Experienced pleonasm expert. Semantic pleonasm as a speech error

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When a short statement contains a lot of unnecessary words, this is called speech redundancy or verbosity. For example, during the last 24 hours there have been heavy snowfalls and a large amount of snow has fallen.

When there are a lot of unnecessary words in written or spoken speech, this is called stylistic negligence. It proves that the author has no idea about the object he is describing. There is a fine line between verbosity and idle talk.

An example of speech redundancy. The sports commentator of the competition notifies: athletes who arrived at sports competitions take part in competitions with foreign athletes.

Verbosity appears in the form:

• pleonasms - the use of words that have the same meaning, but are superfluous in the text (as a result of everyday routine, rose up, the main point).
• tautologies (variation of pleonasm). Repeated term, only in different words (multiply twice, inexplicable phenomena). The tautology is clearly expressed in the combination of words with one root: How to ask a question correctly?

Lexical repetition found in the text is a sign that the writer lacks clarity and conciseness to formulate thoughts. Sometimes lexical repetition can help the author concentrate on something important, for example: Live forever, learn forever.

How to use speech redundancy?

Speech insufficiency and speech redundancy do not in all situations turn out to be an error when writing works of art. It's even worse when a person uses

Pleonasms and tautologies are used in stylistics to enhance the effectiveness and inspiration of statements, as well as to highlight the aphorism of speech. Writers and humorists resort to these techniques to create a joke.

The main goal of speech redundancy and tautology in stylistics:

• point out the poverty of speech, lack of education of certain characters;
• enhance the semantic significance of the situation;
• highlight a certain idea in the text;
• tautological repetition emphasizes the richness or duration of the situation, for example: “We walked and walked”;
• to emphasize with pleonasms the features of an object or its characteristics. Authors can use to clarify an excessive number of objects, for example: “And there are balls, balls, balls, balls everywhere...”;
• creating funny situations, for example: “Let me not allow you.”

Tautology

Tautology is a thought represented by unfounded repetitions of the same words with the same root. There is such a thing as tautological rhyme - the repetition of one word in a modified form in poetic form.

Cognate words in one sentence creating a tautology are one of the common mistakes. Thus, in one sentence we are marking time. It looks like .

In order to highlight a certain thought in a sentence, it is necessary to clear it of unnecessary things, that is, to get rid of tautology, examples: ... definitions can follow quite naturally indicating that the productivity of the labor process at a certain stage of development of the technical process is determined by a completely definite pattern.

This sentence is confusing and too repetitive. We clear it of debris and get:
Labor productivity at different degrees of development of a technical process is determined by an objective pattern - this is a reasonable conclusion.

Not in all situations you should perceive words with the same root as a stylistic error. They do not always need to be replaced by synonyms in one judgment; in some situations this is impossible, the test may become impoverished.
A pair of words with the same root, which are mentioned in one passage of text, are stylistically justified when they are considered the only carriers of meaning. We have to come to terms with the fact that the sentence contains a tautology, examples: pink flowers are blooming on the bushes, the head coach will train the team.

In the Russian language, there are tautological combinations that are inevitable: a dictionary of Russian words, the foreman of two brigades, the investigators of the task force were conducting an investigation.

When authors are faced with such a problem as a combination of a Russian word and a foreign one, they do not understand the exact meaning of the second, for example: little prodigy, leading leaders. Before combining foreign words with others, you need to think about their meaning.

Tautology can be found in Russian folklore and proverbs. Writers deliberately use them for lexical expressiveness: friendship is friendship, and service is service; to walk; Living life is not a field to cross.

Pleonasm

This term has Greek roots and is translated as “excessive”, “excessive”.
Let's figure out what pleonasm is? It means an excess of words of the same meaning in one judgment.

Examples: they saw a dead body; I met a dark brunette; he sat without words and was silent.

The above judgments are complicated by unnecessary clarifications. Like other forms of speech redundancy, pleonasm indicates the author’s lack of education. You need to analyze your vocabulary and learn to correct mistakes in a timely manner.

In Russian there is such a thesis as “imaginary pleonasm”. Writers use it deliberately to enhance the expressiveness of speech and the effect of perception.

Pleonastic combinations are used for folklore. Even earlier, authors used expressively colored pleonasms in stories, for example: sea-ocean, paths-paths, once upon a time.

Lapalissiades

One of the forms of speech redundancy is lapses of speech. They create the effect of humor in a tragic (inappropriate) situation,

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. I would like to continue the series of small publications (notes in the margins) devoted to the topic of interpreting phrases and “words” quite often used in the Runet. A little earlier we focused on, and.

Today I just want a few words speak for tautology and pleonasm(the spelling “tuftology” is considered incorrect, although many people pronounce this word exactly like that, making it sound like “tuftology”, which is generally not far from the truth).

What is it? What catchphrase has become essentially synonymous with tautology and why is it most often “scold” rather than “praised”? How does pleonasm differ from tautology? Or is it the same thing? All this, of course, is based on examples, because where would we be without them?

What are tautology and pleonasm?

Translated from the ancient Greek word pleonasm - this is overkill(the use of words or phrases that are unnecessary for understanding), and tautology is this is a repetition of the same thing(thoughts, reasons, descriptions) in one sentence (in fact, this is a special case of pleonasm).

This is what can be characterized by the term - speech excesses (errors). They very often hurt your ears and pollute our speech.

I would like to emphasize that pleonasm represents a more capacious definition, since redundancy (excess) in a sentence can be created not only by the use of words with similar meanings, but also by phrases that can be safely omitted. An example of this pleonasm, which cannot be called a tautology, the following dummy phrases can serve:

1. A cart was driving towards the house (you can remove the phrase “in the direction” and nothing in meaning will change or be lost)
2. He told me that... (the phrase “about that” can be omitted without losing the essence and brevity)
3. Useful skill (the word “useful” is superfluous here, because the skill itself implies “useful skill”)

It seems like nothing, but it’s garbage that clogs our brain.

But still, pleonasms most often mean the duplication of meanings, i.e. pure tautology. In addition, such examples are much brighter and more impressive than what has already been given above.

Examples of tautology and pleonasm

Most often, this disgrace occurs when they use cognates words next to each other. This can be called a “childhood disease”, because most often it is characteristic of those who are just learning to correctly and, what is important, clearly form their thoughts.

You've probably already encountered someone telling someone that this is... "oil oil". In fact, this phrase has now become synonymous with the word “tautology” and is used much more often when they want to point out to a person an obvious shortcoming identified in his speech associated with speech excesses. “Well, it’s oil!” - they say in such cases.

Examples of “single-root” tautology The following phrases can serve:

1. old man
2. pay a fee
3. high height
4. visiting guest
5. ask a question
6. white white
7. torrential downpour
8. the writer describes
9. the narrator told
10. smiled a wide smile
11. earned salary
12. ringing bell
13. finish to the end
14. good-natured good fellow
15. smoke is smoking
16. little things
17. had an illness
18. openings open

But there is examples of pleonasm(tautological sense, i.e. excess due to duplication of meanings, and not due to empty phrases), when they use not the same root words, but very close in meaning:

1. negative disadvantage
2. hot boiling water
3. better
4. very well
5. meet for the first time
6. free gift
7. fair-haired blonde
8. dead corpse

Well, and one more thing examples of pleonasm without tautology(just one of the words is superfluous, because it simply cannot be any other way and it would be unnecessary to clarify):

1. month of January
2. minute of time
3. back of the head
4. future prospects
5. main favorite
6. industrial industry
7. blink your eyes

Examples of non-irritating tautology of pleonasms

However, there are examples when an obvious tautology is not at all annoying:

1. make jam
2. start over
3. fasten the clasp
4. treat a guest
5. close the lid
6. lean on your elbow
7. white underwear
8. black ink
9. dreamed about it in a dream
10. size disproportion
11. flowers bloom
12. serve
13. jam-packed
14. present day
15. highest peaks
16. stop at the bus stop
17. do the job
18. jokes jokes
19. to sing songs
20. train with a trainer
21. work work
22. red paint (both words of the phrase are based on the root “beautiful”)

You can also give many examples when obvious pleonasms They don’t look particularly like that anymore due to their frequent and everyday use:

1. facial expression
2. go down
3. to go up
4. another alternative
5. crowd
6. clenched fist
7. fell down
8. walk
9. ultimately
10. I personally
11. reality
12. my autobiography
13. young guy
14. useful skill (a skill is a “useful skill” in itself)

The latter is most likely explained simply by the force of habit. If you have heard these phrases since childhood, use them yourself and everyone around you, then comments about the fact that this is a tautology will simply look inappropriate. These phrases no longer grate the ear like those used due to misunderstanding.

Often “taffeta phrases” come into our speech from proverbs and sayings:

1. the fairy tale takes its toll
2. sit down
3. bitter grief
4. walk
5. live life
6. let's eat
7. guiltless guilty
8. free will
9. go to waste
10. apparently species

Very often, the use in one phrase leads to established (not striking) tautologies (pleonasms). words borrowed from different languages, but mean almost the same thing:

1. exhibition item (an exhibit is, by definition, an “exhibited item”)
2. people's democracy (democracy is, by definition, “the power of the people”)
3. memorial monument (a memorial is a monument by definition of the word)
4. debut for the first time
5. open vacancy
6. interior interior
7. price list
8. hospitalize
9. memorable souvenirs
10. period of time
11. full house
12. import from abroad
13. first premiere (first debut)
14. folklore

Besides force of habit, tautology can be used to enhance the effect. This can be seen from most of the examples given above. You can also add to them, for example:

1. tightly
2. completely
3. the real truth
4. bitter grief
5. clearer than ever
6. Vanity
7. full full
8. all sorts of things
9. ridiculous absurdity

How to avoid tautologies and pleonasms in your speech? Read more (or write, as I do :) Thus, you will inevitably increase your vocabulary and form a culture of speech. Everything is banal, but, unfortunately, in the current 21st century of the Internet it is not so simple and feasible, because we regularly read only news headlines and messages on social networks from “bookworms” like ourselves.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

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In the eyes of the majority, repeating means proving.
A. France

Talking a lot and saying a lot are not the same thing.
Sophocles

Unjustified addition of words is called pleonasm from the Greek pleonasmos- excess.

The addition can be justified when repetitions are not hidden, when they want to better consolidate what was said, to better convey the mood. Such additions as the best, best, the real truth, way-road, the best, honest-honest, true true, high-high, cold-very cold, clearer than ever…

Pleonasm looks good in jokes: face muzzle, stupid fool, joke of humor, free leisure time, small insect bug, Kleine Schweine pig. An acquaintance named his salary salary. I thought it was a joke, but then I discovered this pleonasm in the official text.

When redundant words are used not as a joke, not for emotional gain, they complicate understanding and obscure the meaning.

They want to show their “education” through verbosity. Unter Prishibeev from Chekhov's story says in court “the drowned corpse of a dead man.” Prishibeev is trying to increase his worth in front of the judge and the men with such words. A philosopher I knew was proud that no one understood his lengthy dissertation. When I studied at the Faculty of Economics of the university, our teacher, a famous academician, gave an “A” to the student who managed to write the largest paper in 3-4 hours on a written exam. Others could also get an A, but only if the work was of high quality. This academician taught us that you can be an excellent student in economics through quantity. We all then studied according to Marx, who understood the importance of volume. While working on Capital, he wrote to Engels on June 18, 1862: “I am greatly enlarging this volume, since German dogs measure the value of a book by its volume.”

Of course, if you achieve a large volume by simply repeating the same thing, you will quickly get figured out. One should repeat unnoticed, passing off the repetition as something new, as an interpretation, as the dynamics of thought. But when the same thing is presented as different, it is misleading. These disguised repetitions are called tautologies (from the Greek tauto - the same, and logos - word). It seems deceptively that this is not a repetition, but a clarification of the meaning, that along with transport there are some other types of transportation, and along with liberal freedoms there are some other freedoms. Tautology is a special case of pleonasm.

A tautology ceases to be a tautology when new meanings are firmly assigned to the words of which it consists. Values ​​that are clearly different from the original values. For example, white linen is a tautology only if “linen” means only white fabric, as it was originally. But today no one understands the word “linen” that way. Therefore, white underwear is no longer a tautology. The same can be said for red paint and black ink.

Pleonasm can take the form of over-specification. And again this disguised excess leads to false thoughts. It is unnecessary to clarify that chamomile is plant-based, pike is fish, Chinese is human, iron is metal, and lion is animal. After all, there are no non-plant daisies, non-fish pikes, non-human Chinese, non-metallic iron and non-bestial lions. It is also unnecessary to talk about square quadrangles, Chinese people, iron metal, lion-like animals, snow precipitation, the child population, historical memory. Maybe as a joke.

But we find such unnecessary clarifications even in laws. Example: cash, debt, penalties, legal options or powers. After all, money is always a means, a loan always generates obligations, a fine is always a sanction, punishment is for an offense, and rights are always opportunities. Talking about cash, debt obligations, penalties and legal options is as bad as talking about apple fruits, pots, trouser clothes, triangular polygons, women's people.

Pleonasm money indicates a poor understanding of what money and means are.

Needless to say, social justice, labor activity, the production process, the educational or negotiation process, since justice is exclusively a social phenomenon (there is no non-social justice), labor is always an activity, and activity, including labor and negotiations, is always a process. Needless to say, life activity or science. After all, life is inseparable from activity, just as science is inseparable from teaching.

It is not good to call technology technology. Energy - energy. The environment in which we live is ecology. The growth of production is economic growth. The center is the epicenter, genius is congeniality. All these are pleonasms, excesses.

Congeniality is from Ostap Bender. But with Ostap Bender everything is clear. He is a con man who used glib words to hypnotize his victims. Technology is justified in calling the science of technology, but not technology itself. Energy is an industry that produces energy, but not the energy itself. Ecology is the science of the environment, but not the environment itself. Economics is the science of economy, but not the economy itself. And the epicenter can be very far from the center.

The love of verbal excess smacks of fraud, dishonesty or stupidity.

And now the promised hundred in alphabetical order:

1. address of location, address of residence
2. vigorous activity
3. water area of ​​water bodies, water area
4. antagonistic struggle
5. appeal
6. arbitration court
7. currency values
8. everything and everyone
9. paid (salary)
10. security guarantees, security guarantees
11. heroic feat
12. public policy
13. accounts receivable
14. actions and deeds
15. valid act
16. business transaction
17. office work, case proceedings
18. democratic republic
19. cash
20. deposit
21. labor, production, entrepreneurial activities
22. promissory note, debt and obligation
23. vital activity
24. given data
25. loan obligation
26. property rights
27. interactive interactions
28. information message
29. execution of the writ of execution
30. true reality
31. historical memory, historical time, historical process
32. punitive repression
33. commercial trade
34. competition
35. credit of trust
36. legitimate law
37. liberal freedoms
38. false utopia, false fiction, false fabrication
39. people and society
40. boundary signs, boundaries, division of boundaries
41. supervision and control
42. taxes and fees, taxation
43. people's democracy, people's republic
44. science
45. indivisible individual
46. ​​illegal gang
47. stipulated by contract
48. operational activities, sales operation
49. experienced expert
50. memorable souvenir
51. revaluation of values
52. constant constant
53. political state
54. rights and freedoms, right to freedom
55. right to legal personality
56. authority, legal opportunity
57. legal justice
58. ownership
59. right of justice
60. price list of prices, tariffs
61. production of work
62. labor, production, educational, negotiation process
63. works and services
64. permissive licensing, permits and licenses
65. current account, account settlements, settlements with accountable persons
66. reality
67. revolutionary coup
68. registration accounting, accounting registers
69. reorganization of the organization
70. vacancy
71. services, customer service
72. maintenance with dependents
73. social community, social society, social structure of society
74. social justice
75. fair right
76. grace period
77. accounting accounts
78. superstitious belief
79. commodity market
80. transportation
81. management and control
82. economic management
83. accounting of calculations
84. accounting registration, accounting register
85. accounting and reporting
86. factual circumstances
87. registration form
88. economic economic mechanism…
89. holistic (sometimes holistic) system
90. time pressure
91. integral system (sometimes system integrity)
92. private property
93. man and citizen, man and society
94. penalties, fines and penalties
95. economics of economy (home, folk, rural)
96. economics and management
97. energetic activity
98. ground zero
99. statist (statist) state, statist (statist) politics
100. legal rights, legal justice.

Not everyone recognizes pleonasms in the above expressions. For example, I was told that historical memory- a useful phrase designed to distinguish personal memories from the history of an entire people, which in addition penalties there is reprimand or disapproval, and along with in cash there are non-monetary funds. If you agree with my opponents, I will answer such and similar objections in the comments.

PLEONASM - the use of unnecessary words that do not add new meaning to what is said, i.e. duplication of meaning, NOT roots.
For example: “go back”, “memorable souvenir”, “price list”, “vacancy”, “another alternative”, “nostalgia for the homeland”, “interior”, “protective immunity”, “first premiere”, “folk folklore", "fall down", "pre-announcement", "gesticulate with hands", "top priority", "incriminate guilt", "complete fiasco", "memories of the past", "huge metropolis", "himself personally", " with your own ears (eyes, hands)", "attempted assassination attempt", "is taking place", "hard Sisphean work", "Ariadne's guiding thread", "working class of the working people", "true truth", "entirely and completely" , “people's democracy”, “go down”, “go up”, “better position”, “full right”, “me personally”, “my autobiography”, “united union”, “service”.

BUT! In literature and poetry, the presence of pleonasm is allowed. This is how we will remove from fairy tales: path-path, once upon a time, sea-ocean?

***************

TAUTOLOGY or IDENTITY - the use of words of the same root (i.e., close in meaning), creating semantic redundancy.
1) It is allowed in literature: “friendship is friendship, and service is service”, “packed to the brim”, “soon the tale is told, but not soon the deed is done”, “sitting around” “grief is bitter”, “they will laugh with laughter”, making riddles.
2) Tautology is a lexical error in ordinary speech and journalism. For example: “put together”, “dance a dance”, “resume again”, “butter butter”, “a table is a table”, “torrential downpour”, “the storyteller told”, “the highest peaks”.

*****************

Reviews

There is also a so-called hidden tautology, combinations with words of foreign origin, for example, “service”.

I think that “nostalgia for one’s homeland” is not necessarily a pleonasm; one can be nostalgic not only for one’s homeland, but also for the past. Although, of course, it depends on the context.

In general, the note is useful.

"service maintenance". ABOUT! Thanks Andy. Now I’ll add pleonasm to this piggy bank.
Nostalgia for the past is acceptable, but nostalgia for the homeland is not.

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In the Russian language there are the concepts of speech insufficiency and speech redundancy. Speech failure occurs when the meaning of speech is lost if one word or another is missing, for example: He helped his parents in the field, although he was only in his eleventh year. It would be more correct to say: he was eleven years old.

Speech redundancy is the repeated transmission of the same thought. It can take the form of pleonasms, which often appear when combining unambiguous words, for example: long and lasting, bold and courageous.

Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmós - excess), the use of words that are unnecessary for semantic completeness. Pleonasm violates the norms of lexical compatibility and is used by authors, in our opinion, most often as a stylistic device to give expressiveness to speech.

Pleonasm is common in colloquial speech. Some pleonastic phrases are fixed in the language and are not considered erroneous, for example: go down, go up, period of time, exhibit of an exhibition (Latin exponatus means “exhibited”), popular democracy (democracy translated from Greek as “power of the people”).

Also, pleonasms are often found in phraseological phrases: shaking, crammed, eating. Such pleonasms do not contradict the literary norm.

Typical examples of pleonasm are the following phrases: first premiere (premiere is enough - “the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work”), atmospheric air (air is enough - “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), return back (the verb “return” indicates movement backwards, in the opposite direction), import from abroad (it is enough to import - “import from abroad”).

Ancient stylistics subsumes the verbosity of speech under three concepts: perissology - the accumulation of words of the same meaning, usually synonyms; macrology - burdening speech with unnecessary explanations, for example subordinate clauses; tautology - literal repetition of words of equal meaning.

The latest stylistics applies a general designation to all these concepts - tautology.

Tautology and pleonasm are almost the same thing. But there are subtle differences that separate these concepts. If pleonasm is precisely verbal redundancy, then tautology is identity.

Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same thing and logos - word), a combination or repetition of the same or similar words, for example: the true truth, entirely and completely, moves further and further away. Often has the appearance of unnecessary repetition. The name “tautology” is especially often used where there is a repetition of words with the same root.

Tautology can manifest itself at different levels.

Often occurs at the lexical level: ultimately (correctly “ultimately” or “sufficiently in the end”).

A peculiar manifestation of tautology can be found at the level of grammar, for example, in the formation of the comparative degree of adjectives: more important (this is a grammatical error since the comparative degree is formed using the suffix -ee or using the word more). Sometimes when forming a superlative degree, for example: “However, no matter how interesting, no matter how remarkable the thoughts that Tyutchev directly expresses in his poems, the thoughts he thought out, consciously - much more remarkable is the innermost content of his poetry, which he unconsciously put into his poems, by virtue of secret creative intuition” (V. Bryusov “Far and Close”)

Often in everyday conversation, a tautology is a lexical error. This happens if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is of a random nature: connect together, dance a dance, have a sportsmanlike attitude towards sports, confirm a statement. There was a lexical error in the phrase “my autobiography”; it would have been enough to say “autobiography”, since the word itself implies an independent description of a person’s life.

Every day, some tautological phrases in colloquial speech, for example “ask a question,” are becoming more and more widely used. Tautology is meaningless and empty as such, it does not carry any information, and people try to get rid of it as unnecessary ballast that clutters up speech and complicates communication.

Thus, the use of tautology in colloquial speech is a mistake, but in journalism and fiction, tautology is allowed as a means of speech, giving it expressiveness and the desired shade, carrying a specific semantic load.

In folklore, repetition of complex sentences or isolated groups of words is often found, used to enhance the emotional sound of a phrase. Such repetitions are called refrains; in folklore, such a technique is traditional, so the question “can a refrain be considered a kind of tautology” remains open.

In the practical part of this work, we will conduct research by studying tautology in literary works of various genres and authors.

Analytical part

Description of the study

Our research consists of several stages:

1. Study of tautology in oral folk art, namely in songs, fairy tales, legends, epics.

2. Study of tautology in proverbs and sayings.

3. Study of tautology in literary works of various authors.

4. Study of modifications of tautology, starting from its use in oral folk art to its use in literary works of various authors.

In this study, we used the comparative analysis method.

Study

Our distant ancestors knew very well about tautology as a method of artistic expressiveness and expressiveness of speech: alone, sadness, melancholy, path, sea, ocean, bitter grief. Near Chernigov, black-black, black-black, blacker than a crow (“Nightingale the Robber”); O bright, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! (“The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land”). Tautology in folklore gives sound repetition, the so-called alliteration. Alliteration gives folklore expressiveness.

In the collection of Russian folk tales by A. N. Afanasyev, there is a fairy tale called “Wonderful, Wonderful, Wonderful,” where you can see two tautological turns at once.

Tautology is found not only in Russian folklore, it can also be found, for example, in Korean folk tales: “A girl went to the lake, cried, burst into tears, her father was no more, he drowned in the lake” (“Zhangche Lake”), in Celtic poetry , which widely uses tautology as an artistic device: “. For in battle, in struggle and in combat, it seemed to him that they were equal. “It is easier to fall from the spear of strength, courage and combat dexterity than from the spear of shame, shame and reproach” (“Irish Sagas”, trans. A. Smirnov).

Tautology occupies a special place in proverbs and sayings: friendship is friendship, and service is service; free will; cannot hear by hearing, cannot see by sight; small small less.

Here, the expressiveness and poetry of speech neutralizes semantic redundancy.

In folklore, especially in epics, repetition of isolated groups of words is often found, for example in the epic “Sadko”:

About thirty thousand money:

How to buy Sadka goods from Novgorod,

Bad goods and good ones,

Do not leave any money for the goods,

Not a half-shell difference.

Sadko got up early the next day,

He spoke to the good squad:

“Oh, you good friend!

Take the golden treasury as needed,

Buy the goods in Nove Grad!”

And he dismissed the squad through the shopping streets,

And he himself went straight to the living room row,

How I bought Novgorod goods,

Bad goods and good ones,

Didn't leave any goods worth a penny,

Not even a little bit different!

Similar repetitions, more like a tautology, are present in the literary works of a variety of authors. From V. Ya. Bryusov:

Like a kingdom of white snow,

My soul is cold.

What a strange bliss

In the world of cold sleep!

Like a kingdom of white snow,

My soul is cold.

In K. Balmont (“Verblessness”):

Come at dawn to the slope of the slope, -

Coolness smokes over the chilly river,

The bulk of the frozen forest turns black,

And my heart hurts so much, and my heart is not happy.

Motionless reed. The sedge does not tremble.

Deep silence. The wordlessness of peace.

The meadows run far, far away.

There is exhaustion throughout - dull, dumb.

Enter at sunset, like into fresh waves,

In the cool wilderness of a village garden, -

The trees are so gloomy, strangely silent,

And the heart is so sad, and the heart is not happy.

This device is widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of concretizing the details of the story or enhancing emotional expressiveness, assessments:

The old fear again gripped him all over, from head to toe. (F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”);

“It’s true, you don’t love me, it’s true, you don’t see anything,” and suddenly she threw herself on my neck, wrapped her arms around me, cried, sobbed!” (F. M. Dostoevsky “The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants”, part 1, chapter XII Catastrophe);

“I haven’t seen you for a whole week, I haven’t heard from you for so long.” I crave, I crave your voice. Speak. (A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).

In A. Blok’s poem “Solveig! Oh Solveig! “Oh, Solar Path” is a hidden pleonasm: the name “Solveig” belongs to the heroine of G. Ibsen’s drama “Peer Gynt”, and in Norwegian it means “sunny path”, “sun trail”.

The tautology is especially common in works that have a folklore basis: They will not go back (V. A. Zhukovsky “The Tale of Tsar Berendey, of his son Ivan Tsarevich, of the tricks of Koshchei the Immortal and of the wisdom of Marya the Princess”);

The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: The law is the law (from the newspaper);

How smart the mind is, how efficient the work is,

How terrible is fear, how dark is the darkness!

How life is alive! How deadly death is!

How young is youth!

(Z. Ezrohi)

Tautology has been used from ancient times to the present day. In folk art, this technique was used especially often, had a special expressive coloring and was a feature of folklore.

N. Gogol especially often uses tautology in his works:

Are there really such fires, torments and such strength in the world that would overpower the Russian force! (“Taras Bulba”);

Let me not let you do this,” Manilov said with a smile. ("Dead Souls");

They will laugh with my bitter laughter (N. Gogol).

In his works, Gogol uses tautology to convey the appearance and speech characteristics of the hero.

Tautology creates a grotesque that gives a work or episode a fantastic beginning: Indeed, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place is completely smooth, as if it were a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! ("Nose").

Tautology is common in satire; a striking example is the works of M. M. Zoshchenko: native relative (“You don’t have to have relatives”); “You laugh and bare your teeth,” said Vasya, “but I, Marya Vasilievna, truly adore and love you (“Love”).

In his works, M. M. Zoshchenko sometimes uses euphemism. Euphemism (Greek ευφήμη - “prudence”) is a word or descriptive expression that is neutral in meaning and emotional “load”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions considered indecent or inappropriate, for example, wife, spouse then is (“Rich Life”).

Non-normative lexical redundancy here acts as a means of speech characterization of the characters; the author creates a portrait of the hero. The author, with the help of tautology, as well as with the help of euphemisms, managed to create a special language of the work, clearly different from others.

Conclusion

In order for the reader to better understand the main idea of ​​the work, writers use various artistic techniques. Often in literary works there is such a device as tautology. By definition, a tautology is a speech error, but the authors use tautology as an artistic device.

“Tautology in many cases enhances the emotional impact of speech if it is introduced as a justified stylistic device, and is not the result of stylistic sloppiness. "(V. Kozlovsky "Dictionary of Literary Terms").

Tautology is considered as an extreme, turning into a “flaw of style”; the border of this transition is unsteady and is determined by the sense of proportion and taste of the era. In folklore, tautology acquires stylistic expressiveness, expressive coloring, and enhances the poetic side of speech; in literature it is used to enhance the emotional impact; in colloquial speech they try to avoid it.