To vocabulary writing These include words that are used primarily in written varieties of the literary language: in scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers, and are not used in casual conversations or in everyday speech.
The language of fiction (prose, poetry, drama) does not belong to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral types of speech).
The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargons).
There are two types of written vocabulary:
1) Vocabulary book;
2) Vocabulary high(poetic, solemn).
Noted functional-style stratification book vocabulary:
1) Official business;
2) Scientific;
3) Newspaper and journalistic.
Official business vocabulary is used in government documents of the following types:
1) Laws;
2) Regulations;
3) Charters;
4) Instructions;
5) Office and administrative papers;
6) Business letters;
7) Agreements;
8) Legal business documents;
9) International agreements;
10) Communiqué;
11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:
A) isolation(there are no foreign style inclusions;
b) semantic clarity;
c) maximum unambiguity;
d) availability cliches, stereotypes, cliches. Main lexical groups of business style:
1) Names of business papers:
Application, instruction, explanatory, dotsaadnaya, note, certificate, progress sacrament;
2) Names of documents:
Diploma, passport, certificate, charter;
3) Business and production technical terminology:
Cargo turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclable materials, medical staff, overalls, financial department;
4) Nomenclature names (names of various institutions, officials and their posts):
General Directorate, Ministry, Engineer, Inspector. In modern business style, abbreviations are widely used:
KB - design bureau;
UKS - capital construction management etc. for scientific vocabulary foreign style inclusions are also unusual. In the scientific style, words with abstract semantics are used. In the lexical system of the scientific style, first of all, general scientific vocabulary can be distinguished:
Abstraction, argumentation, research, classification, method, methodology, object, systematization and etc.
Features of scientific style vocabulary include the mandatory presence terms. Term- is a word or phrase used to maximize exact name special concepts in the field of production, science, art.
Set of terms a certain area or branch of knowledge forms terminological system(terminology), we call) "yu" metalanguage of this science.
Each science necessarily has its own terminology (metalanguage). An example of a developed terminological sphere (developed meta-language) is linguistics:
Morpheme, sentence, prefix, phrase, suffix, inflection and etc.
Main function newspaper and journalistic style is a function impact, After all, the main feature of journalism is political sharpness, citizenship, and polemical intensity.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is most common in newspaper and magazine reviews, in socio-political and literary critical articles, in pamphlets, feuilletons, essays, proclamations, and so on, for example:
Humanism, unity, neutrality, autonomy, patriotism, propaganda, event, progressive and etc.
Unlike book vocabulary, which accurately names abstract concepts, but is somewhat dry (that is, minimally emotional), vocabulary high characterized by elation, often solemnity and poetry. Words of high vocabulary belong to four parts of speech:
1) Nouns:
Daring, chosen one, homeland, accomplishment, creator;
2) Adjectives:
/(sovereign, daring, radiant, irreversible;
3) Adverbs:
Forever, from now on;
4) Verbs:
To erect, to erect, to delineate, to accomplish.
High vocabulary gives speech a solemn, upbeat or poetic sound. It is used in cases when we are talking about significant events in the life of the country and people, when the author’s feelings are high and festive.
L. Leonov justified the need to use high words: “Just as, according to Belinsky, it’s a shame to talk about Pushkin mass media turnip prose, the name of Tolstoy today requires a festive verbal frame.”
For example, remembering the first meeting with Leo Tolstoy,
V.A. Gilyarovsky wrote: “This meeting with the great Lev Nikolaevich unforgettable This is the best moment of my life." In this passage the word unforgettable sounds more sublime than unforgettable.
Vocabulary of fiction (poetry, prose, drama), which may include:
1) Neutral words;
2) Words of oral and written speech;
3) Neo-national vocabulary.
) initially represented a stylistic unity of theme, content, genre and certain linguistic means - with a coloring of elation, solemnity (with extensive use of Slavicisms, book vocabulary, images of ancient mythology, “lush” metaphors). It was represented by the genres of ode, heroic poem, and tragedy. He was distinguished by a sublime, rhetorical, solemn tone of expression, which was achieved, in addition to the indicated means, by the complexity of constructing structures, the frequent use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, and the use of inversions. All this created an emotional mood, “elevating to important splendor.” A typical example of V. s. are odes to M.V. Lomonosov, who developed Three styles theory(cm).
Lit.: Efimov A.I. The language of Saltykov-Shchedrin's satire. – M., 1953; Akhmanova O.S. Essays on general and Russian lexicology. – M., 1957; Vinokur T.G. Regularities of stylistic use of linguistic units. – M., 1980; Petrischeva E.F. Stylistically colored vocabulary of the Russian language. – M., 1984; Belchikov Yu.A. Lexical stylistics: problems of studying and teaching. – M., 1988; Vinogradova V.N. About some changes in the stylistics of the Russian language, “Stylistyka – VII”. – Opole, 1998.
M.N. Kozhina
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what “High style” is in other dictionaries:
High style- noun, number of synonyms: 2 pathetic (4) pathos (30) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
high- adj., used very often Morphology: high, high, high and high, high and high; higher; adv. high 1. High is an object that has a large extent from bottom to top. High wall, mountain. | We have the tallest TV tower in the world. 2.… … Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
High Syllable- High Speech var.: High Speech, High Style The official normative language of Gilead in the world of Roland, distinguishing the speaker as a person of noble origin. High Speech. For a moment, his consciousness refused to perceive her. Years have passed... ... The Dark Tower by Stephen King. Explanatory dictionary for the book.
style- [manner] noun, m., used. often Morphology: (no) what? style, why? style, (I see) what? style, what? style, about what? about style; pl. What? styles, (no) what? styles, what? styles, (see) what? styles, what? styles, about what? about styles 1. Style is called... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
style- I, m., STYL I, m. style m., gol.stylus, German. Style lat. stylus syllable of the letter.1. A set of features that characterize the art of a certain time and direction in terms of ideological content and artistic form. BASS 1. Style, calm,… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
Lermontov's style- Lermontov's STYLE is perhaps the most difficult, but at the same time promising problem of modern times. Lermontov studies. Attempts to define L.'s style, either as romantic, or as realistic with elements of romance (see Romanticism and realism), then as... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Style (in literature and art)- Style in literature and art, stable integrity or commonality of the figurative system, means of artistic expression, figurative techniques that characterize a work of art or a set of works. S. also called system... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
style- 1. STYLE, I; m. [French] style] 1. A set of characteristics, features that create a holistic image of art of a certain time, direction, individual manner of the artist in relation to ideological content and artistic form. Romantic s. V… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Style- (from Lat. stilus, stylus, pointed stick for writing, manner of writing) in linguistics, a type of language, assigned in a given society by tradition to one of the most general spheres of social life and partially different from others... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
High Beach Park Hotel- (Rostov-on-Don, Russia) Hotel category: 4 star hotel Address: Levoberezhnaya st. 27 ... Hotel catalog
Books
- High taste / Haute taste. The album presents works by 27 Belarusian artists of different generations and creative priorities. Each of them has its own face, its own style and its own manner of performance. The publication includes about 140...
Stylistic layers of vocabulary
The term style (from Latin stilus, stylus ‘pointed writing stick, manner of writing’) has several meanings in linguistics.
Most often, a distinction is made between language styles and functional styles (speech styles).
Since the lexical composition of the language is heterogeneous in terms of expressive and stylistic capabilities, different styles of the language are distinguished. There are units in the vocabulary, the choice of which depends on the situation of verbal communication, on the goals and topic of the statement. Some linguistic units have a solemn, high coloring, others carry a hint of familiarity. In relation to the Russian language, the problem of stylistic distinctions was raised by M. V. Lomonosov, who developed the “theory of three calms”: high, middle and low.
The basis of the vocabulary of the language is interstyle, stylistically neutral vocabulary: eye, table, run, head, ceiling, white. These are words that do not have a distinct coloring and can be used in any situation. Isolating vocabulary of a “high” or “low” style presupposes the presence of a certain norm, a comparison with which reveals the stylistic coloring of the word. Neutral vocabulary is the starting point, the norm, relative to which “deviations” are determined: head - head, eyes - eyes.
Interstyle (neutral) vocabulary is contrasted with words of “high” style (high, book vocabulary: daring, valor, yoke, disaster, illness, naked) and words of “low” style (colloquial vocabulary: evening party, slacker, merry fellow, instantly, parka ‘rush’, greedy, flicker; as well as colloquial vocabulary: head, eat). Book vocabulary often includes outdated words, exoticisms, and Old Church Slavonicisms. Actually, colloquial vocabulary is outside the boundaries of the literary language.
The definition of vocabulary as bookish or colloquial does not mean that bookish vocabulary is not used in oral speech, and colloquial vocabulary is not used in written speech. When used, for example, in everyday colloquial speech, a bookish word is perceived by speakers as stylistically colored, “foreign.”
The conditionality of the use of a number of words by a certain type of speech (public speaking, official message, conversation on an everyday topic with a loved one, etc.) serves as the basis for identifying vocabulary characteristic of a particular functional style (scientific, official business, journalistic, poetic, colloquial vocabulary). Functional styles To avoid confusion with linguistic styles, they are sometimes called linguistic genres, functional varieties of language.
The term “style” is also used to designate a generally accepted way of performing any specific type of speech activity (lecture, everyday dialogue, speaking in court, etc.), an individual manner of performing a speech work or text (the style of his speeches, the style of Chekhov’s early prose ), the state of the language in terms of style in a specific era (the style of the Russian literary language of the early 20th century).
The belonging of a word to a certain style, both linguistic and functional, is reflected in explanatory dictionaries using various marks. In Ozhegov’s Dictionary, for example, official marks are used for this. (official), colloquial (colloquial), book. (book, book style), high. (high, high style), etc. In addition, there are special dictionaries that report on the expressive and stylistic characteristics of words, for example, “Correctness of Russian Speech” (compiled by L. P. Krysin, L. I. Skvortsov), “Dictionary difficulties of the Russian language" by D. E. Rosenthal, M. A. Telenkova and other dictionaries.
The words of the language are heterogeneous in terms of expressive and stylistic capabilities. In the lexicon there are such units, the choice of which depends on the situation of verbal communication, on the goals and topic of the statement. In relation to the Russian language, this issue was raised by M.V. Lomonosov, who developed the “theory of three calms”: high, middle and low. The basis of the vocabulary of a language is stylistically neutral(interstyle) vocabulary(bed, sleep, big, fun, if, because). These are words that are not assigned to any particular style and can be used in any situation. Neutral vocabulary is the starting point relative to which the attribution of some words to the “high” style is determined (cf.: bed - bed, sleep - rest, big - titanic), and some - to the “low” (cf.: sleep - sleep , if - if only). “High style” includes words that are used primarily in written speech and in special situations that require the creation of an unusual, solemn atmosphere. High vocabulary includes bookish, high and official vocabulary. High vocabulary is characterized by solemnity, poetry, it is used mainly in oratorical and poetic speech (titanic, chosen one, creator, death). Book These are words that are not assigned to any type of written speech (unprecedented, view, declare, extremely). TO official vocabulary includes words used in clerical and administrative documents (certify, complicity, as a result). Words of “high style” belong to the literary language and are placed in explanatory dictionaries with the marks “high”, “bookish” or “official”. “Low style” includes vocabulary of oral speech, used in casual conversation, but not used, as a rule, in written genres (scientific, official business speech). Within the framework of the “low style” there are conversational vocabulary that does not go beyond the literary language (hard worker, train, take a nap, careless, most interjections: eh, yeah, etc.) and colloquial vocabulary that is outside the literary language; colloquial vocabulary can be rudely expressive, which determines its frequent use in the oral speech of many native speakers (dumb, talker, dreary, lousy, in trouble) and rude, including profanity (obscene). If words of this kind are included in explanatory dictionaries, then they are labeled colloquial and colloquial-reduced. The definition of vocabulary as bookish or colloquial does not mean that bookish vocabulary is not used in oral speech, and colloquial vocabulary is not used in written speech. The point is that, when used, for example, in everyday colloquial speech, the book word is all the more recognized by speakers as stylistically colored, foreign.
From the point of view of stylistic coloring (stylistic characteristics), the vocabulary of the Russian language is divided into two large categories: 1) stylistically neutral vocabulary; 2) stylistically colored vocabulary.
Stylistically neutral vocabulary constitutes the largest circle of words that is not assigned to any functional style of the Russian literary language (official business, scientific, journalistic, artistic or colloquial) and is appropriate in various spheres of communication: water, house, read, difficulty, white, fifty and etc.
Included stylistically colored vocabulary First of all, bookish words and colloquial, slang and colloquial words are distinguished.
Book words are characteristic of the book and written version of the national language. They are used primarily in scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic styles. Wed: oscilloscope(scientific), above-mentioned(official business) prohibited(official-business); cohesion(publ.), sacrament(artist-poet.), dreams(artist-poet.). There are also common words, for example: intelligence, erudition, law.
Spoken words- these are words inherent in the colloquial style of the Russian literary language and used primarily in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday everyday communication, for example: reader, bully, dumbass, yeller, braggart, grandpa and etc.
Colloquial words are used in casual, informal communication, so they are characterized by a certain reduction. Wed: old man(high) - old man(neutral) - old man(colloquial, descending).
Vernacular words are words that are located outside the literary language or on its periphery, but are not limited in their use either by territory (unlike dialectisms) or by the framework of social groups (unlike jargon). There are two types of colloquial words: a) those that violate the actual linguistic norms of literary usage (tranway instead of tram, shoes instead of shoe, quarter instead of quarter and so on.); b) violating moral and ethical norms to one degree or another. The last category includes crudely colloquial words ( head - head, drag yourself - come); rude colloquial words ( mug - face, rubbish - about a person), as well as vulgar, obscene, abusive language that offends a person’s dignity.
Phraseologisms(phraseological units) are non-free integral units that are not created in the process of communication, but are reproduced in finished form. By meaning, phraseological units can correspond to one word (the cat cried - few, Nick down - remember, seven spans in the forehead - smart) or the whole expression (catching fish in troubled waters - take advantage of someone's difficulties run aground - find yourself in an extremely difficult, difficult situation).
In a sentence, phraseological units act as one member of the sentence He
handyman.
In terms of origin phraseological units are divided into native Russian ones (all over Ivanovskaya, like a gulkin, out of the frying pan and into the fire), Old Slavonic (out of this world, massacre of infants, eye for an eye) and borrowed from other languages ( blue stocking - from English language, somersault - from italian language, Honeymoon- from French language).
From a stylistic point of view phraseological units are divided into the following groups:
1) neutral, or inter-style: keep your word, draw a line, put an end to it, swan song;
2) stylistically colored, among which stand out:
A) colloquial(brew the porridge like the back of your hand, with all your might, two boots in a pair, fill your pocket);
b) vernacular(screw your brains, it's in the bag, stupid head);
V) book(finest hour, crown of thorns, apple of discord).
Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units are classified as reduced; book phraseological units - to the category of high, solemn.