Examples of stylistically neutral words. Stylistically neutral vocabulary

Unlike special terms, professionalisms have a bright expressive coloring and expressiveness due to their metaphorical nature and, often, figurativeness.

In some cases, professionalisms can be used as official terms. In these cases, their expressiveness is not

much of it is erased and fades, but the metaphorical nature of the meaning is still felt quite well. Compare, for example, the terms:

Lever arm; Gear tooth; Knee pipes and etc.

It should be remembered that, despite the limited scope of use of special and professional vocabulary, there is a constant connection and interaction between it and the popular vocabulary. Literary language masters many special terms: they gradually, in the process of use, begin to be rethought, as a result of which they cease to be terms, that is are determinologized. Compare, for example, the use in modern journalism, in colloquial speech, and sometimes in fiction of such phrases created according to the “term + common word” scheme:

Head, tree>, Moscow, new, fun, easy, eight, one hundred, I, my and etc.

Neutral, interstyle vocabulary seems to be the background against which words belonging to written speech and oral speech. Interstyle words do not have any external features (phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic), but they are still easy to find among other stylistic layers of vocabulary. For example, among the following words

Colloquial vocabulary is “lower” in style than colloquial vocabulary, so it is outside strictly standardized Russian literary speech. IN colloquial vocabulary can be distinguished three groups: 1) Roughly expressive vocabulary is grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs:

Big guy, bore, idiot;

Ragged, pot-bellied;

Totally, lousy, foolishly;

To snooze, to deceive, to swell.

Roughly expressive words often sound insufficient in speech educated people, characterizing their cultural level. It cannot be said, however, that they are not found in the speech of cultured and educated people, that is, those who take care of their language. The expressiveness of these words, their emotional and semantic capacity sometimes make it possible to briefly and expressively show an attitude (most often negative) to an object, person, or phenomenon.

2) Rough vernacular vocabulary differs from rudely expressive vocabulary to a greater extent rudeness:

Murlo, hailo, grunt, mug, turnip, rylnik, stove(V meaning"face").

These words have a strong expression, the ability to convey negative attitude speaking to any phenomena. Excessive rudeness makes this vocabulary unacceptable in speech cultured people.

3) Properly colloquial vocabulary to which a relatively small number of words belong. The unliterary nature of these words is explained not by their rudeness (they are not rude in meaning and expressive coloring) and not by their abusive nature (they do not have abusive semantics), but by the fact that they not recommended for use in the speech of cultural people:

Just now, ahead of time, I suppose, once born, daddy and etc.

Proper colloquial vocabulary is also called vernacular and differs from dialect only in that it is used and in the city and in the countryside.

Vocabulary of written speech (book and high)

To vocabulary writing refer to words that are used primarily in written varieties literary language: V scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers, and not used in casual conversations, in everyday speech.

The language of fiction (prose, poetry, drama) does not belong to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral species speech).

The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargons).

There are two types of written vocabulary:

1) Vocabulary book;

2) Vocabulary high(poetic, solemn).

Noted functional-style stratification book vocabulary:

1) Official business;

2) Scientific;

3) Newspaper and journalistic.

Official business vocabulary is used in government documents following types:

1) Laws;

2) Regulations;

3) Charters;

4) Instructions;

5) Office and administrative papers;

6) Business letters;

7) Agreements;

8) Legal business documents;

9) International agreements;

10) Communiqué;

11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:

A) isolation(there are no foreign style inclusions;

b) semantic clarity;

c) maximum unambiguity;

d) availability cliches, stereotypes, cliches. Basic lexical groups business style:

1) Names of business papers:

Statement, instruction, explanatory, dotsaad, note, certificate, progress secret;

2) Names of documents:

Diploma, passport, certificate, charter;

3) Business and production technical terminology:

Cargo turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclable materials, medical staff, overalls, financial department;

4) Nomenclature names (names of various institutions, officials and their posts):

General Directorate, Ministry, Engineer, Inspector. In modern business style commonly used abbreviations:

KB - design bureau;

8. Sphere of use of the word (national, dialect, professional, slang).

9. Expressive-stylistic coloring (neutral, belongs to oral speech (colloquial, colloquial) or written speech (book, high).

Blooming view

1. Indicates a sign.

2. Free value.

3. Multiple meanings.

4. Used in a figurative meaning by similarity, that is, in a metaphorical meaning.

5. Synonyms: healthy, beautiful(contextual); antonym: sick; there are no homonyms.

6. Borrowed, of Old Slavic origin, indicator suffix – noun-.

7. Active word.

8. Refers to the national vocabulary.

9. Belongs to oral speech, colloquial.

Full lexical analysis text.

In this case, you need to find in the text all the lexical features in the order indicated for word analysis.

Today(2 digits) in our(2 digits) country(2 digits) big(4 digits), national(1 digit) holiday(3 digits).

There are 7 words in the text, 6 of them are used in direct, free meanings (1 auxiliary word). There are no words with phraseologically related or syntactically determined meanings. All words are ambiguous, except the word national. All words are used in direct meanings, except the word big, which is used in a figurative meaning (transfer by size, metaphor). There are no antonyms or homonyms in the text, but there are contextual synonyms: big, national. All words are originally Russian, with the exception of 2 words: a country And holiday, which are of Old Slavic origin. All words belong to the active vocabulary, all words are national, commonly used, and stylistically neutral.

The procedure for analyzing phraseological units

1. The meaning of phraseological units.

2. Structural-semantic type: fusion, unity, combination.

3. Phraseological synonyms and antonyms.

4. Grammatical composition (equivalence of one or another part of speech: verbal, substantive, adverbial, adjective, interjectional, modal, conjunction).

5. Origin of phraseological units.

6. Active or passive use.

7. The sphere of use of phraseological units (commonly used, dialectal, professional, slang).

8. Expressive-stylistic coloring of phraseological units: neutral (inter-style), colloquial, bookish.

To grandfather's village

1. In an unknown direction.

2. Phraseological unity.

3. Synonym: wherever the eyes look; antonym: exactly as intended.

4. (unknown where) adverbial.

5. Originally Russian.

6. Active use.

7. Commonly used.

8. Conversational style, negative emotional coloring.

Neutral vocabulary - these are words not attached to a certain style speeches having stylistic synonyms(book, colloquial, vernacular), against the background of which they are deprived stylistic coloring. So, the word wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and the colloquial stagger, hang around; future - in comparison with the book future; look - in comparison with gaze; eyes - compared to eyes.
Neutral vocabulary can be freely used in various fields, styles and conditions of communication, without bringing special stylistic feature, for example: house, hand, read, speak, light, beautiful, etc. They are ubiquitous, their use is not limited in any way. In this case we usually talk about linguistic units zero (or neutral) stylistic level.
49.Book vocabulary.
Book vocabulary is vocabulary presented in scientific, fiction, journalism, and official business documents. This category of words is usually used in written speech and is inappropriate in spoken language. In this group, there is a numerical predominance of words that do not express any emotional assessment; quite often they denote those concepts that are not found in everyday communication, but at the same time they may not apply to scientific terminology(hypothesis, prevail, pompous). Degree of bookishness similar words can be different - both not very distinct, moderate (argumentation, burdensome, immemorial, very), and pronounced (hypertrophied, because, lapidary, prerogative). Within the book vocabulary there are also emotionally charged words. Some of them give a positive assessment of certain processes, actions, properties and phenomena (persona, destined, panacea), others give a negative or disapproving assessment (vandalism, insinuation, obscurantism). Inside a bookstore, lofty and poetic vocabulary can stand out. High vocabulary is characterized by a special solemnity and elation. It is often used in oratorical speech, especially in cases where some significant events in the history of the country, the life of the people, etc. are affected. (accomplishment, sovereign, erect, from now on). Poetic vocabulary also adjacent to the solemn one, but it is more characteristic fiction, sometimes - journalism (azure, boundless, more beautiful, dreams, muse, blush).
50. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

According to the degree of literature oral vocabulary divided by two large groups:
1) Colloquial vocabulary;
2) Colloquial vocabulary.
Colloquial vocabulary includes words that give speech a touch of ease and informality. From the point of view of belonging to different parts speech, colloquial vocabulary, like neutral vocabulary, is varied. It includes:
1) Nouns: Big guy, witty, nonsense;
2) Adjectives: Careless, slack;
3) Adverbs: At random, in one’s own way;
4) Verbs: Take aback, boast, hack;
5) Interjections: Lie, bai, oh.
Colloquial vocabulary is “lower” in style than colloquial vocabulary, therefore it is outside the strictly standardized Russian literary speech. In colloquial vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished: 1) Roughly expressive vocabulary is grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs:
Big guy, bore, idiot;
Ragged, pot-bellied;
Totally, lousy, foolishly;
To snooze, to deceive, to swell.
1) Roughly expressive words are heard most often in the speech of insufficiently educated people, characterizing their cultural level. The expressiveness of these words, their emotional and semantic capacity sometimes make it possible to briefly and expressively show an attitude (most often negative) to an object, person, or phenomenon. "(Freak! You can't outdo Tulin anyway. You're one of the breed of mugs")
2) Rough vernacular
These words have a strong expression, the ability to convey the speaker’s negative attitude towards any phenomena. Excessive rudeness makes this vocabulary unacceptable in the speech of cultured people (grunt, mug, turnip, rylnik).
3) Properly colloquial vocabulary to which a relatively small number of words belong.
The unliterary nature of these words is explained not by their rudeness (they are not rude in meaning and expressive coloring), but by the fact that they are not recommended for use in the speech of cultured people:
Just now, ahead of time, probably, born, dad, etc.
Proper colloquial vocabulary is also called vernacular and differs from dialect only in that it is used both in the city and in the countryside.

Stylistically neutral vocabulary is a bridge across the gap between people different professions and layers of society. It is the universal language of mutual understanding, enshrined in dictionaries, so it is important to pay attention to its study.

Definition of stylistically neutral vocabulary

The degree of figurativeness of a language is determined by the abundance of its vocabulary. The more diverse the layers of vocabulary, the richer the speech possibilities.

In the Russian language, colloquial, bookish and neutral vocabulary is distinguished - a fundamental layer of words that are not attached to any style of speech.

Words of interstyle vocabulary make up, according to scientists, three-quarters of the richness of the Russian language. In dictionaries, such vocabulary, unlike, for example, book vocabulary, is not marked with special symbols like (*), which immediately indicates the possibility of using such words in all styles without restrictions.

“In the autumn meadows, the golden sun was sinking below the horizon.” Fiction. Of the 8 words in the sentence, 7 are neutral and only 1 word “golden” refers to the bookish, high style.
“Petya, quickly go to the store for bread.” Excerpt from the conversation. Of the 7 words, 6 are neutral. The word “cheshi” is also neutral, but in this text it has a different meaning and refers to the colloquial style.
“No catalyst is needed to react sodium with water.” Of the 10 words - 9 neutral and 1, “catalyst”, special, scientific style.

Parts of speech of neutral vocabulary

Interstyle vocabulary is represented by almost all parts of speech of the Russian language - both independent and functional. This once again confirms the fundamental nature of this layer in the language. Words of neutral vocabulary refer to parts of speech:

Noun: “field”, “table”, “house”, “wind”, “friendship”, “power”, “hour”.
Verbs: “do”, “travel”, “see”, “experience”, “create”.
Adjective: “blue”, “delicate”, “extra”, “wooden”, “northern”.
Adverbs: “good”, “like a dog”, “very”, “visible”.
Pronouns: “our”, “that”, “you”, “who”, “she”.
Numerals: “first”, “five”, “ten”.
Service words:

conjunctions: “as if”, “that is”, “a”, “but”;
particles: “well”, “like”, “like”;
prepositions: “for”, “about”, “in”, “thanks to”.

Not included in common vocabulary

The only part of speech that cannot be a neutral word is the interjection. Examples: “great”, “wow”, “slap”, “hello”. These words initially carry an emotional connotation.

There are also concepts for which there are no words of neutral expression - these are cases of only a high or only a low style of speech. For example: “boob”, “talker”, “idiot” or “tribunal”, “oratorio”. Can not imagine scientific article with the word "fool" introduced into the context. Such words initially have a bright color, so they cannot be used in another style of speech. Neutral ones function in all styles.

Where is neutral vocabulary used?

Neutral lexemes are used in all styles of spoken and written speech without exception. In scientific and journalistic articles, in textbooks, in fiction, in ordinary conversation - this vocabulary is the basis of the Russian language, the most stable part of its vocabulary. For example, a literary author’s text includes units mostly from words of a neutral layer. For example, in the text by M. Prishvin, words that are not related to neutral vocabulary are highlighted.

The guys here don’t go with the star and they don’t let anyone into the choir to sing, and I saw in one shop on the window hooks they sell straight with fishing line and for all kinds of fish, they’re very expensive, there’s even one hook that can hold a pound of catfish.
A. Chekhov "Vanka"

The word “let go” is colloquial, “standing” is a phonetic distortion of the lexeme “standing”, but fixed in writing in this text, can also be considered colloquial.

Interstyle vocabulary has thematic associations that make up the active lexicon language:

Temporal meaning: “tomorrow”, “yesterday”, “century”, “month”, “morning”, “day”, “past”, “present”.
Meaning of place: “to the right”, “behind”, “there”, “where”, “house”, “country”, “island”.
Negativity: “no”, “no one”, “none”, “not”, “neither”.
Emphasis on the face: “he”, “she”, “you”, “I”.

Neutral vocabulary helps protect oral and written speech from vulgarity, for example: “Girl, go to this cash register.”

The word “walk” is of high style; it fits unnaturally into the context of everyday life. colloquial speech.

It is necessary to remember caution and reasonableness when combining words of different semantic connotations in one text.

Background neutral vocabulary. Examples

Stylistic differences in language can only be seen against the background of words with a neutral coloring. Neutral vocabulary is a white sheet on which the smallest shades of other colors are visible. Speech can be expressive, figurative, but in comparison with the expression of book and conversational style the coloration of interstyle vocabulary is not so noticeable. For example: “walk” is a neutral word, “step” is High style, "loitering" is a colloquial style.

Authors of literary texts can achieve expressiveness and imagery without resorting to expressively colored vocabulary. For example: “If you become silent in these rustling leafy forests and listen to the sounds around you, you can hear mysterious quiet steps...”

In this passage, only words of a neutral style are used, but the imagery and colorfulness are not lost. Truth, creation literary text Not everyone can do it just with the help of common vocabulary. The existence of emotionally rich layers of speech makes it possible to create texts of special imagery.

Neutral vocabulary and semantics

You also need to be careful when referring to words in a neutral style. The same lexeme can have different meaning depending on the context and relate to different stylistic layers of the language. For example:

“A terrible squeal of brakes was heard not far away.” - Here the word “brakes” means “mechanism for stopping” (neutral).
"Well, you guys are slow!" - In this text, “brakes” are used in a figurative sense - “people with slow perception of information.”

Neutral vocabulary in fairy tales

A fairy tale text can be built on the basis of neutral vocabulary - it will not be a folk tale, but an original text.

For example, in far away kingdom, in the thirtieth state there lived a king and a queen, and they had a beautiful daughter, which cannot be said in a fairy tale or described with a pen. She sat in the little room all day." The text contains outdated words: “king”, “queen”, “svetlitsa”, there are set expressions fairy tale epic: “in the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state”, “to say in a fairy tale, not to describe with a pen.”

Canvas folk tale consists of words of increased imagery, the phenomena described in it are often not related to real world, being the result of a flight of human imagination, a reflection sensory perception peace. Neutral vocabulary cannot handle such imagery.

The predominance of stylistically neutral vocabulary in the author's fairy tales is appropriate, since such texts are usually calmer, less expressive and more speculative.

Colloquial, stylistically neutral and book vocabulary complement each other. Stylistically colored words allow you to express shades of feelings, realities of knowledge narrow circle of people. Neutral vocabulary is what brings precision, certainty and clarity to everyone.

The stylistic characteristics of a word are determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used.

The stylistic consolidation of a word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with scientific language (quantum theory, assonance, attributive ); refer to journalistic style words related to political topics ( world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy ); we highlight as official business words used in office work ( following, proper, victim, residence, notify, order, forwarded ).

In the most general outline The functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:

The most clearly contrasted are book and spoken words (compare: to invade - to interfere, to meddle; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster ).

As part of book vocabulary, one can single out words characteristic of book speech generally ( subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, premise ), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litotes, emission, denomination tend towards the scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to the journalistic; promotion, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business).

The functional consolidation of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech.

Book words are not suitable for casual conversation.

For example: The first leaves appeared on the green spaces.

Scientific terms should not be used in conversation with a child.

For example: It is very likely that dad will enter eye contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day.

Colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in an official business style.

For example: On the night of September 30, racketeers attacked Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars.

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its common use.

So, the word home is appropriate in different styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is subject to demolition; The house was built according to the design of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our soldiers, who selflessly fought the fascists on the streets of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire(March.).

In functional styles special vocabulary used against the background of common usage.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them.

For example , admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally charged: the content contained in them positive assessment distinguishes them from a stylistically neutral word white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of the named concept ( blond ).

That's why emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on lexical meaning words, but is not reduced to it; the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the attitude of the speaker to the named phenomenon.

The following three varieties are distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary.

1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning, as a rule, unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” ( forerunner, herald, grumbler, idle talker, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( purpose, destiny, businessmanship, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief ).

2. Ambiguous words , usually neutral in basic meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically.

Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow ; Verbs are used in a figurative meaning: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under general

3. Words with subjective evaluation suffixes, conveying various shades of feeling: concluding positive emotions – son, sunshine, granny, neat, close, and negative ones - beards, kids, officialdom and so on.

Since the emotional connotation of these words is created by affixes, estimated values in such cases, they are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

Depicting feelings in speech requires special expressive colors.

Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing special expression.

On lexical level this linguistic category receives its embodiment in the “increment” to nominative meaning words of special stylistic shades, special expression.

For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful ; one might say I do not like, but you can find more strong words: I hate, I despise, I disgust .

In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in degree. emotional stress(compare: misfortune - grief - calamity - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious ).

Vivid expression highlights solemn words ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments ), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, proclaim ), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, incessant ).

Particular expression distinguishes humorous words ( blessed, newly minted ), ironic ( deign, Don Juan, vaunted ), familiar ( good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper ).

Expressive shades differentiate words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant ), dismissive (paint, petty ), contemptuous (gossip, servility, sycophant ), derogatory (skirt, wimp ), vulgar (grabber, lucky ), abusive (boor, fool ).

The expressive coloring in a word is layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and in some words expression predominates, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that “unfortunately, there is no typology of expressiveness yet.” This is associated with difficulties in developing a unified terminology.

By combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish:

1) words expressing a positive assessment called concepts,

2) words expressing their negative assessment .

The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc.

The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

stylistically neutral:	reduced:	high:
face	muzzle	face
let	interference	block
cry	roar	sob
afraid	be a coward	fear
drive away	expose	expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Sharp negative rating we received words like fascism, separatism, corruption, hitman, mafia .

Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity and so on. is fixed positive color .

Even different meanings the same word may differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word may be solemn ( Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of the boy, but of the husband.- P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic connotation ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization.

Yes, stylistically neutral words, used as tropes, receive vivid expression.

For example: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (at unfavorable conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait) etc.

The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions it takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even expletive may sound affectionate, and affectionate may sound contemptuous.

The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands visual possibilities vocabulary.

The emotional-expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional one, complements it stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in emotional expressive terms usually refer to common vocabulary(although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in emotionally expressive terms, as a rule, are neutral, but have a clear functional definition). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Divisions of expressively colored vocabulary

D.E. Rosenthal identifies 3 groups of vocabulary:

1) Neutral (interstyle)

2) Spoken

3) Prostorechnaya

1. Neutral(interstyle) is vocabulary that has application in all styles of language; it represents a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral.

Interstyle vocabulary is the basis for the vocabulary of both oral and written speech.

You can compare the common word lie and words compose, flood, which belong to colloquial vocabulary and are colloquial and humorous in nature.

2. TO colloquial vocabulary These include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but do not go beyond the boundaries of the literary language. This is the vocabulary of spoken language. It is characterized by informality and emotionally expressive coloring. Big role During oral communication, gestures, facial expressions, posture, and intonation play a role.

To the group colloquial vocabulary includes words that are different in the way of expression, stylistic coloring and those whose semantics already contains evaluativeness ( troublemaker, bedlam posers etc.), as well as those whose evaluation is created by affixes, the addition of stems ( old man, boot, poor thing and so on.). Words with suffixes of subjective assessment also have a colloquial character ( healthy, small, son, dominatrix and so on.). This vocabulary also includes familiar words ( grandma, grandpa, auntie, son and so on.).

3. Colloquial vocabulary is on the verge or beyond the boundaries of strictly standardized lexical literary speech and is distinguished by a greater stylistic decline compared to colloquial vocabulary, although the boundaries between them are unsteady and fluid and are not always clearly defined.

There are three groups of colloquial vocabulary:
Rough expressive vocabulary grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (bore, idiot, scoundrel, etc.). The expressiveness of these words shows the attitude towards any object, person, phenomenon.
Rough colloquial vocabulary but is distinguished by a greater degree of rudeness: (snout, bulldozer, mug, etc.). These words have stronger expression and a negative attitude towards certain phenomena.
Some colloquial vocabulary includes words are actually colloquial, non-literary , they are not recommended in the speech of cultured people ( just now, I suppose, maybe, once born and so on.)

Using stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

To tasks practical style includes the study of the use of vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements, and as a foreign style means that stands out in its expression against the background of other linguistic means.

The application deserves special attention terminological vocabulary, which has the most definite functional and stylistic significance.

Terms- words or phrases that name special concepts any sphere of production, science, art.

For example: deposit(money or securities deposited with a credit institution for storage); express loan (term loan, lending of valuables); business(entrepreneurial activity that generates income, profit); mortgage(pledge of real estate for the purpose of obtaining a long-term loan); percent(fee received by the lender from the borrower for using a cash loan).

Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

The term is usually used in only one area.

For example: phoneme, subject - in linguistics, cupola- in metallurgy. But the same term can be used in different areas. Moreover, in each case the term has its own special meaning.

For example: Term operation used in medicine, military and banking. Term assimilation used in linguistics, biology, ethnography; iris– in medicine and biology (botany); reversion– in biology, technology, law.

Becoming a term, the word loses its emotionality and expressiveness. This is especially noticeable if we compare common words in a diminutive form and corresponding terms.

For example: cam in the child and cam in car, front sight- a small fly and front sight meaning “a small protrusion on the front of the barrel of a firearm used for aiming” cheeks child and cheeks at a machine gun, etc.

The diminutive form of a common word very often becomes a term. tooth from the word tooth meaning “bone formation, organ in the mouth for grasping, biting and chewing food” and the term clove- cutting tooth of a machine or tool. Tongue from the word language in the meaning of “movable muscular organ in the oral cavity” and the term tongue- a small process at the base of the leaf blade of cereals and some other plants. Hammer from the word hammer in the meaning of “a tool for hammering, striking” and the term hammer– one of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear and the name of various impact devices in mechanisms.

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, so using terms in a scientific style is necessary condition brevity, conciseness, accuracy of presentation.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on others. functional styles modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech not bound by the norms of scientific style, researchers point to distinctive features use of terms in this case. There are many words that have the exact terminological meaning, got wide use and are used without any stylistic restrictions.

For example: radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization .

Another group includes words that have a dual nature: they can be used both as terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they are distinguished by special shades of meaning, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity.

Yes, word mountain, meaning in its broad, cross-style usage “ a significant hill rising above the surrounding area", and having a number figurative meanings, does not imply exact quantitative measurement height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between concepts is essential mountain - Hill, clarification is given: elevation more than 200 m in height.

Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinologization.

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The meaning of NEUTRAL VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

NEUTRAL VOCABULARY

Words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (book, colloquial, colloquial), against the background of which they are devoid of stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and the colloquial stagger, wander around; future - in comparison with the book future; look - in comparison with gaze; eyes - compared to eyes. Wed also (a stylistically neutral synonym is given first): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant;

eat - eat, eat; complain - complain;

take care - please; delay - delay, procrastination; curly - curly; to lie - to lie; interfere - hinder; husband - spouse; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; to deceive - to cheat; duel - single combat; death - demise; die - die; bury - bury. Wed : commonly used cross-style vocabulary.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012