Dictionaries of foreign words began to be compiled a very long time ago. One of the first was called “Lexicon of New Vocabularies in Alphabet”, and was written in the 18th century. This dictionary contained 503 words. The dictionary contains words from the field of military art, navigation, diplomacy, and administration. For words starting with the letters A, B, C, D, Peter’s own corrections were made (1725). Since at that time there was an active process of borrowing terms from maritime, military, art, music, science and technology, handwritten terminological dictionaries of foreign words were also compiled at that time. In the 19th and 20th centuries. The creation of dictionaries of foreign words for a wide range of readers continues.
We can find an explanation of foreign words that you do not understand in the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” (M., 1983), compiled by V. V. Odintsov, G. P. Smolitskaya, E. I. Golanova, I. A. Vasilevskaya or in any other dictionary of foreign words. The authors sought to introduce the most common words into it. You will find more than one and a half thousand of them in the directory. The dictionary contains a preface written by the famous linguist V.V. Ivanov, a guide “How to use the dictionary,” and a list of abbreviations.
From the preface we learn which words should be considered foreign, how the process of borrowing and mastering foreign words in the Russian language takes place, and how borrowed words should be used. “With a correct understanding of a foreign word,” writes V.V. Ivanov in the preface, “and subject to its appropriate use, the use of borrowings in speech enriches the language and improves the culture of speech of the speaker and writer. Knowledge of foreign words broadens a person’s horizons, introduces him to the world of other languages, and helps him better navigate modern life.” From the preface you will be interested to know that by the appearance of a word you can often determine whether it is originally Russian or foreign in origin. “Almost all words starting with a and e are borrowed,” notes V.V. Ivanov (lampshade, agent, agony, questionnaire, floor, sketch, era); in the same way, words with f (plywood, facade, torch, lantern), with combinations ke, ge, he in the root (layout, package, coat of arms, diagram), with combinations pyu, byu, mu, kyu, gyu and kya are borrowed , gya (mashed potatoes, bust, communiqué, ditch, guis, gyaur), with a combination of vowels at the root (poet, theater, theory, geometry).” In the preface you will read about other signs that indicate not only the foreign nature of the word, but even the language from which it came into Russian.
In the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words,” the introduction is titled “How to Use the Dictionary.” This guide consists of two sections: “Composition of the dictionary”, “Content and structure of dictionary entries”. The composition of the dictionary is very diverse. It includes words that represent socio-political vocabulary, widely used in modern periodicals, journalistic and fiction (for example, declaration, democracy, ideology); words denoting phenomena and concepts of modern scientific and cultural life, as well as modern life (brochure, abstract, engraving, hotel, patient); words denoting phenomena and concepts of modern science and technology (for example, vacuum, dismantling, range); words of a socio-political and cultural-historical nature, denoting phenomena and concepts of the past, reflected in the literature of the 19th century. (for example, divertissement, police chief). What borrowed words will you not find in the dictionary? The authors deliberately did not include outdated borrowings that were not widely used before (for example, guild, insurgent, procurator); highly specialized vocabulary of various fields of science, technology and culture (for example, denazification, devaluation, doyen); words of a colloquial and slang nature; words borrowed into the Russian language from the languages of the CIS peoples (such as pilaf, shlshlyk, saklya).
Dictionary entries are arranged in the dictionary in alphabetical order of heading words. Cognate foreign words (nouns, adjectives and verbs) are combined in one dictionary entry behind the dark triangle sign p. One word is selected as the title of the article; the rest are listed in the dictionary entry in alphabetical order as part of the word-formation nest.
In the dictionary you will read not only about the meaning of borrowed words, but also about their pronunciation and grammatical features, since these are the ones that most often cause you certain difficulties in using. The head word indicates the place of stress, and after the head word in square brackets the correct pronunciation of the word is recommended, followed by grammatical information about the word. For example, the word burime should be pronounced with [me] with the emphasis on the last syllable; it is not declined and belongs to the neuter gender.
In the dictionary you will find an indication of the source language, i.e. the language from which Russian borrowed the word, and read the interpretation of the word. As in the dictionaries you know - explanatory, antonyms, phraseological, etc., the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” often contains quotes from works of fiction and speeches using foreign words. For example, in the dictionary entry sociology the following phrase is given: Do sociology.
The dictionary uses conventional abbreviations, most of which you know from previous dictionaries. There is also a very important part in many dictionary entries - cultural and historical commentary. It is at the end of the dictionary entry. The commentary offers historical information about the word, about the scientists who made any discoveries, about the development of the meanings of the word and its history in different languages, etc.
There are adopted words in absolutely every language in the world. They come whenever countries interact. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.
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Dictionary of loanwords
Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries and nationalities, and in this way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.
Borrowing words from other languages significantly complements the speech in which they are included, makes people closer to each other, and it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in their speech.
The dictionary of borrowed words contains adopted words that came into Russian at different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the required word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.
Words borrowed from other languages
Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, become part of speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, sandwich), while others do not change, are used in their original state (a striking example is the word sushi).
Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.
List of foreign words in Russian
Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms become so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as foreign. For example, words “school”, “sugar”, “activist”, “bathhouse”, “artel” and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are accepted as Russian.
Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change radically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.
Consider the words conservatory, conservator, canned food.
At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches the eye - they are similar in spelling.
This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And from their side came one term from Latin, meaning “to preserve.”
Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.
If you are not sure whether an expression comes from other languages or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning is explained, but also its origin.
For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:
| Borrowing language | Adopted word | Semantics |
| Business | Occupation, business | |
| Price list | Price list | |
| Gameplay | Game process | |
| Diving | Swimming underwater | |
| Penalty | Punishment | |
| Blogger | Man publishing an online diary on the Internet | |
| Parking | Parking | |
| Cake | Cake | |
| Arab | Admiral | Sea Lord |
| Shop | Stock | |
| Robe | Dress of honor | |
| Ancient Greek | Aristocracy | The Power of the Chosen |
| Atheism | Godlessness | |
| Comedy | Joyful songs | |
| Optics | See | |
| Skeleton | dried out | |
| Telephone | Can be heard far away | |
| Tragedy | Goat song | |
| Photo | Light recording | |
| Bank | Bench, bench | |
| Italian | Vermicelli | Worms |
| Paparazzi | Pesky mosquitoes | |
| Tomato | Golden Apple | |
| Latin | Gravity | Heaviness |
| Oval | Egg | |
| Rail | Straight stick | |
| Soldier | Coin for military service, salary | |
| Stimulus | Animal stick | |
| Pot | Round cauldron | |
| German | Mug | Bowl |
| Camp | Storage | |
| Mouthpiece | Product for mouth | |
| Leggings | Rider trousers | |
| Market | Circle, square | |
| Jail | Tower | |
| Apron | Front scarf | |
| Barrier | felled tree | |
| State | State | |
| Chess | Shah passed away | |
| Persian | Shashlik | Six slices |
| Suitcase | Warehouse of things | |
| Cattle | Cattle | |
| Polish | Beg | Kneel |
| Bouillon | Decoction | |
| Conductor | Drive | |
| French | Corset | Body |
| Marauder | Robber | |
| Still life | Dead nature | |
| Dude | Pigeon | |
| Masterpiece | Business professional | |
| Floor | Platform |
Foreign words
You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words?, what are they?
Foreign words are terms adopted from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process when two different languages and cultures interact.
There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.
The first sign is phonetic:
- Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions begin with the letter a extremely rarely. They begin with just an interjection, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
- Original Russian words do not have the letter e at their roots; this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions are , interjections and those formed from adopted words.
- Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
- Several vowels in the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
- Consonant combinations“kg”, “kd”, “gb” and “kz” in the roots of words.
- Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Original Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-ending combination.
- Combinations of “vu”, “mu”, “kyu” and “bu” at the root.
- Double consonants in the root.
- The hard sound of a consonant before the vowel e, read as e.
- Words, starting with letter e.
The second sign is morphological:
- Nouns that are not inflected.
- Invariability of gender and number of nouns.
The third feature is word formation:
- Prefixes of foreign origin.
- Suffixes of foreign origin.
- Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.
To summarize, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.
Borrowed vocabulary
What exactly is borrowed? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages due to external (political, commercial, general cultural relations, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (law of conservation of verbal means, enrichment of language, popular term) reasons.
Let's consider examples of borrowed words and their meaning.
Examples of English words
| Russian term | English term | Meaning |
| Bodysuit | Body - body | Body-hugging outfit |
| Jeans | Jeans - denim | Almost every person has this type of trousers in their wardrobe. |
| Clutch | To clutch - squeeze, grab | Small women's bag, carried in the hand |
| Leggings | Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg – leg |
Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for many years now. |
| Sweater | To sweat - to sweat | The sweater is very warm, and the origin of the name is obvious |
| Stretch | To stretch - to stretch | Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into "stretch" |
| Hoodie | Hood - hood | Hoodie |
| Shorts | Short - short | Cropped trousers |
| Jam | To jam – press, squeeze | Jam thick jelly |
| Roast beef | Roast - fried Beef - beef |
Most often a piece of meat that is grilled |
| Chips | Chips – crispy fried potatoes | One of the favorite delicacies of children and adults |
| Brand | Brand – name, brand | Popular product brand |
| Investor | Investor - depositor | A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to increase the investment |
| Know-how | To know - to know | Unique technology that allows you to create an exceptional product or service |
| Release | Release - release | Production of products such as a music disc, book, etc. |
| Browser | Browse - view | Utility for browsing websites on the Internet |
| Laptop | Notebook - notebook | Laptop computer |
| Best-seller | Best - best Seller - sold |
The product that is served best |
| Loser | To lose – to lose, to fall behind | Jonah |
| Puzzle | Puzzle - puzzle | A puzzle with an impressive number of pieces |
| Rating | To rate - evaluate | Product awareness level |
| Soundtrack | Sound - sound Track - track |
Most often, music written for a film |
| Thriller | Thrill - nervous trembling | A film that can give you uneasy chills of fear |
List of foreign words in Russian we can continue endlessly. By finding out from which language the word came into speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.
Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.
There are many glossaries that explain what foreign language terms are. They explain from what language came this or that expression. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all centuries. After a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as originally Russian.
Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.
Examples of loanwords
Are borrowed words necessary?
Conclusion
Find out from which language this or that word came, quite simply, once you understand its original meaning. The dictionary provides a whole list of expressions, and it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.
The wealth and power of the Russian language only grows stronger over time. Foreign words are an active source of replenishment. They came and come from other nations, like everything else. At the present stage, cultures are increasingly merging; this is reflected in all spheres of human activity. Traveling this way, people adopt each other’s various traditions, culinary recipes, behavior patterns, and much more. This could not but affect the Russian language. The Internet speeds up the process of sharing experience, thanks to which an online dictionary of foreign words is available.
This manual contains words of foreign language origin. Its main task is to provide a brief definition and explanation of terms. It contains foreign words used in Russian. They appear in various publications. For example, in fiction, scientific journalism, technical, political literature. Some of the words are part of the international vocabulary fund. Using a dictionary of foreign words online is very convenient thanks to the available functionality.
Moreover, for each word, in addition to a brief description, its origin is indicated, be it Latin or French. And next to it is written the word in its original version. As additional information, below are links to authoritative sources: dictionaries of Ozhegov, Ushakov, BES and others. This makes it possible to get a complete picture of an unfamiliar term. Using such an online school dictionary of foreign words, children will be able to gain the necessary knowledge. For quick searching, the words are arranged in alphabetical order. This option is one of the most accessible and generally accepted dictionary bases. This e-book serves as a valuable source of information. And most importantly, you can look through the dictionary of foreign words online for free.
The book itself is intended for a wide audience. It can serve as a useful guide for philologists, journalists, teachers, linguists and anyone interested in words and their etymology. People whose activities are directly related to the Russian language simply need to constantly replenish their vocabulary reserves. Progress in the technological and scientific spheres entails an update in terminology. Thanks to this, the dictionary of smart words is constantly updated with new definitions. To establish yourself as a true professional and be competent in many issues, it is better to study them immediately. There is another positive point. Constantly reading the dictionary allows you to increase your knowledge. So, being in any society, in a short time you can gain a reputation as an intelligent and erudite person.
Indeed, in our time, a lot of words have appeared that were taken from other nations, but I don’t see anything wrong with this, since this makes it possible to further expand our vocabulary, which helps us communicate with anyone and in any way. Of course, it’s better when you know all your native words and don’t resort to replacing them with a foreign word, but modern society probably can’t do it any other way and it has become a habit. I don’t know if anything needs to be changed, so far everyone seems happy. Nikita23
There are a lot of foreign words in the Russian language. There are words that came to us from another language, but we no longer notice them and consider them our own, because they were firmly absorbed by their roots into our Russian speech many years ago. Basically, words of foreign origin are technical names or objects that were not invented in Russia, the names of medicines, etc. The online dictionary of foreign words shows the variety of borrowed words. It is quite interesting to dive into the history of the origin of foreign words. I believe that borrowing words entails an exchange of culture and enriches the language, but Belinsky had a different view on this, he believed that using a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means offending common sense and sound taste. Elena Helen
Foreign borrowing of words occurs in all languages of the world, and our language is no exception. The process of borrowing can rightfully be called a completely natural exchange of vocabulary among the countries of the world; moreover, it is virtually impossible to prevent it, because in the conditions of modern reality, ties between states are only growing, which inevitably entails the flow of certain parts from one language to another. All that remains is to watch with pleasure how the standard school dictionary of foreign words is filled with more and more new expressions, the exact translations of which are sometimes not found in the Russian language and which are increasingly fitting into youth slang. Contrary to conflicting opinions and condemnations from the older generation, the process of borrowing can also be called useful: it is what introduces a foreign culture and prevents possible contradictions. In view of this, we should not at all worry too much about the integrity of the Russian language, which unshakably remains rich and the only native language for us. DictionaryOnline
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Dictionary of foreign words
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what a “dictionary of foreign words” is in other dictionaries:
dictionary of foreign words- 1. A dictionary containing words of foreign origin, more or less special, and their explanation. 2. A dictionary that contains a list of words of foreign origin, their interpretations and sometimes etymology... Explanatory translation dictionary
dictionary of foreign words Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
dictionary of foreign words- Lexicographic publication explaining the meaning of foreign words used in different functional styles... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- “POCKET DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS included in the Russian language” (v. 1 2, 1845 46), published under the editorship of V. N. Maykov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting materialistic and democratic ideas, utopian socialism. Destroyed... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Included in the Russian language (v. 1 2, 1845 46), published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting materialist and democratic ideas, utopian socialism. Destroyed by censorship... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Included in the Russian language, a valuable source for studying the ideology of Russian socialists, utopians, Petrashevtsy (See Petrashevtsy). The publication of the dictionary, undertaken by officer N. S. Kirillov, was used by the Petrashevites for propaganda... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Included in the Russian language" (v. 1 2, 1845 1846). Published under the editorship of V.N. Maikov and M.V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting socialist ideas. Destroyed by censorship... encyclopedic Dictionary
Included in the Russian language, a valuable source for studying the ideology of the Petrashevites. The publication of a reference book explaining the terms of journalism, undertaken by officer N. S. Kirilov, was used by the Petrashevites to promote democratic politics. and materialistic ideas... Soviet historical encyclopedia
DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS- DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS. Dictionaries that provide a brief explanation of the meanings and origins of foreign words, indicating the source language, which makes such dictionaries similar to etymological ones. In addition to large S. and. With. There are short dictionaries. For example,… … New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about relevant objects, phenomena, and events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Books
- Dictionary of foreign words. The Dictionary of Foreign Words provides interpretations of words of foreign origin that are often found in common use. Contains about 5000 words...
- Dictionary of foreign words. This short dictionary of foreign words aims (unlike encyclopedic reference books and a political dictionary) to give only a brief explanation of fishing of foreign origin, ...