A political map of the world shows the boundaries between countries and often provides information about state structure and form of government. Foreign Europe, the geography of which is studied in 11th grade, includes 40 countries that have large differences in all these indicators.
Borders
Political map Foreign Europe shows the boundaries between the countries that are part of it. Foreign Europe has land borders with Russia and CIS countries. The remaining borders are maritime.
Most of the countries that make up Overseas Europe are coastal.
The region's territory is divided into four parts - Western, Northern, Eastern, Southern Europe. The formation of this division began a long time ago and was due to geographical, cultural and economic differences.
Rice. 1. Regions of Foreign Europe.
To date political situation in Europe is quite stable and no significant changes are expected in the near future. The photo shows a modern political map in Russian.
Rice. 2. Countries of Foreign Europe.
Form of government and territorial structure
In addition to borders, using a political map you can determine such characteristics of countries as the form of government and territorial structure. What do these terms mean?
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- Form of government is a system of organization state power countries. The order of their formation, duration of validity, and powers are indicated here.
- Territorial structure - a way of organizing the territory of a state. This is how the internal structure of the country is determined.
Today in the world there are two possible forms board:
- monarchy- when the country is ruled by a king;
- republic- in this case, the authorities are elected by the people.
There is a third form - an absolute theocratic monarchy. In this case, the supreme power belongs to the church. Today in the world there is only one state with this form of government, and it is located in Foreign Europe. This is the city-state of the Vatican.
Among the monarchies there are absolute And constitutional. In the first case, power belongs entirely to the king. In the second, the king is subject to the laws of the constitution.
There are republics parliamentary And presidential. In the first case, the country is governed by a parliament headed by a president. In the second case, all power belongs to the president.
Rice. 3. The Vatican is the only city-state in the world headed by a church.
By territorial structure distinguish:
- unitary state: government is governed by a single center and is not divided into regions;
- federation: exists one-stop center management and many subordinate fragments of the country, called subjects;
- confederation: represents a union of two or more countries.
Characteristics of European countries in the table
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A country |
Form of government |
Territorial structure |
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Bulgaria |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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Great Britain |
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Germany |
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Ireland |
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Iceland |
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Liechtenstein |
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Luxembourg |
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Macedonia |
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Netherlands |
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Norway |
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Portugal |
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San Marino |
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Slovakia |
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Slovenia |
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Finland |
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Montenegro |
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Croatia |
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Switzerland |
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M - monarchy
R - republic
U - unitary
F – federation
As can be seen from the table, most countries of Foreign Europe are unitary republics. Interesting fact is that almost all Northern region represented by monarchies. IN Eastern region all countries are republics. In Southern and Western region There are approximately equal numbers of republics and monarchies.
What have we learned?
The political map of Overseas Europe is formed of 40 states that have borders between themselves and other regions. Countries have land and sea borders. By shape government Republics with a unitary organization of territory predominate.
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In the East and Southeast (on the border with Asia) border of Europe considered to be the ridge of the Ural Mountains. The extreme points of this part of the world are considered: in the North - Cape Nordkin 71° 08’ northern latitude. On South extreme point counts Cape Maroki, which is located at 36° north latitude. In the West, the extreme point is considered to be Cape of Destiny, located 9° 34’ east longitude, and in the east - the eastern part of the foot of the Urals up to about Baydaratskaya Bay, located at 67° 20' east longitude.
Western and northern shores Europe is washed by the North and Baltic Seas and the Bay of Biscay, and the Mediterranean, Marmara and Azov Seas cut deeply into from South. The seas of the Arctic Ocean - Norwegian, Barents, Kara, White - wash Europe on far north. In the southeast is the closed Caspian Sea-lake, formerly part of the ancient Mediterranean-Black Sea basin.
Europe is part of the world most of whose territory is located in Eastern Hemisphere. The Strait of Gibraltar separates it from Africa, the Bosphorus and Dardanelles from Asia, eastern and southeastern conditional boundary runs along the eastern foothills of the Urals and along the main Caucasian ridge.
Europe as a continent is characterized following features. Firstly, it is a large single monolith with Asia and therefore the division into Europe is more of a historical than physical-geographical nature. Secondly, it is relatively small in area - about 10.5 million sq. km. (together with European part Russia and Turkey), that is, larger than Canada by only 500 thousand sq. km. Only Australia is smaller than Europe. Thirdly, a significant part of the territory of Europe consists of peninsulas - the Iberian, Apennine, Balkan, Scandinavian. Fourthly, mainland Europe is surrounded by sufficient large islands(Great Britain, Spitsbergen, New Earth, Iceland, Sicily, Sardinia, etc.), which significantly expand its territory. Fifthly, Europe is the only continent that does not occupy the tropical zone, which means that natural diversity climatic zones and vegetation zones are somewhat lower here.
Europe was and remains important macroregion in political, economic and cultural life the entire planet.
Within Europe there are 43 independent states. In terms of territory size, they are small and quite compact. Largest states Europe is , France, Spain, Sweden, which occupy an area of 603.7; 552.0; 504.8; 449.9 thousand km2. is a Eurasian power, covering an area of 17.1 million km2. Only twelve countries have an area from 100 to 449 thousand km2. 19 countries have an area from 20 to 100 thousand km2. Smallest area occupied by the so-called dwarf countries of the Vatican, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta.
All European countries, with the exception of the Vatican, are members of the United Nations.
For a long time, Europe of the 20th century. was divided into two parts - Eastern and Western. The first included the former so-called socialist countries (Central-Eastern or Middle and Eastern Europe), and the second included capitalist countries (Western Europe). The events of the late 80s and early 90s radically changed the character modern era. The collapse of the socialist system led to the unification of the German states into single state(1990), the formation of independent independent states on the territory of the former Soviet Union(1991), the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1992, Czechoslovakia - in 1993 All this should not only be political, but also important economic importance. Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe, as well as the countries of the Adriatic-Black Sea subregion, are gradually creating a market economy.
The new phase of detente, which began in the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century, created a completely new situation. The idea of a pan-European home from the Atlantic to the Urals became objective reality. Conditions for existence have been created various forms integration in various regions of Europe, including Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe. The first such “swallow” in the conditions new Europe there was an attempt to create an interstate association back in the early 1990s, which neighboring states consisting of Austria, Hungary, Italy and the former Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia was called "Pentagonalia" (now "Octagonal"). This combination of states with different political and socio-economic status showed that neighboring states have a lot common problems(protection environment, energy use, cooperation in the field of culture, scientific and technical progress). After the collapse of the CMEA, a geopolitical vacuum arose in Central-Eastern Europe. Countries are looking for a way out of it in regional and subregional integration. Thus, in February 1991, the Visegrad subregional association emerged consisting of Poland, Hungary and the former Czechoslovakia, which pursued the goal of accelerating the entry of these countries into pan-European integration processes.
Shores of Europe heavily indented by bays and straits, there are many peninsulas and islands. The most large peninsulas- Scandinavian, Jutlandic, Iberian, Apennine, Balkan and Crimean. They take up about 1/4 total area Europe.
The area of the European islands exceeds 700 thousand km2. This is Novaya Zemlya, the Franz Josef Land archipelago, Spitsbergen, Iceland, Great Britain, and Ireland. In the Mediterranean Sea there are such large islands as Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia.
In the waters washing the shores of the European landmass, transport routes that lead to Africa and America intersect, and also connect European countries with each other.Europe. In the south-east is the undrained Caspian Sea - lake.
Coast of strongly indented bays and straits, there are many peninsulas and islands.The largest peninsula are Scandinavian, Jutland, Iberian, Apennine, Balkan and Crimea.They occupy about 1/4 of the total area of Europe.
European islands area exceeds 700 km2.This Novaya Zemlya archipelago of Franz Josef Land, Spitsbergen, Iceland, UK, Ireland.In the Mediterranean, there are such large islands as Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia.
In the waters around the coast of the European land transport cross paths that lead to Africa and America, as well as bind Europe together.
Europe is part of the continent of Eurasia. This part of the world is home to 10% of the world's population. Europe owes its name to the heroine of ancient Greek mythology. Europe is washed by the seas of the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Inland seas- Black, Mediterranean, Marble. Eastern and south eastern border Europe passes along the Ural ridge, the Emba River and the Caspian Sea.
IN Ancient Greece believed that Europe is a separate continent that separates the Black and Aegean Seas from Asia, and the Mediterranean Sea from Africa. Later it was found that Europe is only part huge continent. The area of the islands that make up the continent is 730 thousand square kilometers. 1/4 of the territory of Europe falls on the peninsulas - Apennine, Balkan, Kola, Scandinavian and others.
The highest point in Europe is the peak of Mount Elbrus, which is 5642 meters above sea level. A map of Europe with cities shows that the largest lakes in the region are Geneva, Chudskoye, Onega, Ladoga and Balaton.
All European countries are divided into 4 regions - Northern, Southern, Western and Eastern. Europe consists of 65 countries. 50 countries are independent states, 9 are dependent and 6 are unrecognized republics. Fourteen countries are islands, 19 are inland, and 32 countries have access to oceans and seas. The map of Europe in Russian shows the borders of all European states. The three states have their territories in both Europe and Asia. These are Russia, Kazakhstan and Türkiye. Spain, Portugal and France have part of their territory in Africa. Denmark and France have their territories in America.
The European Union includes 27 countries, and the NATO bloc includes 25. There are 47 states in the Council of Europe. The most small state Europe - the Vatican, and the largest - Russia.
The collapse of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the division of Europe into Eastern and Western. Eastern Europe is the largest region of the continent. IN Slavic countries The Orthodox religion predominates, in the rest - Catholicism. Cyrillic and Latin scripts are used. Western Europe unites Latin-speaking states. This part of the continent is the most economically developed part in the world. Scandinavian and Baltic states merge into Northern Europe. South Slavic, Greek and Romance-speaking countries form Southern Europe.
Interactive map of Europe online with cities. Satellite and classic maps of Europe
Europe is a part of the world located in the northern hemisphere of the Earth (on the continent of Eurasia). A map of Europe shows that its territory is washed by the Atlantic and North seas Arctic Oceans. The area of the European part of the continent is more than 10 million square kilometers. This territory is home to approximately 10% of the Earth's population (740 million people).
Satellite map Europe at night
Geography of Europe
In the 18th century V.N. Tatishchev proposed to accurately determine the eastern border of Europe: along the ridge of the Ural Mountains and the Yaik River to the Caspian Sea. Currently, on a satellite map of Europe you can see that the eastern border runs along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, along the Mugodzharam Mountains, along the Emba River, the Caspian Sea, the Kuma and Manych rivers, as well as along the mouth of the Don.
Approximately ¼ of Europe's territory is on peninsulas; 17% of the territory is occupied by mountains such as the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Caucasus, etc. The highest point in Europe is Mont Blanc (4808 m), and the lowest is the Caspian Sea (-27 m). The largest rivers of the European part of the continent are the Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Rhine, Don and others.
Mont Blanc Peak - highest point Europe
European countries
On political map In Europe, it is clear that approximately 50 states are located on this territory. It is worth noting that only 43 states are officially recognized by other countries; five states are only partially located in Europe, and 2 countries have limited or no recognition by other countries.
Europe is often divided into several parts: Western, Eastern, Southern and Northern. Western European countries include Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Liechtenstein, Ireland, France, Monaco, Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands.
In the territory of Eastern Europe are Belarus, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland and Romania.
Political map of Europe
In the territory Northern Europe are located Scandinavian countries and the Baltic countries: Denmark, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.
Southern Europe is San Marino, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Vatican City, Greece, Andorra, Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Malta and Slovenia.
Partially located in Europe are countries such as Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. Unrecognized entities include the Republic of Kosovo and the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic.
Danube River in Budapest
Politics of Europe
In the field of politics, the leaders are the following European countries: France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy. Today, 28 European countries are part of European Union– a supranational association that determines the political, trade and monetary activities of the participating countries.
Also, many European countries are members of NATO, a military alliance in which, in addition to European countries The USA and Canada are participating. Finally, 47 states are members of the Council of Europe, an organization that implements programs to protect human rights, protect the environment, etc.
Events on Maidan in Ukraine
As of 2014, the main centers of instability are Ukraine, where hostilities unfolded after Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the events on the Maidan, as well as the Balkan Peninsula, where problems that arose after the collapse of Yugoslavia have still not been resolved.
Detailed map of Europe in Russian. Europe on the world map is a continent that, together with Asia, is part of the Eurasian continent. The border between Asia and Europe - Ural Mountains, Europe is separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. There are 50 countries in Europe, total population– more than 740 million people.
Map of Europe with countries and capitals in Russian:
Large map of Europe with countries - opens in a new window. The map shows European countries, their capitals and major cities.
Europe - Wikipedia:
Population of Europe: 741,447,158 people (2016)
Europe Square: 10,180,000 sq. km.
Satellite map of Europe. Map of Europe from satellite.
Satellite map of Europe in Russian online with cities and resorts, roads, streets and houses:
Sights of Europe:
What to see in Europe: Parthenon (Athens, Greece), Colosseum (Rome, Italy), Eiffel Tower (Paris, France), Edinburgh Castle (Edinburgh, Scotland), Sagrada Familia (Barcelona, Spain), Stonehenge (England), St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City) , Buckingham Palace (London, England), Moscow Kremlin (Moscow, Russia), Leaning Tower of Pisa (Pisa, Italy), Louvre (Paris, France), Big Ben (London, England), Blue Sultanahmet Mosque (Istanbul, Turkey), Building Parliament of Hungary (Budapest, Hungary), Neuschwanstein Castle (Bavaria, Germany), Dubrovnik Old Town (Dubrovnik, Croatia), Atomium (Brussels, Belgium), Charles Bridge (Prague, Czech Republic), St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow, Russia), Tower bridge (London, England).
The largest cities in Europe:
City Istanbul- city population: 14377018
people Country - Türkiye
City Moscow- city population: 12506468
people Country Russia
City London- city population: 817410
0 people Country - Great Britain
City Saint Petersburg- city population: 5351935
people Country Russia
City Berlin- city population: 3479740
people Country: Germany
City Madrid- city population: 3273049
people Country - Spain
City Kyiv- city population: 2815951
people Country Ukraine
City Rome- city population: 2761447
people Country - Italy
City Paris- city population: 2243739
people Country - France
City Minsk- city population: 1982444
people Country - Belarus
City Hamburg- city population: 1787220
people Country: Germany
City Budapest- city population: 1721556
people Country - Hungary
City Warsaw- city population: 1716855
people Country - Poland
City Vein- city population: 1714142
people Country - Austria
City Bucharest- city population: 1677451
people Country - Romania
City Barcelona- city population: 1619337
people Country - Spain
City Kharkiv- city population: 1446500
people Country Ukraine
City Munich- city population: 1353186
people Country: Germany
City Milan- city population: 1324110
people Country - Italy
City Prague- city population: 1290211
people Country - Czech Republic
City Sofia- city population: 1270284
people Country - Bulgaria
City Nizhny Novgorod
- city population: 1259013
people Country Russia
City Belgrade- city population: 1213000
people Country - Serbia
City Kazan- city population: 1206000
people Country Russia
City Samara- city population: 1171000
people Country Russia
City Ufa- city population: 1116000
people Country Russia
City Rostov-on-Don- city population: 1103700
people Country Russia
City Birmingham- city population: 1028701
people Country - Great Britain
City Voronezh- city population: 1024000
people Country Russia
City Volgograd- city population: 1017451
people Country Russia
City Permian- city population: 1013679
people Country Russia
City Odessa- city population: 1013145
people Country Ukraine
City Cologne- city population: 1007119
people Country: Germany
Microstates of Europe:
Vatican(area 0.44 sq. km - the smallest state in the world), Monaco(area 2.02 sq. km.), San Marino(area 61 sq. km.), Liechtenstein(area 160 sq. km.), Malta(area 316 sq. km - island in the Mediterranean Sea) and Andorra(area 465 sq. km.).
Subregions of Europe - regions of Europe according to the UN:
Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland.
Northern Europe: Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
Southern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Macedonia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Italy, Vatican City, Greece, Malta.
Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Russia, Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova.
European Union countries (members and composition of the European Union in alphabetical order):
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Great Britain, Greece, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Republic of Cyprus, Luxembourg, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, France, Finland, Croatia , Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia.
Climate of Europe Mostly moderate. The European climate is particularly influenced by waters Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf Stream. In most European countries there is a clear division into four seasons. In winter, snow falls over most of the continent and temperatures remain below 0 C, while in summer the weather is hot and dry.
Relief of Europe- These are mainly mountains and plains, and there are much more plains. Mountains occupy only 17% of the total European territory. The largest European plains are Central European, East European, Central Danube and others. Largest mountains– Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, etc.
The coastline of Europe is very indented, which is why some countries are island states. Flow through Europe largest rivers: Volga, Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Dnieper and others. Europe is special caring attitude to its cultural and historical heritage and natural resources. There are many national parks in Europe, and almost every European city has preserved unique historical monuments and architecture of past centuries.
European nature reserves (national parks):
Bavarian Forest (Germany), Belovezhskaya Pushcha(Belarus), Belovezhsky National Park (Poland), Borjomi-Kharagauli (Georgia), Braslav Lakes (Belarus), Vanoise (France), Vikos-Aoos (Greece), Hohe Tauern (Austria), Dwingelderveld (Netherlands), Yorkshire Dales (England), Kemery (Latvia), Killarney (Ireland), Kozara (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Coto De Doñana (Spain), Lemmenjoki (Finland), Narochansky (Belarus), New Forest (England), Pirin (Bulgaria) ), Plitvice Lakes (Croatia), Pripyat (Belarus), Snowdonia (England), Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland), Thingvellir (Iceland), Šumava (Czech Republic), Dolomites (Italy), Durmitor (Montenegro), Alonissos (Greece), Vatnajökull (Iceland), Sierra Nevada (Spain), Retezat (Romania), Rila (Bulgaria), Triglav (Slovenia).
Europe is the most visited continent in the world. Numerous resorts of southern countries (Spain, Italy, France) and a rich and varied historical heritage, which is represented by a variety of monuments and attractions, attract tourists from Asia, Oceania and America.
Castles of Europe:
Neuschwanstein (Germany), Trakai (Lithuania), Windsor castle(England), Mont Saint-Michel (France), Hluboká (Czech Republic), De Haar (Netherlands), Coca Castle (Spain), Conwy (Great Britain), Bran (Romania), Kilkenny (Ireland), Egeskov (Denmark), Pena (Portugal), Chenonceau (France), Bodiam (England), Castel Sant'Angelo (Italy), Chambord (France), Aragonese Castle (Italy), Edinburgh Castle (Scotland), Spiš Castle (Slovakia), Hohensalzburg (Austria).