Common words- these are words known to all the people.
For example: water, earth, sky, bird, good, love, talk, think, write, green .
Uncommon words- these are words that not everyone knows and uses in their speech.
For example: beetroot (beets), kochet (rooster), injection (injection).
Professionalisms are words associated with the characteristics of the work of people in a particular specialty or profession.
Anesthesia (special) - pain relief. (Local anesthesia.)
Gamma is a sequential series of musical sounds. (Play scales on the piano.)
Matrix (technical) - a metal mold in which recesses are made for casting typographic letters. (Make matrices.)
Dialectisms are words used only by residents of a particular area
Mochazhina (region) – a swampy, marshy place; swamp without hummocks.
Shanga (region) – cheesecake, simple flatbread.
Vestimo (region) - of course, of course.
Mshara (region) is a swamp overgrown with moss and bushes.
Gorodba (region) – wooden fence, fence.
Archaisms (obsolete words) are words that have fallen out of active use.
Benevolence (obsolete) – goodwill, favor.
In the evening, evening (obsolete) - yesterday, in the evening.
Gil (obsolete) – nonsense, nonsense.
Upper room (obsolete) – a room on the top floor.
Granary (obsolete) – barn, room for bread, grain.
Neologisms are new words that appear in a language.
The summit is a meeting of heads of state.
Laptop is a portable computer.
Portfolio – folder.
Rating – a numerical indicator
popularity.
A teenager is a girl or boy, usually between 14 and 18 years old.
Jargons are words used by representatives of a certain social or age environment.
Chief - in naval jargon, “senior mate.”
Sew on - in thieves' jargon, “kill”.
Don't drive - in the language of teenagers, "don't make things up."
Compass – nautical slang for “compass”.
Hanging out means “having fun” in the language of young people.
Emotionally charged words are words that express attitudes towards objects, signs, and actions.
-
1. Common vocabulary.
The most important part of the Russian language dictionary in all its diversity
is a commonly used vocabulary. She represents that
lexical core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, its
make up words that are expressions of the most necessary vital
important concepts.
National vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary,
the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian,
the fund on the basis of which further developments primarily take place
improvement and enrichment of vocabulary. The vast majority of incoming
in it the words are stable in their use and commonly used in all styles
The vocabulary of the Russian language includes words that are known and understandable
everyone and can be used both orally and in writing.
For example: water, earth, forest, bread, go, eat, eat, winter, bright,
words that are stylistically neutral are highlighted, i.e. words that
can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation,
which can be read both in a business document and in a friendly letter. Such
There is an overwhelming majority of words in the Russian language. They can also be called
commonly used in the full sense of the word.
In addition to stylistically neutral words in common vocabulary
words are also highlighted that can be used by everyone, but not in
anyway. So, the words water, simpleton, magazine, mustachioed, courtyard,
word, etc., in contrast to words that are stylistically neutral, or
have expression or are emotionally colored. Shades of emotional
colors are created by various diminutives and
increasing and derogatory suffixes (vod-its-a, magazine-chik, yard-ik,
words-echk-o), and expressiveness is conveyed by the special figurativeness of words
speech (simpleton, mustachioed, reckless, dodgy). By using such words, the speaker
expresses his positive or negative attitude towards the subject,
phenomenon. Therefore, these words almost never appear in a scientific report, in
business document. Use of expressive-emotional words
limited to certain styles of speech: they are more often used in
conversational style, often in a journalistic style.
However, the above does not mean that commonly used vocabulary
forms a closed group of words, not subject to any influences.
On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited
(dialectal or professional) sphere of use. Yes, words
burning, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, boring and
no. etc. back in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all speakers
Russians: the scope of their use was limited to professional
(anxious, motley) or dialectal (loser, tyrant,
regular, boring) environment. In modern Russian, these words
are part of the commonly used vocabulary.
On the other hand, some common words over time
may go out of general circulation and narrow the scope of their use:
for example, the words goiter, i.e. there is, disdain, i.e. dawn, now
found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when
the word from the national dictionary disappears into professional jargon.
Common vocabulary can be contrasted with limited vocabulary
usages – words that are used by people related by gender
occupations, professions, or territorial boundaries.
2. Uncommon vocabulary.
This vocabulary includes special, slang and dialect
vocabulary Moreover, dialect and slang vocabulary, in contrast to special,
lies outside the Russian literary language.
2.1. Dialectal vocabulary
Words whose use is typical for people living in a certain
localities, constitute dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used
mainly in the oral form of speech, since the dialect itself is the main
image of the oral colloquial speech of rural residents.
Dialectal vocabulary differs from commonly used vocabulary not only more
narrow sphere of use, but also a number of phonetic, grammatical and
lexical and semantic features. According to these features
There are several types of dialectisms:
1) phonetic dialectisms - words that reflect phonetic
features of this dialect: barrel, Vankya, tipyatok (instead of barrel,
Vanka, boiling water) – southern Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsyasy, kisser,
Germans (instead of chicken, watch, man, Germans) - dialectisms,
reflecting the sound features of some northwestern dialects;
2) grammatical dialectisms - words that have different meanings than in
literary language, grammatical characteristics or different
from common vocabulary according to morphological structure. So, in
in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used
as feminine nouns (the whole field, such a thing, Feels
a cat whose meat she ate); in northern dialects, forms in
cellar, in the club, in the table (instead of in the cellar in the club, in the table);
instead of the common words side, rain, run, hole, etc.
in dialect speech words with the same root are used, but different in
morphological structure: side, dozhok, bech, hole, etc.;
3) lexical dialectisms - words, both in form and meaning
different from words in common vocabulary: kochet - rooster,
the other day - the other day, gutar - talk, inda - even, etc. Among
lexical dialectisms, local names of things and
concepts common in a given area. These words are called
ethnographisms. For example, the word paneva is ethnographic - so
in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions
called a special type of skirt.
A dialectal word may differ from a commonly used word not in form, but
meaning; in this case we talk about semantic dialectisms. So,
the word top in some southern dialects is called a ravine, the verb to yawn
used in the meaning of shouting, calling, guessing – in the meaning of recognizing someone
or in the face, etc.
Dialectisms are often used as means of expression in
works of fiction - for speech characteristics
characters, to convey local color, for a more accurate point of view
2.2. Professional and special vocabulary
Words whose use is typical for people of certain professions
having as their sphere of use any special branch of science
or techniques, constitute professional and special vocabulary. These two
definitions are necessary so that in the general layer identified by such
in the way of words to distinguish, firstly, officially accepted and regularly
special terms used, i.e. special vocabulary and, secondly,
characteristic of many professions, expressively rethought,
altered words and expressions taken from general circulation.
The difference between technical terms and professional words can be
show in the following examples. In metallurgy, the term plating denotes
the remains of frozen metal in a ladle, workers call these remains
a goat, i.e. in this case, nastyl - the official term, goat -
professional. Physicists jokingly call the synchrophasotron a saucepan,
sandpaper is the official, terminological name, and sandpaper
– professionalism, widely used in the non-professional sphere and
Special terminology usually “covers” the entire given special
field of science or technology: all basic concepts, ideas, relationships receive
its terminological name. Terminology of a particular industry
knowledge or production is created by conscious and purposeful
through the efforts of people who are experts in this field. Valid here
the tendency, on the one hand, to eliminate doublets and polysemous
terms, and on the other hand, to establishing strict boundaries of each term and
its clear relationships with the other units that form this
terminological system.
Professionalisms are less regular. Because they are born in spoken language
people engaged in one profession or another, they rarely form a system. For
some objects and concepts have professional names, and for
there are no others. The relationship between different professionalisms is also
characterized by a certain randomness and uncertainty. Values
professionalism, usually arising on the basis of a metaphorical
rethinking a word or phrase, often intersects with the meanings
other professionalisms. Finally, unlike special terms,
professionalisms are brightly expressive, expressive, and this is their property with
is revealed with particular clarity in the vicinity of the official, bookish
a special term, the meaning of which is duplicated by this professionalism.
In some cases, professionalisms can be used as
official terms; their expressiveness is somewhat erased,
however, the underlying metaphorical nature of the meaning is felt quite
Fine. For example, a lever arm, a gear tooth, a pipe elbow, etc.
Although specialized and professional vocabulary has a limited scope
usage, between it and the commonly used vocabulary there is
constant communication and interaction. Literary language is mastered by many
special terms: they begin to be used in ways that are not typical for them
contexts, be rethought, as a result of which they cease to be terms,
or are determinologized.
In fiction prose professionalisms and special terms
are used not only for speech characterization of heroes, but also for more
accurate description of production processes, relationships between people in the workplace
and professional environment.
2.3. Slang vocabulary
Words whose use is characteristic of people who form separate
social groups make up slang vocabulary. So, the jargon of the ofeni -
wandering traders who existed in Russia in the 19th century were inherent
words: rym - house, melekh - milk, sary - money, zetit - talk,
to tinker - to build, etc. In the jargon of bursaks - students of bursa (school,
which combined cramming and cane discipline) - were the words
bond - steal, bug - strictly exact, etc. Some
lexical elements that penetrated in the past from social jargons into
commonly used vocabulary are still preserved in it today. These include,
for example, the words swindler, nimble, linden - fake and nek. etc.
In addition, the youth vocabulary is preserved and constantly updated -
school and student jargon. For the current state
characteristic, for example, are numerous anglicisms, often intentionally
distorted: gerla - girl, friend - boy, white - white, truzera -
trousers, trousers.
Slang words are some re-interpretations of common words.
vocabulary: wheelbarrow meaning car, slip away - leave unnoticed, ancestors -
parents, etc., expressive formations such as stipa, stipuh -
scholarship, amazing - very good, branded - top quality, fashionable and
Slang vocabulary has a narrow scope of use: it is used in
mainly among “our own” people, i.e. in communication with people of the same social
circle as the speaker. Slang words in works of art
can serve for speech characterization of characters, used in
for styling purposes. So, for example, in Granin’s novel “After the Wedding” in the speech
There are heroes - young people who are slangy in nature,
words and phrases: “This is me in the order of chatter”; “I would go myself instead of Igor, and
tips"; “She dances - shine!” and etc.
However, the use of jargon in a literary text should be
justified both by the general concept of the work and stylistically.
Vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use (student)
11. Vocabulary in terms of scope of use
Common vocabulary
Vocabulary of limited scope
2.1. Dialectal (regional) vocabulary
2.2. Socially restricted vocabulary
Literature
_____________________________________________________________________
From the point of view of the scope of use, vocabulary is divided into two large groups:
common,
limited scope of use.
Common vocabulary
Commonly used(nationwide) vocabulary is words, the understanding and use of which do not depend on the place of residence, profession, or occupation of native speakers. Commonly used vocabulary forms the basis of the vocabulary of a language. It includes, first of all, literary words(except for special vocabulary):
needle,rope,grumble,go,bonfire,rally,runny nose,cloth,sew…
All these words are understandable to every native speaker and can be used in a wide variety of settings and communication situations.
In addition, commonly used vocabulary has recently included non-literary words that are common among people of different ages and professions, regardless of place of residence:
bullshit, muzzle,bump around,will do,foolishly,hang around…
The use of these commonly understood words is limited to informal communication situations.
Vocabulary of limited scope
Vocabulary of limited scope(non-national) are words, the understanding and use of which are related to a person’s place of residence, his profession, and occupation. Non-popular vocabulary includes
territorially limited (dialectal),
socially limited vocabulary.
2.1. Dialect(regional)vocabulary- this is part of the non-popular vocabulary that is typical for the population of a locality, district, region:
veksha'squirrel', unsteady'cradle, area 'bushes', peplum'Beautiful', row ‘to disdain’, have supper'have supper'…
Dialectal words are called (lexical) dialectisms [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 211–212].
Popular and dialect vocabulary interconnected.
1) Many of the lexical dialectisms are by origin in popular words:
vered'sore', pregnant‘armful’, stomach'belongings', juda‘horror, fear’...
2) Many dialect words entered the national vocabulary:
nonsense,take a seat,plow,owl,frail,tedious,take a nap,barracks,mumble,clumsy,hype,background...[SRYA-1, p. 45].
2.2. Toward socially restricted vocabulary relate
special vocabulary,
jargon.
1) Special vocabulary– these are words and combinations of words denoting concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity:
dividend‘part of the profit received by shareholders’, alibi‘the absence of the accused at the crime scene as evidence of his innocence’, mezdra‘the underside of tanned leather’…
Among the special words stand out
professionalism.
Terms(lat. terminus‘border, limit’) – words or combinations of words that officially accepted for naming concepts of science, production, art, etc.
Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each field of knowledge has its own terminological system.
The terms are divided into
general scientific, which are used in various fields of knowledge: experiment, adequate, equivalent, reaction, progress...
special(highly specialized), which are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology: immobilization‘creating stillness, peace’, Glinka‘highest grade clay, kaolin’, epenthesis‘insert a sound to make pronunciation easier: poet - sings’…
Also distinguished commonly used(commonly understood) terms:
amputation, hypertension, cardiogram;
infinitive, adverb, case...
Terms are part of the literary language.
Professionalisms- these are words and combinations of words that are unofficial designations of special concepts.
Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech. Eg:
slur‘typographic defect in the form of a square, strip...’, a cap‘large newspaper headline’… 1
Some authors contrast professionalisms as only names special (often specific) phenomena, concepts and professional jargon, that are unofficial synonyms terms. Professional jargon, as a rule, expressively colored:
solyanka'hydrochloric acid', pot'synchrophasotron', demobilization'demobilization', cap‘captain’... [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 222–224; ERYA, p. 392].
Professional jargon is not included in the literary language.
names of concepts of science, production, art
official
unofficial
Option 1
terms
professionalism
Option 2
terms
only names
informal synonyms of terms
professionalism
professional jargon
2) Jargon (French) jargon)– socially restricted words that are emotionally expressive synonyms of stylistically neutral common words.
The use of jargon is limited social factors:
the speakers belonging to the same social environment (for example, noble jargons),
belonging to the same profession (professional jargon),
the same age (e.g. youth slang),
community of interests, etc.
Professional jargons have existed for centuries in different countries during different periods. They reached a particular flourishing in the era of feudalism with its guild fragmentation and isolation of professions. Emergence professional jargon explained desire to classify any actions or features of production. The secret languages of handicraftsmen (wandering saddlers, tailors, blacksmiths, coppersmiths), the jargons of gold miners, traveling actors, and small merchants and peddlers (offeners, peddlers) are known. Eg:
at the ofenya: throw'sleep', shivar'product', maz‘trader, “one’s own” person’, legal'house', usy‘money’ [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234]…;
from buyers of illegally mined gold: resin'gold', two -'lb', three– ‘spool’ (4.266 g or 1/96 lb)…;
Currently, professional jargon have no secrecy purposes[SRYASH, p. 281–284].
Jargon may arise in any sufficiently stable team:
army jargon: perfume 'new recruits', grandfathers, demobilization…
jargon musicians and music lovers: fan,downhole, trash ‘rock music style’, The Beatles...
jargon schoolgirls:dunk‘to curtsy’, boots'cadets', pencil‘student of the city gymnasium’, eggplant‘student of the noble gymnasium’, canary‘ruble’ [SRYASH, p. 281–282].
jargon schoolchildren:teacher, banana,PE, mathematics, physics…
jargon students:spur'crib' , school'university', cowgirl'scholarship', tail‘academic debt’, dorm'dormitory', cut off‘get an unsatisfactory grade’, fishing rod satisfactorily' …
youth jargon: cool‘the highest degree of positive assessment’, steep‘beyond all praise; unusual, shocking’, strain‘to bore, bother with requests, claims’, run over‘to bother with claims and reproaches’, get in, get in'understand'…
computer jargon: jar‘computer system unit’, Windows,Windows‘Microsoft Windows operating system’, gamer‘a person who constantly plays computer games’, glitch‘work with glitches (errors)’...
Internet-jargon: avatar,avchik,userpic‘the picture that the user chooses as his “face”’, appendicitis'application' (English) appendix),ban‘impose a temporary ban on the user from doing something’, google‘search the Internet (usually using Google)’...
First of all, it is youth slang that is called slang. Term slang(English) slang) originally designated exclusively the language of youth (cf. hippie slang) or professional jargon of any new, actively developing field ( business slang, computer slang). Lately the term slang used as a synonym for the general term jargon . The compatibility of the word has expanded significantly ( medical slang, army slang). The new term is gradually replacing the word jargon, which during the Soviet period acquired a negative connotation ( camp jargon,prison slang).
A special term to designate words belonging to slang (such as jargon), No.
Border between individual jargons, as well as between jargon (slang), vernacular and colloquial speech, is unsteady and permeable. Some researchers talk about the emergence common jargon(interjargon), which is used not only by certain social groups, but also by the majority of native speakers [Nikitina, p. 4].
Some slang words are gradually entering the common vocabulary(first into colloquial speech, and then they can move into colloquial speech and even into literary language).
For example, from jargon seminarians The words included in the literary vocabulary:
beast(lat. bestia'beast'; (bran.) ‘rogue, scoundrel; clever, cunning person’);
nonsense‘nonsense, nonsense’ (seminar word, most likely from Greek. Athenian),
from singing jargon: sing along;
from factory: bungler;
from the slang of beggars: double-dealer.
Such slang words as
float, fall through, cut off, window, steering wheel, linden...
damn, split...[SRYA, p. 93–94].
Gradually, these words lose their inherent connotation of rudeness and vulgarity, but their use in literary language, as a rule, stylistically limited within the framework of colloquial speech [SRYASH, p. 285–286].
Jargonisms differ from the words of other groups with the following features:
They represent not the main, but a parallel designation of the phenomenon of reality; next to him there are always (or almost always) synonyms for popular use[SRYA-1, p. 48–49].
All jargons have bright expressive and stylistic coloring:
schmuck,cheesy,sucker– this is an extreme degree of disapproval, neglect;
steep,specific with some vagueness and uncertainty of lexical meaning, they are capable of expressing a whole range of emotional nuances: from delight to complete disapproval.
Compared to common words that have lived for centuries, slang vocabulary is different great variability, fragility. The fact is that the emotional-expressive coloring is “erased” in the process of use: words become familiar, “boring”. Therefore, they are replaced by new, “fresh” words with vivid expressiveness. For example, those used in the 50-60s have almost disappeared from youth slang. 20th century
dude,dude,horses'parents', hut‘an apartment where you can get together’.
In the 80s they were replaced
men,girla,skull,haza,flat.
Wed. also slang terms money:
50–60s: tugriks, rupees;
60s: shurshiki, coins, money;
80s: money;
turn of the 80s–90s: wooden(about rubles), green(about dollars).
The modern jargon of students differs sharply not only from the jargon of high school students, seminarians, and pre-revolutionary students, but also from the school and student jargon of the 20s and 30s. 20th century [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 233].
It happens that forgotten jargons are returning, because again have a touch of novelty.
Argotisms(French) argot) name the words used in criminal environment:
academy'jail', fraer‘petty, inexperienced thief’, raspberries‘den’, little guy‘letter, note’...
Argotisms serve to
linguistic isolation (the function of distinguishing “friend - foe”),
linguistic conspiracy [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234].
In linguistic literature the term argot is understood ambiguously. Some authors understand it as “secret speech,” meaning not only thieves’ jargon. Sometimes terms argot And jargon are used as equivalent [SRYASH, p. 284].
Any jargon differs from the literary language in the first place vocabulary. They do not have morphological, syntactic or pronunciation features. True, non-literary speech (slang and vernacular) is often distinguished from literary
a) special use of word-forming means (cf.: mokrukha, bitch, mess) And
b) intonation.
Popular vocabulary
┌──────────────┴────────────┐
common vocabulary of limited
vocabulary of use
┌────────────────────┴────┐
territorially social
limited limited
(dialectal)┌──────────────┴───┐
slang and special
argotic(terms And
professionalism)
Literature
Vendina T.I. Introduction to linguistics. M.: Higher School, 2001. Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of the language. pp. 160–164.
Girutsky A. A. Introduction to linguistics. Minsk: TetraSystems, 2001. Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of the language. pp. 156–158.
LES – Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. Argo. P. 43. Dialectisms. P. 133. Jargon. P. 151. Vernacular. P. 402. Colloquial speech. P. 408. Slang. P. 461.
Youth slang: Explanatory dictionary / T. G. Nikitina. M.: Astrel: AST, 2003. 912 p.
Rakhmanova L. I., Suzdaltseva V. N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House: CheRo Publishing House, 1997. Russian vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use. pp. 211–239.
SRY – Modern Russian language / Rosenthal D. E., Golub I. B, Telenkova M. A . M.: Rolf, 2001. Vocabulary of limited scope of use. pp. 87–97.
SRYA-1 – Modern Russian language. Part 1. Introduction. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling. / N. M. Shansky, V. V. Ivanov. M.: Education, 1981. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of its use. pp. 44–59.
SRYASH – Modern Russian language. Phonetics. Lexicology, Phraseology / ed. P. P. Fur coats. Minsk: Progress, 1998. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use. pp. 258–288.
Shaikevich A. Ya. Introduction to linguistics. M.: Academy, 2005. § 60. Vocabulary of special languages. Terminology. pp. 197–172.
ERYA – Russian language. Encyclopedia. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia - Bustard, 1997. Argo. P. 37. Dialectisms. P. 114. Jargon. pp. 129–130. Vernacular. pp. 390–391. Professionalism. P. 392. Colloquial speech. P. 406. Spoken language. 406–408.
1A number of researchers classify designations of special subjects, concepts of amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. as professionalisms:
rule‘tail of a dog, fox’, tongs‘face of a greyhound dog’…
jigs, bugs, coffins, droplets(types of artificial fish bait).
The vocabulary of the Russian language is rich and varied. Along with commonly used vocabulary, there are many words of limited use, and among them are dialect words, which will be discussed in the article.
Common and restricted words
The composition of the vocabulary of the Russian language is heterogeneous. There are a huge number of words that are known to everyone and can be used by all native speakers. They are called commonly used. But there are also words that are used either by people of some profession, or by representatives of some social group (for example, schoolchildren), or by residents of some locality. In the latter case, we are talking about dialect words. This material is covered in school in 6th grade.
What are dialect words
Groups of words that have a limited scope of use are formed according to different principles. For example, professional words are used by those who are engaged in one or another activity (“work program” - teachers, “reisfeder” - draftsmen, etc.). Among the groups of non-common vocabulary there is also a dialect one. Dialect words are those words that are used in speech by residents of any region where they have their own dialect (dialect) of the Russian language. We are talking specifically about the Russian language. If the region is located on the border with territory inhabited by speakers of another language (it does not matter whether it is a Russian autonomous republic or a neighboring state), lexical exchange is inevitable. But still, the words that have already entered the Russian language and become Russified are words of the Russian language.
In the past, dialects varied much more, but with the spread of radio and television, the language became more unified.
How to find a dialect word in a dictionary?
In the explanatory dictionary, dialect words are given with the mark “Region.”
There are dictionaries for specific dialects; they are issued for dialectologists.
Many interesting words and expressions can be found in the famous dictionary of V. I. Dahl.
Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, a Dane by birth, made a tremendous contribution to the study of the Russian language: he devoted his entire life to the creation of the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” collecting many invaluable materials.
Examples of dialect words
Morok - cloud
Guy - oak grove
Bayat - talk
Birch - patterned
Antled - glazed
Hostel - feast
Safe - bold
How dialect words are used in a language
Dialect words lie outside the Russian literary language. If so, they cannot be used in texts of most styles.
It is acceptable to use a separate expressive word in a journalistic style text.
A work of fiction is a completely different matter. Dialect words in literature are a means of speech characterization of the hero and an expressive feature of the author's style.
An example is the poems of Sergei Yesenin, especially the early ones.
V.P. Astafiev was distinguished by his brilliant command of dialect vocabulary. This was especially evident in the novel “The Fish King” and the dilogy “Cursed and Killed.”
What have we learned?
Dialectisms are words related to vocabulary of limited use. They are used by residents of any region. In dictionaries such words are placed with the mark “region”. Dialect words are widely used in fiction as a means of expressiveness and an element of speech characteristics.
Many words of the Russian language are known to all the people. These words are commonly used, for example: water, earth, sky, bird; green, blue, long; walk, think, talk. Our everyday speech is primarily built from commonly used words. But there are words in the Russian language that not all people use in their speech. For example, the word yaruga (ravine) is used in the speech of rural residents of some places; chamotte (fireproof clay) - in the speech of metallurgists.
What are common words?
Granddaughter, go to the garden and bring some beetroot for borscht.
What should I bring, grandma?
Burakov.
What is it?
Well, in our village that’s what they call beets.
Why didn't the boy understand his grandmother?
Do you call beets by any other word?
The word beet is in common use; it is known to everyone who speaks Russian. The word burak is used only in the speech of residents of a certain area. This is a dialect word.
Dialect words are words used only by the inhabitants of a particular rural area.
Some of the most commonly used dialect words in works of art are included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. With them, a litter of the region is given. (i.e. regional).
There are special dialect dictionaries, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects. In Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of our Motherland.
(E. Liechtenstein.)
Write down the words with highlighted spellings and explain them in writing.
7. Professional words are explained in special reference dictionaries and encyclopedias. The most commonly used professional words are given in explanatory dictionaries. With them, a special litter is placed. (what does special mean); other marks indicate which specialties the words are associated with, for example: technical. - technical, marine - sea. One of the meanings of an ambiguous word may be professional.
Find 3-4 professional words in ““. What signs will you use to find professional words in the dictionary?
8. Copy 5-6 words from geography textbooks (botany, mathematics) that are predominantly used in the speech of geographers (botanists, mathematicians). Make up three sentences with any of them.
9. Who is shown in the pictures above? Read the words under the pictures and say if they are all placed there correctly.
Write it down by making corrections. Make up a sentence with any professional word.10. The artist was asked to make illustrations for these proposals. He got something wrong. What mistakes did he make? What words did he mean: common or professional?