Europe... This geographical name First of all, it reminds us of ancient Greek myth about the daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, ruler of Sidon, Europe. According to the myth, Europa was kidnapped by the almighty Zeus, who took the form of a white bull. On the back of this bull she swam across Mediterranean Sea from Phenicia to about. Crete (remember the famous painting by Valentin Serov “The Rape of Europa”).
However, toponymists usually derive the name “Europe” from the Assyrian “ereb” - “darkness”, “sunset”, “west” (as opposed to Asia, the name of which is associated with the word “asu” - “sunrise”). At first, the name “Europe” applied only to the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, but gradually spread to the entire territory of this part of the world.
Europe... This geographical name also recalls the enormous contribution to world civilization which began in the era Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome, was continued into the Renaissance and the Great geographical discoveries and then in the era industrial revolutions And social revolutions- and so on to this day. The largest German geographer of the 19th century. Karl Ritter wrote that in historically Europe was destined to develop much better and more beneficially than Asia and Africa, richer endowed with nature. Thus, the smallest part of the world became the most powerful, ahead of others both materially and spiritually. “It dominates them,” writes Karl Ritter, “puts a European imprint on them, just as it once itself, at least partially, was subject to the dominion of the East. Europe is the center of the enlightened and educated world. Beneficial rays emanate from her to all ends of the globe.”
Perhaps there is something to be disputed in this panegyric to Europe. Both in relation to spiritual superiority, and in relation only to the “beneficent rays”. Let's not forget about the endless bloody wars, which were conducted in Europe: the Centennial, the Thirty, the Seven and hundreds of others. The First began in Europe World War. The Second World War broke out here, affecting 9/10 of its population. But nevertheless, the “old stones of Europe” are truly the greatest asset not only of European, but of the entire world civilization. It is generally accepted that European civilization is one of its main foundations.
Europe covers an area of about 10 million km2. Including 5 million km2 currently located in foreign (relative to the CIS) Europe, which is less than 4% of the total inhabited land area. The territory of foreign Europe stretches from north to south (from Spitsbergen to Crete) for approximately 5 thousand km, from west to east (from Atlantic coast Portugal to the Black Sea coast of Romania) approximately 3100 km.
Population of overseas Europe 1900–2007 increased from almost 300 million to 527 million people. But its share in the world population during this time decreased from almost 18 to 8%, which is explained by a noticeable decrease in the rate of population reproduction. For many centuries and even millennia, foreign Europe was second only to foreign Asia; Now both Africa and Latin America are ahead of it in this indicator.
The physical map of foreign Europe is characterized by many features, of which two are especially worth noting.
Firstly, this is the “mosaic” structure of its territory, in which lowland, hilly and mountainous areas alternate; V total the ratio between plains and mountains is approximately 1: 1. Physico-geographers of Moscow State University identify 9 physical-geographical countries in foreign Europe, dividing them into 19 regions and 51 districts. But at the same time - unlike, say, Asia or America - it is not “fenced off” by high mountain ranges. Among the mountains of Europe, medium-altitude ones predominate, which do not pose insurmountable barriers to economic and other ties. Transport routes have long been built through their numerous passes.
Secondly, this is the coastal position of most countries of foreign Europe, many of which are located on islands and peninsulas, close to busy sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa, Australia and America. Navigation and maritime trade have long played a major role in their development. The rugged coastline was especially favorable for this. Back in 1914, Osip Mandelstam wrote in his poem “Europe”:
Its living shores are cut up,
And the peninsulas are aerial sculptures,
The contours of the bays are a little feminine,
Vizcaya, Genoa lazy arc.
Really, coastline Europe, including islands, is 143 thousand km. In foreign Europe there are almost no places that are more than 600 km away from the sea, but the average distance is 300 km. But in most of the UK there is no settlements, located further than 60–80 km from the coast.
Let's add to this that natural landscapes foreign Europe throughout last millennia experienced the greatest anthropogenic changes. Back in the Bronze Age, shifting agriculture, hunting and gathering appeared here, and the domestication of livestock began. In ancient times, nomadic cattle breeding was added to them on the Danube plains, and in Southern Europe deforestation for arable land has increased. In the Middle Ages, extensive agriculture and animal husbandry played a major role, and cultivable lands expanded. And today it is a region of intensive agriculture and livestock raising, with a wide spread of agricultural landscapes. Of all parts of the world, it is Europe that is the most “cultivated”: only 2.8% of its territory is free from traces of human activity.
The political map of foreign Europe is also distinguished by its peculiar “mosaic” nature. In the mid-1980s. there were 32 sovereign states here (including the microstates of Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, Vatican City and Liechtenstein). In the early 1990s. in connection with the separation of the Baltic countries from the USSR, the collapse of the SFRY and Czechoslovakia, the number of such countries increased noticeably. The most important change to political map The region also became part of the unification of Germany in 1990.
Most countries in foreign Europe are relatively small in size. Not to mention the microstates, Luxembourg and Malta, nine of them have an area of up to 50 thousand km2: Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Albania and Estonia (for comparison, recall that the Moscow region occupies 47 thousand km2 ). Eleven countries have a territory from 50 thousand to 100 thousand km2: Iceland, Ireland, Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal. Ten countries have a territory from 100 thousand to 500 thousand km2: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece. And only the areas of two countries - France and Spain - exceed 500 thousand km2.
To understand the “scale” of foreign European countries, it is also very important to become familiar with their linear dimensions. Norway is the longest (1,750 km), followed by Sweden (1,600), Finland (1,160), France (1,000), Great Britain (965), and Germany (876 km). In countries such as Bulgaria or Hungary, the largest linear distances do not exceed 500 km, and in the Netherlands - 300 km. Therefore, the “depth” of the territory in most of them is not very great. For example, in Bulgaria and Hungary there are no places that are more than 115–120 km from the borders of these countries. Such border conditions can be considered as an important favorable prerequisite for the development of integration processes.
Finally, one cannot help but say that foreign Europe has been and remains one of largest centers world economy. Its total GDP is more than $15 trillion, or approximately 22% of the world's. The region ranks first (40%) in world trade. He also holds leadership in the field gold and foreign exchange reserves and foreign investments. Most countries in foreign Europe have entered the post-industrial stage of development. They are characterized by a tall and very high level quality of life of the population.
Particularly radical transformations took place in foreign Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In its western part, they were associated primarily with the formation of a single European economic space based on 15 countries European Union(EU). In its eastern part they found expression in the change social order and transition from centralized state economy to a market economy. Folded and united political space foreign Europe, which is facilitated by the fact that in the second half of the 1990s. in most of its countries, the “right”, conservative parties were replaced by the “left” parties of social democrats and socialists. The formation of a single political (geopolitical) space also occurs as a result of the activities of international organizations. Two of them are especially important.
First, there is the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), which occupies a central place in the European security system. Created in 1975, it is based on the principle interstate relations in Europe there must be: respect for the sovereign equality of states, their territorial integrity, inviolability of borders, non-use of force or threat of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs, respect for human rights. In 1999, the OSCE adopted the Charter for European Security, which became a kind of “code of conduct” European countries and organizations. The OSCE structure includes many permanent bodies (meetings, councils, committees, bureaus, missions, etc.). In 2008, this organization included 56 states (with the USA, Canada, Japan, CIS countries and some others).
Secondly, there is the Council of Europe (CoE), created in 1949 as a consultative political organization promoting integration processes in the field of human rights, fundamental freedoms and parliamentary democracy. The main bodies of the Council of Europe are the Committee of Ministers (at the level of foreign ministers), the Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) - an advisory body with advisory functions, and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe. The Secretariat of the Council of Europe is located in Strasbourg (France).
IN Lately more and more often they also write about a single European idea, about the problems of European education, which should contribute to spiritual rapprochement European peoples. It also includes the formation of European consciousness, aimed at ensuring that the inhabitants of the region recognize themselves not only as Germans, French or English, but above all as Europeans, who are connected by the commonality of Western European civilization with many unique features inherent in it. This means that younger generations of Europeans must be brought up in accordance with the principle of “double loyalty” - both to their country and to a united Europe.
Along with this, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. in foreign Europe, changes also occurred that affected the international political landscape and disrupted the existing system collective security. First of all, this relates to the Alliance’s desire to extend its influence to the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Thus, in 1999, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary joined NATO. In 2004, three Baltic countries, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Slovenia, were admitted to NATO. This meant approaching the boundaries of the block directly to Russian border and was perceived negatively, at least psychologically, in Russia, which does not pose a threat to NATO. This also applies to NATO's claims to a major role in the process of making important political decisions, bypassing the largest international organizations for maintaining peace and security.
Russia - how European country– takes an active part in all European affairs. It is a member of the OSCE and was admitted to the Council of Europe in 1996, becoming its 39th member. In 1997, the fundamental Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security was concluded between Russia and NATO. It noted that Russia and NATO do not consider each other as adversaries, but their common goal is to overcome the remnants of previous confrontation and rivalry and strengthen mutual trust and cooperation. Was also created Standing Council Russia - NATO. In 1999, relations between them were noticeably darkened due to NATO's military action in Yugoslavia. Then they began to gradually improve and were especially strengthened after the terrorist attack in the United States on September 11, 2001 and the creation of a broad anti-terrorist coalition, which included Russia. In 2002, new relations between Russia and NATO were officially established in the form of the so-called “G20” (19 NATO countries and Russia). However, in mid-2008, in connection with the decision to deploy elements of the American missile defense system in the Czech Republic and Poland, and even more so after Georgia’s military action in South Ossetia, relations between Russia and NATO sharply deteriorated.
I’m waiting for the completion of my second foreign passport, because again I really want to go for a walk along the streets of Italy, eat in German eateries and see the Eiffel Tower. This is only a small part of all the attractions found in Europe, which explains the great tourist popularity. But there are still important aspects to this issue.
Europe and its composition
This part of the world is inhabited by approximately 742 million people, each of whom is a part of its cultural component. The area occupied by Europeans is just over 10 million square kilometers. I will highlight basic information about this part of the world:
- forms Eurasia in unification with the territories of Asia;
- the name comes from the heroine of the myths of Ancient Greece - Europa, who was kidnapped and taken away by Zeus;
- includes 50 countries.
Speaking about representatives of Europe, I would like to mention Great Britain, Italy, France and Germany. They form the backbone of the economic and political sphere Europeans. Part former USSR also applies to these territories (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, etc.).
The reason for the concentration of tourists in Europe
Looking at people's social media pages. networks, you can see that the most popular are photographs from trips to Europe. After all, the streets of the “old world” and architectural monuments are unique, which arouses great interest among tourists (the Colosseum, the Eiffel Tower, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and others). In addition, it is important natural features: many seas, countless beaches, rivers, amazing mountain landscapes.
They also play an important role economic forces. Europe has excellent transport infrastructure, high general economic development and a sufficient level of the tourism industry. I'll also take it into account political aspects, which manifest themselves in the form of a long-term peaceful situation (no wars since World War II) and a simple system of document checks at the borders and the unification of many countries into the Schengen zone, which simplifies visa issues. The latter ensures easy travel between European Union countries.
This I know
1. List the benefits geographical location Europe.
Position in temperate and subtropical latitudes, in flat areas, wide access to Atlantic Ocean, the possibility of communication with other regions.
2. Tell us about the role of Europe in the formation modern world.
The formation of the modern world began in Europe. Ancients European civilizations(Rome, Greece, Byzantium) became the center of formation European culture and gave the world many great discoveries. It was in Europe that the idea of a democratic state structure was introduced into practice, the foundations of the legal system were formulated, and the foundations were formed modern science and humanistic worldview, market relations.
3. What is the composition of the population of Europe?
The total population of Overseas Europe is about 500 million people, of which the majority (about 95%) speak languages Indo-European family. This language family is represented in Foreign Europe by the following main groups: >Germanic, Romance, Slavic and Celtic; In addition, it includes Albanian and Greek languages, as well as a dialect of the Indo-Aryan group spoken by the gypsies. The most big number Residents of Foreign Europe (about 200 million) speak languages of the Germanic group.
It is spoken by the Germans of Germany, German population Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium. Dialects of the same language are spoken by Austrians, Swiss, Flemings (Belgium) and Frisians (Germany, Denmark). English also belongs to this group. Peoples speaking languages of the North Germanic branch include Swedes, Danes, Norwegians, Icelanders and Faroe Islanders. Romanskaya language group more homogeneous. Peoples speaking Romance languages(about 180 million), occupy a compact territory in the west, southwest and south of Europe. These are the Portuguese, Spanish, Galicians (Spain), Catalans (Spain, France), French, Walloons (Belgium), Italians and Romanians. Slavic group languages and peoples is divided into three branches: western, eastern and southern. IN Western Europe Western and Southern Slavs settled (about 80 million).
4. In which part of Europe are the most economically developed countries located? What kind of states are these? Name them. What do you know about them?
5. Match
I can do this
6. Apply to contour map the largest European states by area and label their capitals.
Russia (Moscow), Ukraine (Kyiv), France (Paris), Spain (Madrid), Sweden (Stockholm).
7. Spanish is the native language of 360 million people on the planet, English - for 320 million, Portuguese - for 230 million, French - for 80 million. Compare these figures with the population of Spain (40.4 million people) , Great Britain (60.6 million people), Portugal (10.6 million people) and France (60.9 million people). Draw conclusions. *Display this phenomenon on a pie or bar graph.
This discrepancy in numbers is due to the colonization policies of European states. England, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland sought to master everything large territories in the New World. The settlers forced out indigenous people and propagated their culture and language. That is why countries North America mostly English speaking South America– speak Portuguese and Spanish.
8. By physical map Eurasia in the atlas, determine what minerals the subsoil of Europe is rich in.
Europe is rich in fuel minerals (oil, gas, coal, brown coal). There are ore minerals - iron ores, aluminum ores, copper ores, polymetallic ores. Among chemical raw materials, there are significant reserves of phosphorites and potassium salts.
9. Compare the appearance of two cities - in Northern and Southern Europe (see Fig. 165 and 166 on p. 193). What differences do you think are associated with different climatic conditions in two European regions?
The differences in typical house architecture are of course related to climatic features. The main differences are the materials from which houses are built, the size and glazing of windows, the height of buildings, and the presence of chimneys in houses in Northern Europe.
This is interesting to me
10. Prepare a message about national traditions peoples living in Europe (optional).
Swedish traditions
Being a fairly reserved nation, the Swedes nevertheless lead very interesting image life. Swedish traditions combine both ancient customs and modern innovations. In addition, there are indigenous, primordially Swedish traditions and those brought into the country from outside by wealthy merchants and Protestant clergy.
One of the winter customs is the celebration of the traditional St. Lucia's Day. On an early December morning, a young girl wakes up before anyone else in the house. Wearing a white dress, symbolizing virgin purity, she sings special songs, illuminating the darkness with the light of burning candles that decorate her wreath. Dressed up Lucia treats family members awakened by beautiful singing to delicious buns and aromatic coffee. In the summer, according to tradition, Swedes hold weddings everywhere. Weather allow you to celebrate a joyful event in nature, with horses and festive carts. In Sweden, marriage is inseparable from church weddings.
Traditions related to food
Climatic conditions and ancient Scandinavian customs largely determine the features national cuisine Swedes Marinades and pickles that can be preserved for a long time, take pride of place among the most popular dishes. Swedes also love smoked meats. But the use of various spices is not given so much attention great attention, as in other countries. When frying or stewing, preference is given not to oil, but to pork lard. In general, Swedes are supporters of “home” cooking without any frills. Fish dominates the local diet. The Swedes do not have a single feast without fish dishes. The fish is salted and smoked, cooked with wine and mustard, used as a filling for sandwiches and baked with sauce. Vegetable salads are often served with fish. Caviar and crustaceans are also favorite foods of the Swedes. One of the fun and unusual traditions of the Swedes is the celebration of Fermented Herring Day. Under-salted fish is “warmed” in the sun for two days and eaten when it has already begun to ferment, but has not had time to completely deteriorate. The Swedes claim that despite the aroma not being pleasant, herring has a simply delicious taste. Treats also don’t take much time last place among your favorite culinary products. Almond paste or cream scones can become the object of increased attention almost for the season. The Swedes have holidays for those with a sweet tooth, such as Waffle Day, dedicated to the Annunciation, or Cinnamon Bun Day.
How holidays are celebrated
The tradition of celebrating Christmas in this country is given special meaning. This event is truly a family celebration, bringing together representatives of several generations at one table. At this time, the Christmas tree is decorated and Christmas gifts are given. Sometimes it is impossible for an outsider to be next to members of a family on Christmas night. In the evening, under the pretext of the need to buy something, one of the gathered men goes out the door, and almost at the same time the long-awaited Santa Claus, or as the Swedes call him, the Christmas Gnome, enters the house. Of course, he brings with him a lot of gifts in a bag. Thus, in Sweden, Santa Claus comes and gives gifts at Christmas. On Christmas Eve, Swedes usually place porridge with almonds added to it on the doorstep to appease the little gnomes. If by morning the pot is empty, then the year will be fruitful and rich. Of course, the times when people sincerely believed in such fairy tales are long gone, but the tradition nevertheless remains. Swedes traditionally start celebrating the New Year by listening to poems and congratulations in front of the TV. Then, when the street is filled with the ringing of church bells, people say wishes for happiness, raising glasses filled with champagne. In addition, Swedes, following tradition, promise each other that they will accomplish certain things in the coming year. Promises can be very different, for example, to lose weight up to a certain number or visit relatives out of town. Then people from the tables go out into the streets, illuminated by bright New Year's lights and fireworks. During holiday celebrations, Swedes, according to tradition, burn a huge stuffed straw goat and smash dishes against friends' doors for good luck.
Easter in the country is celebrated in the spring a little earlier than Orthodox Easter. In Sweden, this holiday is also not complete without painting eggs with all kinds of patterns and colors. To decorate their homes, people make figurines of domestic chickens and rabbits. Children, according to tradition, take out grandmothers' clothes, their dresses and old shoes, put it all on themselves, and apply spots in the form of freckles on their faces. They try to be like those witches who, according to legend, on Thursday before Happy Easter, went on brooms to meet the devil. Adults give the “little witches” who go from house to house wishing them fun, various sweets, and sometimes even money.
At the very end of April, Swedes celebrate Walpurgis Night on a grand scale. It is famous for its ubiquitous bonfires and chants. The air is shaken by the noise of firecrackers and explosions of colorful fireworks. After noisy night festivities, May 1st comes. The holiday of Walpurgis Night flows into the appearance of crowded demonstrations, where workers proclaim their urgent requests for increased wages, reduced working hours, and equal rights.
Traditionally, Swedes celebrate the Summer Solstice. The day before, young unmarried girls try to weave a special wreath consisting of seven different types colors. They do this so that in their dreams they see their future loved one. On the holiday itself, poles entangled with leaves and flowers are placed on the ground. Around them, Swedes in the costumes of their country lead friendly round dances and sing.
Sweden's traditions are a reflection rich history states. It is not surprising that not only its indigenous people are proud of this country - Swedish culture has many fans all over the world.
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Europe is the Mecca and Medina of world tourism, all roads lead not only to Rome, and having arrived in the city of Bruges, the last thing you want to do is lie low, as in the film of the same name.
Europe is full of cultural treasures:
- historical and architectural monuments;
- paintings;
- original sculptures;
- religious relics;
- archaeological artifacts.
This is why European countries, cities, villages, and streets are attractive to tourists from all over the world: here everyone will find something to their liking, a vacation to their liking, and entertainment they can afford. For example, if you need a beach and a warm sea, they go to Italy or Greece. Those who are interested in excursions and museums go to Germany and France. Food for the soul and solitude can be found in the Vatican, Czech Republic. Fans of noisy parties and unbridled shopping buy plane tickets to Portugal and Spain.
The world is open. English language understood almost everywhere - from Copenhagen to Lille. A exchange offices European banks are ready to exchange any money of visiting guests at the local rate.
Europe is the world leader in travel services
First place on the podium for rendering tourist services, undoubtedly belongs to Europe. Russians and others are looking forward to next vacation to travel to one of the European countries. People leaf through catalogs in search of interesting places holidays, book air tickets months before departure, compare prices in hotels and hostels. Statistics for 2013 showed that 82% of Russians have been to Europe at least once over the past period.
What else sets Europe apart from others? visa countries, so these are a variety of holiday offers. So, in Italy you can live in a real vineyard and learn how to make an intoxicating drink yourself - under the supervision of the owner, of course. Spain offers to live under open air in a bungalow on the shore of a lovely lake. And the Austrian Pitzal Valley will be happy to welcome anyone who wants to look after farm animals.
Rich cultural heritage
On the List world heritage- 721 real estate objects. More than three hundred of them are located within the borders of European states. That is 47% of total number monuments that are protected throughout the world belong to Europe. After all, about forty percent of world-famous museums are located in its western part alone.
In Belgium (and France) bell towers are strictly protected. Under the vigilant control of cultural authorities are Flemish monastic communities and Neolithic quarries near the Spienne region. In turn, the Netherlands cares about preserving windmills, which is in Kinderdijk-Elshout. The Dutch nation treasures the 17th century concentric canal system as well as defensive structures Amsterdam.
They honor history and cultural heritage and in Poland. Belovezhsky National Park has been delighting tourists for many years and local residents. The Royal Salt Mines in Bochnia and Wieliczka are impressive and inspiring. And the Centenary Hall in Wroclaw makes you feel the solemnity of a bygone era.
Majestic architectural monuments of civilization
List greatest monuments architecture in Europe can take a long time. Here are just a few in Greece:
Parthenon;
Athens Agora;
Temple of Hephaestus;
Theater of Dionysus;
Acropolis;
Propylaea.
Every European country has a reason to be proud: having carried the memory of their ancestors through the centuries and preserving valuable treasures for posterity historical facts, beautiful legends and stunning facilities. So, fifty kilometers from Stuttgart is the Hohenzollern Castle. This fortress is visited by more than three hundred thousand tourists every year. And those who decide to move north from Barcelona will certainly be interested in the Church of the Sagrada Familia. The first stone was laid back in 1882, but to this day the construction has not been completed. The architect Gaudi created 16 spindle-shaped spiers - according to the number of apostles, evangelists, including the Virgin Mary and Jesus. The towers are decorated with skillfully made bunches of grapes and ears of wheat. These are symbols of Holy Communion.
Take the Leaning Tower of Pisa: for several centuries it has continued to excite and excite travelers. Some people have already forgotten that the tower is only part of the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta and served as a bell tower. Everyone continues to admire its tilt towards the horizon, taking tons of pictures against the background.
It is impossible not to mention Vienna. Squares and parks, museums and galleries, architecture and history - the sights turn the heads of tourists, as if waltzing with them. The Vienna Opera is one of the most beautiful theater stages in Europe, with centuries-old dust on the tiles. If you happen to go there, for example, on the WantTour package , It's definitely worth buying a ticket to the show.
And then, for dessert, climb the Ferris Wheel. It was built in 1897 - and is called a monument not only of art and architecture, but also of engineering. The view of St. Stephen's Cathedral will be an unforgettable experience on your next European vacation.
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