2. Purpose: deepen work on identifying speech styles; learn to find elements in texts that indicate style; independently draw conclusions and justify your answers; develop the ability to use socio-political vocabulary, means of journalistic style, emotional impact on the listener, reader;

3. Learning objectives:

The student must know:

- develop logical thinking, memory, ability to analyze; develop self-control skills; develop the ability to highlight the main points from the text and summarize the received material; develop skills in using dictionaries.

The student must be able to:

- practical knowledge of the modern Russian literary language in various spheres of functioning of the Russian language, in its written and oral varieties; mastering new knowledge and skills in this area and improving existing ones, deepening the understanding of the basic characteristic properties of the Russian language as a means of communication and transmission of information;

4. Main questions of the topic:

1. General characteristics of functional speech styles.

General characteristics of functional speech styles

Functional speech styles- a historically established system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

Scientific style

Scientific style is the style of scientific communications. The scope of use of this style is science; the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, or simply anyone interested in a particular scientific field; The authors of texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of style can be described as describing laws, identifying patterns, describing discoveries, teaching, etc. Its main function is communicating information, as well as proving its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, and many abstract and real nouns.

The scientific style exists primarily in written monologue speech. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguousness), clarity, generalization.

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication and information in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used for drawing up documents: laws, orders, regulations, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of application of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, lawyer, diplomat, or just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., with the aim of establishing administrative-legal relations. This style exists more often in written speech; the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue.

Style features - imperativeness (due character), accuracy, not allowing two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is informational (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech cliches, a generally accepted form of presentation, a standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabridged words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, and the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style

serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal. This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is directed not only on the mind, but also on the feelings of the addressee. It is characterized by abstract words with socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, openness, peace-loving). The task is to provide information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs

Art style

The artistic style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of an artistic style differs from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.

Conversational style

The conversational style is used for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. It is distinguished by its large semantic capacity and colorfulness, giving liveliness and expressiveness to speech.

The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Linguistic means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with suffixes of subjective assessment; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions, inversion, etc.

Related information.

Speech styles are a system of speech means that are used in any area of ​​communication, as well as a type of literary language that performs some function in communication.

Scientific style- a special type of literary style used in both oral and written speech. The main function of the scientific style of speech is the accurate presentation of scientific information. Careful preliminary consideration of the statement and strict selection of linguistic means distinguishes the scientific style from the rest. Scientific speech is characterized by the use of special terms and neutral vocabulary. The scientific style also has its own grammatical features. In scientific texts, gerunds, participles, and verbal nouns are often used. Singular nouns can be used to indicate plural forms. The scientific style is characterized by logic, accuracy, and clarity of presentation. Emotionality and imagery are rarely used. Direct word order in a sentence is typical for scientific speech.

Business style used to convey business information accurately. This style of speech is used mainly in written speech. Used when writing various kinds of official documents, business papers: memos, statements, protocols, etc. Business style is characterized by conciseness of presentation, accuracy, and the use of phraseological cliches, special terminology, and abbreviations. In business speech there are no words of limited consumption and emotional vocabulary. Business texts use complex sentences, strict word order in a sentence, and impersonal constructions. Business style is characterized by the use of verbal nouns and imperative verbs.

Scope of application journalistic style– these are periodicals, news feeds, texts of speeches to the public for propaganda purposes. The main purpose of texts written in this style of speech is influence, agitation and propaganda. This style is characterized not only by the communication of information, but by the attitude of the author, complementing the text. In the journalistic style, as in the scientific style, strict logical presentation and handling of exact facts are of particular importance, but at the same time, the text may differ in emotional coloring, which is more characteristic of the artistic style. The journalistic style uses a variety of vocabulary: from dry bookish to emotional colloquial, from terminological to evaluative. Often in journalistic texts foreign language terms, phraseological units of various kinds, figurative and expressive means of speech can be used. This style is characterized by the use of both bookish and colloquial sentence structures. Interrogative and exclamatory sentences are common.

Application area conversational style of speech- communication in an informal setting. Used in written and oral forms. Conversational speech is not distinguished by a strict selection of linguistic means; the speech situation is of greater importance. Conversational speech is often emphasized and supplemented by gestures and facial expressions of the people talking. Accents, pauses, and changes in intonation are used. Accordingly, less stringent requirements are imposed when using colloquial speech; special emphasis is placed on emotionality and expressiveness of vocabulary. You can often find in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language a mark corresponding to the vocabulary of the colloquial style - “colloquial.” When using this style of speech, non-literary words and incorrect speech (colloquial speech) may occur. Phraseological units are often used, giving the text greater expressiveness and emotionality. The conversational style of speech is distinguished by the use of addresses, repetitions of words, introductory and inserted constructions, and incomplete sentences. The use of colloquial speech in fiction is widespread for verbal characterization of characters or figurative representation of events.

Art style or the style of fiction is used when writing works of fiction: stories, short stories, novels, essays. The main function is to inform the reader and influence him through emotions. It is distinguished by emotionality, imagery, and expressiveness. The use of artistic linguistic means and verbal expressions is widespread: metaphors, comparisons, epithets. Sometimes, to give the text a solemn, sublime coloring, a special flavor, outdated words are used - archaisms and historicisms. The artistic style of speech is distinguished by a high degree of information content, combined with the emotionality and expressiveness of the language. The artistic style is also characterized by the use of combinations of features of other styles of speech. The elements of conversational style are most often used.

In each language, depending on the situation, words of a certain style of speech are used. Functional speech styles and their characteristics are divided into areas of application. There are 5 of them in total: artistic, colloquial, journalistic, scientific, official.

In short, the characteristics of styles differ from each other in their terminology, method of presenting information, and acceptable words (verbal means of expression) for use for communication purposes.

Speech styles are classified according to their purpose and place of use; they are also called “genres of language.” Functional speech styles are divided into 5 types according to the conditions and purposes of communication:

1. journalistic;
2. scientific;
3. official business;
4. art;
5. colloquial.

To understand the topic, we need to take a closer look at speech styles.

Scientific style

The scope of application of this genre of language is scientific activity. Used to convey information to students. The general characteristics of the scientific style are as follows:

• Used in natural, exact and human sciences.
• Used for writing and printing articles, textbooks, abstracts and other research or narrative works.
• All statements are made from one person, usually from the researcher.
• There is a small set of language tools for use.

Scientific works use certain terminology, as a rule, it is taken from outdated and unambiguous languages, such as Latin, Greek, etc. In them, all words have the same meaning and do not allow inaccurate perception of information.

The scientific functional style of speech always has precise names and is further enriched with graphs, drawings, formulas and established symbols (chemical, geometric, algebraic, etc.).

Distinctive syntactic features:

• All sentences have an unambiguous, emphatically logical meaning. There is no imagery, but the information richness of the sentences prevails.
• Frequent use of complex sentences connected by conjunctions (as a result of this, therefore);
• Interrogative sentences are used to draw attention to information (why does lambdaism occur?).
• The text is dominated by impersonal sentences.

Lexical features:

• Scientific terminology (energy, apogee, rotacism, etc.) is often found in the text.
• Words of abstract meaning are used: energy, projection, point. They cannot be visually represented in the real world, but they are actively used in terminology.
• The use of nouns ending in -tel denoting the source of an action, instrument or auxiliary tool (engine).
• The nouns with -nik, -ie, -ost are used to mean a sign of something (inertia, particularity, construction).
• Use of mini-, macro-, graphic, etc. prefixes (macrometer, millimeter, polygraph).
• Application of adjective with -ist. Refers to using something in small quantities in a mixture (watery, clayey, etc.).

• introductory and clarifying structures;
• short passive participles;
• short adjectives.

When conducting any scientific research, a person sets himself the goal of obtaining new knowledge and sharing it with society or other colleagues. The most reliable way to preserve the acquired knowledge is to record it in the form of a report or other printed material. In the future, such works can be provided as a reliable source of information.

Journalistic style

The scope of use of this genre is informational and influential texts. They can be found in news articles, posters, advertisements, etc. The purpose of such material is to attract public interest in something (product, promotion, incident, etc.).

Thanks to journalistic texts, public opinion is formed and a different impact is produced on a person, instilling the correctness of the actions of the accused, etc.

Lexical features of the journalistic style are the use of:

• a small number of words of a negative nature (disgusting, disgusting, etc.);
• socio-political terminology and vocabulary (society, privatization, freedom of action, etc.);
• speech cliches that give the text an official style (at the current stage, in the period from ... to). They give the event a certain time frame.
• motivating words and phrases “for the good of the future”, “die, but do not betray your Motherland”, etc.

Morphological features include the use of:

• complex words and abbreviations (UN, JSC, CIS, highly effective);
• suffixes and prefixes -ultra, -schina, -ichat. They betray emotional expressiveness to the word (to put on airs, fierceness, ultra-power);
• personal pronouns 1st and 2nd person (I, you, we, you);
• singular in the plural meaning (cherry - resinous tree).

Syntactic characteristics, sentences used in the text:

• exclamation marks, homogeneous;
• with rhetorical questions, introductory words;
• with the reverse order of parts of speech;
• one-piece;
• clear and emotionally enhanced.

The text has a monologue presentation with information that is clear and understandable to all readers. After all, the main task is to inform a person of important information and attract him to active participation in something (the life of the country, buying a product, helping a project, etc.).

In order to interest the reader, the journalistic text has a good emotional coloring in order to play on the reader’s feelings. The most obvious example is information about a child’s illness with a request to send money for treatment.

There are four substyles of the journalistic genre, divided according to the more specific purpose of using information:

1. propaganda;
2. political-ideological;
3. newspaper and journalistic;
4. mass political.

The propaganda style was actively used during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). It had a patriotic character and motivational text. For enhanced emotional impact, it was additionally equipped with a photograph or drawing.

Formal business style

It is important to know the definition of this language genre and apply it correctly. It is most often used when drawing up business papers, contracts, and official documents.

Used during the trial of a defendant, during communication between entrepreneurs or government officials, etc. Most important for administrative, public and legal figures.

The lexical characteristic of the official business genre is to use:

• speech stamps (after a period of time, on the basis of an agreement, etc.);
• archaisms (outdated words);
• professional terminology (alibi, legal capacity, solvency, theft, etc.).

The material is narrative in nature, and all information is confirmed by verified or official sources (criminal code, constitution, etc.).

Morphological characteristics, frequent use:

• compound unions;
• verbal nouns in -eni (confirmation, assurance, application);
• numerals;
• compound words with two roots;
• phrases in the infinitive (await the verdict, consider the situation).

There is also a predominance of nouns over pronouns in the texts.

Syntactic features, sentences have:

• direct word order;
• complex syntactic structure;
• frequent participial phrases;
• many homogeneous members;
• phrases in the genitive case;
• many passive structures (fees are charged, money is paid).

Such features of the genre are determined by the purpose of the business style. The main condition in it is to accurately convey the meaning without ambiguity. Language and speech have no emotional or figurative coloring. All information for readers and listeners is presented in a dry and concise form without unnecessary information.

Art style

Used in fiction. The main task of the text is to create accurate visual and emotional images in the reader when reading the material.

Divided into substyles:

1. prosaic;
2. dramatic;
3. poetic.

All of them are characterized by the following morphological characteristics:

• expressiveness;
• the use of many tropes (metaphor, epithet, etc.);
• use of figurative phrases.

Syntactic features include the use of:

• deviations in sentence structuring;
• many figurative stylistic figures;
• all kinds of syntactic means of expressiveness;
• verbal speech studies (each movement is described in stages, creating tension in the situation).

Used for description, reasoning and storytelling. They can appear simultaneously in one text, changing through a paragraph. It is considered the most free to write, since it does not have a strict structure of the text, like official business, scientific or journalistic styles of speech.

Conversational style

Is the most common. It is used more in oral speech for communication between two or more people. This style of speech uses all linguistic structures (phonetic, lexical, phraseological, morphological, etc.).

Morphological means:

• predominance of the verb over the noun;
• frequent use of pronouns, interjections, particles and conjunctions;
• use of the prepositional case;
• use of the genitive plural of nouns (potatoes, tangerines).

Lexical means:

1. the use of suffixes -ishk, -ach, -yag, etc. they give words a colloquial-everyday sound (bearded man, little town, poor fellow);
2. the use of verbs with - to beg (to beg);
3. -pre is added to adjectives (most unpleasant, most kind).

Syntactic means are characterized by the use of:

• interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
• incomplete sentences;
• pauses in speech;
• frequent use of introductory words and phrases that do not make sense;
• repetition of the same words and letters (ahh, yes, yes, yes).

The text takes the form of a dialogue, when one person asks and the other answers. Also, in a conversational style of speech, stress can be used incorrectly, which is unacceptable in other functional styles of speech.

It is important to know the Russian language well and correctly use its genres and functions to most accurately convey information to the reader and listener. The features of each functional style make it possible to most accurately convey the intended meaning of the author.

When building the foundations of stylistics in Russian linguistics, developing the main directions and tasks, the outstanding Russian linguist V.V. Vinogradov relied on the basic principles of the stylistic theory of S. Bally and the idea of ​​​​the functionality of linguistic categories of representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle, as well as on the traditions of Russian linguistic science. He wrote, in particular, “that the internal differentiation of language styles may not be based on the difference in the functions of language (communication, message and influence) or on the identification of certain varieties of communicative functions. It can be carried out on the basis of structural or constructive oppositions and relationships between particular systems of expression within a single structure of language (such as, for example, synonymy of paradigmatic forms, synonymy in the circle of forms of phrases and sentences, synonymy of words and phrases, etc.). After all, the word functional contains a double meaning. It can also indicate the connection of styles with different functions of the language, and on the functional delimitation of the spheres of use of these styles" (Vinogradov V.V. Problems of Russian stylistics, 1981, p. 22).

The functional-style system of the modern Russian literary language is multidimensional, that is, its functional varieties are distinguished on different grounds. For example, scientific, official business, journalistic styles are distinguished by focusing on the relevant spheres of human activity (science, legislation and office work, politics) that they serve. In addition, the functional varieties that make up the functional-style system are not the same in their importance in speech communication and in their coverage of linguistic material.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are two main varieties - written and oral. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts “oral” and “spoken”, “written” and “book”. Thus, the concepts of “oral” and “written” are broader, as they can include a larger number of texts. For example, the text of a book speech can be oral - a report, a ceremonial speech, an official information statement, and any spoken text, including those of an everyday colloquial nature, can exist on paper, for example, a note or letter. Consequently, the terms “book” and “colloquial” characterize a text from the point of view of linguistic features that are adequate to a specific communication situation; and the terms “oral” and “written” characterize the form of existence of the text - spoken or written down. The most accurate differentiation of functional types of texts is presented in Table No. 1 of the Appendix.

The general basis for identifying functional-style varieties is a set of parameters that appear in different combinations for each functional style. Let us list the main ones: the social task of verbal communication (the function of communicating information, the function of evaluating information, the function of influencing, forming a certain point of view on what is being communicated); situation of verbal communication (official, informal); nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal); form of communication (oral or written speech).

In modern functional stylistics, the priority is considered to be the direction developed by the Czech scientist V. Mathesius, as well as other representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle - V. Skalicka and B. Havranek. This direction is based on the division of styles depending on the sphere of communication they serve. Thoughts V.V. Vinogradov’s ideas about stylistic differentiation are developed more often in other areas of linguistics. The number of styles identified by various researchers ranges from 4 to 8. V.V. Vinogradov, for example, distinguishes the following styles: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, official-documentary, scientific, journalistic and artistic-fiction (Vinogradov, 1981, p. 29). In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish five main functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic, which can be divided into substyles. Scientific, official business and journalistic functional styles are bookish, serving certain areas of communication. Artistic and colloquial are not styles in the proper sense of the word; rather, they are functional varieties of language that serve the spheres of everyday communication and the aesthetic.

Usually, from the point of view of the speaker’s communicative intention, texts are distinguished in which the message function dominates over the influence function, and texts in which the influence function dominates over the message function; These are texts of an objective informative nature (scientific and official business) and texts of a subjective informative nature (journalism, everyday life). Some also note texts where both functions are in equilibrium, these are certain genres of journalism, primarily informational, certain genres of official business texts - instructions, as well as artistic texts of various genres.

Thus, there is a lot in common between book styles - scientific and official business - since they are equally aimed at the most objectified message. The differences between them lie, first of all, in the purposes of communication, in the communication situation, and in psycholinguistic parameters - methods of presenting content. Between scientific and journalistic texts one can also note the common and different, since certain genres of scientific style - article, abstract, review - are very similar to some genres of journalism - information article, essay, the closeness of these genres is due, first of all, to pragmatic factors that bring conditions closer communication situations of a particular text. Apparently, for this reason, there is still debate about the status of popular science literature, which some researchers classify as scientific literature, while others classify it as journalism.

Let's look at a few texts as an example:

1) Article 48. Establishing the origin of the child.

1. The origin of the child from the mother (maternity) is established by the civil registry office on the basis of documents confirming the birth of the child by the mother in a medical institution, and in the case of the birth of a child outside a medical institution, on the basis of medical documents, testimony or other evidence.

2. If a child was born from persons who are married to each other, and also within three hundred days from the moment of dissolution of the marriage, its recognition as invalid or from the moment of death of the spouse of the child’s mother, the father of the child is recognized as the spouse (former spouse) of the mother, unless otherwise proven (Article 52 of this Code). The paternity of the spouse of the child's mother is certified by the record of their marriage.

3. If the child’s mother declares that the father of the child is not her husband (former spouse), paternity of the child is established according to the rules provided for in paragraph 4 of this article or article 49 of this Code.

4. The paternity of a person who is not married to the child’s mother is established by submitting a joint application to the civil registry office by the father and mother of the child; in the event of the death of the mother, her recognition as incompetent, the impossibility of establishing the whereabouts of the mother, or in the event of deprivation of her parental rights - at the request of the child’s father with the consent of the guardianship and trusteeship authority, in the absence of such consent - by court decision... (Family Code of the Russian Federation) , With. 22).

2) SCIENCE, a sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality. In the course of historical development, science turns into a productive force of society and the most important social institution. The concept of “science” includes both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and the result of this activity - the sum of the scientific knowledge acquired to date, which together forms a scientific picture of the world. The term "science" is also used to designate certain branches of scientific knowledge. The immediate goals of science are the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality that constitute the subject of its study on the basis of the laws it discovers, that is, in a broad sense, a theoretical reflection of reality. Being integral to the practical way of exploring the world, science as the production of knowledge is a very specific form of activity. If in material production knowledge is used as a means of increasing labor productivity, then in science it is obtained in the form of a theoretical description, diagram, technological process, summary of experimental data, formula of some kind. drug, etc. - forms the main and immediate goal. Unlike types of activity, the result of which is, in principle, known in advance, scientific activity provides an increment of new knowledge, that is, its result is fundamentally unconventional. That is why science acts as a force that constantly revolutionizes other activities. Science is distinguished from the aesthetic (artistic) way of mastering reality, the bearer of which is art, that is, its figurative representation, by the desire for logical, maximally generalized objective knowledge. Art is often characterized as “thinking in images”, and science as “thinking in concepts”, with the aim of emphasizing that the former develops mainly the sensory-imaginative side of a person’s creative ability, and science mainly develops the intellectual-conceptual side. However, these differences do not mean an impassable line between science and art, which are united by a creative-cognitive attitude to reality (FES, 1983, pp. 403-404).

3) I first saw it more than 10 years ago - from an airplane, from a plane landing at Wat Thai, the airport of the Laotian capital. It was August, almost the middle of the wet season, when the river is so deep and wide that it is difficult to distinguish where the channel ends and the bank with water-covered rice fields begins. In the light of the setting sun, the water shone red - it seemed to me then that it was the reflection of the sunset. Since then I have seen the Mekong in Laos and Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, from above and from the shore; I crossed it on boats, on ferries and on bridges, and walked along it on river boats. I learned that the reddish tint of its water is not a play of sunset colors, but the natural color of the river in its widest part: the continental layer here consists of red clay, and this clay deprives the water of transparency.

The name of the river, known throughout the world, is a historical misunderstanding. In fact, its name consisted of a dozen words and began with the definition “Sacred Moon River.” But the French, who explored in XIX century Mekong basin, most often heard from the local population “menam” and “khong”, which in related Thai and Laotian languages ​​mean the same thing: “river”, “canal”, “reservoir”. The combination of these words was fixed on European maps. (E. Belenky. The river whose bed was laid by snakes // Geo. - No. 8. - 2000. - p. 22).

4) At the hour of a hot spring sunset, two citizens appeared on the Patriarch’s Ponds. The first of them - approximately forty years old, dressed in a gray summer pair - was short, dark-haired, well-fed, bald, carried his decent hat like a pie in his hand, and his neatly shaven face was adorned with supernaturally sized glasses in black horn-rimmed frames. The second - a broad-shouldered, reddish, curly-haired young man in a checkered cap twisted at the back of his head - was wearing a cowboy shirt, chewed white trousers and black slippers. The first was none other than Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz, editor of a thick art magazine and chairman of the board of one of the largest Moscow literary associations, called Massolit for short, and his young companion was the poet Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev, writing under the pseudonym Bezdomny.

Finding themselves in the shade of slightly green linden trees, the writers first rushed to the colorfully painted booth with the inscription “Beer and water.” Yes, the first strangeness of this terrible May evening should be noted. Not only at the booth, but in the entire alley parallel to Malaya Bronnaya Street, there was not a single person. At this hour, when, it seemed, there was no strength to breathe, when the sun, having heated Moscow, fell in a dry fog somewhere beyond the Garden Ring, no one came under the linden trees, no one sat on the bench, the alley was empty.

(M.A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

5) “Can you find any fresher Langetics, my dear?” Or a milder anthrecotic?

- “You see, grandma has the wrong address,” the saleswoman answers her, “you don’t need to go to the culinary department, but to the chief doctor... Don’t you see what’s on the counter?

Avdotyushka was offended.

- “Thank you,” he says, “for the advice.”

And to another “killinaria”. Comes in - there is! The kidneys of some hat were broken off.

These kidneys, as in an anatomy study, were wet alone on a dish, and the hat studied and smelled them. Either he takes off his glasses or puts them on. Avdotyushka quickly went to the cash register and beat it off.

- Why, - the intellectual shouts, - I’m the first.

- “You sniffed it, but your mother beat it off,” says the sales worker.

- What about others?

- But there are no others... Buy a delicacy, it rarely happens.

The intellectual looked - something incomprehensible. I read the label: “Caviar on an egg.” I looked closer, and it was really not fresh, but a hard-boiled egg, cut in half. And on the hydrogen sulfide yolk there is black sparrow dung.

(F. Gorenshtein. With a purse / V. Erofeev. Russian flowers of evil: An Anthology. - M., 1997. - P. 244).

Before us are five texts belonging to different functional varieties of the Russian language. The first text represents an official business style, the second is scientific, the third is journalistic, the fourth is an example of artistic speech, and, finally, the fifth text, although it is also artistic, clearly illustrates the features of colloquial speech. It is not difficult to note that all texts are different in language, composition, syntax, and each of them is appropriate only in a certain situation.

Formal business style serves the sphere of written official business relations. In accordance with their character, it is customary to distinguish three substyles: clerical and business, legal, and diplomatic. This style functions in rigid forms of documents of various genres that generalize typical situations of official business communication. Along with certain language norms, it also contains genre norms that regulate the implementation of the structure of the document.

The nature of business relations determines a high level standardization (establishing uniform standards and requirements) and unification (bringing to uniformity) linguistic means. Often business documents represent a certain sequence of language clichés and expressions, where only certain lines must be filled out, for example, the text of a contract, agreements, statements and others. Business style is characterized by clarity of the functions of each message in accordance with the business situation. Features of business texts are associated with the requirements placed on them: accuracy (unambiguity) of wording; logic, consistency, argumentation, consistency and brevity of presentation.

The official business style is characterized by:

In the field of stylistics - stylistic homogeneity of the text, a tendency to use neutral elements and cliches;

In the field of vocabulary - refusal to use outdated and expressive units, replacing them with neutral ones, as well as the use of specific lexemes characteristic of a given style ( must, must) and phraseological units;

In the field of morphology - the replacement of verbs with verbal action nouns, the high frequency of genitive case forms of nouns, the tendency to not use personal and demonstrative pronouns, since they are not unambiguous;

In the field of syntax, the complexity of constructions, complex sentences with the meaning of cause, effect, conditions, concessions, and the use of complex prepositions characteristic of written speech: contrary to the fact that..., on the basis of the fact that... .

The high level of standardization of speech makes the official business style in the minds of speakers an example of standard speech, therefore this style is the main source of the spread of unjustified use of speech cliches in spoken and written speech.

Scientific style– functional style of speech, which aims to describe an object, phenomenon, system of knowledge; A scientific text, therefore, can be the basis for the creation of another scientific text, stimulate the cognitive activity of someone. subject. A scientific text is a description of the result of scientific research with its inherent features. The rational program of the scientific style of speech, of course, prevails over the evaluative one, this is one of the main reasons for the desire of the author of a scientific text to self-eliminate.

Trying to characterize the scientific style of speech, scientists often proceed from various parameters, such as the quality of speech, syntactic and morphological characteristics, pragmatic features, and technical and stylistic techniques. Thus, speaking about the quality of speech, various authors pay attention to the following properties of the scientific style: clarity, logic, conciseness of presentation, accuracy and objectivity, standardization and ugliness. So, M.P. Senkevich characterizes the main, in her opinion, properties of the scientific style as follows: “Completeness, accuracy, objectivity of the statement and strict logical sequence of presentation, the use of intellectual elements of language” (Senkevich M.P. Stylistics of scientific speech and literary editing of scientific works. - M., 1976. - P. 144). From the standpoint of analyzing typical communication situations of scientific speech, these qualities are closely related to its main goal setting - a clear, unambiguous and consistent delivery of semantic content to the reader. The author of a scientific text strives for its adequate perception by the reader, that is, semantic (primary) and connotative (secondary) types of information after encoding it by the author, transmitting it in the form of some kind. text, transcripts by the addressee must remain unchanged. To achieve this goal in the scientific style, a number of special means and techniques have been developed, which are expressed in the following: division of the text - its clear compositional organization; communicative clarity realized through increased accentuation; explicitness, unambiguous expression of logical connections; generalization as a way of focusing attention on the action, and not on the doer, on the object, and not on the subject or his relationship to the object; activation of the reader’s attention, limitedly realized with the help of the author’s subjective assessments expressed by specific means; unambiguity of expression, eliminating all possible variant interpretations of semantic content; emphasized unemotional expression.

In lexical terms, this is the use of terms, abstract vocabulary, the use of polysemantic lexical units in an environment that is semantically sufficient for correct perception, the absence of emotionally charged and expressive vocabulary;

At the syntactic level, preference is given to complete constructions, and elliptical ones perform special functions; introductory constructions are widely used both to implement interphrase connections and to express the author’s point of view; the proportion of complex sentences is increasing, vaguely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, passive constructions are very common;

At the morphological-syntactic level, one can highlight the absence of a specific time plan, the special nature of predicates that do not express a specific action, a large number of words in the singular form with a plural meaning, indicating the generality of an object or phenomenon; It is possible to form plural forms from lexemes singularia tantum and the like.

Journalistic style is a historically established functional variety of a literary language that serves a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports and others. The journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentary films, and some types of oratory (for example, in political eloquence).

The use of linguistic means is determined largely by their social-evaluative qualities and capabilities in terms of effective and purposeful influence on a mass audience; this is what determines the evaluativeness and polemical nature characteristic of a given style. The social evaluation of linguistic means distinguishes the journalistic style from all other styles of literary language; appeal determines the motivating nature of journalism.

The functional purpose of the words and expressions used in the journalistic style is not the same: among them we can distinguish neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary and phraseology. One of the properties of a journalistic text is dialogization; the author of a journalistic text addresses the reader or listener with his thoughts, feelings, assessments, therefore the author’s “I” always appears in his presentation.

In journalism they are used as standard, clichéd means of language ( matter, cause damage, negative consequences), as well as expressive, expressive, emotionally affecting the audience by means of language; emotionality and expressiveness are created through tropes and stylistic figures. For expressive purposes, not only linguistic, but also compositional logical and stylistic forms and techniques are used: catchy headings, the nature of the alternation of narration, descriptions and reasoning, introductory episodes, quotation, and the introduction of different types of someone else's speech. The constant desire for novelty of expression, aimed at attracting an audience, is manifested in attracting words and expressions from various layers of language, creating newspaper metaphors. Thus, modern newspaper journalism is characterized by a combination of high book vocabulary ( accomplishment, aspiration, self-sacrifice, implement, create, homeland) with colloquial, reduced ( hype, show off, buzz, showdown, wet).

In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary is widely used ( society, society, democratization), borrowed vocabulary ( corruption, conversion, monitoring), semantically rethought words ( perestroika, model, periphery), including scientific terms and professionalisms ( clamp, agony, finish). Since journalism reflects the social diversity of modern Russian speech, it is permissible to use elements of other styles. The syntax of the journalistic style is characterized by elliptical constructions (with missing members), nominative sentences, segmented constructions, since the syntax of journalism reflects a tendency towards colloquialism.

In real communication, mixing and superimposition of one style on another is often carried out, especially in oral speech, which is characterized by loose norms, which, however, is also functionally determined: an oral statement is instantaneous, it cannot be returned to, it cannot be analyzed again, therefore the speaker is forced to formulate your thought more clearly, use all means of influencing the listener, not only verbal, but also intonation, paralinguistic, in some cases - figurative and expressive. Many scientists do not deny the undoubted presence of a two-way connection between functional styles and individual authorial styles. In the scientific sphere of communication, as in any other, all functional and stylistic varieties of speech can appear: bookish - official business and strictly scientific, colloquial - journalism and actual conversational. It is quite obvious that the official business style in the scientific field can only appear in normative situations; formalized scientific reports and patent texts can be cited as examples; journalistic texts are usually found in non-standardized speech situations (scientific controversy, advertising article, some types of reviews, popular science article).

Along with the concept of functional style, the concept of a functional-style language system, which can combine a number of styles, stands out. Thus, one of the functional-style systems is book speech, which includes journalistic style, scientific style, official business style, the language of fiction, oral public speech, the language of radio, cinema and television.

Sometimes the language of fiction is considered a special functional variety, along with official business, scientific, and journalistic styles, but this is not true. The language of science or business documentation and the language of artistic prose and poetry cannot be considered as phenomena of the same order. A literary text does not have a specific lexical set and grammatical tools that usually distinguish one type from another. The peculiarity of the language of fiction is not that it uses some specific linguistic means that are unique to it. Language of fiction- a functional type of speech, which is an open system and is not limited in the use of any language capabilities. The author of a literary text boldly uses all the resources of the language, and the only measure of the legitimacy of such use is only artistic expediency. Not only those lexical and grammatical features that are typical for business, journalistic and scientific speech, but also the features of non-literary speech - dialect, colloquial, slang - can be accepted by a literary text and organically assimilated by it.

On the other hand, the language of fiction is more sensitive to literary norms, it takes into account a large number of prohibitions (the meaning of the gender of inanimate nouns, subtle semantic and stylistic nuances, and much more). So, for example, in ordinary speech the words horse and horse-synonyms, but in a poetic context they are irreplaceable: Where are you galloping, proud horse, and where will you land your hooves?; in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov " A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock..." gender of nouns cloud and cliff contextually significant, serves as the basis not only for personification, but also for creating an artistic image of the poem, and, if we replace them with synonyms, for example, cloud and mountain, we will get a completely different poetic work. The linguistic fabric in a literary text is created according to more strict laws, which require taking into account the smallest stylistic and expressive properties of the word, its associative connections, the ability to be divided into component morphemes, and to have an internal form.

A work of art may include words and grammatical forms that are outside the boundaries of literary language and are rejected in non-fiction speech. Thus, a number of writers (N. Leskov, M. Sholokhov, A. Platonov and others) widely use dialectisms in their works, as well as rather rude figures of speech characteristic of vernacular speech. However, replacing these words with literary equivalents would deprive their texts of the power and expressiveness that these texts breathe.

Artistic speech allows any deviations from the norms of literary language, if these deviations are aesthetically justified. There are an infinite number of artistic motives that allow the introduction of non-literary linguistic material into a literary text: these include recreating the atmosphere, creating the desired color, “lowering” the object of the story, irony, a means of indicating the image of the author, and many others. Any deviations from the norm in a literary text occur against the background of the norm and require the reader to have a certain “sense of the norm”, thanks to which he can assess how artistically significant and expressive the deviation from the norm is in a specific context. The “openness” of a literary text does not foster disdain for the norm, but the ability to appreciate it; Without a keen sense of general literary norms, there is no full perception of expressive, intense, figurative texts.

The “mixing” of styles in fiction is determined by the author’s intention and the content of the work, that is, stylistically marked. Elements of other styles in a work of art are used for aesthetic function.

M.N. Kozhina notes: “The removal of artistic speech beyond functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of language. If we remove artistic speech from the list of functional styles, but assume that literary language acts in many functions - and this cannot be denied - then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it gets into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language" (Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1993. – P. 79-80).

The language of fiction, despite its stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author’s individuality is clearly manifested in it, is still distinguished by a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphoricality, imagery of linguistic units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, polysemy, and different stylistic layers of vocabulary is observed. Artistic speech has its own laws for the perception of a word, the meaning of which is largely determined by the author’s goal setting, the genre and compositional features of the work of art of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given work it can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

Research by M.M. Bakhtin (Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1986) showed that a work of art is inherently dialogical: it contains the voices of the author and characters, which relate to each other in an unusually complex way. Therefore, it becomes fundamentally important to consider the ways in which the characters’ speech is depicted and how interaction with the narrator’s speech occurs. The stylistic use of elements of colloquial, official business and scientific styles in the text is directly dependent on the contrast between the characters’ speech and the author’s. Thus, a special linguistic structure is created, sometimes including entire fragments of various functional styles. In the structure of a work of art, the author’s speech is usually distinguished, direct, improperly authorial, and improperly direct.

In direct speech, the conversational style is most actively manifested. The author's speech, reflecting reality external to the author, is constructed with a predominance of book and written elements. In non-author-direct and non-direct speech, the actual author's speech and the speech of the characters are combined in various proportions.

In other functional styles, the aesthetic function does not have such a large share and does not develop the qualitative originality that is typical for it in the system of a work of art. The communicative function of the style of fiction is manifested in the fact that information about the artistic world of the work merges with information about the world of reality. The aesthetic function closely interacts with the communicative one, and this interaction leads to the fact that in the language of a work of art the word not only conveys some content, meaning, but also has an emotional impact on the reader, causing him to have certain thoughts, ideas, it makes the reader an empathizer and to some extent an accomplice in the events described.

The inherent dynamics of artistic speech, in contrast to the statics of scientific and official business speech, is manifested in the high frequency of use of verbs. It is known that their frequency is almost twice as high as in scientific texts and three times higher than in official business texts.

The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert: the potential inclusion of all existing linguistic means is possible in artistic speech.

Conversational variety, or conversational style, serves the sphere of relaxed communication between people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the conversational style is oral speech, although it can also appear in written form (informal letters, notes, diaries, remarks of characters in plays). One should not equate oral and colloquial speech, since part of oral speech can be attributed to various book styles: scientific discussion, public lecture, business negotiations, etc.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease , which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature, immediacy And lack of preparation communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient directly participate in the conversation, often changing roles; the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be pre-thought out; the direct participation of the speaker and the listener determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.

A monologue in a conversational style is a form of casual story about some events, something seen, read or heard and is addressed to a specific listener with whom the speaker must establish contact.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, and evaluative reaction. A major role in spoken language is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most general linguistic features, such as standardity, stereotypical use of linguistic means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, intermittency and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakened syntactic connections between parts of the utterance or their lack of formality , sentence breaks with various kinds of insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional-expressive coloring, activity of linguistic units with a specific meaning and passivity of units with an abstract-generalized meaning.

Colloquial speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech recorded in dictionaries, reference books, and grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, unlike books, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers sense them and perceive any unmotivated deviation from them as a mistake. This allowed researchers to assert that modern colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are quite peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical situations, ready-made constructions, stable phrases, and various kinds of speech cliches are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and help strengthen the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the distinctive feature of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of norms.

Thus, in a conversational style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repeated situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subject to various mixtures. These two circumstances determine the specificity of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of binding compared to the norms of other styles, where synonymy and free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means are not excluded . On the other hand, general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the conversational style may, to a greater extent than in other styles, be subject to various shifts.

In the conversational style, compared to the scientific and official business style, the proportion of neutral vocabulary is significantly higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to a given style, for example, cut off- “to answer sharply” fly– “move quickly”, “break down, deteriorate” ( the engine flew, flies at full speed); Everyday vocabulary is widely used. The use of words with a specific meaning in colloquial speech is common; the use of terms and foreign words that have not yet become commonly used is uncharacteristic. A characteristic feature of the colloquial variety is the wealth of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology; A special type of colloquial phraseology consists of standard expressions, familiar formulas of speech etiquette: How are you?, I'm sorry! and under.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (jargon, vulgism, rude and abusive words and expressions) is not a normative phenomenon of conversational style, but rather the same violation of its norms as the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives speech an artificial, strained character.

Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. Thus, in colloquial speech certain word-formation models with suffixes of subjective assessment and prefixes are very productive: little hand, house, feisty, braggart, imagined, running around, kind, whisper, fashionable, push, throw away and under.

In the field of morphology, one can note grammatical forms that function primarily in a conversational style, for example, forms with -a in the nominative plural ( bunker, spotlight, inspector), forms ending in –y in the genitive and prepositional singular ( a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation), zero-ending forms in the genitive plural ( five grams, a kilogram of tomato).

One of the characteristic features of the conversational style is the widespread use of pronouns, which not only replace nouns and adjectives, but are also used without relying on context. In a conversational style, verbs predominate over nouns, personal forms of the verb are especially active in the text, participles are used extremely rarely, the only exception being the short form of passive past participles.

The spontaneity and unpreparedness of the utterance, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the conversational style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the language system, the incomplete structure of expressing meaning by linguistic means is manifested. Incompleteness of constructions, ellipticity is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of literary language. Since the conversational style is usually realized in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the situation or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted in speech. A.M. Peshkovsky, characterizing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Are you coffee or tea?”; when we meet a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; when we hear boring music, we say: “Again!”; when offering water, we say: “Boiled, don’t worry!” seeing that the interlocutor’s pen does not write, we say: “And you use a pencil!” and so on." (Peshkovsky A.M. Objective and normative point of view on language // Peshkovsky A.M. Selected works. - M., 1959. - P. 58).

In conversational syntax, simple sentences predominate, and they often lack a predicate verb, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic consistency ( I'm going to the shop; I would like something hot; At home in the evening.); in others, the missing verb is suggested by the situation.

Of the complex sentences in this style, the most active are complex and non-union sentences; they often have a pronounced colloquial coloring and are not used in book speech ( Thanks to my friend - I didn’t let you down; there are so many people - you can’t see anything). The emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech determines the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences. Intonation, closely related to the tempo of speech, melody, voice timbre, pauses, logical stresses, in a conversational style carries a huge semantic load, giving speech naturalness, emotionality, liveliness and expressiveness. It fills in what is left unsaid and enhances expressiveness. The order of words in colloquial speech, not being the main means of expressing semantic nuances, has high variability: often the most important semantically important element comes first.

Functional styles of the Russian language. Brief characteristics, features

• Content.
• Introduction. 3
• Basis for the classification of functional styles. 3
• On the speech systematicity of functional styles. 4
• Differentiation of functional styles. 5
• Brief characteristics and features of functional styles 6
• Formal business style 6
• Scientific style 7
• Journalistic style 8
• Fiction style 8
• Conversational style 9
• Table of differential features of functional styles 11

Introduction

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization.

The concept of style (or syllable) as a special quality of speech originated in ancient poetics and rhetoric (Greek stylos ¾ a stick pointed at one end, which was used to write on wax tablets; the other end of the stick was shaped like a spatula; they used it to level the wax, erasing what was written). The ancients said: “Turn the stylus!”, which literally meant ‘erase what is written’, and figuratively ¾ ‘work on the syllable, think about what is written’. With the development of the science of language, scientists' ideas about what style is have changed. Conflicting opinions on this issue are expressed by modern scientists. However, what is common is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a certain sphere of speech communication and types of human activity, the understanding of style as a historically established and socially conscious set of methods of use, selection and combination of language units.

Basis for the classification of functional styles.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish the styles of official speech (book): scientific, officially business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are contrasted with the style of informal speech - colloquially everyday (colloquial), the extralinguistic basis of which is the sphere of everyday relations and communication (everyday life as an area of ​​​​relations between people outside their direct production and socio-political activities).

The areas of application of language significantly influence the topic and content of the statement. Each of them has its own relevant topics. For example, in the scientific sphere, primarily the problems of scientific knowledge of the world are discussed, in the sphere of everyday relations, everyday issues are discussed. However, in different areas the same topic can be discussed, but the goals are pursued differently, as a result of which statements differ in content. Also V.G. Belinsky noted: “The philosopher speaks in syllogisms, the poet in images, pictures; but they both say the same thing... One proves, the other shows, and both convince, only one with logical arguments, the other with pictures.”

The classification of functional styles is often associated with the functions of language, understood as specific goals of communication. Thus, there is a known classification of styles based on the three functions of language: communication, message and influence. The functions of communication are most consistent with a conversational style, messages ¾ scientific and officially business, impacts ¾ journalistic and literary artistic. However, with such a classification there is no differentiating basis that allows us to distinguish between scientific and officially business, journalistic and literary artistic styles. The functions of language characterize it as a whole and are inherent to one degree or another in any style. In speech reality, these functions intersect and interact with each other; a specific utterance usually performs not one, but several functions. Therefore, the functions of language in classifying styles can only be considered in combination with other factors.

The scope of use of language, the subject matter and purpose of the statement determine the essential features of style, its main style-forming features. For the scientific style ¾ this is a generally abstract nature of the presentation and emphasized logic, for the formal business ¾ it is the prescriptive nature of speech and accuracy that does not allow for discrepancies, for the conversational ¾ it is ease, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication, etc.

Style-forming factors determine the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in a particular style and their specific organization.

On the speech systematicity of functional styles.

In each style, one can distinguish stylistically colored linguistic units that are used only or predominantly in a given area (this applies primarily to units of the lexical level): in the colloquial style ¾ colloquial and colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, in the scientific ¾ scientific terminology and stable phrases of a terminological nature, in journalistic ¾ social and political vocabulary. However, style should not be understood only as a combination of stylistically marked means, as a result of the summation of units of the same stylistic coloring in the process of language functioning. The same linguistic means (especially units of the phonetic, morphological and syntactic levels) can be used in different fields of activity, uniting all styles into a single language system. In the process of functioning in accordance with the communicative task, a selection of linguistic means and their unique organization occurs, thanks to which these units are interconnected in functional meaning. As a result, a style is created with a diverse composition of linguistic means, but unified in semantic-functional coloring and meaning, and a functional stylistic system characteristic of this style is formed. The extralinguistic basis specific to a particular sphere of application of a language determines the general stylistic coloring of speech, which forms a unique quality of speech perceived as style.

Depending on the goals and objectives of communication, content and speech situation in the functional style, certain linguistic units are activated in a certain semantic meaning. So, for example, terms can be used in any style, but most often they are found in scientific and official business, they are organically included only in the systems of these styles, being their obligatory logical link. They are not included in the systems of colloquial and literary artistic styles; their use here is largely accidental (it is determined by the topic of conversation or the tasks of artistic depiction of the scientific or business sphere). With this use, terms most often lose their precision; they actually become determinologized.

Each style creates its own intra-style system, the material for this is all units of the literary language, but some have a greater degree of productivity, others less. The functional style, as it were, produces its own redistribution of linguistic means: from the general literary language it selects, first of all, what corresponds to its internal needs and tasks. Thus, the unity of style is created not only and not so much by stylistically marked units, but by the correlation of linguistic means common to all styles, the nature of their selection and combination, and the patterns of functioning of linguistic units in a given sphere of communication.

In specific texts, certain deviations from the average norm, from the typical features of the organization of linguistic material in a particular functional style, may be observed. They are usually due to the fact that some additional task (or additional ones) is added to the main task of communication, i.e. the extralinguistic basis becomes more complicated. For example, there is a need not only to inform about a scientific discovery, but also to talk about it in a popular form. In this case, the text will use elements borrowed from literary narration and journalism (figurative comparisons, rhetorical questions, question-response, etc.), conversational intonations and syntactic constructions, etc. But all these elements must obey a single goal, due to which a common functional and stylistic coloration is achieved.

Differentiation of functional styles.

Functional styles, as the largest varieties of literary language (macrostyles), are subject to further intra-style differentiation. Each style has substyles (microstyles), which in turn are divided into even more specific varieties. It should be noted that the differentiation of functional styles does not have a single basis, since it is based on additional (in relation to the main) factors specific to each style.

In the official business style, depending on the purpose of the texts, legislative, diplomatic and clerical (administrative clerical) substyles are distinguished. The first includes the language of legislative documents related to the activities of government bodies, the second ¾ the language of diplomatic documents related to the field of international relations. The clerical sub-style includes, on the one hand, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, and on the other, ¾ private business papers.

The varieties of scientific style are determined by the specifics of various types of scientific communication (the nature of the addressee, the purpose). It has developed its own scientific, scientific educational and popular scientific substyles.

Features of journalistic style are determined by the specifics of the media. Depending on this, one can distinguish newspaper journalistic, radio television journalistic and oratorical substyles.

The stylistic differentiation of artistic style primarily corresponds to three types of literature: lyricism (poetic substyle), epic (prosaic) and drama (dramatic).

In the colloquial style, there are varieties determined by the communication environment: official (colloquially official substyle) and informal (colloquially everyday substyle).

Any substyle, just like a style, is realized in a set of certain types of texts. For example, in the newspaper journalistic genre these are the following types of texts: newsreel, report, interview, essay, feuilleton, article; in the actual scientific ¾ monograph, abstract, report, theses, etc.; in educational research ¾ textbook, study guide, diploma or course work, etc., in clerical use ¾ application, announcement, deed, power of attorney, receipt, characterization, etc. Each of these types of texts can be called a genre. Genre in linguistics is understood as “a genus, a variety of speech, determined by the given conditions of the situation and the purpose of use.”

The specificity of genres, as well as style in general, is determined by extralinguistic factors and is created by the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in specific communication conditions. For example, chronicle information differs significantly from an essay, interview, or report not only in its structure and composition, but also in the nature of the use of linguistic means.

Each text, based on its content, composition, specific selection and organization of linguistic means in it, can be attributed to a specific style, substyle and genre. For example, even such a short statement as I ask you to grant me another vacation contains signs of an official business style, an administrative clerical style, or a statement genre. But each text is individual to one degree or another, it reflects the individual stylistic features of the author, since the choice of linguistic means from a number of possible ones is made by the speaker (or writer) taking into account the characteristics of a particular genre. Various genres of literary and artistic style, as well as most genres of journalism, provide rich opportunities to show individuality. As for chronicle information, the genre of which requires the complete elimination of the author’s “I,” it is devoid of individual stylistic features, just like many genres of official business style, which do not allow for variation.

Thus, the functional style differentiation of speech is not reduced to five main styles; it represents a rather complex picture. Each style is divided into substyles, which in turn distinguish more specific varieties, up to the manifestation of the individual characteristics of the author. In addition, it should be borne in mind that in linguistic reality there are no sharp boundaries between functional style varieties; there are many transitional phenomena. Thus, in conjunction with the widespread development of technology and the introduction of scientific achievements into production, genres appeared that combine features of scientific and official business styles (patents, instructional texts explaining how to handle technology, etc.). A newspaper article on a scientific topic combines the features of scientific and journalistic styles, a review of ¾ scientific and business styles, etc. “Styles, being in close interaction, can partially mix and penetrate one another. In individual use, the boundaries of styles can shift even more sharply, and one style can be used in the function of another to achieve one or another goal.” However, most often one of the styles acts as the main one, and against its background elements of other styles appear. Any specific statement is made in accordance with the basic functional stylistic norms of a particular style, which makes it possible to determine whether the statement belongs to a given style, despite the fact that it may contain features that are atypical for this style as a whole.

Brief characteristics and features of functional styles.

Formal business style

Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government agencies, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. Officially, business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is subject to serious changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language due to its stability, traditionality, isolation and standardization.

The authors of the textbook “Culture of Russian Speech” note: “Business style is a set of linguistic means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations that arise between state bodies, between or within organizations, between organizations and individuals in the process of their production, economic, and legal activities.” And further: “The breadth of this sphere makes it possible to distinguish at least three substyles (varieties) of business style: 1) actually officially business style (clerical); 2) legal (the language of laws and decrees); 3) diplomatic."

Standardization of business speech (primarily the language of mass standard documentation) is one of the most noticeable features of the official business style. The standardization process is developing mainly in two directions: a) the widespread use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (for example, standard syntactic models with denominate prepositions in order, in connection with, in accordance with, etc., which is quite is natural, since it greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of compiling standard texts of business papers), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, phrases, structures, in the desire for uniformity in the ways of expressing thoughts in similar situations, in the refusal to use expressive means of language .

Other features of the official business style (besides standardization) are accuracy, imperativeness, objectivity and documentation, specificity, formality, and conciseness.

Scientific style

This functional style variety of the literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanities, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific-technical literature, messages on scientific topics, etc.

Here it is necessary to note a number of essential functions that this style variety performs: 1) reflection of reality and storage of knowledge (epistemic function); 2) obtaining new knowledge (cognitive function); 3) transfer of special information (communicative function).

The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written speech, although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, and the development of mass media, the role of the oral form of communication is increasing. Implemented in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra and intralinguistic features that allow us to talk about a single functional style, which is subject to intra-style differentiation.

The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression of scientific concepts and conclusions. Thinking in this field of activity is generalized, abstract (abstracted from private, insignificant features), and logical in nature. This determines such specific features of the scientific style as abstraction, generality, and emphasized logic of presentation.

These extralinguistic features combine into a system all the linguistic means that form the scientific style, and determine secondary, more specific, stylistic features: semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.

The dominant factor in the organization of linguistic means and scientific style is their generally abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system. Generalization and abstraction give scientific speech a unified functional and stylistic coloring.

The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of abstract vocabulary, clearly predominant over concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability, etc.

Journalistic style

Journalistic (social journalistic) style is associated with the socio-political sphere of communication. This style is implemented in newspaper and magazine articles on political and other socially significant topics, in oratory speeches at rallies and meetings, on radio, television, etc.

Some researchers consider the journalistic style to be fundamentally heterogeneous; in the opinion of others (their absolute majority), already in this very heterogeneity a specific stylistic unity and integrity can be traced. The general features of the style with varying degrees of activity are manifested in individual substyles: newspaper journalism, radio, television journalism and oratory. However, the boundaries of these substyles are not clearly defined and are often blurred.

One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of two functions of language - the message function (informative) and the influence function (influencing, or expressive). The speaker uses this style when he needs not only to convey some information (message), but also to produce a certain impact on the addressee (often massive). Moreover, the author, conveying facts, expresses his attitude towards them. This is the reason for the bright, emotionally expressive coloring of the journalistic style, which is not characteristic of either scientific or official business speech. The journalistic style as a whole is subject to one constructive principle - the alternation of “expression and standards” (V.G. Kostomarov).

Depending on the genre, either expression or standard comes first. If the main purpose of the information being communicated is to excite a certain attitude towards it, then expression comes to the fore (most often this is observed in pamphlets, feuilletons and other genres). In the genres of newspaper articles, newsreels, etc., which strive for maximum information content, standards prevail.

Standards, due to various reasons (unmotivated inclusion in communication zones, prolonged frequency use, etc.) can turn into speech cliches.

Fiction style

The question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is resolved ambiguously. The following are given as arguments against distinguishing the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, open-ended, and does not have specific features that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

Of course, the language of fiction and literary language are not identical concepts. The relationship between them is quite complex. The language of fiction most fully and vividly reflects the best qualities of the literary language; it is its model, which is followed in the selection and use of linguistic means. At the same time, the language of fiction in many cases goes beyond the boundaries of the literary language into the realm of the national, national language, using all its stylistic resources, from the “lowest” to the “highest”. It can include linguistic features and even entire fragments of various functional styles (scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial). However, this is not a “mixing” of styles, since the use of linguistic means in fiction is determined by the author’s intention and content of the work, i.e. stylistically motivated. Elements of other styles in a work of art are used for an aesthetic function other than the one they serve in the source style.

One cannot but agree with the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “extending artistic speech beyond functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of language. If we remove artistic speech from the list of functional styles, but assume that literary language exists in a variety of functions, ¾ and this cannot be denied, ¾ then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it enters a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.”

The language of fiction, despite its stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author’s individuality is clearly manifested in it, is still distinguished by a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphoricality, imagery of linguistic units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, polysemy, and different stylistic layers of vocabulary is observed. “All means, including neutral ones, are intended here to serve the expression of the system of images, the poetic thought of the artist.” The artistic style (compared to other functional styles) has its own laws of word perception. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author’s goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work it can acquire artistic ambiguity not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with ideologically by the aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

Conversational style

Conversational style, as one of the varieties of literary language, serves the sphere of casual communication between people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the conversational style is oral speech, although it can also manifest itself in written form (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, remarks from characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are recorded.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature), spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient directly participate in the conversation, often changing roles; the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be pre-thought out; the direct participation of the addresser and addressee determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.

A monologue in a conversational style is a form of casual story about any events, something seen, read or heard and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story, expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, etc. or asking the speaker about something. Therefore, a monologue in spoken speech is not as clearly opposed to dialogue as in written speech.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, and evaluative reaction. So, they wrote to the question! Instead of No, they didn’t write, usually followed by emotionally expressive answers like Where did they write there! or they wrote ¾ straight!; Where did they write!; That's what they wrote!; It's easy to say ¾ wrote! and so on.

A major role in spoken language is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors, etc.).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most general linguistic features, such as standardity, stereotypical use of linguistic means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, intermittency and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakened syntactic connections between parts of the utterance or their lack of formality , sentence breaks with various kinds of insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotionally expressive coloring, activity of linguistic units with a specific meaning and passivity of units with an abstractly generalized meaning.

Colloquial speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech recorded in dictionaries, reference books, and grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, unlike books, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers sense them and perceive any unmotivated deviation from them as a mistake.

Table of differential features of functional styles

Styles Conversational BOOK

Official business Scientific Journalistic Literary artistic

Sphere of communication Household Administrative legal Scientific Social political Artistic

Main functions Communication Message Message Informative and expressive Aesthetic

Substyles Conversational everyday, colloquially official Legislative, diplomatic, clerical Proper scientific, scientifically educational, popular scientific Newspaper journalistic, radio television journalistic, oratorical Prose, dramaturgical, poetic

Main genre varieties: Everyday casual conversations, dialogues, private letters, notes Various business documents, resolutions, laws, decrees, etc. Scientific works, reports, lectures, textbooks, reference guides, popular science conversations, etc. Newspaper and magazine articles, essays, speeches on social and political topics; leaflets, proclamations, etc. Prose, poetic and dramatic works

Style-forming features Effortlessness, spontaneity and unpreparedness; emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction; specificity of content Imperativeness (prescriptive, obligatory nature of speech); accuracy that does not allow discrepancies; logicality, formality, dispassion, impersonal nature of speech. Generalized abstract nature of presentation, emphasized logic; semantic accuracy, informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness Alternation of expression and standard Artistic figurative concretization; emotionality, expressiveness, individualization

General linguistic features Standard, stereotypical use of language units; incomplete structural design, intermittency and inconsistency of speech Standardity, the desire for stylistic homogeneity of the text, the ordered nature of the use of linguistic means Generalized abstract nature of lexical and grammatical means; stylistic homogeneity, the ordered nature of the use of linguistic means. The combination of expression and standard. The subordination of the use of linguistic means to figurative thought, aesthetic function, and the artistic intention of the writer.

Lexical features Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, activity of words with a specific meaning and passivity of words with an abstractly generalized meaning; productivity of words with suffixes of subjective assessment, vocabulary with an emotionally expressive connotation Professional terms, words with an official business connotation, the use of words in a nominative meaning, the use of archaisms, compound words, the absence of vocabulary with emotionally expressive markings Scientific terminology, general scientific and book vocabulary, a clear predominance of abstract vocabulary over concrete, the use of commonly used words in a nominative meaning, the absence of emotionally expressive vocabulary Social journalistic vocabulary, the use of words in a figurative meaning with a specific journalistic connotation, the use of expressively colored vocabulary and speech standards Rejection of stereotyped words and expressions, widespread use of vocabulary in a figurative meaning, deliberate clash of different stylistic vocabulary, use of vocabulary with two-dimensional stylistic coloring

The nature of stable combinations Colloquial and vernacular phrasemes (PU); stable speech standards Combinations of a terminological nature, speech clichés, attributively noun phrases Combinations of a terminological nature, speech clichés Publicistic phraseology, speech standards of phraseological units of a colloquial and bookish nature

Morphological features Grammatical forms with colloquial and vernacular coloring, the predominance of the verb over the noun, the use of single and multiple action verbs, the passivity of verbal nouns, participles and gerunds, the frequency of pronouns, etc. The predominance of the name over the pronoun, the use of verbal nouns with (e)nie and with the prefix of non-denominated prepositions, etc. The clear predominance of the name over the verb, the frequency of nouns with the meaning of attribute, action, state, the frequency of genitive forms, the use of the singular in the meaning of the plural , verb forms in a timeless meaning, etc. Frequency of use of genitive case forms, function words, present and past tense forms of verbs, use of the singular in the plural sense, participles in -omy, etc. The use of forms in which the category of concreteness and the frequency of verbs are manifested; Indefinitely finite forms of verbs, neuter nouns, plural forms of abstract and material nouns, etc. are not typical.

Syntactic features Ellipticity, predominance of simple sentences, activity of interrogative and exclamatory constructions, weakening of syntactic connections, lack of formality of sentences, breaks with insertions; repetitions; intermittency and inconsistency of speech, the use of inversion, the special role of intonation Complexity of syntax (constructions with a chain of sentences that are relatively complete and independent, nominative sentences with enumeration); the predominance of narrative sentences, the use of passive constructions, constructions with denominate prepositions and verbal nouns, the use of complex sentences with a clearly defined logical connection. The predominance of simple common and complex sentences; widespread use of passive, vaguely personal, impersonal constructions; introductory, insertion, clarifying constructions, participial and participial phrases, etc. Prevalence of expressive syntactic constructions, frequency of constructions with isolated members, parcellation, segmentation, inversion, etc. Use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language, widespread use of stylistic figures