Scientific style. Features of the scientific style

The systematicity of the main functional style consists of general linguistic (neutral) elements, linguistic-stylistic elements (stylistically colored language units outside the context) and speech-stylistic elements, which in a certain context (situation) acquire stylistic qualities and/or participate in the creation of the stylistic quality of the context, the text. Each main style has its own principles for selecting these elements and their relationship.

The scientific style is distinguished by a number of common features due to the peculiarities scientific thinking, including abstraction and strict logic of presentation. It also has some of the particular features mentioned above.

In every functional style have their own objective style-forming factors. They can be depicted schematically as follows.

Each of the functional styles also has its own purpose, its own addressee, and its own genres. The main goal of the scientific style is to communicate objective information, to prove the truth of scientific knowledge.

However, the goals (and especially their ratio) can be adjusted to a greater or lesser extent during the process of creating the text. For example, at first the dissertation may be conceived as a purely theoretical research, and in the process of work (writing) prospects will open up practical application theory, and the work takes on a pronounced practical orientation. The opposite situation is also possible.

Goals are specified in tasks of this text. The goals and situation determine the selection of material that is used throughout the creation of the text. However, at the beginning this process is quantitative in nature, and towards the end it is qualitative.

The recipients of works of scientific style are mainly specialists - readers prepared to perceive scientific information.

In terms of genre, the scientific style is quite diverse. Here you can highlight: article, monograph, textbook, review, overview, annotation, scientific commentary on the text, lecture, report on special topics, theses, etc.

However, when identifying speech genres of scientific style, one should pay attention to the fact that any functioning language has its own hierarchy of stylistic systems - subsystems. Each lower subsystem is based on elements of higher-ranking systems, combines them in its own way and supplements them with new specific elements. It organizes “its own” and “foreign” elements, including functional ones, into a new, sometimes qualitatively different integrity, where they acquire new properties to one degree or another. For example, elements of scientific and official business styles, when combined, give rise to a scientific and business sub-style, which is implemented in different genres, such as, for example, a report on research work, an abstract of a dissertation, etc.

The functional-style classification of the scientific style of speech can be presented as follows.

Each of these genre subsystems assumes its own correlation of elements of the scientific and other styles itself and its own principles of organizing a speech work. According to A. N. Vasilyeva, “the model of this organization is formed in the speech consciousness (subconscious) of a person in the process speech practice, and also often special training." Such learning is greatly facilitated by educational and scientific literature, which, while presenting in an accessible form the foundations of a particular science, has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other types scientific literature(problem article, private monograph, journal collection). Its main features are: subject-logical consistency and gradually unfolding manner of presentation; “compressed completeness”, which is expressed in the fact that, on the one hand, only part of the accumulated information about the subject of a given science is presented, and on the other hand, this part is basic, and in it the subject of presentation is characterized evenly and comprehensively.

In the scientific style, as in every functional style, there are certain rules text composition. The text is perceived mainly from the particular to the general, and is created from the general to the particular.

The structure of a scientific style text is usually multidimensional and multi-level. However, this does not mean that all texts have the same degree of structural complexity. For example, they may be completely different in purely physical design. To understand what we are talking about, just compare scientific monograph, article and abstracts. It should be borne in mind that the degree of complexity here is not absolute, since the same theses are difficult to write without writing at least a rough draft, an article, and without examining it critically.

Each genre of scientific style has its own characteristics and personality traits, but due to the fact that it is difficult to describe the specific features of all genres and types of scientific style in one textbook, we will focus our attention on the genre of scientific theses, which is one of the most generally relevant genres of the language of science.

Theses can be written by a person for himself - in this case they are not the object of this consideration, because strict requirements of genre and style are not imposed on them. The subject of our interest is abstracts created for publication. It is they who must meet certain regulatory requirements, first of all, the requirement of substantive compliance with the topic declared in advance as a problem. No less important is the factor of scientific and informational valence, substantive relevance and value of information left within the framework of the declared problematic topic. Theses are one of the most stable and normative genres of a speech work, therefore, violations of genre certainty, normativity, purity, and genre mixtures are assessed in it as gross violations of not only stylistic, but communicative norms in general. Among typical violations, such as, for example, the replacement of abstracts with the text of a message, summary, abstract, annotation, prospectus, plan, etc., the most unpleasant impression is made by mixing forms of different genres. This confusion demonstrates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture and casts doubt on his scientific data in general.

Theses also have a strictly normative content and compositional structure. It highlights: 1) preamble; 2) the main thesis statement; 3) final thesis. A clear logical division of the thesis content is emphasized by headings, and in some cases, by highlighting paragraphs under one heading.

Theses also have their own strict standards recitative design, characteristic of the scientific style in general, but in this particular case they act even more harshly.

According to A. N. Vasilyeva, general norm Every scientific style “is a high saturation of the statement with subject-logical content.” This norm is implemented in the thesis work “in optimally overcoming the contradiction between content concentration and communicative accessibility” [ibid.]. It should be emphasized that in theses this contradiction is especially difficult to resolve due to the extreme concentration of subject-logical content.

Thesis works are subject to requirements of stylistic purity and uniformity of speech manner. Emotionally expressive definitions, metaphors, inversions and other other stylistic inclusions are absolutely unacceptable here. Theses have the nature of a modal affirmative judgment or conclusion, and not the nature of a specific factual statement, therefore, here it is necessary to especially carefully monitor compliance with a certain speech form.

Thus, using the example of one of the specific genres of scientific style, we were convinced of the rigid action in this functional area of the language of some stylistic norms, violation of which raises doubts in the scientific and speech culture of the author. To avoid this, when creating works of a scientific style, it is necessary to strictly follow all the above-mentioned basic requirements of the genre.

Control questions

1. What common features What is the difference between scientific style?

2. What main scientific genres do you know?

3. Name the main style-forming factors operating in the scientific style.

4. Give a functional-style classification of scientific style.

5. What are characteristics thesis work?

6. Using the texts of the reader, name the characteristic features of the monograph and article.

The systematicity of the main functional style consists of general linguistic (neutral) elements, linguistic-listical elements (stylistically colored linguistic units outside the context) and recitalistic elements, which in a certain context (situation) acquire stylistic qualities and/or participate in the creation of the stylistic quality of the context, the text. Each main style has its own principles for selecting these elements and their relationship.

The scientific style is distinguished by a number of common features due to the peculiarities of scientific thinking, including abstraction and strict logic of presentation. It also has some of the particular features mentioned above.

However, the goals (and especially their ratio) can be adjusted to a greater or lesser extent during the process of creating the text. For example, at first a dissertation may be conceived as a purely theoretical study, but in the process of work (writing) prospects for the practical application of the theory will open up, and the work will acquire a pronounced practical orientation. The opposite situation is also possible.

The goals are specified in the objectives of this text. The goals and situation determine the selection of material that is used throughout the creation of the text. However, at the beginning this process is quantitative in nature, and towards the end it is qualitative.

The recipients of works of scientific style are mainly specialists - readers prepared to perceive scientific information.

In terms of genre, the scientific style is quite diverse. Here you can highlight: article, monograph, textbook, review, review, annotation, scientific commentary on the text, lecture, report on special topics, theses, etc.

Each of these genre subsystems assumes its own correlation of elements of the scientific and other styles itself and its own principles of organizing a speech work. According to A. N. Vasilyeva, “the model of this organization is formed in the speech consciousness (subconscious) of a person in the process of speech practice, and also often special training.” Such learning is greatly facilitated by educational and scientific literature, which, while presenting in an accessible form the foundations of a particular science, has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other types of scientific literature (problem articles, private monographs, journal collections). Its main features are: subject-logical consistency and gradually unfolding manner of presentation; “compressed completeness”, which is expressed in the fact that, on the one hand, only part of the accumulated information about the subject of a given science is presented, and on the other hand, this part is basic, and in it the subject of presentation is characterized evenly and comprehensively.

In the scientific style, as in every functional style, there are certain rules of text composition. The text is perceived mainly from the particular to the general, and is created from the general to the particular.

The structure of a scientific style text is usually multidimensional and multi-level. However, this does not mean that all texts have the same degree of structural complexity. For example, they may be completely different in purely physical design. To understand what we are talking about, it is enough to compare the scientific monograph, article and theses. It should be borne in mind that the degree of complexity here is not absolute, since the same theses are difficult to write without writing at least a rough draft of the article and examining it critically.

Each of the genres of scientific style has its own characteristics and individual features, but due to the fact that it is difficult to describe the specific features of all genres and types of scientific style in one textbook, we will focus on the genre of scientific theses, which is one of the most generally relevant genres of the language of science.

Abstracts can be written by a person for himself - in this case they are not the object of this consideration, because strict requirements of genre and style are not imposed on them. The subject of our interest is abstracts created for publication. It is they who must meet certain regulatory requirements, first of all, the requirement of substantive compliance with the topic declared in advance as a problem. No less important is the factor of scientific-informational valence, substantive relevance and value of information left within the framework of the declared problematic topic.

Theses are one of the most stable and normative genres of a speech work, therefore, violations of genre certainty, normativity, purity, and genre mixtures are assessed in it as gross violations of not only stylistic, but communicative norms in general. Among typical violations, such as, for example, the replacement of abstracts with the text of a message, summary, abstract, annotation, prospectus, plan, etc., the most unpleasant impression is made by mixing forms of different genres. This confusion demonstrates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture and casts doubt on his scientific data in general.

Theses also have their own strict norms of linguistic design, characteristic of the scientific style in general, but in this particular case they are even more strict.

According to A. N. Vasilyeva, the general norm of any scientific style “is the high saturation of the statement with subject-logical content.” This norm is implemented in the thesis work “in optimally overcoming the contradiction between content concentration and communicative accessibility” [ibid.]. It should be emphasized that in theses this contradiction is especially difficult to resolve due to the extreme concentration of subject-logical content.

Thus, using the example of one of the specific genres of scientific style, we were convinced of the rigid action in this functional area of the language of certain stylistic norms, the violation of which raises doubts in the scientific speech culture of the author. To avoid this, when creating works of a scientific style, it is necessary to strictly follow all the above-mentioned basic requirements of the genre.

Control questions

What common features distinguish scientific style?

What main scientific genres do you know?

Name the main style-forming factors that operate in the scientific style.

Give a functional-style classification of scientific style.

What are the characteristic features of a thesis work?

Using the texts of the anthology, name the characteristic features of the monograph and article.

§24. Style and genre features of the scientific style

Each functional style has its own objective style-forming factors. They can be depicted schematically as follows.

theoretical research, and in the process of work (writing) prospects for the practical application of the theory will open, and the work acquires a pronounced practical orientation. The opposite situation is also possible.

The recipients of works of scientific style are mainly specialists - readers prepared to perceive scientific information.

The functional-style classification of the scientific style of speech can be presented as follows.

Each of these genre subsystems assumes its own correlation of elements of the scientific and other styles proper and its own

principles of organization of a speech work. According to A.N. Vasilyeva, “the model of this organization is formed in the speech consciousness (subconscious) of a person in the process of speech practice, as well as often special training.” Such learning is greatly facilitated by educational and scientific literature, which, while presenting in an accessible form the foundations of a particular science, has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other types of scientific literature (problem articles, private monographs, journal collections). Its main features are: subject-logical consistency and gradually unfolding manner of presentation; “compressed completeness”, which is expressed in the fact that, on the one hand, only part of the accumulated information about the subject of a given science is presented, and on the other hand, this part is basic, and in it the subject of presentation is characterized evenly and comprehensively.

The structure of a scientific style text is usually multidimensional and multi-level. However, this does not mean that all texts have same degree structural complexity. For example, they may be completely different in purely physical design. To understand what we are talking about, it is enough to compare the scientific monograph, article and theses. It should be borne in mind that the degree of complexity here is not absolute, since the same theses are difficult to write without writing at least a rough draft of the article and examining it critically.

Each of the genres of scientific style has its own characteristics and individual features, but due to the fact that in one textbook It is difficult to describe the specific features of all genres and types of scientific style; we will focus on the genre scientific theses, which is one of the most generally relevant genres of the language of science.

The impression is made by the mixture of forms of different genres. This confusion demonstrates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture and casts doubt on his scientific data in general.

Theses also have their own strict norms of linguistic design, characteristic of the scientific style as a whole, but in this specific case acting even more harshly.

According to A.N. Vasilyeva, the general norm of any scientific style “is the high saturation of the statement with subject-logical content.” This norm is implemented in the thesis work “in optimally overcoming the contradiction between content concentration and communicative accessibility” [ibid.]. It should be emphasized that in theses this contradiction is especially difficult to resolve due to the extreme concentration of subject-logical content.

Control questions

What common features distinguish scientific style?
What main scientific genres do you know?
Name the main style-forming factors that operate in the scientific style.
Give a functional-style classification of scientific style.
What are the characteristic features of a thesis work?
Using the texts of the anthology, name the characteristic features of the monograph and article.

Ufa 2012

1. History of the issue.............................................. ..................................... 3

2. The concept of functional style.................................................... .............5

3. Functional and stylistic characteristics of the scientific style..................... 7

4.Structure of the scientific style text. General standards...................................9
5. Main features of the scientific style................................................... ..............13

6. Vocabulary of scientific style.................................................... ...........................16

7. Conclusion................................................... ..............................................20

8. Bibliography................................................... ........................................22

Stylistic and genre features of scientific style

History of the issue. Scientific speech as a functional style - appeared relatively recently. Even in the most developed languages, to which Russian also belongs, its formation has not yet been completed. Development scientific speech as a functional style is connected, on the one hand, with a certain level of development and accumulation of knowledge in society, on the other, with the level of development of the national language. In ancient times, during childhood, science existed as “philosophy.” The knowledge she had accumulated was still so small in volume and so elementary and syncretic that the knowledge of a scientist did not significantly exceed the collective experience of the “non-scientific” part of society; science had not yet become a professional work (it often approached intellectual entertainment); she did not yet feel the need for special -subject differentiation. “Philosophy” was almost never separated from art (literature) and journalism ( oratory) and used, like them, mainly the means of that common speech, which later developed into a colloquial style. For example, many of Plato’s works are written in the form of a conversation, a casual dialogue between wise men. Plutarch's works are written in the form of narratives, where they are historically authentically combined with mythology, legends and supplemented by the personal opinions of the author.

In the Middle Ages, science was closely connected with religion, theology and stylistically was largely subordinated to the style of church books and sermons. Scientific treatises were often written in foreign, “book” languages - Greek, Latin, Arabic, and the reasons for this are connected not only with politics and historical traditions, but also with the fact that in the conditions of dialectal fragmentation of not yet established national languages, these “alien” were supra-dialectal, and with the fact that they gave science speech forms that were not burdened as forms native language, loaded with disorienting concrete everyday meanings.

During the Renaissance, the progress of science leads to significant differentiation of its fields, to the active formation special terminologies, but European scientists still very often use not their native languages, but Latin or Greek - this largely explains the activity of Greekisms and Latinisms in modern science, where they already act as internationalisms. Stylistically, science is still very close to fiction and oratorical literature: scientific works are often written in verse and are replete with figurative descriptions, metaphors, and various rhetorical figures.

In the Age of Enlightenment, the language of science noticeably departs from artistic (literary) speech, but is still very close to oratory, which is due to the very nature of the Enlightenment. Science is moving to domestic languages, in which rapid processes of formation of special terminologies are observed. The accumulated knowledge no longer fits into the framework of an ancient foreign language; popularization requires democratization linguistic form, and the emerging unified national languages open up possibilities for stylistic differentiation within the language that did not exist before. Namely, the activities of M.V. Lomonosov, the founder of the national scientific style of speech, date back to this period in the Russian language. "The comprehensive significance of the Russian language, extensive information in the exact sciences, excellent acquaintance with Latin, Greek and Western European languages, literary talent and natural genius allowed Lomonosov to lay the correct foundations of Russian technical and scientific terminology... He laid the foundation for our exact scientific language, without which now no one can The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with evolution various areas scientific knowledge, diverse spheres of human activity. At first, style scientific presentation was close to style artistic storytelling. So, scientific works Pythagoras, Plato and Lucretius were distinguished by their special, emotional perception of phenomena. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic one occurred in the Alexandrian period, when Greek, which spread its influence over the entire then cultural world, stable scientific terminology began to be created. Subsequently, it was replenished by Latin, which became an international scientific language European Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scientists strived for conciseness and precision scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. It is known that the too “artistic” nature of Galileo’s presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo’s scientific proofs was excessively “fictionalized.” Subsequently, Newton's strictly logical presentation became a model of scientific language.

In Russia scientific language and the style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of a scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century.(1)

Each functional style has its own objective style-forming factors. They can be depicted schematically as follows.

Functional style	Style-forming factor
dominant language function	form of social consciousness	basic form of speech	typical type of speech	predominant mode of communication	tone of speech
scientific	informative	the science	written	monologue	mass non-contact and indirect-contact	neutral
official business	informative	legal consciousness	written	monologue	mass non-contact and contact	neutral, stating, imperative
journalistic	informative and impact function	ideology and politics	written and oral	monologue	mass, contact and indirect contact	due to aesthetic purpose
colloquial	exchange of views	ordinary consciousness	oral	dialogue, polylogue	personal, contact	situationally determined

The recipients of works of scientific style are mainly specialists - readers prepared to perceive scientific information.

The functional-style classification of the scientific style of speech can be presented as follows.

Each of these genre subsystems assumes its own correlation of elements of the scientific and other styles itself and its own principles of organizing a speech work. According to A. N. Vasilyeva, “the model of this organization is formed in the speech consciousness (subconscious) of a person in the process of speech practice, and also often special training.” Such learning is greatly facilitated by educational and scientific literature, which, while presenting in an accessible form the foundations of a particular science, has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other types of scientific literature (problem articles, private monographs, journal collections). Its main features are: subject-logical consistency and gradually unfolding manner of presentation; “compressed completeness”, which is expressed in the fact that, on the one hand, only part of the accumulated information about the subject of a given science is presented, and on the other hand, this part is basic, and in it the subject of presentation is characterized evenly and comprehensively.

The structure of a scientific style text is usually multidimensional and multi-level. However, this does not mean that all texts have the same degree of structural complexity. For example, they may be completely different in purely physical design. To understand what we are talking about, it is enough to compare the scientific monograph, article and theses. It should be borne in mind that the degree of complexity here is not absolute, since the same theses are difficult to write without writing at least a rough draft, an article, and without examining it critically.

Each of the genres of scientific style has its own characteristics and individual features, but due to the fact that it is difficult to describe the specific features of all genres and types of scientific style in one textbook, we will focus our attention on the genre of scientific theses, which is one of the most generally relevant genres of the language of science.

Theses can be written by a person for himself - in this case they are not the object of this consideration, because strict requirements of genre and style are not imposed on them. The subject of our interest is abstracts created for publication. It is they who must meet certain regulatory requirements, first of all, the requirement of substantive compliance with the topic declared in advance as a problem. No less important is the factor of scientific-informational valence, substantive relevance and value of information left within the framework of the declared problematic topic. Theses are one of the most stable and normative genres of a speech work, therefore, violations of genre certainty, normativity, purity, and genre mixtures are assessed in it as gross violations of not only stylistic, but communicative norms in general. Among typical violations, such as, for example, the replacement of abstracts with the text of a message, summary, abstract, annotation, prospectus, plan, etc., the most unpleasant impression is made by mixing forms of different genres. This confusion demonstrates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture and casts doubt on his scientific data in general.

Theses also have their own strict norms of linguistic design, characteristic of the scientific style in general, but in this particular case they are even more strict.

Control questions

1. What common features distinguish the scientific style?

2. What main scientific genres do you know?

3. Name the main style-forming factors operating in the scientific style.

4. Give a functional-style classification of scientific style.

5. What are the characteristic features of a thesis work?

6. Using the texts of the reader, name the characteristic features of the monograph and article.

Norm in terminology

Terms are the semantic core of a special language and convey basic content information. IN modern world As a result of the growth of scientific and technical knowledge, over 90% of new words appearing in languages are special words. The need for terms is much greater than for commonly used words. The growth in the number of terms in some sciences outpaces the growth in the number common words language, and in some sciences the number of terms exceeds the number of non-special words. The rapid formation of new disciplines (on average, their number doubles every 25 years) entails their need for their own terminology, which leads to the spontaneous emergence of terminologies. In the conditions of the “terminological flood”, specialists face a serious problem of organizing the entire array of terminology. And in this case, the following comes to the fore important aspect, as normativity. Terminology, occupying special languages central place, has a certain independence of formation and development. This inevitably implies some independence of the linguistic criterion for evaluating a term, and in particular, its normative evaluation.

Linguistic normativity in general view– this is the correctness of the formation and use of the term. The processes of term formation and term use are not spontaneous, but conscious processes controlled by linguists and terminologists. The norm in terminology should not contradict, but correspond to the norms of the general literary language; at the same time, there are special requirements that apply to the term. This question has long tradition. Regulatory requirements for the term were first formulated by the founder of the Russian terminological school D. S. Lotte. This is the systematic nature of terminology, the independence of the term from the context, the brevity of the term, its absolute and relative unambiguity, simplicity and clarity, the degree of implementation of the term. Subsequently, these requirements formed the basis for methodological work on terminology in the Committee of Scientific and Technical Terminology of the Academy of Sciences and were brought together in the “Brief Methodological Guide for the Development and Organization of Scientific and Technical Terminology.” Let's take a closer look at each of these requirements.

1. The requirement of fixed content (one sign corresponds to one concept) contains the provision that the term must have limited, clearly fixed content within a certain terminological system in a specific period of development of a given field of knowledge (the last clarification seems important, since with the deepening of knowledge the content concepts can develop and over time the same term can acquire a different meaning). Ordinary words clarify their meaning, acquire different semantic shades in a phraseological context, in combination with other words. Contextual mobility of meaning for a term is completely unacceptable. It must be emphasized that this contains logical requirement to a term – the constancy of its meaning within a certain term system.

2. The next requirement is the accuracy of the term. Precision usually means clarity, limited meaning. This clarity is due to the fact that a special concept, as a rule, has precise boundaries, usually established using a definition - the definition of the term. From the point of view of reflecting the content of a concept, the accuracy of a term means that its definition contains necessary and sufficient features of the designated concept. The term must also (directly or indirectly) reflect features by which one concept can be distinguished from another. The terms have to varying degrees accuracy. The most accurate (or correctly orienting) seem to be motivated terms, in the structure of which the content of the concept or its meaning is especially clearly conveyed. features, for example: the sensitive surface of a semiconductor detector of ionizing radiation, the continuity of the outer zone of the diffusion layer. The meaning of a set of unmotivated terms is not derived from the meaning of the term elements included in them (dovetail connection). This also includes falsely motivated terms such as atom or family terms (eponymous terms). The latter have something positive quality, which do not cause any associations. But there is also negative aspect: in most cases, family terms do not evoke ideas and do not reflect connections this concept with others (Chebyshev polynomials, Fedorov keratoprosthesis), so mastering them is extremely difficult.

3. The requirement for the term to be unambiguous. The term should not be ambiguous. Particularly inconvenient in in this case categorical ambiguity, when within the same terminological system the same form is used to denote an operation and its result: cladding (structure) and cladding (operation), waterproofing (work and design); processes and phenomena: collapse (in geology), karst (ibid.); object and its description: grammar (the structure of language) and grammar (the science that describes this structure). By arranging the terminology, i.e., fixing the meaning of each term of a given system of concepts, the unambiguity of the term is established.

4. The term should not have synonyms. Synonyms in terminology have a different nature and perform different functions than in the general literary language. In terminology, synonymy is usually understood as the phenomenon of doublet (ophthalmologist - ophthalmologist, Bremsberg - descent, genitive - genitive case). Between doublets there are no relations that organize a synonymous series, there are no emotionally expressive, stylistic or shading oppositions. They are identical to each other, each of them relates directly to the signified. And if in a general literary language the existence of synonyms is justified by the fact that the use of one or another of them affects the content of speech, or changes the stylistic coloring, or gives it an individual shade, then doublets are not common language, nor in the language of science do they possess these properties and represent an undesirable and even harmful phenomenon. Synonymy (duplicate) is especially characteristic of the initial stages of the formation of terminologies, when the natural (and conscious) selection of the best term has not yet occurred and there are several options for the same concept. The very concept of synonymy in terminology cannot yet be considered generally accepted. Let's consider this phenomenon in more detail: a) Synonyms that have exactly the same meaning (absolute synonyms, or doublets, such as linguistics - linguistics - linguistics) are widespread. The assessment of the existence of these doublets is determined in each specific case by the operating conditions of the terminological system. In particular, the parallel use of an original and a borrowed term may be allowed if one of them is not capable of forming derivative forms. It's about about the derivational ability of the term, for example: compression - compression (if it is impossible to form an adjective from the term pressure), friction - frictional (friction), consonant - but: consonantal letter. There is a stylistic synonymy of the terms (epilepsy - epilepsy, quicklime - boiling lime). In this case, one of the doublets belongs to conversational style or jargon, and there is simply no question of eliminating it. The presence of modern and outdated terms may be noted: anti-collapse gallery - half-tunnel, pilot - aviator, flyer. These synonyms can be used in works of different genres (for example, in fiction). b) Partially matching synonyms, variants. There are a huge number of partial synonyms: instruction - explanation - guidance - instruction - instruction - reminder, spring - spring, shelter - shelter. The use of such synonyms can lead to mutual misunderstanding among specialists, and it is desirable to eliminate them when streamlining terminology. c) As for short forms terms, then the existence of phonetic, graphic, morphological, word-formation, syntactic and other variants of terms leads to fluctuations in their spelling and gives rise to the requirement of invariance of terms - the immutability of their form. Compare: lymphangitis - lymphangitis - lymphangitis (in medicine), graffito - grafitto - sgraffito (in architecture), floppy disk - floppy disk (in computer science). This makes it difficult for specialists to communicate, and often the formal difference leads to semantic differentiation, for example: forester - forester.

5. The term must be systematic. The systematicity of terminology is based on the classification of concepts, based on which the necessary and sufficient features included in the term are identified, after which words and their parts (term elements) are selected to form the term. Closely related to the systematicity of a term is its motivation, i.e., semantic transparency, which allows one to form an idea of the concept called by the term. Systematicity makes it possible to reflect in the structure of a term its specific place in a given terminological system, the connection of the named concept with others, its attribution to a certain logical category of concepts. For example, in the classic example of D. S. Lotte: an electron tube and its types - diode, triode, tetrode, pentode - the most important thing is the commonality of the characteristics of concepts (here - the number of electrodes in the lamp: two, three, four, five) of the same classification level and connection with a term meaning a generic concept. Systematicity also requires uniformity of term elements for terms of the same type, for example, the same suffix -an is used in the names of fatty hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane, etc., the word-forming element -on (-ron, -lon) is used in the names of new fibers and fabrics: nylon, nylon, silon, orlon, perlon, dederon, grilon, dacron, velon, nitron, fluorlon, etc. If the characteristics are similar, the term elements are also similar: sulfuric, sulphurous, serous.

Thus, the characteristics that form the basis for the construction of terms reflecting specific concepts, i.e., concepts at the same classification level, must be the same. However, there are often distortions in terminology this principle. For example, in the terms steam locomotive and diesel locomotive, the place of these concepts in the classification is not taken into account. A steam locomotive and a diesel locomotive are subordinate concepts, being on the same level, while the term reflects the signs of steam and heat, which are in a relationship of subordination (and not subordination!). Systematicity is also violated in the case when the basis of the terms for species concepts there are signs various kinds, not classified according to classification: for example, butt welding (the main feature is the machine on which this welding is performed), roller welding (one of the parts of this machine is a roller) and spot welding (the process itself is chosen as the feature). In this case, the terms do not reflect the classification relationship between concepts, whereas in reality this connection exists. The terms welding torch and cutting torch are satisfactory in terms of systematicity, but in practice they are replaced by less systematic, but short terms: burner and cutter. Brevity is key here.

How more concepts covered by this classification series, so higher value acquire the systematizing properties of the term. When a limited number of metals existed, a significant number of their non-systemic names were common: iron, silver, copper. The task of replacing these names that have existed for centuries is not set, but the logical consistency in this terminology system is now fully observed. Newly discovered metals have names that have linguistic systematicity: neptunium, plutonium, curium, beryllium, etc.

Thus, any terms that are based on features that are in any other relationship with each other than the relations of the features of the concepts corresponding to these terms may turn out to be unsystematic. Therefore, the actual logical relations between concepts cannot be judged on the basis of the literal meaning of the terms, this can only be done on the basis of their definitions.

6. Brevity of the term. The term should be short. Here we can note the contradiction between the desire for accuracy of the terminology system and the brevity of terms. For modern era Particularly characteristic is the formation of extended terms in which they strive to convey larger number characteristics of the concepts they denote. There is a tendency to complicate the structure of terms and phrases; long, cumbersome names appear, approaching descriptive terms. The need for complex constructions is explained by the fact that a larger number of features are conveyed by means of an expanded phrase special concept and thereby the degree of semantic motivation of the term increases, which is very important for it. In addition, in expanded terms it is possible to combine a detailed concept with such a terminated designation of parts that would make this designation understandable out of context, that is, it would be unambiguous. But the downside of such unambiguity is the cumbersomeness of the text: the equipment of the cargo cabin of a transport aircraft for parachute landing of personnel; synchronous operating mode of the control device of switching communication technology with program control. Practice is faced with the need to look for an abbreviated version of a long, inconvenient name, which corresponds to the law of economy linguistic means. And in this case, the question of which phrase can be considered a short version (according to other sources - a form) of the term is of fundamental importance. The short version is a shortened, but functionally equivalent, secondary sign of the terminable concept. It is always derived from the semantic and symbolic structure of the main term. The short version cannot be arbitrary, free; it must retain the necessary systematizing features that are contained in the full term. The most common three linguistic ways formation of short versions:

1) Lexical reduction, which is carried out either by omitting a word in the phrase (electrovacuum zener diode - zener diode, magnetic variometer - variometer), or by replacing the phrase with one word (emitter region - emitter, steam field - steam).

2) Reduction by means of word formation. Abbreviations different types: electron beam device - ELP, phased array beam control system - SUL, digital data transmission equipment - digital ADF, microphone-telephone device - UMT, vacuum sealed magnetically controlled contact - vacuum reed switch; homogeneous junction - homojunction, current-carrying wire of an electric machine brush - current conductor; terms created using different word-formation methods: affixation, compounding (basis), substantivization, for example: air intake device - air receiver, aircraft cabin irrigation device - sprinkler, absorption column - absorber; rheo-plethysmovasograph – rheoplethysmograph – rheograph; molding shop - molding.

3) Reduction by means of symbolism (a typical phenomenon in terminology, inherent exclusively to it): hole region - p-region, region of intrinsic electrical conductivity - g-region, electron-electronic transition - PP + transition.

In the works recent years highlight pragmatic requirements determined by the specifics of the functioning of the term, among which the following can be named: embeddedness, modernity, internationality and euphony of the term.

The introduction of a term is characterized by its generally accepted or common use. This quality plays an important role, since a firmly rooted term, even if falsely motivated, is very difficult to replace. As a result of gradual practical activity, the incorrect term may be replaced by a new one. Thus, in scientific texts the term lightning rod replaced the falsely motivated term lightning rod. In some cases, a falsely motivated, but deeply rooted term is retained, for example, to denote the concept of a concrete structure with steel reinforcement, the term reinforced concrete is used (iron is also sometimes used as reinforcement). Therefore, attempts are being made to introduce the correctly orienting term steel concrete. Or another example: the word schov, which in common literary language has lexical meaning“tight connection”, in construction is sometimes used in the opposite meaning of “cut, gap”, and at the same time in direct meaning"concrete seam"

The modernity of the term is realized by displacing obsolete terms from use and replacing them with new ones, for example, the term concrete mixer for a concrete mixer, the term cattleman for an animal fattening operator.

The needs of international communication of specialists in connection with the growing trend towards the internationalization of scientific research, increasing exchange of scientific and technical information are reflected in the growth of the prestige of internationality, or the similarity in form and coincidence in content of terms used in several national languages. This trend reflects the need to reconcile the requirement of scientific accuracy, on the one hand, and practical brevity- with another.

The good sonority of the term has two aspects: ease of pronunciation and euphony itself. In addition, the term should not cause negative associations outside of highly specialized use, which is clearly seen from the comparison of the following pairs of terms: soldering - soldering, sexual work - floor installation work, degassing - degassing, lice - pediculosis, pig's erysipelas - erysipeloid. In addition, the specificity of some areas of knowledge imposes Additional requirements to terms, for example, the desire not to injure the patients present leads to the deliberate inaccessibility of medical terminology and the replacement of terms such as cancer with others, such as neoplasm.

All these normative requirements imply an “ideal” term and, of course, are difficult to implement in practice. With standardization, the normative requirements are softened. Thus, unambiguity, brevity and compliance with the norms and rules of the Russian language are put forward as mandatory properties of the term. The remaining requirements for the scientific and technical term are proposed to be considered optional.

Control questions

1. What caused it constant growth number of terms and why does their number outstrip the number of commonly used words?

2. List the basic requirements that the term must meet.

3. What are the features of synonymy in terminology compared to synonymy in a common literary language?

4. Why is the percentage high in terminology? foreign words?

§ 26. Professional version of the norm

Focus on the patterns of formation and use of words in a common literary language as a whole does not mean the absence of independent trends in the field of term formation and term use. Terms are formed according to the laws and methods of word formation of the literary language and in accordance with the word-formation types available in it. But the terminology here has more independence than others language levels. Terminological innovations are manifested in some expansion of the word-formation base for the formation of terms, in more widespread use international elements. We can distinguish, for example, language levels where certain deviations from the norm are allowed, but subject to the general principles and patterns inherent in the language. In this case, the terminology itself is able to influence the development of the norms of the general literary language. This is most characteristic of terminological word formation. Here sometimes we can even talk about a specifically terminological norm, while spelling, orthoepic, accentuation and grammatical norms are basically general literary norms. The emergence of independent trends in term formation, inherent only in terminology, led to the emergence of such a concept as a professional version of the norm.

In the professional version of the norm, it is necessary to take into account both what is common to the language of science (professional languages) and the general literary language, and what is special that exists in professional languages, but is absent in the general literary language. The professional version of the norm is by no means opposed to the norms of the general literary language, but in order to determine its linguistic status, it is necessary to identify the conditions under which its formation is possible. The need for a professional version of the norm arises mainly in two typical cases: 1) when there are variant means of expressing the same concept or reality; 2) when new means of expressing concepts or realities appear, typical for the language of professional spheres of use, but absent in the general literary language.

In the first case, variant forms of expression of concepts diverge in different spheres of use: general literary and professional. For example, plural forms. number of nouns male na -a (accented) is very often unusual for the ear and eye of non-specialists. Compare, for example: workshop, bunker, stopper, color scheme, compass, jupiter (lighting fixtures), profile (vertical sections, sections), dough, cake, cupcake (in the speech of culinary specialists), velvet (in the speech of textile workers), drive (in equipment), torches (for oil workers), etc. The question arises as to whether these options can be considered acceptable within normal limits or whether they are erroneous and the attention of specialists needs to be drawn to this. In this case, the listed options may well be classified as an oral version of the professional version of the norm. It is significant that in modern standard reference dictionaries the forms of navigator, skipper, turner, painter and the like are qualified as facts of terminological speech or professional vernacular, and not at all as deviations from the norm. This position is confirmed by the official codification of such forms in maritime terminology, where many of them were legalized by a special circular: boats (do not write boats), cruisers (do not write cruisers), pilot (do not write pilots), midshipman (do not write midshipmen). The professional version of the norm also includes accentological variants of words: mining, mine (among miners and miners); compass (for sailors); spinner and winder (in weaving); gear and spark (in engineering); agony, epilepsy, stroke (in medicine), etc. We can continue the list of typical variants of professional norms for terminological usage. For example, grammatical variants: component - component, spasm - spasm, etc. The use of feminine forms can be considered acceptable within normal limits.

When determining the professional version of the norm, it is important to avoid the impression that any professional deviation from the rules of the literary language can be classified as acceptable in special areas and is qualified as a professional option. Sometimes there is a direct error or deviation from the norm in terminological stress, word formation or word usage. For example, those standing outside both the professional variant of the norm and literary norm in general, accents such as: convocation, call, invention, petition, strengthening, concentration, etc.

Some forms, being implemented exclusively in the oral speech of professionals, in an informal setting are qualified by specialists as professionalism: typo - blunder, synchrophasotron - pan, interior work zero cycle - zero, zero. A variety of professionalisms are professional jargon: interior design - in construction: internal sanitary systems; flooding of the lung - in medicine: pulmonary edema with obstructive atelectasis; playing accordion is a type of dry wheezing in bronchial asthma. And if some of the professionalisms may well have a normative nature, then the conventions of professional jargon are clearly felt by the speakers.

Within the normal range of terminology there are a number of forms that are not characteristic of the general literary language. For example, the use of tautological phrases such as one-to-one (correlation), electronic-electronic (transition), channel-channel adapter is not a violation of word usage in the language of science, but is quite justified, since it is a technique necessary to reflect the corresponding concept. IN professional use The presence of real nouns in the plural is also allowed. number, when it is necessary to enter a designation, for example, varieties, grades of a substance: feed, marbles, sugars, alcohols, resins, tea, tobacco. Can be used in plural. including some abstract nouns: harmfulness, sonority, heterogeneity, luminosity.

Let us give examples of specifically terminological word-formation elements: a) nouns with zero suffix: compression, firing, cutting, run-out, chatter, overload, melt, entrainment, etc.; b) the use of the suffix -ist(y) is typical in an additional quantitative meaning that is unusual for a common literary language: “possessing big amount what is called the producing basis” (wooded, rocky), but, on the contrary, in the meaning: “containing a certain impurity in small quantities” (sandy-silty clay, hypochlorous); c) the group of nouns starting from the bases of relative (not qualitative!) adjectives is actively replenished. In this case, a change in the nature of the basis entails a change derivative word, and the meaning of the name on -ostp becomes a quantitative characteristic: lakeness, water content, page-ness, exemplaryness.

In addition to the emergence of a professional version of the norm at the intersection of terminology and the common literary language, the need for such a variant appears when implementing special semantic nominations that are not characteristic of the common literary language. These phenomena are assessed from the standpoint of professional expediency, and not from the standpoint of a strict general literary norm. For example, in the general literary language there are no such polybasic formations as vector-electrocardioscope, ultrasonotachocardioscope, antibiotic resistance, etc., but in terminology they are optimal. Within the same category there are special nominations involving various kinds of symbols, abbreviation names of a combined type: P-mesons, - shaped, ventilator (ventilator), M-type device (magnetron-type device), etc.

Thus, in terminology many potential possibilities of the language are realized that do not find an outlet in general literary word formation. Since terminology is an area that is at the forefront of science and is directly influenced by extralinguistic factors, i.e., the need for new terms to denote new phenomena in science and technology, it intensively uses all methods of word formation of the general literary language and all actual terminological word-formation models that do not exist in the common language.

Control questions

1. In what area of grammar are the specific features of terminological innovations particularly strong, distinguishing terminology from the general literary language? Give examples.

2. When does the need for a professional version of the norm arise?

3. What are professionalisms and how do they differ from professional jargon?