Attitude to health as a psychological problem. Humanity's attitude to health in a historical perspective

Attitude to health is one of the central concepts of the sociology of health, one of the fundamental foundations of the personal value system, a set of motives connecting the individual with society and culture.

Scientists define “attitude towards health” as an assessment of one’s own health based on the individual’s knowledge, awareness of its significance, as well as actions aimed at changing the state of health. But this definition refers only to one of the three hypostases of “attitude to health. Namely, “the individual’s attitude towards health.” In addition, “health attitudes” can be considered at the societal and group levels. “Attitude to health at the societal level” is a system of opinions and social norms that are relevant in society regarding health and expressed in actions aimed at changing the condition public health on various levels management." “Attitude to health at the group level” combines the features previous definitions, since the specificity of this type of relationship lies in the transmission to the individual of the system of social norms and opinions that has developed in society, but taking into account the real individual assessment of health by group members.

The structure of the concept of attitude towards health includes: 1) assessment of health status; 2) attitude to health. How to one of the main life values; 3) activities to preserve health.

The attitude towards health consists of two complementary directions: maintaining health (prevention and treatment of diseases) and improving human health (development of biological and psychological characteristics providing high adaptation to the changing external environment. The first direction reflects the traditional aspects of medicine - prevention and treatment, the second involves solving two types of problems. Some are related to increasing resilience natural inclinations person, searching for health reserves. Others are aimed at changing the psychophysiological capabilities of a person, including with the use of scientific achievements.

Attitudes towards health are the result of a set of relationships that characterize a given society at a certain stage of its development. Related to this is the problem of identifying factors that influence attitudes toward health. There are factors general, which are determined economic situation, the socio-political system of society, the characteristics of its culture and ideology, and specific nature, which include the state of health (individual and public), lifestyle characteristics, awareness in the field of health, the influence of family, school, health care system, etc. These factors are refracted in the personality structure of the individual - the bearer of one or another attitude towards health, or this refraction is carried out in the structure mass consciousness, forming certain norms of behavior in the field of health. The most traditional is the study of the conditionality of attitudes towards health by such socio-demographic characteristics of an individual as gender, age, level of education, skill level, marital status.

Classification this concept can be carried out for various reasons.

From the point of view of the subject, which is society, a group or an individual, the following are distinguished: the attitude of society to health, the attitude of the group to health, the attitude of the individual to health.

If the three indicated levels are already taken as the object of research, then we can distinguish: attitude to the health of society, attitude to the health of the group, and attitude of the individual to health.

Based on the degree of activity, an active and passive attitude to health is distinguished.

According to forms of manifestation - positive, neutral, negative.

According to the degree of adequacy to the principles of a healthy lifestyle: adequate, self-preserving and inadequate, self-destructive.

Attitudes towards an individual's health include:

Self-esteem by the individual own state health;

Attitude to health as a life value;

Satisfaction with your health and life in general;

Activities to preserve health.

Attitudes towards health at the group level (family, work or educational community) include:

Assessing the health status of the group and its individual members;

Current situation social norms attitudes towards health;

Real actions to improve the health of group members;

At the same time, the main function of the group in the context of attitudes towards health is to transmit to the individual the norms established in society regarding health, taking into account the real state individual assessments health of group members.

Exists traditional division all indicators into negative (morbidity, disability, mortality, etc., which form the basis of the strategy of health authorities) and positive (actions of an individual leading a healthy lifestyle, the share of healthy people in the population, state events on development physical culture). Since health today is studied primarily through negative indicators that characterize deviations in health, in connection with the growing importance of health as social and individual wealth in new socio-economic conditions, the problem of developing positive indicators has clearly arisen, which, according to E.N. Kudryavtseva, reflect “ positive side dialectical unity “health-illness”, inherent in a person as a socio-biological integrity, and characterize the ability of a person (collective, population) to fully fulfill their social functions, changes dynamically in time and space and depends on many characteristics (gender, age, etc.)" An important aspect health problems is his self-esteem.

Self-assessment of health is an individual’s assessment of his physical and psychological state, a key indicator of attitude towards health, which is characterized by three main functions: 1) regulatory, 2) evaluative, 3) prognostic.

Self-esteem as integral indicator includes an assessment of not only the presence or absence of symptoms of the disease, but also psychological well-being- one’s capabilities and qualities, awareness life perspective, your place among other people. People tend to evaluate their health in terms of their ability to perform social functions and roles. Research has shown that psychological stress, depressive symptoms affect work ability and self-esteem of health more than many serious chronic diseases. This, in fact, determines regulatory function self-assessment of health. At the same time, self-assessment of physical and psychological condition acts as a real indicator of people’s health.

R. A. Berezovskaya
Introductory remarks. The concept of “attitude to health” is a system of individual, selective connections between a person and various phenomena surrounding reality, promoting or, conversely, threatening people’s health, as well as determining an individual’s assessment of his physical and mental state.
The category of “relationships” is one of the central concepts in the concept of “relationship psychology”, which originated at the beginning of the 20th century. at the school of V. M. Bekhterev. It was initially outlined by A.F. Lazursky and S.P. Frank in their “Program for Research on Personality and Its Relation to the Environment,” published by them in 1912. Premature death A.F. Lazursky did not allow him to give this theory a finished form. Subsequently, the psychology of relationships was developed by V. N. Myasishchev. The main point of this concept is that psychological relationships person is represented whole system individual, selective, conscious connections of the individual with by various parties objective reality. In other words, when psychological analysis - personality, whole and indivisible by nature, appears before the investigator as a system of relationships that are considered as a mental expression of the connection between subject and object.
According to this concept, health attitudes can be described using three components. It should be noted that the decree? The emotional, cognitive and volitional components of the relationship identified by V.N. Myasishchev correspond to the three mental spheres identified in modern psychology - emotional, cognitive and motivational-behavioral. However, the components of relationships are not elements included in their structure (the relationship has integrity and inseparability). Rather, they reflect the possibility of his scientific and psychological analysis in three different meaning different angles.
When analyzing attitudes to health, it is also important to take into account the time factor, which involves considering its formation and dynamics. Forming an attitude towards health is a very complex, contradictory and dynamic process, which is determined by two groups of factors:

  • external (characteristics environment, including features of the social micro- and macroenvironment, as well as the professional environment in which the person is located);
  • internal (individual psychological and personal characteristics person, as well as his state of health).
The emerging relationship does not remain unchanged, it continuously changes with the acquisition of a new life experience. Attitude variability is the rule, not the exception. At the same time, the correction unfavorable aspects of one relationship or another is a long and sometimes very painful process for the individual, associated with overcoming internal conflicts and negative emotional experiences. Due to this special meaning acquires purposeful formation correct attitude to health on early stages personality development (a special role is given to family education and teaching in primary school).
It is also important to note that a person’s attitude towards his health acts as an internal mechanism of self-regulation of activity and behavior in this area (by analogy with psychological mechanism self-esteem). However regulatory function relationships come into play only at a certain stage of ontogenesis; with the accumulation of social and professional experience she is improving.
Thus, a person’s attitude towards his health, on the one hand, reflects the individual’s experience, and on the other, has a significant impact on his behavior. Consequently, it can be considered as one of the main “targets” to which the psychocorrective influence of a specialist practicing in the field of health psychology should be directed. Wherein differentiated approach psychocorrectional work should be based on a comprehensive study of the characteristics of people’s attitudes towards their health.
So far there has been no research on this issue. widespread V modern science(in contrast to numerous Studies of attitudes towards illness). Having analyzed the existing research literature, several scientific directions, within the framework of which such research is carried out: Summarizing the results of the study, one should point out the paradoxical nature of the relationship modern man to health, that is, the discrepancy between the need to have good health, on the one hand, and the efforts that a person makes to maintain and strengthen his physical and psychological well-being, on the other. Apparently, the reason for this discrepancy is that very often health is perceived by people as something unconditionally given or taken for granted, the need for which, although recognized, is felt only in a situation of deficiency. In other words, with complete physical, mental and social well-being, the need for health is, as it were, not noticed by a person, acquiring the character of an urgent vital necessity in the event of its loss or as it is lost.
Purpose of the lesson. Study psychological characteristics a person's attitude towards his health.
Equipment. Sheets with the questionnaire “Attitudes towards health” (Appendix 16.1).
Operating procedure. The experiment can be carried out either individually or in a group. Subjects are given the text of the questionnaire and read the following instructions:
You will be asked a series of statement questions with which you can agree, disagree, or partially agree. Please rate each statement according to the degree of your agreement on a scale where:
  1. - completely disagree or completely unimportant;
  2. - I don’t agree, it doesn’t matter;
  3. - rather disagree;
  4. - I don’t know (I can’t answer);
  5. - more likely to agree than not;
  6. - I agree, it is very important;
  7. - I absolutely agree, it is definitely important.
Circle the mushroom you have chosen or mark it in some other way. Be careful that only one answer must be selected and marked for each statement.
Answer all questions in a row without skipping. Don't spend a lot of time thinking about answers. If you have difficulty, try to imagine the most frequently encountered situation that corresponds to the meaning of the question, and based on this, choose an answer.
Please note that the third question does not have answer options. Several empty lines are allocated to answer it. Blank lines are also left for possible additional options answers to questions 5, 8, 9 and 10.
Thank you for your cooperation!
Processing and interpretation of results. The “Attitude to Health” questionnaire consists of 10 questions that can be divided into four scales:
  • cognitive;
  • emotional;
  • behavioral;
  • value-motivational (Table 16.1).
The results are analyzed based on qualitative analysis obtained using a data questionnaire, which can be carried out at several levels:
  • each statement can be analyzed separately;
  • data analysis can be carried out for each question (all statements included in the this question);
  • each block of questions or scale can also be considered separately (all questions and statements included in this scale are analyzed).
Table 16.1
Distribution of questions in the “Attitude towards health” questionnaire according to scales

When analyzing attitudes to health, opposite types of attitudes can be distinguished - adequate and inadequate. IN real life However, the polar alternative is practically excluded, therefore, in the future, when interpreting the obtained empirical data, one should talk about the degree of adequacy or inadequacy.
Empirically fixed criteria for the degree of adequacy or inadequacy of a person’s attitude towards his health are:
  • at the cognitive level: the degree of a person’s awareness or competence in the field of health, knowledge of the main risk and anti-risk factors, understanding of the role of health in ensuring an active and long life;
  • at the behavioral level: the degree of compliance of a person’s actions and actions with the requirements of a healthy lifestyle;
  • on the emotional level: an optimal level of anxiety in relation to health, the ability to enjoy and enjoy the state of health;
  • at the value-motivational level: the high importance of health in the individual hierarchy of values ​​(especially terminal ones), the degree of formation of motivation to maintain and strengthen health.
To interpret responses to open question(3) a content analysis procedure is used:
  • When analyzing the definitions of the concept of “health” obtained in a study of a group of subjects, essential health attributes are considered as semantic units of content elements, and the frequency of their occurrence is determined: (% of total number respondents);
  • in the case of an individual survey, the results of a particular subject can be correlated with the content analysis data presented in table. 16.2.
Thus, the most common health characteristics reflecting individual characteristics A person’s attitude towards his health turned out to be as follows:
  1. The majority of respondents (32%) define health as a state characterized by good health and mood (for example, “Health is calmness and confidence tomorrow"or "Health is vigor and good mood").
Table 16.2
Data from content analysis of definitions of the concept of “health”
Question Answer options Number of responses, %

How would you define health in a few words (or one phrase)?		 Well-being (feeling of comfort, well-being, calmness, confidence) 32
When it's there, you don't notice 23
No pain 21
Harmony of physical and mental 17
Guarantee (key, key) of success in all matters 15
This is life (full and active), a taste for life 12
The basis (basis) of all human activity 12
When you don't think about what it is 12
Joy happiness 10
  1. Health is defined as something that does not need to be thought about or cared about until symptoms of deterioration appear (for example, “Health is a state of the body in which you do not notice its presence” (23% of respondents) or “ Good health- this is a state when you don’t have to think about illnesses, since the body does not remind you of problems” (12% of respondents)).
  1. Health is characterized as the absence of painful sensations or diseases (this is the opinion of approximately 21% of respondents who claim, for example, that “Health is the absence of diseases and fear of them” or “Health is when nothing hurts”).
  2. 18% of respondents consider the harmonious combination of spiritual and physical principles in a person to be an important characteristic of health (for example, “Health is physical and moral well-being” or “harmony of body and spirit”).
  3. Health is also seen as necessary condition to achieve success in various fields of activity (for example, 15% of respondents defined health as “the opportunity to be active and live comfortably,” the same number believe that health is “the golden key to success in everything”).
Based on the results of the task, a qualitative description of the characteristics of attitudes towards health at the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and value-motivational levels should be presented.
Control questions
  1. What are the main components of health attitudes?
  2. What factors influence the formation of attitudes towards health?
  3. What are the main criteria for the adequacy of attitudes towards health?
Appendix 16.1 QUESTIONNAIRE “ATTITUDE TOWARDS HEALTH”

1. People evaluate differently various areas life. Assess how important these values ​​are to you at the moment.		 nbsp;

1.1. 		Happy family life
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

1.2. 		Material well-being
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

1.3. 		Faithful friends
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
nbsp;

1.4. 		Health
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

1.5. 		Interesting job (career)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

1.6. 		Recognition and respect from others
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

1.7. 		Independence (freedom)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

2. What do you think is necessary to succeed in life?		 nbsp;

2.1. 		A good education
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

2.2. 		Material wealth
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 | 		nbsp;

2.3. 		Capabilities

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

2.4. 		Luck (luck)

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

2.5. 		Health

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

2.6. 		Persistence, hard work

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

2.7. 		“Necessary connections (support from friends, acquaintances)

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp;

3. How would you define health in a few words?




4. Assess how information from the following sources influences your health awareness:
4.1
Facilities mass media(radio, television)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4.2.
Doctors [specialists]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4.3.
Newspapers and magazines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4.4.
Friends, acquaintances
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4.5.
Popular science books about health
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

5. Which of the following factors do you think has the most significant impact on your health?
5.1.
Quality medical care
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5.2.
Ecological situation

2
3
4
5
6
7
5.3.
Professional activity

2
3
4
5
IN
7
5.4.
Nutritional Features

2
3
4
5
6
7
5.5.
Bad habits

2
3
4
5
6
7
5.6.
Lifestyle

2
3
4
5
6
7
5.7
Not taking enough care of your health

2
3
4
5
6
7
5.8
Other
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

6. How do you feel most often when everything is fine with your health?		 nbsp; nbsp;
6.1.
I am calm

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.2.
I'm happy

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.3.
I'm happy

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.4.
I'm happy

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.5.
I'm not in danger

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.6.
I don't care

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.7
Nothing really bothers me

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.8.
I feel confident

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.9.
I feel free

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
6.10.
I feel a sense of inner satisfaction

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;

7. How do you most often feel when you learn about a deterioration in your health:		 nbsp; nbsp;
7.1.
I am calm

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.2.
I feel regret

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.3.
I'm concerned

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.4.
I feel guilty

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.5.
I'm sad

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.6.
I'm scared

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.7.
I'm annoyed

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.8.
I'm feeling depressed

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.9.
I'm anxious and very nervous

2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
7.10.
I'm ashamed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;

8. Do you do anything to maintain your health? Please indicate how regularly.		 nbsp; nbsp;
8.1.
I'm working out physical exercise(exercise, jogging, etc.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.2.
I'm on a diet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.3.
I take care of my sleep and rest schedule
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.4.
I'm tempering myself
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.5.
I visit a doctor for preventive purposes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.6.
I watch my weight
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.7.
I go to the bathhouse (sauna)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.8.
I'm avoiding bad habits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.9.
I attend sports sections (shaping, Gym, swimming pool, etc.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.10.
I practice special health systems (yoga, Chinese gymnastics, etc.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;
8.11.
Other
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp;

9 If you don’t take care of your health enough or regularly, why?		 nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.1.
This is not necessary because I am healthy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.2.
Lacks willpower
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.3.
I don't have time for this
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.4.
No company (bored alone)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.5.
I don't want to limit myself in anything
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.6.
I don't know what to do for this
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.7.
No matching conditions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.8.
Large ones required material costs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.9.
There are more important things to do
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
9.10.
Other
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;

10. If you feel unwell, then:		 nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
10.1
See a doctor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
10.2.
Trying not to pay attention
1
G
3
4
5
6
7 1 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
10.3.
You take action yourself based on your past experience.
1
G
3
4
5
6
7 1 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
10.4.
Seek advice from friends, relatives, acquaintances
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
10.5.
Other
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 		nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;

Thank you for your help!
Recommended reading
Berezovskaya R. A. Attitude of managers to health // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. 1999. Ser. 6. No. 2.
Berezovskaya R. A., Nikif

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Let's think and analyze how we feel about our health? Do we love our body and take care of it?
How often do we visit doctors to check the condition of our body? How often do we undergo scheduled tests or undergo any research?

Most often we remember our health when it fails us. When any disease occurs and we begin to treat it. And it often happens like this: if the disease does not greatly affect our life, does not interfere much, then we can not pay attention to it at all. Until it becomes difficult to ignore the disease, and then you have to remember about your health and start treating this disease.

Of course, not all people are so irresponsible about their health, but many are. And very often it turns out that if today you don’t have time, money, desire to take care of your health, then tomorrow you will have to find time and money, and at a much greater cost. more, in order to fight diseases.

Many foreigners, seeing our attitude towards our health, joke: “You, Slavs, strange people– you begin treatment five minutes before death. And we begin treatment five years before the disease.” Unfortunately it is so. And it’s not for nothing that we have a proverb: until thunder strikes, a man will not cross himself.

But many diseases and serious conditions can be avoided by periodically checking the condition of your body, taking scheduled necessary tests at least once a year and undergoing a basic examination. You also need to strengthen your body, take care of it through nutritious nutrition, moderate physical activity, hygiene, etc. Then it will fail less, and the likelihood of diseases will be less. Of course, you cannot protect yourself from all diseases, and sometimes they arise despite prevention. But a strong body, in any case, will find it easier to fight illnesses.

But in real life, unfortunately, very often people turn to doctors after the onset of the disease, and not early stage, and at the “very height” of the disease, when it is much more difficult to treat it, and sometimes it is even difficult to do anything effective. And then the doctor becomes guilty, who allegedly is not able to cure the disease, knows nothing and is generally incompetent in matters of medicine.

Today it has become common to blame the environment, doctors, society, the state - anyone, but not yourself - for your illnesses. It's time to finally understand that our health depends only on us.
Let's start taking care of our health as early as possible, and not looking for last minute super-specialists in super-clinics, who, no matter how hard they try, often cannot change anything.

Institutions for the formation of attitudes towards health: the state.

An important criterion for the state’s attitude towards public health is financial expenses for healthcare. A characteristic trend in this indicator is that in last years the state is all in to a greater extent shifts the costs of this budget item onto the shoulders of the population. Another indicator of financial security in the health sector is the degree of development material base sports, recreation and leisure institutions. Along with official pedagogy and healthcare, health science is developing healthy person– valeology. "In the practice of modern Russian education appeared in its various links new item"valeology", which defines itself as the science of health and healthy way life. Its introduction, according to the valeologists themselves, is due to the current need to protect children from the influence of dysfunctional ecological environment, information overload and some other factors leading to deterioration of physical and mental health, to nervous stress And negative emotions. Curricula in valeology contain sufficient large volume provisions of occult mysticism, theosophy, anthroposophy, Agni Yoga, Krita Yoga, Dianetics. According to religious scholars, the science of valueology contains the provisions of the occult-mystical anti-Christian movement New Age (New Age; New Century), which unites various sects, occult and pseudoscientific mystical movements. Authors curricula according to valeology, traditional Russian religious denominations, especially Orthodoxy, are treated with extreme hostility, but at the same time various occult practices are advertised in large volumes. In valeology textbooks one can also find sharp criticism directed at teachers who do not use the methods of non-traditional religions in their practice. For example, one of the main developers of valueology programs, L.G. Tatarnikova, complaining that Ron Hubbard’s dianetics programs are not used in schools, accuses teachers of incompetence, arguing that “teachers continue to not understand or cannot understand that jeopardize the future of the country, its gene pool." IN " Open letter"139 leading Russian scientists to the minister education Filippov V.M. contains the conclusion that "valeology is in many ways a statement of the ideology of the New Age ("New Age", "New Time", "Era of Aquarius", " New Age"), which unites various sects, occult and pseudoscientific mystical movements." Scientists also pointed out that valeology is “an overt spiritual aggression against our country and poses a threat national security state." Thus, valeology, which is actively being introduced into the Russian education system today, purposefully covers all aspects human life: physical, mental, intellectual and moral - and in fact is an instrument of spiritual intervention, an information weapon aimed at destroying traditional national values ​​and creating a society built according to occult-mystical schemes. In its content, methodology, goals and objectives, it remains alien to the principles and spirit of domestic pedagogy, which has always affirmed the need for a close connection between education and moral education personality, was aimed at developing in a person responsibility for his every step and the ability to clearly distinguish between good and evil. Today, there really is a dangerous trend of penetration into educational environment scientifically unsubstantiated and occult teachings, pseudoscientific "health" programs and technologies that are destructive character for the individual and society as a whole. There is a need for coordinated activities of representatives of science, practical pedagogy, medicine in the preservation, strengthening and formation of physical and spiritual health the younger generation. http://miryanin.narod.ru/valeologija.html



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