Newspaper article in journalistic style. Journalistic style of speech

Journalistic style speeches

The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles; this is “one of the most “open” styles in the system of functional styles of the Russian language. It is open to elements of functional, business and scientific styles, and is used in conversational ways expressions and are often used artistic media, in particular imagery."

Within of this style there are two equal in size stylistic functions- informational and influencing. Of course, within the framework of this style, other functions inherent in language are also performed - communicative, expressive and aesthetic, but it is precisely the “alternation of expression and standard” that is put forward as the most important style-forming principle. V. G. Kostomarov, studying the Russian language on the pages of newspapers, identified this dialectical association and identified the evaluative and informative principles of the journalistic style, which are in opposition. His conclusion was taken as the basis for the classification of substyles proposed by N.I. Klushina - depending on the predominance of either expression or standard, she identified journalistic and informational substyles within the journalistic functional style.

To carry out the information function in a journalistic style, it is used stylistically neutral vocabulary, so-called standardized language tools. Main criterion consumption and selection speech means- general accessibility, because journalistic text is always addressed to a wide and diverse audience. It is noteworthy that publicist authors are not tasked with a complete comprehensive description of a particular phenomenon; the publicist strives to write, first of all, about what arouses interest among certain social groups. He highlights aspects of life that are important to his potential audience. Usually these topics relate to politics, because the journalistic style serves, first of all, political sphere life of society, and only then - culture, sports, activities of various public organizations and other non-political areas.

The influencing function is manifested in the process of the author’s formation of a certain attitude towards the facts presented. The publicist seeks to prove his position, and therefore his texts may be characterized by open tendentiousness, polemical, and emotionality. The main selection criterion linguistic means acts as a social assessment - i.e. social significance certain linguistic means. At the level of vocabulary, evaluativeness manifests itself most strongly. In journalistic texts there are words whose semantics already includes evaluation (functionally-stylistically colored words), as well as words that have acquired social-evaluative properties under the influence of the journalistic context (emotionally-evaluative-colored vocabulary). At the same time, evaluation can be expressed using word-formation categories and elements; and also due to grammatical means, capable of conveying expressive and evaluative shades (for example, connecting syntactic constructions, segmentation, etc.).

Summarizing the results obtained by the researchers, we can highlight the following characteristic features of the journalistic functional style:

the use of stylistically marked vocabulary along with neutral phrases

a combination of precise, official designations of various institutions, individuals, organizations participating in current events(standardized means), drill vocabulary and expressively colored linguistic units, clearly expressing the assessment of the described situation in common space text

using simple, not overloaded minor members syntactic constructions along with lexical repetitions for strengthening, pumping effect

clear logic of presentation

high personal component journalistic text; visible authorial presence in the text

Modern researchers note a tendency towards coarsening of speech - both oral and written. S.V. Lyapun, discussing the “costs of stylistic fashion” in modern media, came to the conclusion that this phenomenon cannot be unequivocally assessed negatively - after all, on the one hand, the author wants to diversify his speech, make it more expressive; on the other hand, to become closer to your reader. But excessive fascination with vernacular and uncodified vocabulary can lead to reverse effect- using harsh word, a colloquial expression, the author “promotes the massive spread of “linguistic liberties” that negatively affect stylistics as a whole.”

About vocabulary in "RR":

Lexical level language is the most important for a professional journalist. In the texts of correspondents of the magazine “Russian Reporter” there are a variety of lexical units that differ stylistically depending on their meaning, origin, relationship to the past of the language and its present, sphere of use, emotional-evaluative potential, degree of compatibility with other words, etc. To structure the data obtained during the work, the classification of stylistically colored vocabulary proposed in the work of M.N. was used. Kozhina.

Vocabulary is emotionally expressive

In the texts of “Russian Reporter” there are words with a stable emotional and expressive connotation. The shades of this coloring are extremely diverse and are determined by the author’s attitude to the named phenomenon; shades can be ironic, disapproving, contemptuous, affectionate, solemnly upbeat, etc. In the sentence: “She had a cozy Finnish house, a cozy Finnish husband and a blond child who spoke very little Russian and excellent Finnish” (No. 43) there are two emotionally expressive words at once different types. In the first case, evaluativeness appears due to evaluative affectionate suffix- the word “cosy” in this context expresses disapproval. “Blond” is a word whose semantics initially contains evaluation and emotional connotation.

As part of the layer of emotionally expressively colored vocabulary, there are lexical units in which evaluation and expression are associated with the tradition of using this word and accompany it. This phenomenon can be illustrated using the example of the “Milestones” rubric, where evaluation is associated with action; verbs, graphically highlighted in the text of brief information notes, are the main means of expressing the author’s assessment.

The text of the notes is extremely neutral, the general tone is restrained, as is customary within the framework of information journalism; There is no author's signature underneath them.

Below is a summary table of short verbs passive participles and words of the state category, which give an idea, first of all, of the proportion of positive and negative events under the “Milestones” heading, as well as the stylistic characteristics of the parts of speech involved.

Negative event Neutral Positive event killed (gen.) died (gen.) passed away (book) died (gen.) accused (gen.) convicted (gen.) got into a fight (colloquial) suspended (official) left (in custody) ( generally) sent (retired) (generally) did not get (into new list candidates) (gen.) arrested (gen.) suspected (gen.) sentenced (gen.) committed (escaped); made (attempted self-immolation) (book) will leave (gen.) committed (suicide) (gen.) resigned (powers) (gen.) gets divorced (gen.) received (25 years) (gen.) completed landing (game on ambiguity - the news talks about the imprisonment of two pilots guilty of illegal border crossing and smuggling) (general) again in prison (general) will remain (general) became (general) filed (general) announced (general) received (general) intends (general) reported (general) got married (general) won (general) released (general) taken out (general) elected (general) supported (general) approved ( general) appointed (general) awarded (book) led/will lead (general) gave birth (general) saved/saved (general) released (general) appealed (official) will appear (before the court) (book) ) found (alive and healthy) (gen.) adopted (gen.) took (first place) (gen.) single again (in terms of relationships) (gen.)

Situationally and stylistically colored words - ambiguous words, which in direct meaning remain stylistically neutral, but figuratively express evaluation and/or are endowed with expressive coloring. An example is the following headlines: “Bolotnaya Astrakhan” (No. 15) (reference to the rallies on Bolotnaya Square); “On a black-black street there is a black-black school” (No. 1-2) (an article about the children of migrants, who are often popularly called “black” because of their skin and hair color).

Vocabulary is functionally and stylistically colored

The vocabulary of the journalistic style includes two groups of words:

Journalistic terminology and socio-political terms (veto; interface; tolerance; blockbuster; democracy; creative; ups and downs of elections; know-how, etc.)

Even for those who have never heard of this or that modern society political term, it is easy to guess its meaning from the context: “Direct political statements on Bolotnaya are noticeably inferior to absurdist slogans in the spirit of Novosibirsk monsters” (No. 49). An indicative mixture of socio-political terms and colloquial expressions is observed in the columns of the editor-in-chief of the magazine “Russian Reporter”: If some wildly capitalist logic forces, even within the framework of clearly resource-abundant construction projects like Sochi, to skimp on wages and import Tajik workers, then it is indicative the activity of migration services will only lower the price of labor for already disenfranchised migrant workers, and will not reduce their flow (No. 45). This speaks about and confirms the thesis put forward back in 2004 by G.Ya. Solganik: “The tendency towards democratization, in its extreme manifestation, leads to an unjustified expansion of borders literary language».

Vividly evaluative and emotionally charged words are not terms.

Stared at him as if at a comrade-in-arms (No. 16) - a mixture in one sentence of two stylistically marked words from different layers of vocabulary - colloquial and high;

Biographical props (No. 40) - metaphor (based on comparison);

In the stuffy anthill (No. 12) - metaphor (transfer by similarity of a phenomenon - meaning office);

The intellectual cream went to the defense industry (No. 40) - metaphor (created as a result of the transformation stable expression“the cream of society”, i.e. the best representatives);

Snot on the Japanese scale of life-threatening phenomena is located immediately after the tsunami and radiation (No. 12) - (spacious) - irony based on the disproportion and heterogeneity of the compared phenomena.

Book and colloquial vocabulary

Opposition to book and colloquial vocabulary in journalism is visible as clearly as nowhere else. The authors of “Russian Reporter” do not disdain stylistically reduced vocabulary:

"Colombian fashion takes a break" (No. 10); “How Gogol Made the Violin” (No. 15);

“The lights were turned off on Kotelnicheskaya” (No. 13);

“In it, the picture, color, light, rhythm and bullet effectively hammered into the head are more important than, in fact, who hammers it in and why and how he feels about it” (No. 43); “It’s no coincidence that all the futuristic computer gadgets in the movies look more or less like Apple creations.<…>This happens even in the Russian segment of the Internet, where Apple users are in tears” (No. 40); There is still some tension with examples of such investigations and punishments (No. 49); “The classics - ranging from Kaurismaki and Polanski to the same Trier and the Coens - have not been blown away and are in excellent shape, and some have even surpassed their previous achievements” (No. 49).

Scientists started talking about the penetration of reduced vocabulary into journalistic texts at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. Thus, E. Krasnikova wrote: “For the language of journalism, adherence to generally accepted moral norms, setting certain boundaries when journalists use slang and colloquial words are necessary.”

But if you Chief Editor magazine, Vitaly Leibin, allows himself to mix high book words and common speech in one sentence: “To overcome pride and not to get stuck in very bullshit platitudes” (No. 49), what can we say about other employees who perceive the coarsening of speech as bright stylistic device?

Layers of stylistically reduced vocabulary:

colloquial expressions

"Time to Punch Faces" (No. 8)

slang: “Well, adventures. Well, a coming of age novel. Well, the main character’s chick is cool, and she’s Australian too” (No. 41). Most of those who met slang expressions belongs to the field information technologies and the Internet: “Likes, saturation with emotions” (No. 13); “Yemen under the cut” (under the cut is a blog expression indicating the transfer of the continuation of the publication to the second page) (No. 47); “Simple users” (No. 40).

Slang expressions are common: Schengen bends its fingers (No. 41) - in essence, it language game; The note is not that the leadership of the countries participating in the Schengen Agreement are not arrogant, but that fingerprints will now be required to obtain a Schengen visa. There were also argotisms: “A wheel on wheels (a robot guard with a sensor that records “ unusual behavior prisoners") (No. 47). “I don’t know anything,” the head of the family began to bully the “oil worker” right off the bat” (No. 16) (a mixture of phraseological units, slang expressions and a word with a pronounced social assessment)

vulgarisms (in theory, not acceptable on the pages of quality publications):

D didn’t cover anything, torrents didn’t kill anyone, modern Art left the directors alone, Russian cinema is still in trouble. (No. 49) journalistic speech vocabulary

The pages of the Russian Reporter are full of foreign language vocabulary, which interestingly assimilates: most of foreign language elements are written in transliteration. The meanings of the unusual barbarisms are certainly explained further in the text: “Zorbing and Tubing from the Heart” (No. 49); “Judging by the excitement Google glasses have caused on the Internet...” (No. 16); "Blade Runner Flash" (No. 1-2) "Gruner Point" (No. 40); "Drift from Work" (No. 6).

Often the journalist plays on foreign-language names of well-known phenomena popular culture, which have become a brand in our country: “Angry Birds” (No. 15) (the title of the report about fighting geese is a reference to the game of the same name); iGeneration (No. 40) (the title of the report about Steve Jobs is a reference to the personalized console that is assigned to all Apple products). Occasionally, transliterated words of foreign origin are given as speech characteristics: “Special price, May friend” (No. 40); - Yu sonny yts Russia khiar ah? - he spoke with a monstrous accent, but cheerfully (No. 5)

Tags: Journalistic style of speech Article English

2.2 Characteristics of newspaper and journalistic style

The newspaper-journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory speeches, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, report, etc.), in journalistic articles in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral form.

One of the main characteristic features newspaper-journalistic style is a combination of two trends - a tendency towards expressiveness and a tendency towards a standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: information-content function and persuasion function, emotional impact. They have special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area social activities addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of a given society (and not just specialists, as in scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very important: information must be transmitted and become generally known in as soon as possible, which is completely unimportant, for example, in an official business style.

In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out through an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being communicated, but it, as a rule, is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group people, for example, some party, some movement, etc. So, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive nature is associated with the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, and with the speed of transmission of social meaningful information associated standard of this style.

The tendency towards a standard means the desire of journalism for rigor and information content, which are characteristic of scientific and formal business style. For example, the standard for newspaper and journalistic style include steady growth, temporary support, wide scope, friendly atmosphere, official visit, etc. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is typical for artistic style And colloquial speech– in journalistic speech the features of these styles are intertwined.

The newspaper-journalistic style is both conservative and flexible. On the one hand, journalistic speech contains a sufficient number of cliches, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires more and more new linguistic means to influence them. All the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve precisely this purpose.

Many words acquire a newspaper-journalistic connotation if they are used in a figurative meaning. For example, the word signal becomes functionally colored, realizing figurative meanings“something that serves as an impetus for the beginning of some action” (This article served as a signal for discussion) and “a warning, a message about something undesirable that may happen” (There were more than one signals about an unfavorable situation at the plant).

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with active use emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences different meaning, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with a conversational coloring.

M.P. Brandes distinguishes 2 types of newspaper and journalistic style:

1) monologue types of texts;

2) dialogical types of texts.

The basis of newspaper and magazine journalism as communication channels are newspapers and socio-political magazines. The newspaper is an operational universal source of information about the state of affairs in various areas both their own country and other countries. Socio-political magazines provide more generalized information.

Newspaper and magazine journalism as a type mass communication is complex phenomenon due to the heterogeneity of its tasks and communication conditions and, in general, the features of the extralinguistic basis.

A modern newspaper consists of a variety of speech genres. M.P. Brandes highlights the following:

1) articles;

2) correspondence;

3) notes;

4) information;

5) print review;

6) reviews;

7) essays;

8) feuilletons;

9) comments;

10) gloss;

She considers the following to be dialogical types of texts of newspaper-journalistic style:

1) conversation;

2) dispute;

3) discussion;

4) controversy;

5) interview.

Special place in the newspaper-journalistic style, the oratorical variety is occupied, performing an agitation and propaganda function, but in the form public speech. The latter can be done in written and oral form. Oral form exists in the form of the following speech genres: “report on a socio-political topic”, “report report” (at conferences, congresses, forums), “political speech”, “ diplomatic speech", "rally speech", "propaganda speech", "anniversary speech", " funeral speech" etc.

The strength of the emotional impact of a public word is determined not only by the object about which we're talking about, and the situation of the speech, but also to those who speak and how.

Concerning grammatical features newspaper and journalistic text, then the following points need to be highlighted:

· Imperative form The verb in journalism is used as a means of attracting the attention of the interlocutor.

· The present tense of the verb is used to report events planned for the future. This form allows us to emphasize the relevance upcoming events.

· To implement the past tense in the German language, the narrative past tense (Prateritum) is most often used.

· In order to enhance the emotional impact and reinforce the expressed thought, rhetorical questions.

New period in the development of linguistics can be characterized as the era of macrolinguistics, where language is considered as an integral structure in its relation to various areas social, material and spiritual life. Macroanalysis is also effective in studying newspaper and journalistic style.

G.Ya. Solganik, in his article “On the structure and most important parameters of journalistic speech,” examines the language of the media from the point of view of macrolinguistics. So, the scheme of any speech: addresser - message - addressee. Within various styles this scheme can change in accordance with the settings of a particular style, genre, or concept. The most significant component is the addresser, the speech producer. Naturally, the author of the speech determines all the features of the text, including its style. G.Ya. Solganik considers each component from the point of view of newspaper journalism.

The two main components of the author’s category are the attitude to reality and the related attitude to the text. Thus, G.Ya. Solganik believes that in order to create journalistic texts, it is necessary to understand reality, especially social reality, and the ability to format these texts. Attitude to reality implies a whole spectrum of facets, sides, qualities of the category of the author, among which dichotomy is of decisive importance the author is a person social and the author is a private person.

As for the second component of the scheme, here G.Ya. Solganik defines the so-called text modality, i.e. the attitude of the speech producer to the speech itself. The subject is important here. G.Ya. Solganik gives an example where this link is considered.

You are writing.

He's writing.

In all three sentences the speech producer may be the same, but in the first case the speech producer and the subject are the same.

Considering the third component general scheme, namely “addressee or reader” G.Ya. Solganik talks about high degree closeness between author and reader. “The reader in journalism is a mirror in which the author is reflected.”

Thus, we can conclude that the newspaper-journalistic style performs the functions of influence and communication (informing), has characteristic stylistic and morphological features. that define this style. We also examined the newspaper-journalistic style according to the addresser-message-addressee scheme. Here we can conclude that journalism is, first of all, a social phenomenon, where political, philosophical, financial, cultural and other ideas collide.

3. Article in newspaper and journalistic style

So, in order to consider the role of the German article in a newspaper and journalistic text, let us give general characteristics article in general.

An article is a part of speech used to express the category of definiteness/indeterminacy. Distinguish following types articles:

· the definite article (e.g. English the, German die, der, das) indicates that given word denotes a specific (known from the context, already mentioned, one of a kind) object, phenomenon, etc.

· indefinite article(e.g. English a, an, German ein(e)) indicates that the word denotes an object without distinguishing it from others of the same type (“one of”, “some”, “any” ");

· zero article in some languages it has the same meaning as the indefinite article (for example, in English language when using nouns in plural) or indicates the novelty of information (as in German)

· article of partial quantity - used with uncountable nouns for an unspecified part of something. For example, during French du/de la: Voulez-vous du café? (“Would you like some coffee?”). In Russian they use for this purpose Genitive: “Should I cut you some bread?”

In grammar, the category under consideration is called the category of certainty or uncertainty. In Russian German studies, this issue was dealt with primarily by O.I. Moskalskaya (1958) and K.G. Krushelnitskaya (1961). They looked at the use of the article in communicating the topic (the given, starting point) and the rheme (the new core of the statement). It follows from this that the category of certainty and uncertainty is closely related to theme and rheme, since the latter are based on a subjective attitude, usually characterized as the knowledge and unknown of the reported fact to the addressee of the message.

A.L. Zelenetsky and O.V. Novozhilov distinguishes the relationship of certainty and uncertainty to the referent and non-recent meaning, where the meaning of recency acts as a new one introduced into communicative act subject and which is conveyed by the indefinite article. The meaning of irrelevance is conveyed by the definite article and acts as a known object.

As for the function of the article in the text, here we should consider the article as an actualizer of the text.

The basis of any text is a judgment about really existing objects and phenomena. This means that the words in the text are actualized, i.e. they act not as separate lexemes, but as names specific items or statements about specific facts and situations.

In this work, we have already said that the development of text linguistics has led to the addition of the concept of text, as a complex syntactic whole, to such concepts as sentence and utterance. This suggests that the property of being related to reality or actualization can be attributed, first of all, to the text.

As for updating new information, it must be said that the listener/writer and reader have a fund general knowledge, on the basis of which this can be perceived and communicated new information.

AND ABOUT. Moskalskaya notes that the identification of objects in a statement is nothing more than the reference of names. She gives this interpretation of it linguistic term. “Reference in linguistics means the relationship of a word to a detonation, i.e. subject reality(the latter is also called the referent).”

Here it should be noted that the theory of the relation of a statement to reality formed the basis of the doctrine of the category of predicativity. Taken together, the category of predicativity is the category of person, tense and modality. Thus, we can conclude that the identification of objects is their relation to reality, and also has features that are part of the category of predicativity (person, tense, modality).

So, most in a universal way the expression of reference of names is the article. Considering the use of the article in the text, we can say that the so-called identifying reference is expressed using definite article. It serves as a signal to the addressee that we are talking about an object, fact or phenomenon that both the speaker and the listener know about. Signal opposite meaning The indefinite article is used. With the help of this article, the speaker makes it clear to the listener that we are talking about an unknown object, fact or phenomenon.

IN different time article was attributed different functions. This is a function of determining the gender of a noun, a function of expressing the uniqueness of a particular object, as well as a demonstrative function, a determiner and a function of determining a number.

However, let's consider the article and the text from a psychological point of view. The meaning of a word, having become part of a sentence, and then a text, loses its independence. As we wrote earlier, they cease to function as lexemes, but build the meaning of the text. The text, therefore, can be characterized as a process of development, the formation of thought. The article always precedes the word, which suggests that the decision which article should be used here has already been made by the speaker.

Thus, if we consider the text as a process of meaning formation, we can say that the article helps the speaker logically structure his statement.

Considering the texts of newspaper journalism from the point of view of text linguistics, it should be noted that these texts have their own characteristics, including grammatical ones. The following can be noted here:

Frequent use of forms imperative mood

For example: Sehen Sie, beachten Sie, erinnern Sie sich, denken Sie;

Using the narrative past tense (Prateritum)

For example: Bei einem Spaziergang an der französischen Atlantikküste gewann der damalige Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl im Januar 1990 den französischen Staatspräsidenten François Mitterrand für den Kurs zur deutschen Wiedervereinigung. Kohl überzeugte den zunächst skeptischen Franzosen mit einem Bekenntnis zur europäischen Integration, was ihm bei seiner britischen Kollegin, Baroness Margaret Thatcher, nicht gelang. Die Premierministerin lehnte die deutsche Einheit ab, wurde aber im November 1990 von ihrem konservativen Parteifreund John Major aus dem Amt gedrängt.

Inversion word order

For example: Nicht zuletzt weil die Entwicklung vieler afrikanischer Staaten durch Konflikte und ihre Folgen gehemmt wird. Zur Rolle des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes in Den Haag gab es unterschiedliche Sichtweisen, ebenso zu traditionellen Gerichten oder Wahrheitskommissionen wie in Südafrika. Die Deutsche Welle hatte die ganztägige Veranstaltung „Alles was Recht ist – Internationale Strafgerichtsbarkeit in Afrika“ gemeinsam mit der KAS realisiert.
Der Anspruch, globale Gerechtigkeit zu vertreten, sei hoch, so Programmdirektor Christian Gramsch in seiner Einführung. Der Internationale Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) stelle sich diesem Anspruch.

Rhetorical questions

For example: Wie sehen die Computer der Zukunft aus? Wie sehen die Menschen in Deutschlands Nachbarstaaten heute die Wiedervereinigung? Was bedeutete die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands für die Franzosen und die Benelux-Länder? Welche Erwartungen haben Dänen, Polen und Tschechen heute an Deutschland? Und welche Rolle spielt der große Nachbar für die Schweiz und Österreich? So, in order to determine the function of the article in the newspaper-journalistic style, we examined a number of texts belonging to this type. We found that the most frequently used is the definite article, the second is the indefinite article, and the least frequently used is the zero article. In the course of our work, we discovered the following algorithm: for every 10 nouns with a definite article, there are approximately 5 nouns with a zero article. The indefinite article is used least often.
Conclusion In the course of this work, we examined the text as a complex syntactic whole, which, like a sentence, has grammatical features. These grammatical features also include the use of articles. Having also considered functional style newspaper journalism, we can say that the article in these texts has, first of all, a defining function, thereby indicating either the novelty of the information or the fact that the information is already familiar to the reader/listener. So, in practical work we determined the frequency of use of articles in texts of scientific and journalistic style. The data showed that the definite article is the most frequently used. These are nouns related to reality, which are mostly known to the listener/reader or which are of a general nature. The frequency of use of this article is due to the presence of a large stock of background knowledge about objects and phenomena in the reader/listener. This is also due to the presence in texts of this kind large quantity various historical, geographical and political realities that require the definite article. Less often we encountered the zero article. In texts of this kind, it was used in the headings and subheadings of articles, which is typical for German language, after the prepositions als and wie, which also corresponds to the rules of the German language, as well as before proper names, names of cities and countries of the neuter gender, if they are not preceded by an adjective. The definite article is used least often. This can be explained by the fact that in newspaper-journalistic style texts the author gives the reader specific information about specific phenomenon or subject, which implies the use of the definite article in nouns.
Bibliography

1. Belich A. I. “On the issue of the distribution of grammatical material among the main grammatical disciplines.” Bulletin of Moscow State University No. 7. 1947,

2. Pospelov N.S. "The Problem of the Complex Syntactic Whole"

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4. Brandes M.P. “German language stylistics” 1983

5. Solganik in his article “On the structure and most important parameters of journalistic speech”

6. Zelenetsky A.L. and Novozhilova O.V. "Theory of German linguistics"

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Colloquial, colloquial words and jargons (based on articles from the Izvestia newspaper)

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Ways to increase the expressiveness of journalistic text in modern newspapers
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Stylistically colored words as one of the methods of increasing the expressiveness of the text
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Slang words as an element of the colloquial layer of the Russian language
Slang words as an element of the colloquial layer of the Russian language. It should be noted that the mechanisms of interaction between the literary language and extraliterary spheres of speech cannot be considered fully understood.

The newspaper-journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, report, etc.), in journalistic articles in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral form.

One of the main characteristic features of the newspaper-journalistic style is the combination of two trends - a tendency towards expressiveness and a tendency towards a standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: informational and content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of public activity is addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of a given society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very important: information must be transmitted and become generally known in the shortest possible time, which is not at all important, for example, in an official business style. In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out through an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being communicated, but it, as a rule, is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example some party, some movement, etc. So, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive nature is associated with the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, and the standard of this style is associated with the speed of transmission of socially significant information.

The tendency towards a standard means the desire of journalism for rigor and information content, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, standard for newspaper-journalistic style include Steady growth, temporary support, wide scope, friendly environment, official visit etc. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is characteristic of artistic style and colloquial speech - features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech. Here is a small fragment of D. Smirnova’s article “Women in Plain Sight”:

"IN In any society there are a number of problems directly related to the social functioning of women. Feminism has long been preoccupied with these problems, insisting not on equality, but on the otherness of women and men. Education and medicine, rights of children and disabled people, military duty and the code of punishments - this is the field of social activity in which women's gentleness, the ability to compromise, the preference for the private over the public should have served their purpose. In essence, it doesn’t matter who combines all this into one program - a man or a woman. But it’s still more convenient for a woman. As my grandmother used to say, “why talk to men? - They don’t even know how to dress for the weather.”(Puls. 1998. No. 36).

Here we use words and phrases characteristic of scientific style (a number of problems, social functioning of women, preference for private over public etc.), official business (rights of children and disabled people, military service, punishment code), as well as colloquial, even colloquial expressions (handy, to do a service, as my grandmother used to say),

The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and even slang elements. Here we use such lexical and phraselogical units and phrases that combine functional and expressive-evaluative connotations, for example duping, yellow press, accomplice and so on.; they not only show that they belong to the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, but also contain a negative assessment. Many words acquire a newspaper-journalistic connotation if they are used in a figurative meaning. For example, the word signal becomes functionally colored, realizing figurative meanings “that which serves as an impetus for the beginning of some action” (This article served as a signal for discussion) and “a warning, a message about something unwanted that may happen” (More than one signal was received about an unfavorable situation at the plant).

Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words, in particular prefixes A; anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra- (anti-constitutional, ultra-right etc.). It is thanks to the media in Lately significantly replenished active dictionary foreign words that are part of the Russian language: privatization, electorate, denomination and etc.

The functional style in question not only attracts the entire stock of emotionally expressive and evaluative words, but also includes in the sphere of evaluation even proper names, titles literary works etc., for example Plyushkin, Derzhimorda, Man in a Case etc. The desire for expressiveness, imagery and at the same time for brevity is also realized with the help of precedent texts (texts familiar to any average member of a society), which today is an integral part of journalistic speech. At the beginning of Yu. Gladilshchikov’s article “About counterculture” we read:

“Former Soviet intellectuals continue to bet on youth. There will appear - they believe - a new generation of Russians (Georgian,etc.) boys who will not want to put up with the meanness of their fathers"(Results. May 13, 1997).

The last phrase is precedent-setting; F. M. Dostoevsky’s “Russian boys” posed world-wide unsolvable questions. Thus, the author of the article very expressively characterizes the type of “Soviet intellectual”, well-read, knowledgeable about Dostoevsky, striving to remake the world (about winged words see § 4 of Chapter IX “Culture of Speech Communication”).

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dismembered constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses (omission of one or another member of the sentence, structural incompleteness of the construction), etc. Evaluate from the point of view of syntax another excerpt from the article by Yu. Gladilshchikov:

« It is somehow banal to prophesy a youth rebellion. But within the borders of the post-Soviet space, such a prophecy is quite logical. After all, the USSR never had what the Western world experienced - there was no counterculture.

How did this not happen? What about our hippies? And our underground A rock? And dirty directors - "parallel workers"? (...) Without going into details, I will note that this, of course, is not a counterculture at all... Both the sixties and seventies, sitting in their kitchens, joined hands in a single anti-totalitarian impulse. They dreamed of freedom for the whole society. It was not a counterculture, but a friendship between those who thought more broadly against those who thought narrower. It didn’t depend on age.”

There are five interrogative sentences in this text. The last sentence is divided into two communicative independent sentences, an incomplete sentence (Dreamed of freedom...), repetition of the predicate in the third sentence (did not have). In addition, there is expressive and emotional-evaluative vocabulary that has a conversational overtones (dirty, spoiled), precedent phrase held hands...(I immediately remember “Let’s join hands, friends” by B. Okudzhava). All these means serve the author to create an emotional, figurative text.