What does it mean - speak a foreign language? Each person has their own idea about this: some are content with a level that allows them to travel around Europe without hindrance, while for others it is not enough to read Shakespeare in the original. Subjective criteria in this matter vary greatly - from knowledge of the necessary phrases to an intuitive sense of the language (which is sometimes lacking even for those who have spoken it since childhood). However, we learn a foreign language for a certain purpose - moving to another country, studying at a foreign university, the need to speak English for work.
Needless to say, “just like that”, the language itself will never be learned. Accordingly, no one can do without external criteria, that is, those parameters by which language knowledge will be tested in practice. Therefore, below we will look at the gradation of proficiency levels in the most common foreign language - English - according to the CEFR scale developed by the Council of Europe, compare it with the results of popular exams (IELTS / TOEFL / Cambridge / PTE) and give some tips for gradually mastering the language from elementary to higher levels.
Comparison table of levels and exam scores
How can you find out your level yourself?
Today's level of proficiency English language can be determined without even leaving home, thanks to numerous online tests. Below is a selection of several such tests. It should be borne in mind that such tests will not allow an absolutely accurate reflection of the level of language proficiency, since the resources on which they are located are most often associated with language schools that have paid or offline resources for accurate assessment level. Therefore, even after receiving a result on the CEFR scale, you should take into account the possible errors of online tests. In addition, some tests, due to their content, cannot objectively assess knowledge of the language at an advanced level (C1–C2).Some of the tests below require registration before testing, but there are many tests on the Internet that allow you to get the result only after registering on the site or contacting the language school, which is very annoying and leads to additional time expenditure, so such tests are included in the tables not taken into account.
Complex tests
Tests of this kind include tasks in various areas of language knowledge: listening (listening), text comprehension (reading), grammar (grammar) and knowledge of the dictionary (vocabulary). Comprehensive online tests do not include only one important parameter - speaking. Such tests can be considered the most objective.| Resource | Questions | Time | Level | Answers | Grade | Timer | Registration | Listening | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 42 | 50 min | A2–C2 | 4-5 var. | 9.7 | + | + | + | + | |
| 50 | 20 minutes. | B1–C2 | 5 var. | 7.4 | - | + | + | + | |
| 50 | 20 minutes. | A2–C1 | 3–4 var. | 7.4 | - | + | + | + | |
| 140 | 70 min. | A1–C1 | 4 var. | 7.2 | - | - | + | + | |
| 30 | 20 minutes. | A2–C1 | 4 var. | 7.0 | - | - | + | - | |
| 40 | 15 minutes. | A1–B2 | 4 var. | 7.0 | - | + | + | - | |
| 50 | 20 minutes. | A2–C1 | 4 var. | 6.8 | - | - | - | + | |
| 20 | 15 minutes. | A2–C2 | 4 var. | 6.5 | + | - | + | - | |
| 60 | 30 min. | A2–C1 | 4 var. | 6.5 | + | + | - | + | |
| 40 | 15 minutes. | A1–B2 | 3–4 var. | 6.2 | - | - | + | + |
Vocabulary and grammar tests
A good option for those who want to quickly determine their approximate level of language proficiency. Your level of knowledge of grammar will allow you to quickly navigate your level, because good knowledge in this area they form an important “skeleton” on which other language knowledge can be successfully built up.| Resource | Time | Questions | Level | Answers | Grammar | Verbs | Dictionary | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 35 min. | 83 | A2–C2 | 6 var. | 9 | 8 | 7 | 8.0 | |
| 25 min. | 40 | A1–B2 | Writing | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7.3 | |
| 10 min. | 10 | B2–C1 | 4 var. | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6.7 | |
| 35 min. | 68 | A2–B2 | 4 var | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6.7 | |
| 10 min. | 25 | A1–B2 | 4 var. | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6.7 | |
| 20 minutes. | 50 | A1–B2 | 4 var. | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6.3 | |
| 20 minutes. | 50 | A1–B2 | 4 var. | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6.3 | |
| 20 minutes. | 40 | A1–B2 | 4 var. | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6.3 | |
| 20 minutes. | 50 | A1–B2 | 4 var. | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6.3 | |
| 15 minutes. | 40 | A1–B2 | 4 var. | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6.0 | |
| 15 minutes. | 40 | A1–B1 | 3 var. | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5.7 | |
| 10 min. | 25 | A1–B1 | 3 var. | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4.3 |
The rating is based on a ten-point scale based on five main criteria:
- Grammar - how deeply knowledge of English grammar is tested, including knowledge of tenses, conditional offers, subordinate clauses, tense agreement, passive voice.
- Verbs - it is separately assessed how thoroughly the test tests knowledge of English verbs: irregular, modal, phrasal. The same parameter includes the presence in the test of tasks on knowledge of the use of prepositions with verbs, infinitives and gerunds.
- Vocabulary - assessment of the diversity of testing vocabulary, as well as the availability of tasks for its use.
- Listening - if the test contains this part, then the level of its complexity, the speed of listening, the presence of different voice tones, artificial interference, accents, etc. are assessed.
- Reading - assessment of tasks for perception and understanding of the text, if any in the test. The complexity of texts is primarily assessed.
Why is it important to know your language level?
- To correctly determine your goals, only knowing your level of foreign language proficiency can you adequately assess your capabilities, as well as determine short-term and long-term goals, which will allow you to choose the right training program and find a competent mentor.
- The need to indicate when applying for a job - many modern companies ask applicants to indicate in their resume their level of foreign language proficiency, confirmed by an appropriate certificate. To get a good position in an international company, you need to know the language at a high level.
- To study abroad - enroll in prestigious college or university is impossible without good knowledge of a foreign language. And again, members admissions committee confirmation is required - a language certificate.
Foreign language in practice: what is important?
The first thing you need to know: the level of language proficiency is only checked in practice. It is almost impossible to independently determine real language skills, even with the help of Internet tests, since they only determine knowledge of grammar and a very limited vocabulary. Therefore, you should not rely too much on such results, since in reality everything will be completely different.When determining the level of proficiency in any foreign language, including English, experts pay attention to 4 basic skills: listening, reading, speech And letter. It is these skills that are usually tested on various international tests. Obviously, online tests will help assess only the first two criteria, although in practice it is much more important to be able to express yourself in speech and writing.
Complexity self-determination level of a foreign language is not only that it is difficult to evaluate oneself, but also that the second language as a whole rarely remains at any particular level. That is, you can be able to understand complex texts in a foreign language that correspond to an advanced level, but have great difficulty speaking independently. It turns out that, on the one hand, a person knows the language at a professional level, but on the other hand, his communication skills are almost undeveloped. How then can you determine your level of English? Professional linguists and experts define foreign language proficiency according to several levels that apply not only to English, but to most languages of the world.
A0 - Zero level of English proficiency
| IELTS | TOEFL | Cambridge | PTE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | - | 0 |
In truth, this level does not exist at all, but it is certainly worth mentioning, since 80% of self-critical beginners confidently attribute complete ignorance of the language to themselves. Attention: if a person knows how the word is translated dog or house, then this is already some level. Whatever the source of knowledge: two years of studying English at school, an English phrasebook once read, or two weeks of classes with a tutor 15 years ago - this knowledge remains in a person’s head forever. This is important because even a minimal base will serve as an excellent basis for subsequent study.
If we talk about zero level, this means complete ignorance English (this will be true if the person knows English as well as Filipino). In this case, you can enroll in English courses in your home country. In about 3 months, the language level will rise to spoken B1. If a person is still visually familiar with English alphabet and knows what “Hello! How are you?” means, this indicates language proficiency at level A1.
start with lessons for absolute beginners, where you can master the alphabet, reading rules, keywords to understand simple English, learn 300 new words (this will take no more than two weeks).
A1 - initial level of English proficiency - Beginner
| IELTS | TOEFL | Cambridge | PTE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 15 | - |
This level is also called the "survival level". This means that once in one of the cities of England or America, a person, with the help local residents will be able to at least get to the Russian embassy. This level in no case can it be called conversational, since, of course, there will be no coherent conversation. But jokes aside, with this level you can go to language courses abroad.
Even minimal skills already allow you to at least convey some information to your interlocutor, albeit not without the help of gestures. Typically, this level is mastered by those who learned English a long time ago and without much pleasure. Of course, there are absolutely no practical skills, but there is knowledge deposited deep in memory that will serve as a good basis for further language learning.
The student speaks the language at level A1 if:
- answers basic questions: name, age, Mother country, profession;
- understands familiar phrases provided the narrator speaks slowly and clearly;
- understands some individual words in the English text.
A2 - basic level of English proficiency - Elementary
| IELTS | TOEFL | Cambridge | PTE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 | 31 | KET pass | 30 |
If you can live with the initial level and not think about it, then the basic level Elementary presupposes some awareness or, at least, memory that “I once taught something similar.” Again, there is still a long way to go to the conversational level, but unlike A1, some kind of dialogue can already happen.
If we return to the hypothetical situation of staying in one of the cities of England, then here the situation is a little rosier: with basic level You can not only get to the embassy, but also chat with a foreigner (for example, talk a little about your profession or place an order in a cafe).
In practice, A2 differs little from A1, and the main advantage of the first is rather greater self-confidence and a slightly richer vocabulary. However, communication capabilities are still limited, so level A2 is only suitable as a basis for study, since there is nowhere to apply it in practice.
The student speaks the language at level A2 if:
- talks about everyday topics: he can give directions or ask for directions, talk about himself and the things around him;
- understands the interlocutor’s speech in a dialogue, provided that he speaks clearly and on a familiar topic;
- can read and understand basic sentences ( I have..., You are..., He goes...);
- write a simple sentence in text form or fill out a form in English.
Very often, between the initial and conversational levels, an intermediate level is distinguished, which implies that a person can already use English to solve some vital tasks, but does not yet speak spoken English. If we compare it with the A0-C2 scale, then this level can be characterized as A2+ or B1-.
It can be defined as follows:
- partially falling under the characteristics of level B1, but lack of practice in some aspects (for example, writing) indicates knowledge of the language at level Pre-Intermediate;
- Completely falling under the description of level A2 and partially falling under level B1 (for example, speaking skills are more developed) indicates knowledge of the language at level Upper-Elementary.
B1 - Intermediate level of English proficiency
| IELTS | TOEFL | Cambridge | PTE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 60 | PET pass | 43 |
When language competence goes beyond confused speech about the location of museums and restaurants, and English speech and text become more and more understandable, these facts indicate that the student is at the first stage of spoken English. But in addition to conversation, this level also implies good reading skills of adapted texts, as well as an understanding of basic English grammar. Statistically, the majority of tourists know the language at this level, which allows them to easily communicate with their interlocutor on everyday topics. Typically, modern graduates graduate from school with at least a B1 level (with a maximum of B2). However, you still need a lot of work to become fluent in the language.
The student speaks the language at level B1 if:
- confidently carries on a conversation on any everyday topic with good pronunciation, although still with some hesitations and errors;
- understands the interlocutor, and also partially grasps the meaning of a complex speech (lecture) or conversation between English speakers (film);
- reads adapted to average level literature with a dictionary and understands the meaning of simple texts;
- can compose a short essay about himself or the world around him, using common semantic structures and words.
B2 - Higher intermediate level - Upper-Intermediate
| IELTS | TOEFL | Cambridge | PTE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 90 | FCE grade C | 59 |
If a student has good conversational skills (above average level), can maintain a detailed conversation with a foreigner, understands speech by ear, watches English-language films and TV series without translation or subtitles, this means that he speaks a foreign language at level B2. It should be noted that people who are completely unfamiliar with the English language are sure that a real foreigner is standing in front of them. However, don't be fooled. Upper-Intermediate- this is truly a great achievement, but even this is sometimes not enough for professional activity. Another disadvantage is the fact that it will be much more difficult to move higher on your own. However, for admission to a foreign university with average requirements for applicants, this level is quite enough, so you don’t have to worry and feel free to sign up for the TOEFL or IELTS exams.
The student speaks the language at level B2 if:
- speaks measuredly on almost any topic, expresses his own attitude or spaciously describes his thoughts (however, at this level some errors in verb conjugation, tenses and the use of complex words are still acceptable);
- understands oral speech on everyday topics and about 80% of complex speech (lectures, films, interviews);
- understands well the meaning of informational texts in English, draws information from English-language resources without significant loss of meaning (it is permissible to use a dictionary to read texts on an unfamiliar topic);
- expresses his thoughts in writing in a reasoned manner, using common constructions (albeit with minor errors).
C1 - advanced level of English proficiency - Advanced
| IELTS | TOEFL | Cambridge | PTE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7.5 | 100 | CAE grade C | 76 |
Perhaps, the difference between an advanced level and a higher intermediate level can only be understood by a professional or an anglophone and, of course, the speaker himself, but only if he has the so-called “sense of language”: when, when speaking, it becomes clear that the words are used correctly, but the sentence can be constructed slightly differently , choosing more elegant words or suitable terms. This is a sign that the problem of knowledge of the language has slowly spilled over into the problem of its competent use, which, in turn, indicates an extremely high level of knowledge of English as a foreign language. Of course, there is no question of any misunderstanding of the language. A student with level C1 perfectly perceives information by ear and is able to express his thoughts on paper. The only thing that he is not quite capable of yet is Shakespeare and Nabokov’s “Lolita” in the original without a dictionary. This level is recommended for employment in a foreign company; it opens the door to almost all foreign universities(including the top ones - Yale University, University College London,).
The student speaks the language at level C1 if:
- speaks without problems on any topic, expresses shades of emotions and relationships in language;
- understands any spoken language;
- fluently reads texts in English, both informational (articles, newspapers, interviews) and scientific (articles in scientific journals, textbooks, works of philosophers, journalists, critics), occasionally encountering unfamiliar words;
- knows how to write appeals to employers, motivation letters, clearly understands the difference between a formal writing style and an informal one.
C2 - professional level of proficiency - Proficient
| IELTS | TOEFL | Cambridge | PTE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8.5 | 118 | CPE grade C | 85 |
The highest level in the gradation of English language levels is level C2. It should be noted that this is still a step, not a final stop. In essence, level C2 corresponds to excellent knowledge of English as a foreign language, its competent use for any professional and everyday situation, the ability to read fiction and literature fluently (or almost fluently). professional literature in English. However, knowing English at C2 level does not mean knowing it, as they like to say, in excellence.
Any linguist or philologist will confirm that mastering a language perfectly is the lot of very few, and these few usually become brilliant writers or wordsmiths. But if we take the most obvious example, say, an educated Londoner, then this also goes beyond the C2 level (usually those who speak English from childhood are called native speakers, and, of course, this is not included in the gradation of knowledge of English as a foreign language).
You should always remember that there is no limit to perfection, although language proficiency at the C2 level is an excellent result that few achieve. With a similar level, you can enroll in any postgraduate program, publish works in English, conduct conferences and lectures, i.e. for almost any professional activity this level will be more than enough.
The student speaks the language at level C2 if:
How to improve your English: Spend several years in an English-speaking country, for example at university or on an internship. And, of course, read.
What should you know about learning foreign languages?
Independent study of a foreign language is quite possible, but this undertaking requires a lot of effort, time, and such qualities as perseverance, diligence and dedication from the student. At first, classes seem interesting, but the lack of a clear program, correctly set goals, time frames and a teacher who controls the learning process and motivates the student leads to another breakdown and a lack of desire to continue learning the language.That is why it is advisable to master new language together with a teacher in individual or group lessons. When the basic material has been completed, you can go abroad to improve your communication skills and increase your vocabulary. Without studying in a country where the language being studied is the main one, it is impossible to master it perfectly, even if you study using the most advanced textbooks.
The fact is that a living modern language changes daily, and special educational publications they simply do not have time to track these metamorphoses. This is about modern slang, foreign language borrowings, variety of dialects, etc., which change the language every day. It is possible to know English at the native level, but for this it is necessary to be in an appropriate language environment, where the student will have to join a foreign-language society and keep abreast of news that is covered in the press or on the Internet.
How long will it take to learn a foreign language?
The answer to this question depends on several factors: the student’s goals, his perseverance and diligence, as well as his ability to pay. It is quite logical that you can learn a foreign language faster only with the help of a qualified teacher (perhaps even a native speaker). This real investment into the future, which will definitely pay off, but will also require quite a lot of capital investment.The faster a student wants to learn a foreign language, the more he will have to pay. Theoretically, it can take about 2.5 - 3 years to complete all levels (without living abroad), for this you will have to attend special courses several times a week. If you study on your own, it will take much longer to learn the language. When studying abroad, a student gains the same amount of knowledge much faster.
There are no miracles!
Beginners in learning a foreign language should clearly understand that the learning process requires a lot of time from the student, as well as some effort on oneself, since there will always be a reason to reschedule a lesson or postpone homework until later. Training is a colossal work! Therefore, it is impossible to learn a language in a month using a new “unique author’s technique” or the 25th frame. There are no miracles! Only working on mistakes and consistent analysis of new material will help you reach the desired level.Time spent on leveling up
The table shows the number of weeks of intensive English language to improve the language level in schools LEVELS ON THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE SCALE
(COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK)
European Framework of Reference for Languages
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages:
learning, teaching, assessment
The Council of Europe document entitled “Common European Framework of Reference: Learning, Teaching, Assessment” reflects the result of the work of experts from the Council of Europe countries, including representatives of Russia, on systematizing approaches to teaching a foreign language and standardizing assessments of language proficiency levels. “Competencies” clearly define what a language learner needs to master in order to use it for communication purposes, as well as what knowledge and skills he needs to master in order for communication to be successful.
What is the main content of this project, carried out within the framework of the Council of Europe? The participants in this project attempted to create a standard terminology, a system of units, or a commonly understood language to describe what constitutes a subject matter of study, as well as to describe levels of language proficiency, regardless of what language is being studied, in what educational context - what country, institute, school , in courses, or privately, and what techniques are used. As a result, a system of language proficiency levels was developed and a system for describing these levels using standard categories. These two complexes create a single network of concepts that can be used to describe standard language any certification system, and, consequently, any training program, starting from setting tasks - training goals and ending with the competencies achieved as a result of training.
Language proficiency level system
When developing the European Level System, extensive research was carried out in different countries, and assessment methods were tested in practice. As a result, we came to an agreement on the number of levels allocated for organizing the process of learning a language and assessing the degree of language proficiency. There are 6 major levels, which represent lower and higher sublevels in the classic three-level system, including basic, intermediate and advanced levels. The level scheme is built on the principle of sequential branching. It begins by dividing the level system into three large levels - A, B and C:
|
A |
A1 |
|
A2 |
|
|
IN |
IN 1 |
|
AT 2 |
|
|
C |
C1 |
|
C2 |
Table 1.
Generalized description of levels of language competence
|
Elementary possession |
A1 |
I understand and can use familiar phrases and expressions necessary to perform specific tasks. I can introduce myself / introduce others, ask / answer questions about my place of residence, acquaintances, property. I can participate in a simple conversation if the other person speaks slowly and clearly and is willing to help. |
|
A2 |
I understand individual sentences and frequently occurring expressions related to basic areas of life (for example, basic information about myself and my family members, purchases, getting a job, etc.). I can perform tasks related to simple exchange information on familiar or everyday topics. IN simple expressions I can tell about myself, my family and friends, describe the main aspects of everyday life. |
|
|
Self-sufficient. possession |
IN 1 |
Understand the main ideas of clear messages delivered in literary language different topics, typically occurring at work, school, leisure, etc. I can communicate in most situations that may arise during a stay in the country of the target language. I can compose a coherent message on topics that are known or of particular interest to me. I can describe impressions, events, hopes, aspirations, express and justify my opinions and plans for the future. |
|
AT 2 |
I understand the general content of complex texts on abstract and concrete topics, including highly specialized texts. I speak quickly and spontaneously enough to constantly communicate with native speakers without too much difficulty for either party. I can do clear detailed messages on various topics and state your view on the main problem, show the advantages and disadvantages of different opinions. |
|
|
Fluency |
C1 |
I understand large complex texts on various topics, recognize hidden meaning. I speak spontaneously at a fast pace, without having difficulty finding words and expressions. I use language flexibly and effectively to communicate in scientific and professional activities. I can create an accurate, detailed, well-structured message on complex topics, demonstrating mastery of text organization models, means of communication and the integration of its elements. |
|
C2 |
I understand almost any spoken or written message, I can compose a coherent text based on several oral and written sources. I speak spontaneously with at a fast pace and a high degree of accuracy, emphasizing shades of meaning even in the most complex cases. |
When interpreting a level scale, it must be borne in mind that the divisions on such a scale are not identical. Even if the levels appear equidistant on the scale, they take different times to reach. So, even if the Waystage level is located halfway to the Threshold Level, and the Threshold level is located on the level scale halfway to the Vantage Level, experience with this scale shows that that it takes twice as long to progress from the Threshold to the Threshold Advanced level as it does to reach the Threshold level. This is explained by the fact that at higher levels the range of activities expands and an increasing amount of knowledge, skills and abilities are required.
More detailed description may be required to select specific learning objectives. It can be presented in the form of a separate table showing the main aspects of language proficiency at six levels.
Table 2.
Description of levels of language competence for self-assessment of one’s knowledge and skills by aspect.
A1 (Survival Level):
|
Understanding |
Audio |
I understand isolated familiar words and very simple phrases in slow and clear speech in situations everyday communication when they talk about me, my family and immediate circle. |
|
Reading |
I can understand familiar names, words, and very simple sentences in advertisements, posters, or catalogues. |
|
|
Speaking |
Dialogue |
I can participate in a dialogue if my interlocutor, at my request, repeats his statement in slow motion or paraphrases it, and also helps to formulate what I am trying to say. I can ask simple questions and answer them within the framework of topics known to me or that interest me. |
|
Monologue |
I can use simple phrases and sentences to talk about the place where I live and the people I know. |
|
|
Letter |
Letter |
I can write simple cards (for example, congratulations on a holiday), fill out forms, enter my last name, nationality, and address on the hotel registration sheet. |
A2 (Pre-threshold level):
|
Understanding |
Audio |
I understand individual phrases and the most common words in statements related to topics that are important to me (for example, basic information about myself and my family, about shopping, about the place where I live, about work). I understand what is being said in simple, clearly spoken, short messages and announcements. |
|
Reading |
I understand very short simple texts. I can find specific, predictable information in simple texts everyday communication: in advertisements, brochures, menus, schedules. I understand simple personal letters. |
|
|
Speaking |
Dialogue |
I can communicate in simple, typical situations that require direct exchange of information within the framework of topics and activities familiar to me. I can hold extremely brief conversations on everyday topics, but I still don’t understand enough to carry on a conversation on my own. |
|
Monologue |
I can, using simple phrases and sentences, talk about my family and other people, living conditions, studies, current or former work. |
|
|
Letter |
Letter |
I can write simple short notes and messages. I can write a simple letter of a personal nature (for example, expressing my gratitude to someone for something). |
B1 (Threshold level):
|
Understanding |
Audio |
I understand the main points of clearly spoken statements within the literary norm on topics known to me that I have to deal with at work, at school, on vacation, etc. I understand what is being said in most radio and television programs about current events, as well as those related to my personal or professional interests. The speakers' speech should be clear and relatively slow. |
|
Reading |
I understand texts based on frequency language material of everyday and professional communication. I understand descriptions of events, feelings, and intentions in personal letters. |
|
|
Speaking |
Dialogue |
I can communicate in most situations that arise while staying in the country of the target language. I can participate without prior preparation in dialogues on a topic that is familiar/interesting to me (for example, “family”, “hobbies”, “work”, “travel”, “current events”). |
|
Monologue |
I can construct simple coherent statements about my personal impressions, events, talk about my dreams, hopes and desires. I can briefly justify and explain my views and intentions. I can tell a story or outline the plot of a book or film and express my feelings about it. |
|
|
Letter |
Letter |
I can write simple, coherent texts on topics that are familiar or of interest to me. I can write letters of a personal nature, telling them about my personal experiences and impressions. |
B2 (Threshold Advanced Level):
|
Understanding |
Audio |
I understand detailed reports and lectures and even complex arguments contained in them, if the topics of these speeches are quite familiar to me. I understand almost all news and current affairs reports. I understand the content of most films if their characters speak literary language. |
|
Reading |
I understand articles and communications on contemporary issues in which the authors take a particular position or express special point vision. I understand modern fiction. |
|
|
Speaking |
Dialogue |
Without preparation, I can quite freely participate in dialogues with native speakers of the target language. I can take an active part in a discussion on a problem that is familiar to me, justify and defend my point of view. |
|
Monologue |
I can speak clearly and thoroughly on a wide range of issues that interest me. I can explain my point of view on a current issue, expressing all the pros and cons. |
|
|
Letter |
Letter |
I can write clear, detailed messages on a wide range of issues that interest me. I can write essays or reports, highlighting issues or arguing a point of view for or against. I know how to write letters, highlighting those events and impressions that are especially important to me. |
|
Understanding |
Audio |
I understand detailed messages, even if they have unclear logical structure and are not expressed well enough semantic connections. I understand all television programs and films almost fluently. |
|
Reading |
I understand large complex non-fiction and literary texts, their stylistic features. I also understand special articles and technical instructions of a large volume, even if they do not relate to the scope of my activity. |
|
|
Speaking |
Dialogue |
I can express my thoughts spontaneously and fluently, without having difficulty finding words. My speech is distinguished by the variety of linguistic means and the accuracy of their use in situations of professional and everyday communication. I can accurately formulate my thoughts and express my opinions, as well as actively support any conversation. |
|
Monologue |
I am able to clearly and thoroughly present complex topics, combine component parts into a single whole, develop individual provisions and draw appropriate conclusions. |
|
|
Letter |
Letter |
I am able to express my thoughts clearly and logically in writing and communicate my views in detail. I can present in detail in letters, essays, reports complex problems, highlighting what I think is most important. I know how to use language style, corresponding to the intended addressee. |
|
Understanding |
Audio |
I can freely understand any spoken language in direct or indirect communication. I can easily understand the speech of a native speaker speaking at a fast pace if I have the opportunity to get used to it. individual characteristics his pronunciation. |
|
Reading |
I freely understand all types of texts, including texts of an abstract nature, complex in composition or language: instructions, special articles and works of art. |
|
|
Speaking |
Dialogue |
I can freely participate in any conversation or discussion and am proficient in a variety of idiomatic and colloquial expressions. I speak fluently and can express any shade of meaning. If I have difficulties in using language, I can quickly and unnoticed by others to paraphrase my statement. |
|
Monologue |
I can express myself fluently, freely and reasonably, using appropriate linguistic means depending on the situation. I can logically construct my message in such a way as to attract the attention of listeners and help them note and remember the most important points. |
|
|
Letter |
Letter |
I can logically and consistently express my thoughts in writing, using the necessary linguistic means. I can write complex letters, reports, reports or articles that have a clear logical structure that helps the recipient note and remember the most important points. I can write summaries and reviews of both professional work and fiction. |
Table 3.
Description of levels of language competence for speaking assessment.
A1 (Survival Level):
|
RANGE |
He has a very limited vocabulary of words and phrases that are used to present information about himself and to describe specific particular situations. |
|
ACCURACY |
Limited control over the use of several simple grammatical and syntactic structures learned by heart. |
|
FLUENCY |
Can speak very briefly, utter individual statements, mainly composed of memorized units. Takes many pauses to search for an appropriate expression, pronounce less familiar words, and correct mistakes. |
|
MUTUAL- |
Can ask personal questions and talk about himself. Can react elementarily to the speech of the interlocutor, but in general communication depends on repetition, paraphrasing and correction of errors. |
|
CONNECTIVITY |
Can connect words and groups of words using simple conjunctions that express a linear sequence, such as “and”, “then”. |
A2 (Pre-threshold level):
|
RANGE |
Uses elementary syntactic structures with memorized constructions, phrases and standard phrases to convey limited information in simple everyday situations. |
|
ACCURACY |
Uses some correctly simple structures, but still systematically makes basic mistakes. |
|
FLUENCY |
Can express ideas clearly in very short sentences, although pauses, self-corrections, and reformulations of sentences are immediately noticeable. |
|
MUTUAL- |
Can answer questions and respond to simple sayings. Can show when he/she is still following the other person's thoughts, but very rarely understands enough to carry on a conversation on their own. |
|
CONNECTIVITY |
Can connect groups of words using simple conjunctions such as “and”, “but”, “because”. |
B1 (Threshold level):
|
RANGE |
Has sufficient language skills to take part in the conversation; vocabulary allows you to communicate with a certain number of pauses and descriptive expressions on topics such as family, hobbies, hobbies, work, travel and current events. |
|
ACCURACY |
Quite accurately uses a set of constructions associated with familiar, regularly occurring situations. |
|
FLUENCY |
Can speak clearly, despite the fact that pauses for searching for grammatical and lexical means are noticeable, especially in statements of considerable length. |
|
MUTUAL- |
Can initiate, maintain and end one-on-one conversations when the topics of discussion are familiar or individually significant. Can repeat previous remarks, thereby demonstrating his understanding. |
|
CONNECTIVITY |
Can tie several fairly short ones simple sentences into a linear text consisting of several paragraphs. |
B2 (Threshold advanced level):
|
RANGE |
Has sufficient vocabulary to describe something and express a point of view on general issues without explicitly searching for a suitable expression. Able to use some complex syntactic structures. |
|
ACCURACY |
Demonstrates a fairly high level of control grammatical correctness. Does not make mistakes that could lead to misunderstandings and can correct most of his own mistakes. |
|
FLUENCY |
Can produce utterances of a certain duration at a fairly even pace. May show hesitation in the selection of expressions or linguistic structures, but there are few noticeably long pauses in speech. |
|
MUTUAL- |
Can start a conversation, enter into a conversation at the appropriate moment, and end a conversation, although sometimes these actions are characterized by a certain clumsiness. Can participate in a conversation on a familiar topic, confirming their understanding of what is being discussed, inviting others to participate, etc. |
|
CONNECTIVITY |
Can use a limited number of communication devices to connect individual statements into a single text. At the same time, in the conversation as a whole there are individual “jumps” from topic to topic. |
C1 (Proficiency level):
|
RANGE |
Masters a wide range of linguistic means, allowing him to clearly, freely and within the appropriate style express any of his thoughts on a large number of topics (general, professional, everyday), without limiting himself in choosing the content of the statement. |
|
ACCURACY |
Maintains a high level of grammatical accuracy at all times; Errors are rare, almost unnoticeable, and when they occur, they are corrected immediately. |
|
FLUENCY |
Capable of fluent, spontaneous utterances with virtually no effort. The smooth, natural flow of speech can only be slowed down in the case of a complex, unfamiliar topic of conversation. |
|
MUTUAL- |
Can select a suitable expression from a wide arsenal of means of discourse and use it at the beginning of his statement in order to get the floor, maintain the position of the speaker for himself, or skillfully connect his replica with the replicas of his interlocutors, continuing the discussion of the topic. |
|
CONNECTIVITY |
Can construct clear, uninterrupted, well-organized statements that demonstrate confident command organizational structures, auxiliary parts of speech and other means of coherence. |
C2 (Proficiency level):
|
RANGE |
Demonstrates flexibility by expressing ideas using a variety of language forms to accurately convey shades of meaning, semantic highlighting, eliminating ambiguity. Also fluent in idiomatic and colloquial expressions. |
|
ACCURACY |
Carries out constant monitoring of the correctness of complex grammatical structures, even in cases where attention is directed to planning subsequent statements and the reaction of interlocutors. |
|
FLUENCY |
Capable of long-term spontaneous utterances in accordance with the principles of spoken language; avoids or bypasses difficult places almost unnoticed by the interlocutor. |
|
MUTUAL- |
Communicates skillfully and easily, with virtually no difficulty, also understanding non-verbal and intonation signals. Can take an equal part in the conversation, without difficulty entering into right moment, referring to previously discussed information or to information that should generally be known to other participants, etc. |
|
CONNECTIVITY |
Able to construct coherent and organized speech, correctly and fully using a large number of different organizational structures, service units speech and other means of communication. |
Basic terms
- Competencies represent the sum of knowledge, skills and personal qualities that allow a person to perform various actions.
- General competencies are not linguistic, they provide any activity, including communicative.
- Communicative language competencies allow you to carry out activities using linguistic means.
- Context- this is a spectrum of events and situational factors against the background of which communicative actions are carried out.
- Speech activity- this is a practical application communicative competence in a certain area of communication in the process of perception and/or generation of oral and written texts, aimed at performing a specific communicative task.
- Types of communication activities involve the implementation of communicative competence in the process of semantic processing/creation (perception or generation) of one or more texts in order to solve the communicative task of communication in a certain field of activity.
- Text- is a coherent sequence of oral and/or written statements (discourse), the generation and understanding of which occurs in a specific area of communication and is aimed at solving a specific problem.
- Under sphere of communication is understood wide range public life in which social interaction takes place. In relation to language learning, educational, professional, social and personal spheres are distinguished.
- Strategy is a course of action chosen by a person aimed at solving a problem.
- Task- this is a specific result that must be obtained through purposeful action (solving a problem, fulfilling obligations or achieving a goal).
A resume or CV (Curriculum Vitae) is not at all a document of strict standardization, however, when working on its preparation, it is worth taking into account generally accepted rules, standards and norms. One of the important points of a resume is information about language proficiency. Here you can find such incomprehensible designations as A1, B2, C2 and the more understandable Beginner, Intermediate and others. This is how levels of English proficiency are designated. The employer determines how high the applicant’s level of language knowledge should be, depending on the position offered.
You can determine the level of language proficiency using the Common European Framework of Reference system - the Unified European Assessment System, which implies 3 levels and 6 gradations:
Description of English proficiency levels
To indicate how much language knowledge you have on your resume, you must first determine your level. The gradation below is most often used to indicate the degree of English proficiency.
Elementary/Basic/Beginner. What does it mean? This means that you have basic knowledge of the language, you once studied English at school, you remember common phrases, you can communicate a little with a dictionary, but you have practically never used it in life.
Pre-Intermediate- means that your knowledge of the language is slightly above basic. You are able to express yourself using simple phrases, as well as facial expressions and gestures. Most likely, you will understand what is written in a letter or text in English, but you can write your own letter or compose a text using a dictionary.
Intermediate- this is the average level. Having command of the language at this level, you are not afraid to speak, build simple speech structures in English. The vocabulary is small, but these words are enough to express yourself in a simple way. This level in professional field allows you to compose your own letter in English, speak confidently in English, solve some typical tasks using English without affecting subtlety.
Upper-Intermediate- means confident command of the English language. As a rule, this is the level of foreign language graduates. Most graduates often exaggerate their knowledge and indicate that they speak English at the Advanced or Fluent level. Meanwhile, Upper-Intermediate implies the ability to express oneself freely, the presence of a fairly rich vocabulary, but at the same time, a lack of knowledge professional terminology, the presence of minor errors in speech. Typically, for positions involving the use of English, Upper-Intermediate is acceptable.
Advanced or Fluent- means Fluency English language. A candidate who has such proficiency in the language can easily use both oral and written English and simultaneously translate from/to English. This level is required for the position of translator.
- If you note the levels of English proficiency in your resume, then only the HR (Human Resource) manager knows how it will be deciphered. However, there is no need to be modest on your resume. After all, as you know, a person is never as close to perfection as during a job interview.
- If in a conversation they ask about the level of English, it is better to answer with understandable expressions like “confident”, “fluent”, “fluent”, “I speak well, but do not understand well”, etc. And in your resume, brag about your knowledge descriptively: “I speak fluently” English”, “I speak English confidently”, “I speak the language at an everyday level”.
- When knowledge of the language is an important point in employment, then you should prepare for the interview to take place in English. And then even if you indicate level C2 and present a bunch of certificates about language proficiency potential employers They will be judged based on the interview.
- Sometimes it is worth demonstrating knowledge of a language by writing a CV in it. However, such a requirement is the exception rather than the rule. Most often, it is enough to note only a few points in the resume:
- level of proficiency in a particular foreign language (basic/intermediate/fluent/native);
- bias in written or oral speech (if any);
- availability of certificates confirming knowledge (if any).
- It is important to indicate your real knowledge of the language in your resume, since in practice this can be checked quite quickly by finding out your true knowledge.
- When submitting a resume to foreign companies, it is considered especially valuable information if the applicant has TOEFL, FCE/CAE/CPE, BEC certificates, which are issued upon passing international exams.
- In your work resume, indicating your level of English, it is better to choose one of the following options:
- Basic
- Intermediate
- Advanced
- Fluent (fluent).
The CEFR encoding is not required. But if you had to take an international English exam, then a good result must be indicated: TOEFL iBT 105, IELTS 7.5.
And be extremely honest when filling out the column about your level of knowledge of the English language: remember that the lack of real knowledge will quickly become apparent. When preparing to take an interview in English, try to improve your language to at least Intermediate level.
When starting to study any foreign language, you always want to be able to track how the process is progressing and how quickly the accumulation of knowledge and the acquisition of communication skills are progressing. Simply put, what level are you at? An entire system has been developed for this purpose. This will be discussed in this article.
How is knowledge of foreign languages determined?
Many people mistakenly believe that achieving a certain level of knowledge of a language means learning a certain pre-agreed volume of words. For example, for entry level you need to know 100 any words, for the average 1000... and so on. This is fundamentally wrong. In fact, each level consists of a set of skills: lexical, grammatical, pronunciation, speech, listening, as well as writing and reading skills. A foreign language student must master all of them, and the difference between the different levels lies in the breadth of knowledge and variety of skills.
There is an officially accepted classification created by the European organization ALTE, which is involved in testing levels of proficiency in foreign languages. This classification includes 6 levels, arranged in ascending order: from practically zero to close to native speakers.
ALTE knowledge levels
Let's consider this generally accepted classification. This system levels of foreign language proficiency consists of the following steps.
A1 (Breakthrough) means the ability to answer the simplest questions in a foreign language, tell in the simplest sentences about yourself and other people, know basic vocabulary, understand the main meaning of what was said, and answer appropriately.
A2 (Level 1) requires a clearer pronunciation that is closer to native speakers, slightly more complicated grammatical structures, and knowledge of vocabulary for discussing abstract topics, and not just about oneself or the current situation.
B1 (Level 2) means free speech your thoughts and ideas, the ability to write different types texts, almost complete understanding of someone else's foreign speech, minimal amount grammatical and lexical errors. Upon completion of this level, you can begin to take international exams to confirm your knowledge of the language and obtain a certificate.
B2 (Level 3) assumes that the student speaks not only almost without errors, but also uses all the richness of the language (proverbs, sayings, idioms, jokes, etc.), understands almost all the information he hears the first time, and can express his opinion on a wide range of topics in a reasoned and detailed manner. range of questions.
Levels C1 and C2 (4 and 5, respectively) means mastering a foreign language at the most advanced levels necessary for living or working abroad, freely communicating with foreign business partners and friends, working in the field of translation services, writing and journalism in a foreign language, and other professional use of such skills. A foreigner who possesses the highest levels of knowledge is not much different from educated native speakers of this language.
From beginner to advanced
There is another classification that partially coincides with the above. These level names are more common because they are used by the authors of European textbooks, in particular on the English language.
If you decide to learn this language from scratch and go to foreign language courses, then the first textbook that comes into your hands will be a book labeled Beginner or Starter. 6 more levels will follow. Some of them coincide with the ALTE classification. Full and exact correspondence is shown in the table.
ALTE steps | Titles of English textbooks |
Beginner, Starter, Basic |
|
Pre-Intermediate |
|
Upper-Intermediate |
|
Now let's look at each level in detail. We will be able to compare the proposed description with our own skills and knowledge.
Beginner, Starter
All levels of foreign language proficiency begin with it. IN in this case- English, but the principle of assessing knowledge will be similar in any case.
To define yourself as a beginner, you need to have some skills. This implies the following:
- state your name, age and other simple data;
- answer relevant questions (“What’s your name?”, etc.);
- count to 100;
- know the alphabet, be able to name the letters in any word;
- understand simple sentences.
Primary, basic (Elementary)
We move on to the next level, which is included in the levels of foreign language proficiency. Here, oral skills are significantly expanded, and written ones are added to them.
Independent speaking:
- with simple and understandable pronunciation;
- expressing your feelings and thoughts in a form understandable to other people;
- telling briefly about yourself, another person, your family, etc.;
- communication of simple information on abstract topics (weather, impressions of what was read, explanation of the situation, answer to a question based on the text, etc.)
Understanding someone else's speech:
- capturing basic information from educational listening;
- conscious reading of short texts, understanding the main idea.
Basic intermediate (Pre-Intermediate)
We continue to analyze the levels of foreign language proficiency. If you have reached this level in your study, then you will definitely not be lost when traveling abroad.
What does the basic intermediate level include?
Independent speaking:
- with clear, good pronunciation;
- with orientation in basic situations (the ability to answer a question, maintain a conversation or communicate what you don’t understand);
- with the ability to clearly express their thoughts and feelings on various occasions.
Understanding someone else's speech:
- distinguishing sounds, intonation and stress;
- full understanding of the meaning and ideas of texts more complex than at the previous stage.
Writing Skills:
- about yourself, another person, situation, impressions;
- write a postcard, personal and official letter of various types;
- construct and coordinate sentences in a grammatically correct manner.
Intermediate
This level is characterized by the totality of everything that was mastered at the previous levels, only now it has been brought almost to perfection. The grammatical structures and vocabulary that a person knows are already quite complex. The skill of composing is consolidated various types texts (response to personal and official letters, congratulations, requests, claims, apologies, etc.) and discussions on various public topics.
Upper Intermediate
This level closes the levels of foreign language proficiency, which together are sufficient for full and problem-free communication on any topic. It is no coincidence that people begin to take the first exams for obtaining certificates of language proficiency, having just mastered this level.
If you have mastered the final intermediate level, you will be able to:
- clearly convey thoughts to the interlocutor;
- maintain a dialogue or discussion with two or three partners;
- correctly use the official or informal style according to the situation;
- make relatively few mistakes, be able to immediately notice them and correct yourself;
- understand the main points of someone else’s speech and the speaker’s attitude towards them from the first time;
- conduct a telephone conversation;
- understand 95% of the information from the text and draw conclusions about what you read;
- use simple and complex syntactic structures;
- write letters, reviews, reviews, resumes, etc.;
- use basic artistic techniques when writing stories and essays.
Basic advanced (Advanced)
Starts from this level in-depth study foreign languages. This stage has the same characteristics as the previous one, and also adds a number of new skills. Advanced level means:
- errors should be kept to a minimum;
- rich speech, free use and understanding of idioms, proverbs;
- knowledge of the realities of the language, recognition of many quotes and allusions that are well known to native speakers;
- free reading and listening to foreign media, watching films with maximum understanding of speech and situations;
- the ability to express your thoughts not only using vocabulary and grammar, but also intonation and logical stress;
- free discussion on generally known topics;
- writing various types of texts, using stylistic techniques.
Professional foreign language
This level of proficiency in a language not native to a person is also an interesting phenomenon, but it is somewhat less common than the ability to speak common topics. The very name of this direction implies that speaking (writing) in a language foreign to a person is necessary for carrying out professional activities. To carry it out successfully, you need to know the language at the highest level, as well as possess specific knowledge and skills related to the use of this language. What areas of professional activity can be involved?
Where do they learn languages?
Teaching foreign languages is carried out using various methods.
Foreign languages for children
School study is not particularly effective, although it sometimes continues for 8-10 years. A foreign language begins to be studied in primary school, usually from the 2nd grade. As a rule, this is English.
Currently, it is popular to include a foreign language in a child’s preschool development program (from 3-5 years old). Therefore, it happens that by the time they start learning English at school, some children already speak Starter or even Elementary level.
English language levels are, in fact, a system that allows you to assess how well a person speaks the language, that is, the very result of learning. There are several classifications, they can be systematized according to:
The Russian simple version has only three levels of knowledge. This:
- elementary
- average
- high
However, such a classification is rather amateurish, and it is not suitable for professionals, job seekers. An employer, reviewing all kinds of resumes, seeks to identify not only theoretical knowledge, but also a practical degree of training. Therefore, the applicant usually indicates the following levels:
- Using a dictionary
- Speaking skills
- Intermediate
- Fluent
- Basic knowledge of Business English— basic knowledge of business English
International system for determining levels of knowledge
The international version is more complicated, it has a larger number of steps, due to the additional division of middle and highest degrees English proficiency. For convenience, each category is designated by a letter with a numerical index. 
English proficiency scale So, below is the table Common European Framework of Reference — CEFR(Common European Framework of Reference)
| Language level | Competencies | ||
| A 1 | Beginner | Elementary | Knowledge of simple basics of the language:
|
| A 2 | Elementary | Elementary |
|
| B 1 | Lower Intermediate | Lower middle |
|
| B 2 | Upper Intermediate | Above average |
|
| C 1 | Advanced 1 | Great |
|
| C 2 | Advanced 2 (Upper Advanced) |
In excellence | Everything is the same, but added:
|
Using this table, you can determine which category you will be trained in. For example, in order to get a job in some Call Center, you only need to reach level A 2 - elementary. But for you to teach someone English, A 2 is clearly not enough: for the right to teach, the minimum category is B 2 (above average).
Professional language classification scale
However, more often, when writing a resume according to international standards, the following professional classification is used, in which the elementary level serves as the initial level, and there are actually three “near-intermediate” levels. Other scales use a 7-level division (in this case, the initial level is without a category).
In the following table we will take a closer look at exactly Intermediate(average)
| Language level | Corresponding effect CEFR |
Competencies | |
| (Beginner) Elementary |
(Elementary) Elementary |
--- A 1 |
Same as in Beginner CEFR Same as in Elementary CEFR |
| Pre-intermediate | Below average (pre-average) | A 2 | Same as in Lower Intermediate CEFR |
| Intermediate | Average | B 1 |
|
| Upper-Intermediate | Above average | B 2 | Same as in Upper Intermediate CEFR |
| Advanced | Great | C 1 | Same as in Advanced 1 CEFR |
| Proficiency | Ownership in practice | C 2 | The same as in Advanced 2 CEFR, with the difference that knowledge is improved not with the help of textbooks, but in practice, mainly among native speakers. |
As you can see, the concept of “level” is quite subjective: for some, beginner or elementary is enough for training on an amateur scale, but for professionals Advanced may seem insufficient.
Level Proficiency is considered the highest, it is the most valuable and allows a highly qualified specialist to get a well-paid job abroad, and a student to get an education in prestigious university or college.
In our native “penates” the average (Intermediate) is quite sufficient in order to:
- understand language and communicate
- watch films and read texts in English
- conduct formal and informal correspondence
Testing your English level
How to determine what level of knowledge you are at? There are many tests, here is one of them 
Testing your level of English How to climb a little higher on this ladder? Only through training!
This is a topic without borders. Visit our English Courses and Books and Textbooks sections and choose your favorite technique.
Levels of English proficiency according to the European scale
It's no secret that the American and British variants English languages are somewhat different, and the international classification is more focused on the American version, since most foreigners study this easier version. However, American English is foreign to Europeans. Therefore, the European English Language Framework was created. 
European Framework of Reference for English Languages
- A1 Level of survival (Breakthrough). Complies with the International Scale Beginner levels,Elementary. At this level you understand slow, clear English and can speak using familiar expressions and very simple phrases for everyday communication: in a hotel, cafe, shop, on the street. You can read and translate simple texts, write simple letters and greetings, and fill out forms.
- A2 Pre-threshold level (Waystage). Compliant international level Pre-Intermediate. At this level you can talk about your family, your profession, personal hobbies and preferences in cuisine, music, and sports. Your knowledge allows you to understand announcements at the airport, advertising texts, store texts, inscriptions on products, postcards. You know how to conduct business correspondence, and you can also freely read and retell simple texts.
- B1 Threshold level. In the international scale corresponds Intermediate level. You can already understand what is being discussed in radio and television programs. Do you know how to express own opinion, know how to justify your views, conduct business correspondence medium difficulty, retell the content of what you read or saw, read adapted literature in English.
- B2 Threshold advanced level (Vantage). According to the international scale - Upper-Intermediate. You are fluent in spoken language in any situation and can communicate with a native speaker without preparation. You know how to speak clearly and in detail on a wide range of issues, convey your point of view, giving weighty arguments for and against. You can read unadapted literature in English, as well as retell the content of complex texts.
- C1 Level of professional proficiency (Effective Operational Proficiency). Complies with international Advanced level. Now you understand various complex texts and can identify the subtext in them, you can express your thoughts fluently without preparation. Your speech is rich in linguistic means and the accuracy of their use in a variety of situations of everyday or professional communication. You can express yourself clearly, logically, and in detail on complex topics.
- C2 Level of mastery. According to the international scale - Proficiency. At this level, you are fluent in any spoken or written speech, you can summarize the information obtained from different sources and present it in the form of a coherent and clearly reasoned message. You can express your thoughts fluently complex issues, conveying the subtlest shades of meaning.
Strive for perfection!