along with a foreign word Our lives have become filled with colorful shop windows, kind sellers and - almost like being abroad! thirty varieties of cheese in one department store (M. Belokurova). 2. Shopping expresses the ever-increasing global tendency to consider a person as a simple component of global market relations. A person who devotes himself completely to shopping loses the humanity in himself, he himself becomes a commodity, he is no longer an active subject, but an object towards which the actions of others are directed. It is pointless to argue whether this is good or bad: this has already existed in reality for a long time, so it is better to try imagine what will grow out of it and what to do with it. 3. I am ready to assume that the result will be a stratification of society according to the degree of participation in the shopping process. In Russia, as a relatively poor country, shopping according to the Western model can, in addition, lead to the loss of national identity (A. Mikhailov). They say that shopping is the perfect cure for stress. It is not known what exactly appeared first: stress or the desire to buy. One thing is clear: shopping has always been around, but today it seems to have reached its apogee in Russia. In modern hypermarkets, almost all the dreams of humanity come true (M. Kulikova). SYSTEM RELATIONS IN VOCABULARY Vocabulary composition of any language is not simple sum words lexical system. Each word occupies a certain place in the language structure, is contrasted with other words or compared with them according to some properties. Basic system relations are reflected in lexicological categories, which are based on the relationship between the form and meaning of words. Types of systemic relationships between words: paradigmatic; syntagmatic; word-forming (derivative, epidigmatic). 21

22 Paradigmatic relations are the relations of lexical units in a vertical row. Paradigmatic relationships are manifested in the phenomena of polysemy, synonymy, and antonymy; the presence of lexical-semantic groups (groups of words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning, all words of one lexical-semantic group have at least one common seme); in the possibility of identifying thematic and situational groups (in thematic groups words of the same topic are combined). Syntagmatic relations are the relations of lexical units in a linear series. They manifest themselves in the rules for combining words (in lexical and syntactic compatibility). The set of syntactic positions available for a word represents syntactic compatibility, lexical compatibility is the compatibility and compatibility of these combinable words. For functional stylistics, paradigmatic systemic relationships, their first level, are of particular importance. LEXICAL POLYSEMY (Greek polysemy) is the presence of two or more meanings in a word, which determines the ability of such a word to serve to designate different objects and phenomena of reality. For example, the noun alarm clock has two meanings: 1) a clock with a special mechanism for giving a sound signal at a given time; 2) in a monastery, a monk whose duty is to wake up the others for early or night prayer. The implementation of the first or second meaning is determined by its lexical compatibility, context, situation or topic of communication. So, from the context it is clear that in the sentence Vladimir Ippolitovich got up at the alarm clock at half past six, the word alarm clock is used in the first meaning. The vast majority of words from the active vocabulary have several meanings. Each meaning of a word is called its lexical 22

23 semantic variant. Lexico-semantic variants are interconnected by common semantic features, which gives reason to consider them to be the meanings of one word, and not homonym words. The meanings of a polysemantic word are usually related on the basis of similarity of realities (in form, appearance, color, value, position, social function) or contiguity. In the example above it is a function based relationship. In accordance with this, metaphorical and metonymic connections of meanings are distinguished. The relationship between direct and figurative meanings does not remain unchanged: for some words, historically, secondary meanings become primary. Polysemy is often used in language play. SYNONYMS (Greek: words of the same name) are words of the same part of speech that have completely or partially coinciding meanings. Synonyms are considered an indicator of the richness and flexibility of the language. SYNONYMIC SERIES is a group of words whose meanings have a fairly large common part. Minimum synonymous series synonymous pair. For example: food food grub edible food food grub. The noun food occupies a special place in this synonymous series. In this case, it is the dominant of the synonymous series. DOMINANT of the synonymous series is a word that is the simplest in meaning, stylistically neutral, has the widest lexical compatibility, and is the most commonly used. An interesting definition of the dominant of a synonymous series was proposed by Charles Bally: “the simplest, most general and most understandable word, which contains in germ all other words." According to the degree of synonymy, identity, proximity of meanings and the ability to replace each other, synonyms are divided into complete (absolute, lexical doublets) and partial (relative). 23

24 In accordance with the functions they perform, synonyms are divided into several groups. Semantic (semantic, ideographic, conceptual, quasi-synonyms) synonyms, shade different sides designated object, indicate varying degrees manifestations of a sign, action, as well as other semantic diversity of words: travel - cruise, storm - storm. Stylistic synonyms give different evaluative characteristics of the designated object, have different emotional and expressive shades, and different stylistic meaning. This type of synonymy is especially developed in colloquial speech: deceive, deceive, conversations, chatter. Linguists most often associate the issue of contextual synonyms with the problem of occasionalisms, but this is not always the case. For example, in this fragment from I. Bunin there are no occasional words, and the synonymous series is formed by contextual synonyms: I was sitting on a bench in the main alley leading to the house. The sun only occasionally peeked through the clouds; everything around was quiet, dead, deserted, only some birds were ticking. ANTONYMS are pairs of words of one part of speech with the opposite meaning. Antonymic relationships are more characteristic of adjectives and adverbs. There are especially many antonyms among qualitative adjectives. Based on the nature of the opposition of their meanings, antonyms are divided into several types. a) one of the antonyms denotes the presence of a feature, the other its absence: singing, silence; b) one antonym denotes the beginning of an action or state, the other the termination of an action or state: turn on, turn off; c) one of the antonyms means large amount sign, and the other smaller: thin thick. 24

25 All these types of antonyms are linguistic; they are contrasted by their meaning, by the very nature of the meaning, in the lexical system itself, out of context. But words that are not opposed in meaning outside the given context can enter into antonymic relationships. These are contextual (speech) antonyms. Most often they arise as a result of the use of words not in a direct, but in a generalized symbolic meaning. For example: But it was no less scary throughout the rest of Russia, where a huge, centuries-old life suddenly ended and a bewildered existence reigned, causeless idleness and unnatural freedom from everything that lives human society (I. Bunin). Antonymy is the basis of an oxymoron, a combination of words (most often an adjective and a noun) that are opposite in meaning, used to create an antithesis. HOMONYMY (Greek eponymousness) is a sound coincidence of different words whose meanings are not related to each other. Lexical homonyms the same sounding words, not having common elements meaning and not associated associatively. Homonyms can arise in a language as a result of historical language changes(onion plant; bow weapon or sports equipment), as a result of borrowing foreign word(marriage is a flaw [gender] and marriage is marriage), the collapse of a polysemantic word (light is the universe, light is radiant energy). The difficulty in distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy leads some linguists to argue that only words of different origin can be considered homonyms. There is a distinction between complete homonymy (coincidence in all forms, which is rare) and partial homonymy (discrepancy between individual forms). With partial homo- 25

26 of them coincide only with certain forms of words, called OMOFORMS (verse verb, verse noun). Along with homonyms, there are HOMOGRAPHES, words that have the same spelling, but different stress (muka muka) and HOMOPHONES, words that are pronounced the same, but differ in spelling (inert bone). PARONYMS are words that sound similar but have different meanings. Most often, paronyms are words with the same root with different prefixes or suffixes. Formal and semantic similarity often causes confusion between paronyms. For example: an act is a misdemeanor, resurrect, resurrect. Each word enters into some kind of relationship with other words, which together constitute the lexical system of the language. EXERCISES Task 1. Select synonymous phraseological units for these words. A lot, close, loud, unexpected, rare. Determine the stylistic meaning of the selected synonyms. Task 2. Choose synonyms for these words that are other parts of speech. Please, thank you, therefore a lot, of course. Determine the stylistic meaning of the selected synonyms. Task 3. Replace these words with synonymous descriptive phrases. Determine the stylistic meaning of the selected phrases. Help, evaluate, allow, record, offer, travel, depend. Task 4. Distribute these words into two groups: those with different roots and single-root antonymic pairs. 26

27 Loud, high, first, distant, faithful, real, receive, buy, hard, order, happiness, arrival, day, life, good, open, enter, turn on. Task 5. Analyze the structure of a dictionary entry from the New Explanatory Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language, edited by Yu. D. Apresyan (M., 1999). FOOD, leaving. FOOD, book. DISHES, FOOD what is eaten in this moment, or what they eat. The table is laden with food (food, dishes); We haven't seen hot food for a month. Synonyms differ as follows semantic features: does the word primarily mean what is being eaten at the moment (dishes) or what is being eaten in general (food); 2) by what parameter is what they eat (food - from the point of view of taste and appearance, food - from the point of view of its effect on the body); what is the type and quality of what they eat (food can be anything, dishes require an appetizing appearance and exquisite taste); 4) is the word assigned to a certain type of situation (food implies festive table or road, the synonym food is not tied to a specific situation); 5) whether the word is used only when talking about a person (food, unlike food, does not necessarily imply a person). According to most characteristics, synonyms fall into two unequal groups: food, food, viands on the one hand, food on the other. All synonyms, except for the word viand, are used only in the form of units. h. Word of food in modern language has only plural form. h. Synonyms food, food and food attach a dependent noun in the form Gender. n. or possessive adjective. with the meaning of the subject; Wed food from a diabetic neighbor, (travel) food from a compartment neighbor. My dog's food. The word food has the richest combination. The word food is combined with words that indicate mainly the type and taste of food, as well as its quantity. The word food is combined with words indicating variety and good type of food. The word viands is combined mainly with words emphasizing the unusual nature of the food. Task 6. Do you consider the noun intelligent and the phrase intelligent person synonymous? To argue your point of view, determine the lexical meaning of the noun intellectual. 27

28 Does this word have a stylistic meaning? Does the statement below by the famous lexicologist L.P. Krysin confirm your position? What is the commonality of the lexical meaning of these linguistic units, from the point of view of a scientist? People very different in their level of development and culture can engage in mental work. One person received a higher education, but at the same time remained at a fairly low cultural level; apparently, he cannot be considered intelligent. But a person who has acquired not only some elements of education, but also absorbed culture, both Russian and world, is an intellectual. He is not only a representative of the intelligentsia layer, but also a bearer of a certain cultural potential. Task 7. By analogy, compose a dictionary entry for the following synonymous series, having previously identified its dominant. Try, try, try, try. Task 8. How do the meanings of words in each synonymous row differ? To determine these differences without the appropriate dictionary, try using the proposed synonyms in different sentences and phrases and determine the possibility of replacement. Use, exploit. Complain, murmur, cry, whine. Be proud, boast. Try, try, try. Knowledgeable, competent, literate. Task 9. Continue synonymous series. Teacher, pedagogue Doctor, physician Approximately, about Run, rush Storm, hurricane 28

29 Task 10. Explain the meaning of these proverbs. Find antonyms in proverbs. Specially emphasize contextual antonyms. Choose synonymous ones for these proverbs (examples by L. A. Vvedenskaya, A. M. Ponomareva). A stupid person is looking for a big place, but a smart person is visible in the corner. It is better to drink water in joy than honey in sorrow. The dog barks at the brave and bites the coward. The wise man lacks ears, but the stupid man has more than one tongue. Sorrow makes you old, but joy makes you young. Curls curl with joy, but split with sadness. The brave one can eat peas, but the timid one can’t even see a radish. Woe in rags, trouble naked. As soon as the attack comes, there will be a complete abyss. A fool turns crying into laughter. I didn’t think, I didn’t wonder how I got into trouble. Dashingly does not lie quietly: it either rolls, or falls, or crumbles over the shoulders. Task 11. Make up phrases using the following synonyms. Show the differences in their meanings. Determine the type of synonyms. Underline the words whose synonymy you doubt (material from the exercise by O. N. Grigorieva). World, universe, creation, space, light. Trip, journey, voyage, tour. Businesslike, efficient, intelligent, enterprising, resourceful, clever, businessman, hard worker. Assistant, assistant, assistant, secretary. Companion, accomplice, ally, colleague. Physician, doctor, healer, aesculapian, medic, healer. Leader, leader, guide, counselor, leader, head, shepherd, boss, chief, boss. Gift, offering, offering, gift, present, donation, souvenir. To deceive, deceive, cheat, frame, fool. Clothes, clothes, apparel, clothes, suit, rags, clothes. Official, bureaucrat, apparatchik, civil servant, party-crat. Restore, restore, reconstruct, revive, bring back to life, renew. Obstacle, obstruction, barrier, obstacle. 29

30 Drive out, expel, drive out, dismiss, reduce, expel, remove, evict, expel. Main, important, basic, fundamental, fundamental. Protest, riot, demarche, strike, uprising. Conversation, conversation, dialogue, chatter, chatter, chatter, communication. Give, present, present, bestow, donate, give as a gift. For a long time, years, centuries, centuries. Task 12. About what lexical group is this being said in a fragment of an article published in the journal Russian Speech? There are words in a language that are similar in sound, but different in meaning. They are called They most often and cause a lot of trouble in speech. It can be especially difficult to choose a word from a number with the same root morpheme, and differences in the meanings of similar words are not always realized. People make a big mistake when they use spectacular instead of effective, defective instead of defective, ignorant instead of ignorant, etc. (E.M. Lazutkina). joke? Task 13. Which linguistic phenomenon used to create this Stirlitz had two doubles, three tees and an extension. Task 14. Select book synonyms for the words below with zero stylistic meaning (examples by A. N. Vasilyeva). Determine the structure of the stylistic meaning of the selected words. Attack, sick (noun), main, discuss, perish, ask, homeland, free, report, dispute, convenient, basis, big, prove, gray-haired, create. Task 15. Compare paired word combinations. Determine the stylistic meaning of these phrases, their stylistic markings. How are the lexical and stylistic meanings of words and phrases connected? Go to Moscow using old knowledge; jump out of the apartment - jump out with your opinion; thirty

31 garden benches garden head; hold the bag; hold your parents accountable for your actions; play the piano play on your nerves; left hand left income; sharp blade sharp tongue; shoot from a pistol shoot with your eyes; pull the network pull with the move; drive up to the bus stop, drive up to the boss with a request for an emergency leave. Task 16. Determine the type of synonyms used in the following fragments from journalistic texts. The life of Rustam Khamdamov has a strange pattern. For some reason, all his projects experience delays, delays, and incompleteness (M. Chaplygina). A financier, banker or moneylender is necessary in a transitional era (S. Roth). There’s just such a business as organizing fun events, various events years or centuries from which their organizers make money (V. Gergiev). But when you live in the afterburner, death can only save you from a quiet decline, the unusually slow speed of life and life’s boredom (D. Gubin). If in Mitten, or Cheburashka, or 38 Parrots we observed how the heroes are worried, offended, admired, surprised, lost, worried, suffering, then what can we see in the flickering of the castra-voiced, single-minded characters of the cartoon soap? (L. Yakovlev). Now every letter, every word in the visual world is trying to declare its dissimilarity and individuality. The transformation of the current visual system is similar to changes in journalism: before there were also many cognitive, agitation, propaganda, educational functions, but now only entertainment remains (A. Arkhangelsky) . Only Klyuchevsky was carefree, calm, peacefully cheerful, stood to the side, clean, neat, slightly bowing his head to the side and glinting sideways with his glasses and his keen, sly eye (I. Bunin). Loving a happy and great homeland is not a great thing. We must love her when she is weak, small, humiliated, and finally stupid. Finally, even vicious. It is precisely when our “mother” is drunk, lying and completely entangled in sin that we should not leave her (V. Rozanov). 31

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (UNIVERSITY) MFA OF RUSSIA" ENTRANCE TEST PROGRAM

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA Federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education vocational education"Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering" (NNGASU)

State budgetary educational institution secondary comprehensive school 13 with in-depth study of the English language in the Nevsky district of St. Petersburg Abstract to the work program for

Appendix 2 EDUCATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTS For more in-depth preparation for seminar classes, it is recommended that the final test and the completion of practical tasks not be limited to literature,

PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OPEN INSTITUTE HIGHER PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL APPROVED by the Rector of the OI VPS Chairman of the admissions committee ^ "w / V.A. Sharov January 25, 2016 PROGRAM

Mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs Content that ensures the formation communicative competence Speech communication. Speech is oral and written, monologue and dialogic.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Tyumen State oil and gas university»

Lesson Topic of the lesson: Russian language. Grade 10. Profile level (102 hours, 3 hours per week) Number of hours Basic terms and concepts 1 A word about the Russian language 1 Russian literary language, an interethnic language

Working programm in Russian language grade 10 68 hours (2 hours per week) Explanatory note The need to create a program arose due to the fact that curriculum MOUSOSH 61 for teaching Russian

Russian language Abstract to work programs The subject results of studying the academic subject “Russian language” in the subject area “Russian language and literature” reflect: 1) improvement of various types

New Independent Assessment 2013 from the Russian language 1 Replacing the assignment and correct version of the Program of the current independent assessment from the Russian language Hyphen between parts

Approximate planning of Russian language lessons in 7th grade Textbook: “Russian language. Textbook for 7th grade" (authors: Natalya Beresneva, Natalya Nechunaeva). *Planning is based on

“Russian language” First grader distinguish, compare: -sounds and letters; -stressed and unstressed vowel sounds; -hard and soft consonants, voiceless and voiced consonants; -sound, syllable, word; -word

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS Educational and methodological association of higher education educational institutions of the Republic of Belarus for Humanitarian Education APPROVED by the First Deputy Minister of Education

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow State Linguistic University"

COMPETENCE-BASED APPROACH IN EDUCATION OF ALL LEVELS Marina Mikhailovna Kozlova, senior lecturer, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Khakassian" State University them. N.F. Katanova" Abakan, Republic of Khakassia MAIN

A list of skills that characterize the achievement of the planned results of mastering the main educational program in academic subject“Russian language” in grade 6 CODE Tested skills 1. SECTION “TEXT” 1.1.

Federal agency by education TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY I approve: Dean of the Faculty of Philology prof. T.A. Demeshkina 2008 MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE: PHONETICS, LEXICOLOGY, WORD FORMATION

Explanatory letter The Russian language entrance test program was developed taking into account current program in Russian for grades 5-9 (letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Təsdiq edirəm Kafedra müdiri prof. T.H.Məmmədova 11 sentyabr 014-cü il AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI TƏHSİL NAZİRLİYİ BAKI SLAVYAN UNİVERSİTETİ Fənn sillabusunun təxmini strukturu Kafedra: Müasir rus dili Fənnin

WORK PROGRAM FOR RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 10th GRADE Explanatory note The work program is based on federal component State educational standard general education. approved

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE PROGRAM Scope of requirements for the Russian language At the entrance examination in the Russian language, the applicant must show: spelling and punctuation literacy, knowledge of the relevant

ANNOTATION FOR THE WORK PROGRAM Subject Russian language Level of education Primary School(grades 1–4) Program developers Ivanov S.V., Kuznetsova M.I., Evdokimova A.O. Normative and methodological - Standards

Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture" Entrance program

Persitsky dragged the reluctant Lapis into the next room. The spectators followed them. There on the wall hung a large newspaper clipping, surrounded by a mourning border.
- Did you write this essay in “The Captain's Bridge”?
- I wrote.
- This seems to be your first experience in prose? Congratulations! “The waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack...” Well, you were a friend to the “Captain’s Bridge”! “The Bridge” won’t forget you for a long time now, Lapis!
- What's the matter?
- The thing is... Do you know what a jack is?
- Well, of course I know, leave me alone...
- How do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.
- So... Falling, in a word.

We cited this excerpt from “The Twelve Chairs” in order to show: it is not enough to know a lot of beautiful, expressive or clever words, you need to be able to use them correctly.

Lexical stylistics is a science that studies the lexical means of language and develops norms for their use.

We already briefly mentioned it in the third lesson, when we looked at functional styles. Selecting vocabulary when writing text is an extremely important and difficult task. It depends on your goals, audience and functional style. In the third lesson, we described what vocabulary is inherent in a particular style, and indicated that it is undesirable to mix different types of vocabulary in one text unless you want to achieve a special artistic effect in this way. In this lesson we will talk in more detail about the basic principles of lexical stylistics, which are useful for every author to know.

Meaning of the word and its connotations

The most important characteristic of a word is its meaning. The meanings of words, along with other types of signs, are studied by semantics. In semantics, there are several approaches to defining meaning. We will not describe in detail the differences between them, we will only say that meaning can be understood as a set of objects, processes, phenomena, concept, generally accepted rules use of the word, etc. No matter how the meaning is defined, it is important that it is fixed in the language, and we ourselves cannot arbitrarily change it. Therefore, if you are not one hundred percent sure of the meaning of a word, never be lazy to look in the dictionary, otherwise you risk becoming the Lyapis Trubetskoy described above.

Besides direct meaning, which is sometimes referred to as denotation, each word also has additional meanings, or connotations. They are designed to convey the attitude of the speaker or writer to the subject of speech. Therefore, when choosing vocabulary, they also need to be taken into account. They will help you effectively explain your point or your attitude. At the same time, if you haven’t thought about the connotations, then the reader may have them and will form associations that are not the ones you wanted. To illustrate how connotations work, here are the following synonyms: respect, devotion, servility. Respect- a neutral term meaning a feeling of respect resulting from recognition of someone's merits, merits and achievements. Term devotion clearly carries positive connotations: a person devoted to someone not only respects him, but also will not leave him in Hard time. Servility but it has negative connotations: it is stupid, ostentatious respect, which has selfish goals behind it and manifests itself in flattery, servility, and servility.

Speech errors

Using a word without taking into account its meaning and connotations leads to speech errors. “The waves fell down like a swift jack” is a vivid example of a speech error. Lyapis Trubetskoy did not know the exact meaning of the word jack, and therefore inserted it into a completely inappropriate context. It is clear that this example is an exaggeration: most often people confuse words that sound similar ( addressee and addressee, incident and precedent) or value ( development and improvement, accompany and favor). Let us repeat once again that the main way to eliminate such errors is to check the meanings of words in the dictionary. This is also useful because dictionary entries most often contain common examples of the correct use of a word.

In addition to errors that directly stem from ignorance of the meaning of a word, there are the following types of speech errors: euphemism, anachronism, alogism, substitution of a concept, unjustified expansion or narrowing of a concept. Let's look at them in more detail.

Euphemism is a word or expression used to replace other words that are considered obscene or inappropriate. For example, instead of saying about a woman that she is pregnant or expecting a child, they say that she is in an interesting position. By and large, euphemism is not a mistake, but its inappropriate and excessive use creates the effect of bad style.

Anachronism- violation of chronology when using words related to any era. For example, “Medieval peasants, dissatisfied with the conditions of their existence, organized rallies.” Word rally appeared much later, and its use in relation to medieval peasants is inappropriate.

Alogism is a comparison of incomparable concepts. For example, “The lexicon of literary texts is richer compared to other texts.” In this case, it turns out that the lexicon is compared with texts, although it can only be compared with another lexicon. Correct option: “The lexicon of literary texts is richer compared to the lexicon of other texts.”

Substitution of the concept- an error caused by replacing one concept with another: “The bookshelves were filled with boring titles.” It is clear that the titles cannot stand on the shelves; books were on them. It would be correct to say: “The bookshelves were filled with books with boring titles.”

Unjustified expansion or narrowing of a concept- This is an error that arises as a result of mixing generic categories. It has two varieties: use generic concept instead of specific (“Twice a day we walk with our pet,” it’s correct to say with our dog) and, conversely, the use of a specific concept instead of a generic one (“School is important for the socialization of girls,” it must be said children, because boys also need socialization).

Lexical compatibility

Lexical compatibility- This is the ability of words to combine with each other. Understanding whether words go together or not is no less important than knowing their meaning. Words may not be combined for several reasons. Firstly, they may be incompatible in meaning: black Sun, cold fire, slowly take your time. Secondly, restrictions can be imposed by grammar: I go to breathe, my good. Finally, the combination of words is influenced by their lexical features: we can say best friends, but not best enemies.

Violation of lexical compatibility also leads to speech errors. Most often, errors occur for three reasons:

Confusion in the use of synonyms. Not always synonyms can be included in the same phrases. Let's take, for example, synonyms long, long, long-lasting. We can tell a long day And long day, but not long day.
Incorrect use of ambiguous words. Often polysemantic words in one of their meanings are easily included in various phrases, while in another meaning they can be combined only with a few words. For example, the word deep meaning “having great depth” easily combines with all words that fit the meaning: deep well, deep lake, deep river etc. However, in the meaning of “reached the limit, complete, perfect,” this word already has limited compatibility: one can say late at night , but not in the late afternoon, in deep old age, but not in deep childhood.
Contamination, or mixing of seemingly similar phrases. Common examples of contamination are mixing of phrases play a role And matter, satisfy the requirements of And meet needs etc.

To avoid such mistakes, you must use the Russian Word Compatibility Dictionary.

Lexical deficiency and lexical redundancy

Lexical deficiency- this is the omission of words necessary to accurately express a thought. It is most typical for spoken language, but is also found in written texts. The result of lexical insufficiency is a comic effect or loss of meaning. To illustrate, at a dog show: “ Dear participants, wipe your faces and get ready for the parade! Obviously, the participants should not wipe their own muzzles, but the dogs' muzzles.

Lexical redundancy- unjustified verbosity. It is an indispensable attribute of bad style. There are several types of lexical redundancy:

Idle talk, or pouring from empty to empty: "Walking on fresh air very helpful. Everyone should go for a walk: children, adults, old people. This good habit, which needs to be instilled from childhood. Do you need to go for a walk every day? Of course it is necessary." Such reasoning does not provide any informational value.
Lyapalissiada- a statement of obvious truth: “Ten minutes before it was ready, the soup was not yet ready.”
Pleonasm- the use of words that are close in meaning in one phrase: main point, illogical paradox, foresee in advance. Often pleonasms arise from combining synonyms: “With this example he showed and illustrated his thought.”
Tautology- this is a type of pleonasm that occurs when repeating words with the same root, in other words - butter. Vivid examples of tautologies: tell a story, ask a question. Also tautological is the combination of a Russian word and a word of foreign origin that duplicates its meaning: interior interior, souvenirs, leading leader.

To avoid such mistakes, you just need to be careful. Always reread your text several times. Sometimes it is better to do this a few hours after finishing work on the text. This will help create the necessary distance: you will look at your text through the eyes of your reader.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on completion. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are mixed.

Stylistics of the Russian language

(based on the book by I.B. Golub. Stylistics of the Russian language. – 4th ed. – M.: Iris-press, 2002. – 448 p.)

Lexical stylistics 3

Phraseological stylistics 5

Stylistics of word formation 7

Stylistics of parts of speech 8

Syntactic stylistics 10

Lexical stylistics

The word is the basis for understanding the text. Wrong word choice distorts the meaning of a statement, generating not only lexical, but also logical errors in speech:

· anachronism (violation of chronological accuracy when using words associated with a certain historical era);

· alogism (comparison of incomparable concepts);

For the correct use of words in speech, it is also necessary to take into account the features of lexical compatibility. There are three types of compatibility: semantic, grammatical and lexical. Violation of lexical compatibility is explained by the incorrect use of polysemantic words (for example, deep winter, autumn, but not spring Summer; deep night, silence, but not morning, Not day, Not noise). Violation of lexical compatibility can be used as a stylistic device: to create a comic effect, to make the text more expressive, etc. But if this is not used as a stylistic device, it is a speech error. The reason for this may be contamination of seemingly similar phrases.

Oral speech is characterized by such a disorder as speech impairment. This is the accidental omission of words necessary to accurately express a thought ( The management must strive to overcome this indifference- missed get rid of). Due to speech insufficiency, the grammatical and logical connections of words in a sentence are disrupted and the meaning is obscured. However, this error should be distinguished from ellipsis - a stylistic figure based on the deliberate omission of one or another member of the sentence ( I'm for a candle, a candle - in the stove!)

The author's stylistic helplessness in expressing thoughts often leads to speech redundancy, which in some cases borders on absurdity ( the corpse was dead and did not hide it). Stylists call such examples lyapalisiads. Speech redundancy can also take the form of pleonasm - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary ( main essence, valuable treasures etc.). A type of pleonasm is tautology. However, they can also be a stylistic device, for example, to add expression to spoken language: bitter grief, all sorts of things etc. Tautology underlies many phraseological units ( Looks like we'll eat etc.), combinations with a tautological epithet allow you to draw attention to particularly important concepts, tautological repetition gives the statement an aphoristic quality, the stringing of cognate words is used in gradation - a stylistic figure based on a consistent increase/decrease in emotional-expressive significance; in a punning collision, tautology is used for creating a comic effect, etc.

Lexical synonymy is of particular importance for the stylist, representing an inexhaustible resource of expressiveness. Types of lexical synonyms:

1. Semantic

2. Stylistic

3. Semantic-stylistic

Stylistic functions of synonyms:

· Hidden (means of the most accurate expression of thoughts)

· Open (clarification, clarification, comparison, contrast, gradation).

Lexical antonymy. Stylistic functions of antonyms:

1. Lexical means of expressing antithesis

2. Increasing the emotionality of the statement

3. Showing the completeness of coverage of phenomena

4. Creating a satirical/comic effect, etc.

Polysemy and homonymy: stylistic functions: metaphorization, paradox, verbal play, comic effect, joke, pun, etc. There are individually authored homonyms, which are usually based on a language game.

Functions paronyms(words of the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning) in speech: expressive (increasing action), clarifying thoughts, puns, language games, etc. The phenomenon of paronomasia is an even more expressive means (these words are similar in sound, but have completely different semantics), especially for poetry.

Unjustified use of the above expressive means leads to speech errors.

Words are stylistically unequal, their functions and semantic nuances are concentrated in stylistic characteristics (V. Vinogradov). Functional style- a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary:

1. Common vocabulary

2. Vocabulary fixed in functional and stylistic terms

· Conversational

· Book (scientific, official business, journalistic).

Vocabulary that has a limited scope(dialectisms, professionalisms), in artistic speech can perform important functions: conveying local color, features of the characters’ speech, speech expression, etc. For expressiveness (creating an image, depicting a character’s speech, etc.) jargon is also used in the literary artistic style.

Stylistic functions of obsolete words (archaisms and historicisms) in artistic speech: recreation of the color of past times, the solemn sound of speech (Slavicisms, Old Russianisms), sometimes a parody-ironic function.

In the Russian language there is also a layer borrowed vocabulary. Stylistic classification:

1. vocabulary that has an unlimited scope of use (lost the signs of foreign language origin ( painting), retaining some similar features ( veil), Europeanisms, internationalisms ( terror).

2. vocabulary of limited use (book words ( stagnation), archaic units of salon jargon ( rendezvous), exoticisms ( saklya), foreign language inclusions ( allegro), barbarisms ( sorry, sorry). Speech full of barbarisms is called macaronic. In literary and journalistic texts, this is a very powerful expressive tool, especially for creating character speech. The use of barbarisms in quotation marks is acceptable even in the author’s monologue.