III. Updating knowledge
Torn off we dried herbs for the herbarium inlarge books.
Teacher question:
Are there any words in this sentence that answer the same question? What parts of the sentence are they? Determine their morphological characteristics.
Teacher question:
How are they different from each other?
Suggested answer:
There are: these are the words “plucked” and “big”. They answer the question: which?
In a sentence, these words are definitions.
Words change according to numbers ( torn off - torn off, large - big), by birth
(plucked - torn off, torn off), by case (big - big).
-Large indicates the size of an object.
And the word torn off indicates a sign of action (someone tore them off). Well done!
The word RIPPED is a participle.
What verb do you think it was formed from?
From the verb to tear off using the suffix НН.
Draw a conclusion.
A participle is a part of speech. A participle is similar to an adjective (they have common questions and perform the same role in a sentence). The meaning of a participle is similar to a verb.
1.What exactly does the participle mean?
2.How does the participle change?
3. What does a participle have in common with a verb, and what with an adjective?
4.What parts of the sentence are participles?
5. How and from what are participles formed?
1. The participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
2. The participle changes according to numbers, cases, genders (in singular).
3. Participles, like verbs, can be perfect. and imperfect type, present and past time (the participle has no active time), can be reflexive, have dependent words. Like adjectives, participles change by number, gender, case, have a full and short form, depend on nouns, and perform one role in a sentence.
4. Participles are usually modifiers, less often predicates (in written form).
5. Participles are formed from verbs using suffixes.
New information (that was not requested)
1. The initial form of the participle is I.P. singular masculine.
2. Participles are found not only in Russian, but also in Indo-European and other languages.
3. In Russian, the participle is used mainly in literary speech.
IV. Motivation. Creating a problematic situation.
Working with the class (solving a crossword puzzle):
1. which boils;
2. which we illuminate;
3. which can be distinguished;
4. which was noticed;
5. who gave it;
6. which is stocked;
7. who were tested;
8. which was spilled;
9. which have faded.
Underline the suffixes.
V. Solving educational problems.
The slide shows a hand-drawn tree. Many students cannot find participles and gerunds in texts, and if they do, they cannot distinguish participles from gerunds. We will learn to distinguish participles from gerunds with the help of a fruit tree. The teacher explains: a mighty tree is growing, which is called “verb”. This tree begins to grow branches, i.e. new parts of speech. On one side a branch grows, to which the signs of an adjective are added, i.e. answer the questions what? which? ,in sentences are expressed by definitions, but suffixes are added to the root of the verb - ush, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -nn, etc. I draw a branch on a tree and a new fruit ripens. new part of speech – participle – “ pear»
On the other side, a branch grows, to which the signs of an adverb are added, i.e. answer questions how? what by doing? what by doing? in sentences they are expressed by circumstances, but the suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -s are added to the root of the verb. I draw a branch on a tree and a new fruit ripens. new part of speech – gerund – “ apple" This means that we come to the conclusion that both the participle and the gerund come from the stem of the verb, i.e. tree with roots "verb". For example:
The word “play” is playing (participle), playing (gerund), “jump” - jumping (participle), jumping (gerund). Let’s try to verbally form participles and gerunds from verbs: believe, draw, glue.
Features of the verb: Features of the adjective :
1. Tense (present and past) 1. Indicates the attribute of an object
and resp. to the question Which?
2.Has the form (perfect, imperfect) 2.Varies according to
3.Denotes the attribute of an object
by action. genders, numbers,
4. Can be predicates in a sentence 3. Can have
short form.
4.In a sentence
is the definition.
Each form of participles has its own suffixes. Let's analyze the table.
| Active participles | Passive participles |
|||
| Present tense | Past tense | Present tense | Past tense |
|
| Usch, -yush, -ash, -yush | Om-,-eat-,-im- | Enn-, -nn-, -t- Glue-glued offended Prick-prick |
||
| Calling-calling Sing-singing Fly-flying | Non-bearing Walked and walked | Know-unknown Despised-despised Love-beloved |
||
We conclude. The active participles of the present tense are ush, -yush, -ash, -yash.
Active past participles - - w-, -vsh-
Passive participles of the present tense - -om-, -em -, -im-
Passive past participles - -enn-, -nn-, -t-
Open your notebooks and write down the forms of participles and their suffixes.
Participle ranks
Educational dictations
1. Olympian Zeus - one of the wonders of the world
Zeus sat majestically on his luxurious throne. In his right hand he held a small figurine of the winged goddess Nike, which seemed to have just flown from the top of Olympus. With his left hand he rested on a staff decorated with the figure of a sacred eagle. On the head of Zeus a golden crown made of olive tree branches shone. Flowing hair and beard set off his calm, beautiful face. A golden cloak, decorated with images of lilies, stars and animals, was thrown over the naked torso. The cloak fell in loose folds to his knees. Zeus's feet, dressed in sandals, rested on a stool supported at the edges by golden lions. The head, torso, arms of Zeus and the figure of Nike were made of ivory.
Everything else: the crown, clothes, sandals of Zeus, the sacred eagle, Nike’s wreath - made of the purest gold. (AD homemade, T. Drozdova.)
(112 words. Capital letter. Prefixes. Homogeneous members after the generalizing word.)
Assignment Write down combinations of participles with defined words. Indicate all morphological features of participles. What verbs are they formed from? Underline the participial phrases as parts of the sentence. Reference. Torso is the body of a person.
2. The Belly of Moscow
Okhotny Ryad got its name back in the days when it was allowed to trade in game brought by hunters near Moscow.
In front of the shops, in the square, along the wide sidewalk, there were portable tents and a crowd of traders with baskets and bags filled with various products. Hunters walked around, hung with ducks, grouse, and hares. The heads of hens and chicks were sticking out of the women's baskets; piglets were squealing in the bags, which the sellers, taking out of the bag to show to the buyer, certainly raised them above their heads, holding them by their tied hind legs. On the pavement in front of the tents, there were pie makers, pancake makers, and sellers of buckwheat fried in vegetable oil. The sbiten workers poured, at a penny per glass, hot sbiten - a favorite honey drink at that time, which warmed the cab drivers and employees who were freezing in the cold shops. (V. Gilyarovsky.)
(107 words. Suffixes of nouns. Adverbs. Participial phrases.)
Assignment Identify the suffixes of participles and indicate from which verbs they are formed. Underline the participial phrases. Specify the conditions for their isolation.
Control dictation
At two o'clock sharp, a carriage drawn by six horses drove into the yard and rolled around the thick green turf circle. Old Berestov climbed onto the porch with the help of two lackeys of Muromsky. Following him, his son arrived on horseback and together with him entered the dining room, where the table was already set. Muromsky received his neighbors as kindly as possible, invited them to examine the garden and menagerie before dinner, and led them along paths carefully swept and strewn with sand. Old Berestov internally regretted the lost labor and time on such useless whims, but remained silent out of politeness. (A. Pushkin.)
(87 words. Prefixes. Unstressed verified and unchecked vowels in roots. Suffixes of participles. Participial phrases.)
Short participles
Educational dictations
Not all vegetable gardens in the countryside are strict, businesslike, and unshakable. If the peasant hut resembled its owner in its face, then the vegetable garden resembled the mistress: it testified to her character and dexterity.
A good housewife has a garden like a bright room. Beds to beds are laid out with even, elegant rugs. The carrot beds are sprinkled with sawdust to prevent any aphids from spoiling them, and they rise like butter pies. The furrows between the ridges are deep, everything is planted in the right place, everything is in a row and in order. If vegetables are water-loving, then they are planted closer to the gates; and those that grow from the rain, keep them away, so as not to crush them again, not to trample the ground and furrows in vain. (According to V. Astafiev.)
(90 words. Double consonants. Prefixes. Voiced consonants before voiceless ones. Case endings. Dash in an incomplete sentence.)
Task Find participles in a short form, determine their syntactic function. Label the spelling "N in short passive participles."
5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus - one of the seven wonders of the world
Imagine a huge stepped pyramid made of luxurious snow-white marble, located on a wide rectangular hill. Imagine also that the pyramid is cut by a horizontal plane about half its height, its upper part is raised, and a Greek temple is built between both parts. Thus, the bottom of the pyramid serves as a kind of huge base, and its top serves as a pyramidal roof.
The lower part, consisting of twenty-three wide steps, was a solemn, grand staircase leading from all four sides to the temple. Thirty slender, dazzling white columns surrounded the sanctuary of the temple and carried its pyramidal roof. At its very top stood a huge stone quadriga carved by Pythias - a chariot drawn by four horses. It was empty... This meant that the controller of the quadriga was no longer in this world, that he was already in the kingdom of shadows. (According to A. Domashnev, T. Drozdova.)
(123 words. Prefixes. Vowels after sibilants and c. Compound adjectives. Letters nn in adjectives. Numerals. Participial phrases.)
Task Underline the short passive participles and determine their syntactic function. Write down combinations of nouns with full passive participles and transform them into combinations with short passive participles. What has changed with the participles?
nn in participles and adjectives
Educational dictations
6. Rescued starling
One day, the tavern owner's pampered cat, a cunning sweet-seeker and a sycophant, a smoky, golden-headed favorite of the whole yard, brought a starling from the garden. The grandmother took the exhausted bird away and began to reproach the cat: “You are not afraid of God, you vile villain!”
The grandmother cut off the broken wing of the starling, taken from the cat, and cleverly placed a piece of wood in the place of the bitten off leg and, having cured the bird, began to teach it to speak. (According to M. Gorky.)
(54 words. Prefix pre-. Unstressed vowels in roots. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives.)
Assignment Indicate the spelling "neither in participles and verbal adjectives." What verbs are these words formed from? Determine the gender of the noun sweet in the text.
7. Games room
The children's rooms in the house of Count Listomirov were located on the south side and overlooked the garden. In one of the rooms, the entire southern part of the walls was lined with toys.
Colorful English colored notebooks and books, cribs with dolls, pictures, chests of drawers, small kitchens, porcelain sets, sheep and dogs on spools marked the girls' possessions. Tables with tin soldiers, a cardboard troika of gray horses with terribly bulging eyes, hung with bells and harnessed to a carriage, a large white goat, a Cossack on horseback, a drum and a copper pipe marked the boys' possessions. This room was called the playing room.
On Wednesday, Maslenitsa, the games room was especially fun. (D. Grigorovich.)
(94 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and verbs.)
Assignment Label the spelling “nn in participles and adjectives.” Determine how words with this spelling are formed.
8. Springs
Some springs were very strong and burst out from the middle of the mountain, others bubbled and boiled at its base, some were located on slopes and were decorated with wooden frames with a roof. Wide linden logs were sunk into the log houses, filled with such clear water that they seemed empty. Water overflowed all over the deck, falling down the sides like a glass fringe. I saw peasant women come with buckets, unplug a wooden nail located at the end of the log, and place the bucket on large stone slabs under running water. In one minute both buckets were filled. (According to S. Aksakov.)
(84 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives. Participial phrase. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling “nn in participles and adjectives.” Determine from what stems words with this spelling are formed.
Test dictations
9. Lubyanskaya Square
The huge courtyard was lined with wholesale shops where they sold seasonal goods: in the spring - cucumbers and herbs, in the summer - berries, in the fall - fruits, and in the winter - frozen fish and all year round - live crayfish, which were brought from the Don in huge wicker baskets.
Once upon a time, back in serfdom, a wooden booth with a simple menagerie and a huge elephant appeared on Lubyanka Square. Suddenly, in the spring, the elephant went berserk, tore out the logs from the wall to which it was chained, and began to destroy the building, trumpeting victoriously and striking fear into the crowds of people surrounding the square. The elephant, irritated by the shouts of the crowd, tried to escape. The police had to intervene.
Now the Polytechnic Museum is located on this site. (According to V. Gilyarovsky.)
(100 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives. Verbs. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling “N and nn in participles and adjectives.” Determine how words with this spelling are formed.
10. Emerald City
The next morning, after several hours of travel, the friends saw a faint green glow on the horizon. “This must be the Emerald City,” Ellie said.
As they walked, the glow became brighter and brighter, but only after noon did the travelers approach a high stone wall of bright green color. Directly in front of them was a large gate, decorated with huge emeralds, sparkling so brightly that they blinded even the Scarecrow's painted eyes. At this gate ended the road paved with yellow bricks, which had led them faithfully for so many days and finally led them to their long-awaited goal.
There was a bell hanging at the gate. Ellie pulled the rope, and the bell answered with a deep silvery ringing. The large gates slowly opened, and the travelers entered a vaulted room, on the walls of which countless emeralds glittered. (A. Volkov.)
(114 words. Prefixes. Roots with alternating vowels. Vowels after sibilants. Adjective suffixes. Compound adjectives. Compound sentences.)
Assignment Label all the studied spellings in adjectives and participles.
Control dictation
11. Home yard
Ten minutes later he [Vladimir] drove into the master's courtyard. He looked around him with indescribable excitement. He had not seen his homeland for twelve years. The birches that had just been planted along the fence during his time had grown and now became tall, branchy trees. The yard, once decorated with three regular flower beds, between which there was a wide road, carefully swept, turned into an unmown meadow on which a tangled horse was grazing. (A. Pushkin.)
(62 words, b and ъ. Suffixes of adjectives and participles. Numerals. Not with adjectives.)
Not with participles
Educational dictation
12. Unsuccessful hunt
At this time, the hare jumped out of the forest and ran across the field. Berestov and the stirrup shouted at the top of their lungs, released the dogs and galloped after them at full speed. Muromsky's horse, which had never been hunting, got scared and bolted. Muromsky, who proclaimed himself an excellent rider, gave her free rein and was internally pleased with the opportunity that saved him from an unpleasant interlocutor. But the horse, having galloped to a ravine that it had not previously noticed, suddenly rushed to the side, and Muromsky did not sit still. Having fallen rather heavily on the frozen ground, he lay cursing his short filly, who, as if coming to her senses, immediately stopped as soon as she felt herself without a rider. (A. Pushkin.)
(94 words. Roots - skak-, - skoch-. Not with adjectives. Participial phrases. Complex sentences.)
Assignment Label the spelling “Not with participles and adjectives.” Explain punctuation marks for participial phrases.
Reference.
Stirrup and stirrup - a groom-servant who looked after his master's riding horse, as well as a servant who accompanied the master during the hunt.
Control dictations
13. In a thunderstorm
The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured down like buckets. Streams of muddy water flowed from Vasily’s back into the puddle that had formed on the apron. At first, the dust knocked down by the pellets turned into liquid mud, which was kneaded by the wheels. The tremors became smaller, and muddy streams flowed along the clay ruts. The lightning shone wider and paler, and the peals of thunder were no longer so striking behind the uniform sound of the rain. (L. Tolstoy.)
(59 words. Prefixes. Complex sentence.)
Assignment Graphically indicate the syntactic function of participial phrases and explain the conditions for their isolation.
14. Prankster Raven
In the reserve I heard many stories about the pranks of the prankster Petka. They said that once he stole money from a lady’s handbag, and another time, during lunch break, he scattered and stole the documents of some commission that came for an audit. Petka hid the stolen things above the roof, in an empty nest of storks, which he managed to survive. Knives, spoons and forks were found here. Petka was especially annoying to visiting drivers. As soon as the car stops, the driver lays out his tools - Petka is right there! The driver grabs it, but the most necessary nut is missing.
They said that Petka does not like women. He will sit on the shoulder of a dressed-up girl and tangle her festive hairstyle or pinch her ear painfully.
Petka was not liked by wild crows and ravens, which he sometimes tried to approach. They beat him and drove him away, as if not wanting to forgive his betrayal. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov.)
(123 words. Prefixes. Vowels after hissing words at the root of the word. Case endings of adjectives and participles. nn in adjectives and participles.)
15. Moscow signs
Signs in the capital appeared in ancient times, but were different from those familiar to us. A common sign above shops was samples of goods hung on a pole above the entrance. Not everyone knew how to read and write and could read written text. Therefore, a large gilded or yellow pretzel was hung above the bakery, and a painted tin boot was hung above the shoe store. There were unique signs in pharmacies. Spherical vessels filled with multi-colored liquids were displayed in showcases. In the evening they were illuminated from behind with light bulbs. Carefully combed and curled wax heads of women and men were displayed in the windows of hairdressing salons.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of letter signs increased. On the outskirts of the city there were often semi-literate and funny signs: “Rabbits, squirrels, chickens and other songbirds.” (According to V. Bokova.)
(110 words. Prefixes. Suffixes of nouns and adjectives, in participles and verbal adjectives. Not with different parts of speech. Participial phrases.)
16.Night by the fire
Late in the evening we stop for the night in the mountains. Old fir trees grow near the fontanel oozing from the ground, and gnarled birches supported by fir trees stretch. A bright star lit up over the mountains. In summer, shepherds lived under tall fir trees. Previously, there was a booth made of fir shingles here. Wind and bad weather have long scattered the light shepherd's dwelling. We set about restoring the destroyed booth. Among hunters and travelers there are people who are especially invaluable in travel. My friend skillfully fans the fire. His face is illuminated by flashes of fire. Red sparks are carried into the invisible sky and cool down. At night, we, awakened by the cold and the unusual nature of our overnight stay, will get up to add fuel to the fire. Here I put the prepared wood on the fire. The flame begins to hotly lick the dry logs. How beautiful, how wonderful the starry night over the mountains!
(119 words) (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Task: Indicate active and passive participles, determine the type, and identify suffixes. Underline the verbs in the present and future tenses, indicate the conjugation.
17. Enjoy reading
Reading Pushkin is a true pleasure. In early childhood, we follow the fate of Tsarevich Guidon with excitement, anxiety, and sympathy, expecting a miracle, and it happens before our eyes. Everything he tells us seems genuine and absorbs us completely.
Over the years, a deeper understanding of poetry comes, we again read the familiar lines, illuminated by Pushkin’s love for all living things, imbued with hatred of slavery.
There is no artificiality in his poems; they are written naturally and vividly. Sometimes these are ancient legends, sometimes poems dedicated to exiled friends, or descriptions of autumn nature. The poet, who sensitively notices the slightest changes in nature, also has an excellent knowledge of folk customs.
His poems combine simplicity of presentation with amazing depth of thought. There is no one who does not love Pushkin. His poetry is imbued with deep faith in man.
Task Draw a diagram of the second sentence. Write out the passive participle, possessive pronoun, and verb in the indicative mood from the text. Make a morphological analysis of the participle.
18. Birth of a book
One day Stevenson drew a map for his stepson Lloyd. It was beautifully painted, latitudes and longitudes were indicated on it, bays and bays were indicated. The curves of the shore of the island he invented captivated Stevenson’s imagination and transported him to a piece of land lost in the ocean. Stevenson, in the grip of fiction, fascinated by the coves he marked on the map, wrote their names. Casting a thoughtful glance at the outline of the island, whose contours resembled a dragon, he saw among the bays and hills he had invented, the heroes of his future book. At first, Stevenson did not even think about creating a book aimed at the mass reader. The manuscript was intended to be read to Lloyd. The boy was delighted with his stepfather's idea, who decided to write a story about sailing on a schooner in search of treasure buried by pirates. With unflagging attention he listened to the story of the journey around the island born of Stevenson’s imagination.
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
| Possible difficulties | Good advice |
| How to determine which part of speech the agreed word is expressed (it changes like an adjective)? | 1. Remember that a word is an ordinal number if it denotes the order of objects when counting (it can be written using numbers): 2. Check whether the given word is formed from a verb. If yes, then pay attention to the suffix. Such words are participles if they contain the suffixes –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -om-, -em-, -im-, -vsh-, -sh-, -enn- , -nn-, -t-: split, built, built. If none of the listed suffixes are in the word, then you have an adjective: knitting, auxiliary, dormant, cool. In rare cases, a transition occurs from one part of speech to another and participles with the suffixes –enn- and –nn- become adjectives, acquiring a figurative meaning: a commission formed by the deputies (participle, the commission was formed, i.e. created), educated girl (adjective, the girl was given an education, replacement with the verb “educated” is impossible, because the meaning of the word is different). 3. If the word is not formed from a verb, then it is most likely an adjective, but check if it is a pronoun. You should remember the pronouns my, yours, yours, ours, yours, that, this, such, such, such, all, every, most, each, any, other, other, which, which, some. |
| How do you determine whether a word is a short participle, a short adjective, or an adverb? | 1. If in a sentence the word is an adverb, it is an adverb: Vlad answered the teacher’s questions (how?) thoughtfully (circumstance). 2. If a word performs the function of a predicate, is formed from a verb and can be replaced by this verb without distorting the meaning of the sentence, this is a short participle: The field is bordered by a ditch. The field was bordered by a ditch. 3. If a word performs the function of a predicate, is formed from a verb and cannot be replaced by this verb without distorting the meaning, but you can choose a synonym-adjective or a synonymous combination of words, this is a short adjective: Its capabilities are limited (small). 4. If the full form of a word formed from a verb is written with only one –N-, this is a short adjective: Old linden trees once - a hundred years ago - were trimmed (shorn). 5. If the word that performs the function of a predicate is not formed from a verb, it is a short adjective or a word of the state category: Today Dasha was especially attentive. My soul is cold, Nastenka (state category word). |
| How to distinguish a derived preposition from a prepositional noun or adverb? | 1. The preposition is repeated in a case question to a noun, pronoun or numeral; it can be replaced with another preposition: drive (past what?) past the village; talk about the hike (= about the hike). 2. Often prepositions and the words from which they are derived are written differently, while the preposition loses the lexical meaning inherent in the original word and expresses different relationships (place, direction, time, reason, etc.): due to bad weather (preposition with the meaning of cause) - as a result of the case (noun in the prepositional case with the preposition “in”). |
| What is the difference between allied words and subordinating conjunctions? | Both subordinating conjunctions and allied words (relative pronouns what, who, which, whose, which, how many and adverbs where, where, when, from where, why, etc.) serve to connect parts of a complex sentence. However, allied words, unlike conjunctions, are members of a sentence, and logical emphasis falls on them: Everything that (relative pronoun, in a sentence is an object) Evgeniy knew, I don’t have time to retell. (P.) The light decided that (subordinating conjunction) he was smart and very nice. (P.) The village where (adverb, in a sentence is an adverb of place) Eugene was bored, was a charming corner. |
Adjective as part of speech
Adjective- this is an independent part of speech that answers the questions: what? whose? what?, changing according to gender, number and cases and denoting a feature of an object. In a sentence, adjectives are modifiers (We arrived at our to my native city) or predicates (This area beautiful / beautiful).
Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives
Most qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form:
young-oh - young-, cunning - cunning-, pale-y - pale-, etc. The short form of adjectives in a sentence can only be a predicate. Short adjectives do not change by case, but only by gender and number: pale- - pale-a - pale-o - pale-ы. Let us show how the use of the full and short forms of adjectives in a sentence differs.
| Role in sentence | Form of adjectives |
|
| definition | May be the definition. A tall man came in. | Cannot be a definition. |
| predicate | Can be predicate. My brother is tall. | Can only be predicate. My brother is tall. |
Short adjectives cannot be adjectives in a sentence. Very few short adjectives in Russian do not have a corresponding full form, for example: glad, much, must.
Norms for the formation of short forms of adjectives
Some forms of short adjectives need to be memorized.
From adjectives on -en, short forms with the suffix -en- are normatively formed: majestic - majestic, characteristic - characteristic, courageous - courageous, related - related, solemn - solemn, etc.
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives
In accordance with their general meaning, qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a characteristic - comparative and superlative.
comparative denotes a greater manifestation of a characteristic in one object than in another, for example: This cake is sweeter than a cake (sweeter than a cake). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.
Simple comparative degree formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.
beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)
wise - wise-ee (wise-ey)
sweet - sweet
low - low - e
thin - thinner
Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by case, or by number. In a sentence they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:
This city is more beautiful than our native one (predicate).
Let's find a more beautiful place (definition).
Compound comparative degree formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective.
sweet - more (less) sweet
low - more (less) low
The second word in the form of the compound comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and modifiers, for example:
The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).
Let's give him a bath in warmer water (definition).
Superlative denotes the superiority of a given item compared to others on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest top in the world. The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, can be simple or compound.
Simple superlative is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).
wise - wisest
quiet - tish-aysh-y
Adjectives in the simple superlative form vary by gender, case and number. In a sentence they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:
Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).
This crater is the deepest (predicate).
Compound superlative is formed in two ways.
1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.
In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most, both words change by gender, case and number, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.
In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.
We've come to the most beautiful park (definition).
This park is the most beautiful (predicate).
2. The word all is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word all if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena or if one of the objects is compared with all.
This house is the tallest in the area.
This house is taller than all the houses in the area.
This boy is taller than everyone else in school.
These forms do not change. In a sentence they are predicates.
How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adjectives, adverbs and condition words
| Adjective. | ||
| In a sentence it often acts as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate). | In a sentence, it refers to a verb and stands in the role of an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He draws (how?) more beautifully than anyone else in school (circumstance). | It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will (what?) be even hotter (predicate). At this time of year (what?) it’s dirtiest outside (predicate). |
Pronoun as part of speech
A pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates some objects (he, someone), signs (which, this) and quantities (how many, so many), but does not name them.
A pronoun differs from all other parts of speech in that its specific lexical meaning can only be understood in a certain situation. For example, if we do not know the circumstances of the conversation, we will not be able to understand in the sentence He is standing on the street, who or what the speaker means by the pronoun he. We can only guess that the pronoun he refers the interlocutor to previous remarks in which some masculine noun was used instead of the word he. Similarly, in the sentence Give me not this book, but that book, we will not be able to understand which specific books the speaker is referring to using the pronouns this and that, if we do not see these books or do not know exactly which of them are meant.
Almost all pronouns change by case. Some pronouns also change according to gender and number.
In a sentence, pronouns are usually subjects (He is standing on the street), objects (We saw her in the park) and modifiers (Give me that book).
Pronoun grades
Based on their meaning (how and what they point to) and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into categories. There are nine categories of pronouns in total:
1) personal (I, you, he (she, it, they), we, you, you polite) - denote the speaker, the listener (interlocutor) and the outsider (not participating in the communication);
2) reflexive (self) - indicates the one about whom they are talking;
3) interrogatives (who?, what?, which? whose?, which?, which?, how many?) - are used in interrogative sentences to express a question;
4) relative (who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many) - serve to connect parts in a complex sentence;
5) indefinite (someone, something, some, some, whose, some, etc.) - are formed from interrogatives and indicate the uncertainty of an object, attribute or quantity;
6) negative (nobody, nothing, none, no one, nobody, nothing, not at all) - formed from interrogatives and indicate the absence of an object, attribute or quantity;
7) possessive (my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours) - indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (object);
8) demonstratives (this, that, such, such, so much) - indicate a close or distant object, a quality or quantity known from the situation;
9) attributives (all, every, each, any, himself, most, different, other) - indicate all objects, another object from a certain quantity, or the same object.
| Pronoun rank | |||
| Personal:I, you, he (she, but, they), we, you, you polite. | Pronoun changes he: he - she - it. | Pronoun changes he (she, it) - they. | They change. |
| Pronouns do not change I, you, we, you, you polite. | Pronouns do not change I, you, we, you, you polite. |
||
| Returnablemyself. | Doesn't change. | Doesn't change. | Inflected, but does not have a nominative case form. |
| Interrogative: who?, what?, which? whose?, what?, which?, how many?. | Only pronouns change | Pronouns change which?, whose?, which?, which?. | All interrogative pronouns change except what?. |
| Pronouns do not change who?, what?, how many?. | Pronouns do not change who?, what?, how many?. |
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| Relative: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many. | Pronouns change which, whose, which, which. | Pronouns change which, whose, which, which. | All relative pronouns change except what. |
| Pronouns do not change who, what, how much. | Pronouns do not change who, what, how much. |
||
| Undefined: someone, something, some, some, someone's, some, some and etc. | which?, whose?, which?. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives change which?, whose?, which?. | All indefinite pronouns are changed. |
| who?, what?, how many?. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives do not change who?, what?, how many?. |
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| Negative: no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing, not at all. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives change which?, whose?. | Places formed from interrogatives change which?, whose?. | All negative pronouns are changed. Pronouns no one, nothing do not have a nominative case form. |
| Pronouns formed from interrogatives do not change who?, what?, how many?. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives do not change who?, what?, how many?. |
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| Possessives:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours. | his, her, theirs. | Changes, except for 3rd person pronouns his, her, theirs. | Changes, except for 3rd person pronouns his, her, theirs. |
| Index fingers:this, that, such, such, so much. | so many. | Changes except for pronouns so many. | Changes except for pronouns that's how it is. |
| Definitive: all, everyone, each, any, himself, most, different, other. | They change. | They change. | They change. |
Participle as part of speech
A participle is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an object by action (it represents an action as a sign of an object). Communion answers questions Which? which? which? which? The participle is a complex part of speech because it combines the properties of a verb and an adjective at the same time. In the table below we summarize what verb and adjective properties the participle has.
| Properties of the verb in the participle | Properties of an adjective in a participle |
| 1. Has an imperfect (who wrote) and a perfect (who wrote) appearance. 2. Has present (writing) and past (writing) tense. 3. Can denote both a sign that arose as a result of the action of the object itself (a boy writing a letter - the boy himself writes a letter), and a sign that arose in an object as a result of the action of another object (a letter written by a boy - the letter did not write itself, but the boy wrote it). 4. Usually attaches dependent words to itself in the same way as the verb from which the given participle is formed. (A friend wrote him a letter. - The friend who wrote him the letter will arrive soon.) | 1. Repeats the gender, number and case of the defined noun, i.e. it agrees with it (a writing student, a writing student, about writing students). 2. Has a full and short form (only for passive past participles: written - written); the short form changes only by gender and number (textbook written - book written - speech written - books written). 3. In a sentence (with the exception of short passive participles) it is a definition. (Boy (what?) writing a letter, sits on the balcony.) |
Active and passive participles
Participles are active and passive. Active participles denote a feature that arises as a result of the action of the object itself (a boy writing a letter - the boy himself writes a letter). Passive participles denote a feature that arose in an object as a result of the action of another object (a letter written by a boy - the letter did not write itself, but the boy wrote it). Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs (fly - flying, flying; see - seen; lead - leading, led; read - read, walk - walking, walking), and passive ones - only from transitive verbs ( fly - intransitive verb; see - seen; lead - led; read - read, walk - intransitive verb).
Formation of participles
Active present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of transitive and intransitive verbs of only the imperfect form using the following suffixes:
1) -ush- (-yush-) from verbs of the first conjugation: pish-ut - write-ush-y; read-yut (read-ut) - read-yush-y (read-yush-y);
2) -ash- (-yash-) from verbs of the second conjugation: breath-at - breath-ash-y; build-yat (build-at) - build-box (build-asch).
Active past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form (infinitive) of transitive and intransitive verbs of the imperfect and perfect forms using the following suffixes:
1) -vsh-, if the stem of an indefinite form ends in a vowel: build-t - build-vsh-y; take it out - take it out; read - read;
2) -sh-, if the stem of an indefinite form ends in a consonant: nes-ti - nes-sh-ii; shake-ti - shake-sh-y; bring-ti - brought-sh-y.
Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of transitive imperfective verbs using the following suffixes:
1) -om- (-em-) from verbs of the first conjugation: ved-ut - ved-om-y; read-yut (read-ut) - read-em-y (read-em-y);
2) -im- from verbs of the second conjugation: praise-yat - praise-them; vid-yat - vid-im-th.
Passive past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form (infinitive) of transitive verbs of the predominantly perfect (rarely imperfect) form using the following suffixes:
1) -nn-, if the stem of an indefinite form ends in a vowel a or i: read - read-nn-y; sowing - sowing-nn-y;
2) -yonn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel and or e (in this case, the vowel of the stem of the indefinite form in the participle is cut off) or in a consonant; the formation of participles with the help of this suffix is often accompanied by alternations of consonants: decide - resolved; bevel - beveled; see - seen; offended - offended; added - added - added; awards and - awarded; gain -ti - brought -yonn-y; carried away - carried away; sanctify - sanctified; shaken - shaken;
3) -t- mainly from the bases of the indefinite form on the vowel y, as well as from some other verbs: put forward - put forward - t-y; I will achieve - I will achieve; take it out - take it out; understand - understand; compress - compressed; pour - pour; dress - dressed.
Passive past participles from imperfective verbs are rarely formed. Let's give examples of the most frequent participles: a novel read before, a report written earlier, a short-haired, broken, covered, varnished floor.
Passive past participles form a short form: read - read, awarded - awarded, taken out - taken out. The short form of the participle, just like the short form of the adjective, changes by number and gender and does not change by case. Let's compare:
pale-- pale-a - pale-o - pale-s;
taken out - taken out - a - taken out - o - taken out.
Like short adjectives, short passive past participles in a sentence are only predicates: The book is beautiful (was beautiful, will be beautiful) - The book has been read (has been read, will be read).
For the spelling of one or two letters Н in passive past participles, see: Spelling Н and НН in full verbal adjectives and full participles; Spelling Н and НН in short verbal adjectives and short participles.
Let us summarize all the information about the formation of participles in the following table.
| Valid | Passives (from transitive verbs only) |
||
| present time | past tense | present time | past tense |
| Present tense basis imperfect form+ suffixes: 1) -ush- / -yush- from verbs I sp. write - writer; know - knowledgeable; 2) -ash- / box from verbs II reference: hold - holding; build - builder. | The basis of the indefinite form of the imperfective and perfective form + suffixes: 1) -вш- from stem to vowel: write - wrote; write - wrote; 2) -sh- from stem to consonant: carry - carried; bring - brought. | Present tense basis imperfect form+ suffixes: 1) -om- / -em- from verbs I sp.: lead - led; read - readable; 2) -im- from verbs II sp.: to praise - praised. | The basis of the indefinite form of the perfect and imperfect (less often) form + suffixes: 1) -nn- from the stem to the vowel a and i: lose - lost; 2) -t- more often from stems to the vowel u or to another vowel: take out - taken out; beat - beaten; 3) -yonn- / -enn- from stems to a vowel and, e or to a consonant: offend - offended; decide - decided; add - added. |
How to distinguish between passive participles and verbal adjectives
Let's compare two statements.
1) Funds for organizing the exhibition were raised by a charitable foundation;
2) My friends are sophisticated.
We notice that the words refined and refined, derived from the verb to find, have different meanings: in the first statement the word refined denotes an action on the verb, is a short passive participle and has a synonym found, and in the second the word refined has lost the meaning of a feature according to the action and is qualitative adjective meaning “refined, elegant.” With the participle, the first statement contains dependent (explanatory) words, while it is impossible to select them for the adjective in the second statement. Let's give another similar example:
1) The seeds are scattered by the wind (action on the verb to scatter);
2) The students in this class are absent-minded (inattentive).
It should be noted, however, that sometimes the differences in meaning between a verbal adjective and a participle are not so clear. For example, in the sentences I love fried potatoes and Sea excitedly, the adjectives fried and excitedly have not completely lost connection with the verbs fry and excite. But as long as there are no dependent (explanatory) words with them, they remain adjectives. The appearance of dependent words is one of the signs of a participle, therefore, in the sentences I love potatoes fried in oil and The sea is agitated by the wind, the words fried and agitated are participles.
Let's summarize what has been said.
If a verbal word that answers questions Which? or what?, does not have dependent words, then it is an adjective (fried potatoes, the sea is excited). If it has dependent words with it, then it is a participle (potatoes fried in oil, the sea is agitated by the wind).
Being able to distinguish verbal adjectives from passive participles is very important, since this skill is associated with the correct spelling of one or two letters N
Participle as part of speech
A gerund is an independent part of speech that denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by a verb, for example: When leaving (additional action), he left (main action) a note in the hallway. The participle answers the question doing what? what did you do? The participle is a complex part of speech because it combines the properties of a verb and an adverb at the same time. In the table below we summarize what properties of the verb and adverb the gerund has.
Adverb as part of speech
An adverb is an independent part of speech, which usually denotes a sign of an action or a sign of another sign and answers questions How? to what extent? Where? Where? For what? etc.
Adverbs do not change.
In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs, less often - definitions.
In general meaning (sign), an adverb is similar to an adjective, but if an adjective denotes a sign of an object (a good swimmer), then an adverb is a sign of an action (He swims well) or another sign (very good). Therefore, adverbs are usually combined with verbs (speak quietly), participles (looking thoughtfully), gerunds (looking thoughtfully), adjectives (very good) and other adverbs (very good).
Preposition as part of speech
A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun (or a pronoun replacing it) on another noun (a fence around the house, talking with them), an adjective (weak due to illness) or a verb (as well as participles and gerunds - run across the field, running across the field without looking at his comrades) in a phrase and sentence.
Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others, so that without independent parts of speech they cannot be used in a sentence. Therefore, prepositions are not independent members of a sentence, but form one member of a sentence together with nouns or pronouns: a fence (around what?) around the house (object); weak (why?) due to illness (cause circumstance); lie (where?) under the sofa (location). No question can be raised about prepositions. They themselves are included in the question, for example: lie (Where?under how?) under the sofa; leave (despite What?) despite warning.
Prepositions express various relationships between words. Let's list the most frequent ones:
1) spatial (lying under the sofa, hanging over the table, being near the city, crawling out from under a bush, etc.);
2) temporary (come in the evening, stay between twelve and one, come in a minute, not be in time for dinner, etc.);
3) causal (weakening due to illness, surviving thanks to courage, etc.);
4) targeted (go to the forest to pick mushrooms, come for a consultation, etc.).
Prepositions can be unambiguous or ambiguous. For example, the preposition through has a spatial meaning (to go through the wall), and the preposition through has both a spatial meaning (to go through the wall) and a temporal meaning (to arrive in an hour).
Multiple-valued prepositions can be used with several cases. For example, the preposition in (in) in the meaning of direction is used with the accusative case (to go to the mountains), and in the meaning of place - with the prepositional case (to relax in the mountains). And the preposition for with the accusative case can have a spatial (go around the corner), temporal (do it in five minutes), causal (respect for courage) meaning, as well as the meaning of compensation (buy for ten rubles), and with the instrumental case - the meaning of a goal ( go for water), temporary meaning (discuss over dinner), causal meaning (cancel as unnecessary) and the meaning of focus on an object or person (struggle for peace, concern for children).
Prepositions can be non-derivative (primitive) and derivative, simple and compound.
Prepositions do not change.
Below is a table that shows how prepositions are structured in Russian.
| Signs of prepositions | Preposition type | Examples of prepositions |
| By composition | Simple (one-word) | In, to, on, without, over, under, through, except, because of, around, in front, on the side, including, etc. |
| Compounds (of several words) | Along with, during, in continuation of, despite, in relation to, towards, etc. |
|
| By origin | Non-derivatives (antiderivatives) | To, on, by, in, for, without, over, with, between, through, for, etc. |
| Derivatives | Denominates: during, in continuation, regarding, in connection with, in view of, as a result. Wed: Changes are observed in the flow (noun) of the river. - During the day (preposition with a noun) it snowed several times. |
|
| From the participle: despite, including, thanks to, excluding. Wed: Despite (verb.) the arena, the tightrope walker quickly walked along the rope. - Despite the warning (preposition with a noun), the tourists went to the mountains. |
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| Adverbial: around, around, in front, on the side, past, after. Wed: It was quiet around (adverb). - He walked around the house for a long time (preposition with a noun), not daring to enter. |
Non-derivative and derived prepositions
Prepositions can be non-derivative (primitive) and derivative.
Non-derivative (primitive) prepositions are not formed from independent parts of speech. In modern language they are primary, non-derivative words, for example: for, without, at, over, under, with, in, with, through, from, by, about, before, through, to, etc.
Derivative prepositions are formed from independent parts of speech. In this case, independent parts of speech lose their lexical meaning and morphological features, and retain only the general meaning of the relationship. Thus, the noun flow, together with the preposition in, loses its specific meaning (river flow), acquires the general meaning of time (we imagine time as something fluid) and begins to behave as a preposition: during the week, year, century, etc. In this case, the noun current loses its gender, ceases to change in cases and numbers, loses the ability to attach an adjective to itself and generally be used independently in a sentence.
Derivative prepositions are formed from a noun, an adverb and a gerund.
1. Prepositions from nouns (nominal): during, as a result of, in continuation of, by, in connection with etc.
Wed: Changes are observed in the flow of the river (noun). - It snowed several times during the day (a preposition with the meaning of time); There were two more groups of criminals (noun) in connection with him. - Due to the holidays, we have three days off (preposition with the meaning of the reason).
2. Prepositions from adverbs (adverbial): around, past, contrary, along, about, opposite, near etc.
Wed: It was quiet around (adverb). - He walked around the house for a long time, not daring to enter (preposition with spatial meaning).
3. Prepositions from gerunds: thanks, despite including, excluding, after etc.
Wed: Despite the arena, the tightrope walker quickly walked along the rope (gerund). - Despite the warning, the tourists went to the mountains (preposition with the meaning of opposition).
How to distinguish independent parts of speech from prepositions derived from them
| Independent parts of speech | Prepositions derived from them |
| You can ask them a question of the corresponding part of speech. | You can't ask them any questions. They themselves become involved in the question. |
Conjunction as part of speech
A conjunction is a service part of speech that connects homogeneous parts of a sentence (notebook and pen; small but remote), parts of a complex sentence (I’ll leave if you insist) and sentences in the text (We were at the cinema yesterday. And today we’ll go to the theatre).
Unions are not members of the proposal. You can't ask them any questions.
Conjunctions can be simple and compound, coordinating and subordinating.
Unions do not change.
Particle as part of speech
A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or its parts from the speaker’s point of view, and also serves to form the forms of words.
The sentences The carpenter will finish his work today and It is unlikely that the carpenter will finish his work today talk about the same event that will happen soon: the carpenter will finish his work. However, in the first sentence the speaker does not show his attitude to what was said in any way, but only reports about an event that will soon take place. But in the second sentence, the speaker using the particle is unlikely to express his strong doubt that the carpenter will be able to finish the job today.
The sentences Tell me the truth and Tell me the truth express the speaker’s demand for the interlocutor to tell the truth. However, in the second sentence, the meaning of the verb say is intensified with the help of the particle, which, according to the speaker’s intention, gives a more serious connotation to his demand.
Since particles only add different shades of meaning to sentences or form word forms, they cannot be used without independent parts of speech.
Particles can be formative or semantic.
Particles are not members of a sentence. You can't ask them a question.
The particles don't change.
Particle discharges
According to their meaning and function, particles are divided into formative and semantic.
The function of formative particles is to serve to form the forms of words.
Shape-forming particles form the following forms:
1) particle would (b) - the form of the conditional mood of the verb (would go);
2) particles yes, come on, let's, let, let - the form of the imperative mood of the verb (long live the Sun, let (let) write, let's (let's) go);
3) particles more, less - the form of the compound comparative degree of adjectives, qualitative adverbs and words of the state category (drier, less fortunate, louder, less beautiful);
4) particles most, least, all, all - the form of the compound superlative degree of qualitative adverbs and words of the category of state (most quietly, least strongly, jumped the farthest (all), I feel the worst today);
5) particles most, most, least, all, everything - the form of the compound superlative degree of adjectives (the quietest, the luckiest, the least efficient, he is the most beautiful of all (everything)).
Semantic particles introduce different shades of meaning into a sentence, expressing the speaker’s different attitudes to what he is reporting.
Below is a table that summarizes the types of semantic particles.
| Types of semantic particles | Examples of particles and their uses |
| Interrogative | Whether, really, really, or something. Haven't you understood anything? As if are you in such a hurry? |
| Exclamation marks | What the, how, like this. What a delight these tales are! (A. Pushkin). That's the story! |
| Restrictive-excretory | Only, only, exclusively, almost. Everyone left only I stayed. Both the helmsman and the swimmer died, Only me, the mysterious singer, Thrown ashore by a thunderstorm... (A. Pushkin). |
| Amplifiers | Even, even and, nor, and, after all, after all, after all, -after all, -that, -ka. Bring me something to eat! He doesn't do anything! He doesn't even think! But how many times have I asked him... |
| Negative | The book is not simple, but complex. Student Not read the book. |
| Affirmative | Yes, that's right. Have you been here? - Exactly, I have! |
| Doubts | Hardly, hardly. It is unlikely that we will be able to catch up. |
| Clarifying | Exactly, namely, just, exactly. It is you I ask to do this. You know exactly this work. |
| Index fingers | Here (and here), there (and there). And here is our new teacher! |
Note 1. Sometimes the word can be used as a restrictive-selective particle one, For example: Everyone leftone
I (=only
i) stayed orone
I (=only
I stayed etc.
Note 2. Reinforcing particle - That (Sour cream-That
did I buy it or should I go?) should be distinguished:
1) from the suffix - That, with the help of which indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed from interrogatives (who -something, something, some etc.) and which is also written with hyphenated pronouns;
2) from the singular demonstrative pronoun of the neuter gender of the nominative or accusative case That: That the tree is already old; That tree was cut down yesterday(in both sentences it is a definition).
Note 3: From amplifying particle All (It’s already night, and he’s still singing and singing!) it is necessary to distinguish the attributive pronoun All singular neuter nominative or accusative case: Everything (subject) was very good; I'm done(addition) did it yesterday.
The negative particle does not serve to deny the meaning of the entire sentence (The student did not read this novel) or any of its members (This was not our friend).
The intensifying particle is not used in the following typical cases:
1) to strengthen the negative: I won't give you a penny!;
2) to strengthen negation in sentences with an omitted predicate No: The sky is clear(cf.: There is not a cloud in the sky);
3) to create a strengthened generalizing statement in sentences like Wherever you look, there is fog everywhere; Whoever you turn to, everyone will help; Whatever is done is for the better. Such sentences can always be remade by inserting a generalizing word: Everything that is done is for the better; Everyone you turn to will help.
The Russian language has several types of participles. Transitive verbs have active and passive participles. Active participles denote a feature of an object created by the activity of the object itself: a student reading a poem. The participle of the passive voice denotes a feature that is created by an action on an object on the part of another actor: a poem read by a student. Passive participles characterize the object of the action, which explains that they are formed from transitive verbs that have an object. Only a few verbs that control other cases, with a meaning close to the object, have a passive participle: fly an airplane - an airplane flown by an experienced pilot; to manage an institution - an institution led by Nikolaev; words such as dependent, threatened, have become adjectives and are not used as passive participles. Intransitive verbs without the particle - xia form participles that are morphologically homogeneous with active ones: growing, growing, running. escaped These participles do not have correlative passive participles. Usually, according to their morphological structure, they are attached to active participles in the broad sense of this term; sometimes both of these groups are called non-passive participles, distinguishing among them the actual participles of the active voice (washing the floor, returning the book). Verbs with the particle -sya form participles with the same particle, which otherwise coincide morphologically with the group of non-passive participles: washing, sitting, laughing. As in other verbal forms, the inflections of these participles are located before the particle -sya: kruzhivsh-ii-sya kruziv-sya-ya, kruzhivsh-ee-sya, kruzhivsh-his-sya, etc., while in contrast to verbal forms, the particle in all forms (and after vowels) retains the vowel. In terms of their meaning, these participles fully correspond to all categories of verbs with the particle - sya. Participles, in connection with the category of time they have, are divided into present participles: singing, meeting, reading - and past participles: singing, meeting, reading. Present participles are present only in imperfective verbs and are absent in perfective verbs that do not have a present tense. The meaning of the tense of the present participle basically corresponds to the meaning of the present tense forms of the indicative mood; Thus, they express specific actions occurring at the moment of speech: children drawing (children draw); usually or always performed actions: a student reading expressively (the student reads expressively). Past participles denote actions related to the past, with shades introduced by belonging to the imperfect and perfect form: the class welcomes a comrade who performed at the Olympiad. There are no future participles in the Russian language, as a result of which attributive clauses have parallel participial phrases only in the past and present: the lecturer who gave the report (= who did). A lecturer who gives a report (= doing), but only: a lecturer who will give a report. Individual verbs have an unequal number of participles. Restrictions in the formation of participles are associated with differences in verbs in terms of transitivity and aspect. Intransitive verbs, having no object of action, do not form passive participles; Perfective verbs, having no object of action, do not form passive present participles. Thus, at most four participles are formed from one verb, but two or one can be formed. From verbs of all categories, only the non-passive past participle is formed. So, Academician V.V. Vinogradov distinguishes 2 types of participles: passive and non-passive. There are different views on the classification of participles.
In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes between linguists have not subsided. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”
As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.
Passive
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.
Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”
In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that it is not they themselves who perform the action, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of active and passive present participles
Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.
In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.
If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or fighting? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ushch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.
Suffixes of active and passive past participles
Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.
With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb “offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.
We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).
Tasks
In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.
For example:
- prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (actual, present tense), stabbing (actual, past tense);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present tense), speaker (actual, past tense);
- shave (1 sp., ex.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaved (actual, past tense), shaved (suffering, past tense);
- offend (2 sp., ex.) - offended (sufferer, present tense), offended (sufferer, past tense).