Sigmund Freud(full name - Sigismund Shlomo Freud) - Austrian psychologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. He is credited with founding psychoanalysis - a theory about the characteristics of human behavior and the reasons for this behavior.
In 1930, Sigmund Freud was awarded Goethe Prize, it was then that his theories gained recognition by society, although they remained “revolutionary” for that period of time.
short biography
Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856 in the Austrian town of Freiberg (modern Czech Republic), whose population numbered about 4,500 people.
His father - Jacob Freud, was married for the second time, from his first marriage he had two sons. He was engaged in the textile trade. Sigmund's mother - Natalie Nathanson, was half the age of her father.
In 1859 Due to the forced closure of the business of the head of the family, the Freud family moved first to Leipzig and then to Vienna. Zigmund Shlomo was 4 years old at that time.
Study period
At first, Sigmund was raised by his mother, but soon his father took over, who wanted a better future for him and in every possible way instilled in his son a love of literature. He succeeded and Freud Jr. retained this love until the end of his life.
Studying at the gymnasium
Diligence and ability to learn allowed Sigmund to go to school at the age of 9 - a year earlier than usual. At that time he already had 7 siblings. Sigmund's parents singled him out for his talent and desire to learn new things. To the point that the other children were forbidden to study music when he studied in a separate room.
At the age of 17, the young talent graduated from high school with honors. By that time, he was interested in literature and philosophy, and also knew several languages: German perfectly, English, French, Italian, Spanish, studied Latin and Greek.
Needless to say, during the entire period of his studies he was the number 1 student in his class.
Choice of profession
Sigmund Freud's further studies were limited due to his Jewish origin. His choice was commerce, industry, medicine or law. After some thought he chose medicine and entered the University of Vienna in 1873.
At the university he began to study chemistry and anatomy. However, what he liked most was psychology and physiology. Partly due to the fact that at the university lectures on these subjects were given by a famous Ernst von Brücke.
Sigmund was also impressed by the popular zoologist Karl Klaus, with whom he later carried out scientific work. While working under the leadership of Klaus “Freud quickly distinguished himself among other students, which allowed him to become a fellow of the Trieste Institute of Zoological Research twice, in 1875 and 1876.”
After university
Being a rationally thinking person and setting himself the goal of achieving a position in society and material independence, Sigmund in 1881 opened a doctor's office and began treating psychoneuroses. Soon after this, he began to use cocaine for medicinal purposes, first trying its effects on himself.
Colleagues looked at him askance, some called him an adventurer. Subsequently, it became clear to him that cocaine could not cure neuroses, but it was quite easy to get used to it. It took Freud a lot of work to abandon the white powder and gain the authority of a pure doctor and scientist.
First successes
In 1899, Sigmund Freud published the book "Interpretation of Dreams", which caused a negative reaction in society. She was ridiculed in the press; some of her colleagues wanted nothing to do with Freud. But the book aroused great interest abroad: in France, England, America. Gradually, the attitude towards Dr. Freud changed, his stories won more and more supporters among doctors.
Getting acquainted with an increasing number of patients, mostly women, who complained of various ailments and disorders, using hypnosis methods, Freud built his theory about unconscious mental activity and determined that neurosis is a defensive reaction of the psyche to a traumatic idea.
Subsequently, he put forward a hypothesis about the special role of unsatisfied sexuality in the development of neurosis. Observing human behavior, his actions - especially bad ones, Freud came to the conclusion that unconscious motives underlie people's actions.
Theory of the unconscious
Trying to find these very unconscious motives - possible causes of neuroses, he drew attention to the unsatisfied desires of a person in the past, which lead to personality conflicts in the present. These alien emotions seem to cloud the consciousness. They were interpreted by him as the main evidence existence of the unconscious.
In 1902, Sigmund was given the position of professor of neuropathology at the University of Vienna, and a year later he became the organizer "First International Psychoanalytic Congress". But international recognition of his services came to him only in 1930, when the city of Frankfurt am Main awarded him Goethe Prize.
last years of life
Unfortunately, Sigmund Freud's subsequent life was filled with tragic events. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany, Jews began to be persecuted, and Freud's books were burned in Berlin. It got worse - he himself ended up in the Vienna ghetto, and his sisters in a concentration camp. They managed to rescue him, and in 1938 he and his family left for London. But he had only a year to live: he suffered from oral cancer caused by smoking.
September 23, 1939 Sigmund Freud was injected with several cubes of morphine, a dose sufficient to terminate the life of a person weakened by illness. He died at 3 a.m. at the age of 83, his body was cremated, and his ashes were placed in a special Etruscan vase, which is kept in the mausoleum Golders Green.
Sigmund Freud was born in the small town of Freiberg, which at that time was under the control of Austria. His parents come from Jewish roots. His father, Jacob Freud, was involved in the textile industry, his mother, Amalia Nathanson, was directly involved in the family business. Amalia, who was half Jacob's age, became his second wife. In his first marriage, Freud Sr. had two boys - Sigmund's paternal half-brothers - Emmanuel and Philip. It was the latter that the boy really missed when, due to the failure of his father’s small business, he and his family had to leave their hometown, first to Leipzig, and then to Vienna, where they settled for many years. Having settled in a poor area inhabited by not the most decent citizens, the Freud family experienced many difficulties. However, soon, the father’s affairs began to improve, and the family moved to a more or less decent neighborhood. Around this time, Sigmund Freud discovered literature - the boy simply fell in love with reading.
Education
Initially, his mother and father were involved in his son’s education, which, coupled with the boy’s good abilities, gave the result - Sigmund was enrolled in a specialized gymnasium a year earlier than the required age - at nine years old. The parents, especially the father, had great hopes for the boy, and at the same time tried in every possible way to create the necessary conditions for his development. This position turned out to be effective - at the age of 17, young Sigmund Freud brought home a diploma of graduation with honors. Freud's next place of study was the University of Vienna, where he entered the medical faculty in 1873. However, before deciding on his specialization, Freud spent more than one hour in thought, now and then, weighing the pros and cons of such areas as law, industry and commerce.
The decisive moment was listening to Goethe’s lecture - it was then that Freud finally decided on his field of activity. However, the always interested and incredibly active guy learned about medicine without much passion. While studying anatomy, chemistry and other specialized sciences, Freud received the greatest pleasure from listening to lectures by the famous physiologist and psychologist Ernst von Brücke. Attending the classes of the equally famous zoologist Karl Klaus also opened up good prospects for the guy. Working under the leadership of Klaus, Freud wrote several serious scientific works, carried out his first research work at the Institute of Zoological Research in Trieste and became a fellow of the same institution twice (1875 and 1876).
Freud planned to continue his academic work, however, a lack of funds forced the great scientist to move from theory to practice. So he worked for several years under the supervision of leading therapists, and after that he even applied to open a personal neuropathology office. In 1885, after studying documents and evidence, as well as Freud's recommendations, he was given the green light.
Freud and cocaine
In Freud's biography, already controversial, there is a separate point that, until a certain point, they even tried to hide. Such a point is the study of cocaine, and not even the study itself, but the scientist’s incredible passion for it, as well as the regular introduction of friends and acquaintances to taking this drug.
In 1884, after reading the work of a military doctor about the use of the innovative drug cocaine, Freud decided to conduct the experiment directly on himself. Increased endurance, decreased fatigue - the facts stated by the German tester were fully experienced by Freud. He was so impressed by the effect that literally in the same year he released a work praising its incredible properties, it was simply called “About Coke.” In addition to the fact that Freud himself became addicted to a harmful substance, he unconditionally recommended it to everyone - both acquaintances and complete strangers, through the release of new scientific works.
The scientist was not embarrassed by the fact that news about the terrible consequences of taking cocaine came more and more often - he continued to study the drug as an anesthetic. Freud wrote a huge scientific work on this topic, published in the Central Journal of General Therapy, and later even gave a lecture in which he openly called for the use of cocaine for subcutaneous injections. Freud’s “cocaine epic” continued until 1887 – it was then that the myth about its healing properties was destroyed once and for all and its harmfulness was recognized. So, trying to create a breakthrough in medicine, Freud, without realizing it, not only became addicted to drugs, but also “addicted” a huge number of people to the drug.
Freud and psychoanalysis
In 18885, Freud got an internship with one of the most influential and respected professors of psychiatry, Jean Charcot. The opportunity to observe the work of an outstanding doctor allowed Freud to master hypnosis, with the help of which he learned to alleviate many diseases diagnosed in patients. Gradually developing and comprehending all the intricacies of science, Freud began to use the “Method of Free Associations” - a method in which the patient is not put into hypnosis, but, on the contrary, is given the opportunity to speak out. This helped the patient to ease his mind, and the doctor, in turn, to create a certain picture from individual phrases, words and gestures. Soon Freud abandoned hypnosis altogether, preferring treatment in pure consciousness. According to Freud, the causes of psychosis in any of its manifestations are hidden in human memories, and his theory, which states that most psychoses are based on the Oedipus complex and infantile childhood sexuality, has caused a lot of controversy and controversy. Some unconditionally saw the truth in the scientist’s judgments, others said that Freud himself was a victim of psychosis.
Freud devoted about two years (1897-1899) to his largest and most important work, the book “The Interpretation of Dreams.” However, the publication of such an important book for the scientist was not marked by either a sensation or interest in professional circles. The book aroused absolutely no interest. Subsequently, the significance of the work was nevertheless recognized by leading psychoanalysts and psychiatrists, and Freud himself was repeatedly invited as a lecturer at the best universities in the USA and Germany.
Freud's success was overshadowed by a split in the ranks of students and followers of his teaching. Thus, having lost what he thought were the closest people and associates from his circle due to disagreements, Freud decided to keep around only those who absolutely and unconditionally agreed with his theory.
Personal life
The wife of the great scientist was a girl who also had Jewish roots - Martha Bernays. Having met his future wife in 1882, and communicating most often through letters, the couple got married a few years later. The Freud couple had six children in their marriage, and after the birth of their youngest daughter, Anna, Freud completely renounced sex life. By the way, Anna, who was her father’s favorite, was the only one who continued his work - she founded the foundation of child psychoanalysis and a huge amount of work in this direction.
Anna was next to her father until the last - right up to the very moment when the deadly drug morphine was injected into the vein of the great scientist. Sigmund Freud, who was diagnosed with cancer, after a lot of unsuccessful treatment attempts, asked his friend, Dr. Max Schur, to help him die. The daughter, who was initially opposed to her father’s decision, seeing his constant torment, nevertheless gave the go-ahead. So. The scientist died on September 23, 1939, closer to three o'clock in the morning.
Name: Sigmund Freud
Age: 83 years old
Place of Birth: Freiberg
A place of death: London
Activity: psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, neurologist
Family status: was married to Martha Freud
Sigmund Freud - biography
Trying to find ways to treat mental illness, he literally broke into the forbidden territory of the human subconscious and achieved some success - and at the same time became famous. And it is still unknown what he wanted more: knowledge or fame...
Childhood, Freud's family
The son of a poor wool merchant Jacob Freud, Sigismund Shlomo Freud was born in May 1856 in the Austrian Empire, in the town of Freiberg. Soon the family hastily left for Vienna: according to rumors, the boy’s mother Amalia (Jacob’s second wife and the same age as his married sons) had an affair with the youngest of them, causing a loud scandal in society.
At a tender age, Freud experienced the first loss in his biography: his brother Julius died in the eighth month of his life. Shlomo did not like him (he demanded too much attention), but after the baby’s death he began to experience a feeling of guilt and remorse. Subsequently, Freud, based on this story, will derive two postulates: firstly, every child looks at his brothers and sisters as rivals, which means he experiences “evil desires” towards them; secondly, it is the feeling of guilt that becomes the cause of many mental illnesses and neuroses - and it does not matter what a person’s childhood was like, tragic or happy.
By the way, Shlomo had no reason to be jealous of his brother: his mother loved him madly. And she believed in his glorious future: a certain old peasant woman predicted to the woman that her first-born would become a great man. And Shlomo himself did not doubt his own exclusivity. He had extraordinary abilities, was well-read, and went to the gymnasium a year earlier than other children. However, teachers and classmates did not favor him for his insolence and arrogance. The ridicule and humiliation that rained down on the head of young Sigmund - psychological trauma - led to the fact that he grew up as a closed person.
After graduating from high school with honors, Freud thought about choosing a future path. Being a Jew, he could only engage in trade, crafts, law or medicine. The first two options were rejected outright; the legal profession was questionable. As a result, in 1873, Sigmund entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna
Sigmund Freud - biography of personal life
The profession of a doctor did not seem interesting to Freud, but, on the one hand, it opened the way to research activities, which he liked, and on the other, it gave him the right to private practice in the future. And this guaranteed the material well-being that Sigmund desired with all his soul: he was going to get married.
He met Martha Bernays at home: she came to visit his younger sister. Every day Sigmund sent his beloved a red rose, and in the evenings he went for a walk with the girl. Two months after their first meeting, Freud confessed his love to her - secretly. And he received secret consent to the marriage. He did not dare to officially ask for Martha’s hand in marriage: her parents, wealthy Orthodox Jews, did not even want to hear about their semi-impoverished atheist son-in-law.
But Sigmund was serious and did not hide his passion for “the little gentle angel with emerald eyes and sweet lips.” At Christmas they announced their engagement, after which the bride's mother (the father had died by that time) took her daughter to Hamburg - out of harm's way. Freud could only wait for a chance to raise his authority in the eyes of future relatives.
The opportunity came in the spring of 1885. Sigmund took part in a competition, the winner of which was entitled not only to a substantial prize, but also the right to a scientific internship in Paris with the famous hypnotist-neurologist Jean Charcot. His Viennese friends took care of the young doctor - and he, inspired, set off to conquer the capital of France.
The internship did not bring Freud either fame or money, but he was finally able to enter private practice and marry Martha. The woman to whom her loving husband often repeated: “I know that you are ugly in the sense that artists and sculptors understand it,” bore him three daughters and three sons and lived with him in harmony for more than half a century, only occasionally causing “culinary scandals over about cooking mushrooms."
Freud's Cocaine Story
In the fall of 1886, Freud opened a private doctor's office in Vienna and focused on the problem of curing neuroses. He already had experience - he received it in one of the city hospitals. There were also tested, although not very effective, techniques: electrotherapy, hypnosis (Freud had almost no knowledge of it), Charcot's shower, massage and baths. And more cocaine!
Having read a couple of years ago in the report of a certain German military doctor that water with cocaine “infused new strength into the soldiers,” Freud tested this remedy on himself and was so pleased with the result that he began to take small doses of the drug daily. Moreover, he wrote enthusiastic articles in which he called cocaine “a magical and harmless substitute for morphine,” and recommended it to friends and patients. Need I say that there was no particular benefit from such “treatment”? And with hysterical disorders, the condition of the patients even worsened.
Trying one thing or another, Freud realized: it is almost impossible to help a person suffering from neurosis with manipulations and pills. We need to look for a way to “climb” into his soul and find there the cause of the illness. And then he came up with the “method of free associations.” The patient is invited to freely express thoughts on the topic proposed by the psychoanalyst - whatever comes to mind. And the psychoanalyst can only interpret the images. .. The same should be done with dreams.
And it went! Patients were happy to share their secrets (and money) with Freud, and he analyzed them. Over time, he discovered that the problems of most neurotics are related to their intimate sphere, or rather, to problems in it. True, when Freud made a report on his discovery at a meeting of the Vienna Society of Psychiatrists and Neurologists, he was simply expelled from this society.
Neurosis had already begun in the psychoanalyst himself. However, following the popular expression “Doctor, heal yourself!”, Zigmud managed to improve his mental health and discover one of the causes of the disease - the Oedipus complex. The scientific community was also hostile to this idea, but there was no end to the patients.
Freud became known as a successful practicing neurologist and psychiatrist. Colleagues began to actively refer to his articles and books in their works. And on March 5, 1902, when the Emperor of Austria François Joseph I signed an official decree conferring the title of assistant professor on Sigmund Freud, a turn to real glory took place. The exalted intelligentsia of the early 20th century, suffering at a turning point from neuroses and hysteria, rushed to the office at Bergasse 19 for help.
In 1922, the University of London honored the great geniuses of mankind - the philosophers Philo and Maimonides, the greatest scientist of the modern era, Spinoza, as well as Freud and Einstein. Now the address “Vienna, Bergasse 19” was known to almost the whole world: patients from different countries turned to the “father of psychoanalysis”, and appointments were made many years in advance.
The “adventurer” and “conquistador of science,” as Freud himself liked to call himself, found his Eldorado. However, my health failed. In April 1923, he was operated on for oral cancer. But they could not defeat the disease. The first operation was followed by three dozen others, including the removal of part of the jaw.
There is a lot of talk and interesting judgments around the personality of Sigmund Freud. This man is known to the world as an Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and psychologist. Gained worldwide recognition thanks to the foundation of psychoanalysis and its essence. The ideas of Sigmund Freud influenced all psychology, medicine, literature and even art of the last century.
However, despite the significance of the figure of Sigmund Freud, many researchers of his work and life consider Freud a charlatan. Interest in the personality of the Austrian psychoanalyst is still noticeable.
During his life, Freud wrote 24 volumes of essays. It is worth taking a closer look at his biography. After all, from year to year, many more works are written about Sigmund Freud than about any other world psychologist.
Childhood and youth
Sigmund Freud was born in 1856. The street where Freud was born and grew up is now named after him. The parents of the future psychoanalyst were Jews.
Sigmund lived in his hometown for three years, after which the family was forced to move. The boy had a hard time with the move, and it was especially hard for him to part with his brother.
Sigmund's father instilled in the boy a love of reading. Sigmund seriously began to become interested in literature at an early age. At first, the mother was involved in educating her son, but soon the father took up this matter in the hope of sending Sigmund to a private gymnasium. Thanks to his craving for everything new and his excellent ability to learn, Sigmund Freud passed the entrance exams and entered a private gymnasium at the age of 9.
Sigmund took the learning process seriously. He was interested in literature and several languages, including German, French, English, Spanish and Italian. He was also interested in Greek and Latin.
The boy became one of the best students and graduated from high school with honors at the age of 17.
For a long time, Sigmund could not decide which profession to link his destiny with. The choice was small due to the social status of the family. It was decided to enter the Faculty of Medicine. However, as Freud himself often admitted, he never felt like a real doctor and had no desire to be one.
Professional activity
At university, Freud began to study chemistry and anatomy. He enjoyed attending lectures by the psychologist Ernst von Brücke, who had a strong influence on him. Freud also attended lectures on zoology.
The ambitious student also carried out research work at the Institute of Zoological Research in Trieste. There he wrote the first article published by the Academy of Sciences.
Subsequently, Freud felt a great attraction to scientific work in the field of physiology. And even after receiving his doctorate, he continued to engage in this activity.
After some time, due to a lack of material resources, Freud plunged into clinical practice, in particular surgery, with which he did not find close connections. Sigmund soon switched to the field of neuroscience.
After a couple of years, Freud moved to work in the psychiatric department. This period was very productive for the psychoanalyst. He completely immersed himself in his work, experiencing great passion for it. However, Freud was dissatisfied with his work, and therefore was in a perpetual state of melancholy.
In the 80s of the 19th century, Freud became close to the psychiatrist Joseph Breuer. From this time Freud's work on Psychoanalysis began. However, Freud's theory about the sexual causation of mental disorders caused a lot of discontent, including from Brier.
Freud soon began to analyze his dreams. But his work “The Interpretation of Dreams” also suffered harsh criticism. But the method of extracting neuroses and hysteria was a success. Freud's ideas became popular and gained recognition.
last years of life
In his old age, Freud continued to work and write scientific works. In 1930 he received the Goethe Literary Prize.
In the last years of his life, the psychoanalyst suffered from jaw cancer. Freud died in 1939.
Biography 2
Sigmund Freud was a famous psychiatrist, the founder of the theory of psychoanalysis, which still causes controversial discussions.
05/06/1856 S. Freud was born in the Czech city of Příbor into the family of a merchant of Jewish origin. The revolution destroyed the business of the scientist's father, and therefore the whole family had to move to Vienna for permanent residence. Freud was the favorite child in the family; his parents paid a lot of attention to his education. Since childhood, Freud was interested in the works of various philosophers and read very serious books. He graduated from the local gymnasium with honors.
Due to his Jewish origin, S. Freud was greatly limited in the choice of possible specializations for study in higher educational institutions. Thus, universities had special quotas for the admission of Jews only in certain specialties, such as medicine, law, trade and industrial development. At that time, the path to other professions was closed to Jews. From such a limited choice, Freud decided to become a physician because this field was closest to him. However, medical practice was not his dream, and he took up psychology.
In 1855, S. Freud decided to open his own neurological practice. Freud also studied the properties of cocaine, using it personally. In 1885, after practicing in France, S. Freud began to use the abilities of hypnosis in the treatment of psychological problems of clients. He talked a lot with clients and allowed their consciousness to open up. This is how the still known “Method of Free Associations” appeared, in which the scientist found their problems through the stream of thoughts of patients. This method eliminated the need to use hypnosis on clients.
The scientist believed that psychosis is trauma from the patient’s experience, which is difficult to remove. He introduced the concept of the Oedipus complex, and was also the first to describe the presence of childhood signs of sexuality. Freud believed that most of people's problems are caused by sexuality, its repression and deviance. These theories were a shock to the scientific community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; they were sharply criticized and considered unscientific.
The scientist’s most famous book is “Introduction to Psychoanalysis,” which outlines the fundamental theories of his concept of psychoanalysis. Subsequently, this book became mandatory for study by all doctors and psychologists.
At the beginning of the 20th century, some of Freud's students considered some of the scientist's conclusions to be contrary to reality, which later led to a split in the Freudian school of psychoanalysis.
Sigmund's relationships with women were very difficult. For a long time he was not in a serious relationship with anyone. However, after a certain time, Freud married Martha, who almost ran over the scientist with a carriage. The life of the couple was not quiet and calm. Marta had a rather quarrelsome and jealous character, and constantly gave Sigmund showdowns and hysterics. She gave birth to 6 children. Freud's youngest daughter Anna continued his research in the field of psychoanalysis.
Freud had a kind of eidetic memory, which made him practically a genius.
Sigmund was diagnosed with cancer. After many unsuccessful operations, Freud took morphine and died on September 23, 1939.
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1840 - Jacob Freud moves to Freiberg.
1835, August 18 - Sigmund Freud's mother, Amalia Malka Natanson (1835-1930), was born in Brody in North-Eastern Galicia (now Lviv region, Ukraine). She spent part of her childhood in Odessa, where her two brothers settled, then her parents moved to Vienna.
1855, July 29 - the marriage of S. Freud's parents, Jacob Freud and Amalia Nathanson, took place in Vienna. This is Jacob’s third marriage; there is almost no information about his second marriage to Rebecca.
1855 - John (Johan) born Freud- son of Emmanuel and Maria Freud, nephew of Z. Freud, with whom he was inseparable for the first 3 years of his life.
1856 - Paulina Freud was born - daughter of Emmanuel and Maria Freud, niece of Z. Freud.
Sigismund ( Sigmund) Shlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in the Moravian town of Freiberg in Austria-Hungary (now the city of Příbor, and it is located in the Czech Republic) in a traditional Jewish family of 40-year-old father Jakub Freud and his 20-year-old wife Amalia Natanson. He was the first-born of a young mother.
1958 - the first of S. Freud's sisters, Anna, was born. 1859 - Bertha was born Freud- second daughter of Emmanuel and Mary Freud, niece of S. Freud.
In 1859 the family moved to Leipzig and then to Vienna. At the gymnasium he showed linguistic abilities and graduated with honors (first student).
1860 - Rose (Regina Deborah), Freud's second and most beloved sister, was born.
1861 - Martha Bernays, the future wife of S. Freud, was born in Wandsbek near Hamburg. In the same year, S. Freud's third sister, Maria (Mitzi), was born.
1862 - Dolphy (Esther Adolphine), the fourth sister of S. Freud, was born.
1864 - Paula (Paulina Regina), the fifth sister of S. Freud, was born.
1865 - Sigmund begins his undergraduate studies (a year earlier than usual, S. Freud enters the Leopoldstadt communal gymnasium, where he was the first student in the class for 7 years).
1866 - Alexander (Gotthold Ephraim) was born, brother of Sigmund, the last child in the family of Jacob and Amalia Freud.
1872 - during the summer holidays in his hometown of Freiberg, Freud experiences his first love, his chosen one is Gisela Flux.
1873 - Z. Freud enters the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Vienna.
1876 - S. Freud meets Joseph Breuer and Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, who later became his best friends.
1878 - changed his name to Sigismund.
1881 - Freud graduates from the University of Vienna and receives the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The need to earn money did not allow him to remain at the department and he entered first the Physiological Institute, and then the Vienna Hospital, where he worked as a doctor in the surgical department, moving from one department to another.
In 1885, he received the title of privatdozent and was given a scholarship for a scientific internship abroad, after which he went to Paris to the Salpêtrière clinic to the famous psychiatrist J.M. Charcot, who used hypnosis to treat mental illness. The practice at the Charcot clinic made a great impression on Freud. before his eyes, the healing of patients with hysteria, who suffered mainly from paralysis, took place.
Upon returning from Paris, Freud opens a private practice in Vienna. He immediately decides to try hypnosis on his patients. The first success was inspiring. In the first few weeks, he achieved instant healing of several patients. A rumor spread throughout Vienna that Dr. Freud was a miracle worker. But soon there were setbacks. He became disillusioned with hypnotic therapy, as he had been with drug and physical therapy.
In 1886, Freud married Martha Bernays. Subsequently, they had six children - Matilda (1887-1978), Jean Martin (1889-1967, named after Charcot), Oliver (1891-1969), Ernst (1892-1970), Sophia (1893-1920) and Anna ( 1895-1982). It was Anna who became a follower of her father, founded child psychoanalysis, systematized and developed psychoanalytic theory, and made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of psychoanalysis in her works.
In 1891, Freud moved to a house at Vienna IX, Berggasse 19, where he lived with his family and received patients until his forced emigration in June 1937. The same year marks the beginning of Freud's development, together with J. Breuer, of a special method of hypnotherapy - the so-called cathartic (from the Greek katharsis - cleansing). Together they continue to study hysteria and its treatment using the cathartic method.
In 1895, they published the book “Research on Hysteria,” which for the first time talks about the relationship between the emergence of neurosis and unsatisfied drives and emotions repressed from consciousness. Freud is also interested in another state of the human psyche, similar to hypnotic - dreaming. In the same year, he discovers the basic formula for the secret of dreams: each of them is the fulfillment of a desire. This thought struck him so much that he even jokingly suggested nailing a memorial plaque in the place where it happened. Five years later, he outlined these ideas in his book The Interpretation of Dreams, which he consistently considered his best work. Developing his ideas, Freud concludes that the main force that directs all human actions, thoughts and desires is libido energy, that is, the power of sexual desire. The human unconscious is filled with this energy and therefore it is in constant conflict with consciousness - the embodiment of moral norms and moral principles. Thus, he comes to a description of the hierarchical structure of the psyche, consisting of three “levels”: consciousness, preconscious and unconscious.
In 1895, Freud finally abandoned hypnosis and began to practice the method of free association - talking therapy, later called "psychoanalysis". He first used the concept of “psychoanalysis” in an article on the etiology of neuroses, published in French on March 30, 1896.
From 1885 to 1899, Freud conducted intensive practice, engaged in in-depth self-analysis and worked on his most significant book, The Interpretation of Dreams.
After the publication of the book, Freud develops and improves his theory. Despite the negative reaction of the intellectual elite, Freud's extraordinary ideas are gradually gaining acceptance among young doctors in Vienna. The turn to real fame and big money occurred on March 5, 1902, when Emperor Francois-Joseph I signed an official decree conferring the title of assistant professor on Sigmund Freud. In the same year, students and like-minded people gathered around Freud, and a psychoanalytic circle “on Wednesdays” was formed. Freud writes “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1904), “Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious” (1905). On Freud's 50th birthday, his students presented him with a medal made by K. M. Schwerdner. The reverse side of the medal depicts Oedipus and the Sphinx.
In 1907, he established contact with the school of psychiatrists from Zurich and the young Swiss doctor K.G. became his student. Jung. Freud pinned great hopes on this man - he considered him the best successor to his brainchild, capable of leading the psychoanalytic community. The year 1907, according to Freud himself, was a turning point in the history of the psychoanalytic movement - he received a letter from E. Bleuler, who was the first in scientific circles to express official recognition of Freud's theory. In March 1908, Freud became an honorary citizen of Vienna. By 1908, Freud had followers all over the world, the “Wednesday Psychological Society”, which met at Freud’s, was transformed into the “Vienna Psychoanalytic Society”, and on April 26, 1908, the first International Psychoanalytic Congress was held at the Bristol Hotel in Salzburg, in which 42 psychologists, half of whom were practicing analysts.
Freud continues to work actively, psychoanalysis is becoming widely known throughout Europe, the USA, and Russia. In 1909 he gave lectures in the USA, in 1910 the Second International Congress on Psychoanalysis met in Nuremberg, and then congresses became regular. In 1912, Freud founded the periodical International Journal of Medical Psychoanalysis. In 1915-1917 he lectures on psychoanalysis in his homeland, at the University of Vienna, and prepares them for publication. His new works are being published, where he continues his research into the secrets of the unconscious. Now his ideas go beyond just medicine and psychology, but also concern the laws of development of culture and society. Many young doctors come to study psychoanalysis directly with its founder.
In January 1920, Freud was awarded the title of full professor at the university. An indicator of real glory was the honoring in 1922 by the University of London of five great geniuses of mankind - Philo, Memonides, Spinoza, Freud and Einstein. The Vienna house at Berggasse 19 was filled with celebrities, registrations for Freud's appointments came from different countries, and it seemed to be booked for many years in advance. He is invited to give lectures in the USA.
In 1923, fate subjected Freud to severe trials: he developed jaw cancer caused by an addiction to cigars. Operations on this occasion were constantly carried out and tormented him until the end of his life. “The Ego and the Id,” one of Freud’s most important works, is coming out of print. . The alarming socio-political situation is giving rise to mass unrest and unrest. Freud, remaining faithful to the natural scientific tradition, increasingly turns to topics of mass psychology, the psychological structure of religious and ideological dogmas. Continuing to explore the abyss of the unconscious, he now comes to the conclusion that two equally strong principles govern a person: the desire for life (Eros) and the desire for death (Thanatos). The instinct of destruction, the forces of aggression and violence manifest themselves too clearly around us not to notice them. In 1926, on the occasion of Sigmund Freud's 70th birthday, he received congratulations from all over the world. Among those who congratulated were Georg Brandes, Albert Einstein, Romain Rolland, the Viennese burgomaster, but academic Vienna ignored the anniversary.
On September 12, 1930, Freud's mother died at the age of 95. Freud, in a letter to Ferenczi, wrote: “I did not have the right to die while she was alive, now I have this right. One way or another, the values of life have changed significantly in the depths of my consciousness.” On October 25, 1931, a memorial plaque was installed on the house where Sigmund Freud was born. On this occasion, the city streets are decorated with flags. Freud writes a letter of gratitude to the mayor of Přibor, in which he remarks:
“Deep inside me there still lives a happy child from Freiburg, the first-born of a young mother, who received his indelible impressions from the earth and air of those places.”
In 1932, Freud completed work on the manuscript “Continuation of Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis.” In 1933, fascism came to power in Germany and Freud's books, along with many others that were not acceptable to the new authorities, were set on fire. To this Freud remarks: “What progress we have made! In the Middle Ages they would have burned me, in our days they are content to burn my books.” In the summer, Freud begins work on Moses the Man and Monotheistic Religion.
In 1935, Freud became an honorary member of the Royal Society of Medicine in Great Britain. On September 13, 1936, the Freud couple celebrated their golden wedding. On this day, four of their children came to visit them. The persecution of Jews by the National Socialists is increasing, and the warehouse of the International Psychoanalytic Publishing House in Leipzig is being seized. In August, the International Psychoanalytic Congress took place in Marienbad. The location of the congress was chosen in such a way as to allow Anna Freud, if necessary, to quickly return to Vienna to assist her father. In 1938, the last meeting of the leadership of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association took place, at which the decision was made to leave the country. Ernest Jones and Marie Bonaparte rush to Vienna to help Freud. Foreign demonstrations force the Nazi regime to allow Freud to emigrate. The International Psychoanalytic Publication was condemned to liquidation.
On August 23, 1938, the authorities closed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. On June 4, Freud leaves Vienna with his wife and daughter Anna and travels via the Orient Express through Paris to London.
In London, Freud first lives at 39 Elsworty Road, and on September 27 he moves to his last home, 20 Maresfield Gardens.
Sigmund Freud's family lived in this house since 1938. Until 1982, Anna Freud lived here. Now there is a museum and a research center at the same time.
The museum's exposition is very rich. The Freud family was lucky - they managed to take out almost all the furnishings of their Austrian home. So now visitors have the opportunity to admire examples of Austrian wooden furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries, armchairs and tables in the Bedermeier style. But, of course, the “hit of the season” is the famous psychoanalyst’s couch, on which his patients lay during sessions. In addition, Freud spent his whole life collecting objects of ancient art - all the horizontal surfaces in his office are covered with examples of ancient Greek, ancient Egyptian, and ancient Roman art. Including the desk where Freud used to write in the mornings.
In August 1938, the last pre-war International Psychoanalytic Congress was held in Paris. In late autumn, Freud again began conducting psychoanalytic sessions, seeing four patients daily. Freud writes "An Outline of Psychoanalysis", but never manages to complete it. In the summer of 1939, Freud's condition began to deteriorate more and more. On September 23, 1939, shortly before midnight, Freud dies after begging from his doctor Max Schur (in accordance with a pre-agreed condition) an injection of a lethal dose of morphine. On September 26, Freud's body was cremated at Golder's Green Crematorium. The funeral oration is held by Ernest Jones. After him, Stefan Zweig delivers the funeral oration in German. The ashes from the body of Sigmund Freud are placed in a Greek vase, which he received as a gift from Marie Bonaparte.
Today, Freud's personality has become legendary, and his works are unanimously recognized as a new milestone in world culture. Philosophers and writers, artists and directors show interest in the discoveries of psychoanalysis. During Freud's lifetime, Stefan Zweig's book "Healing and the Psyche" was published. One of its chapters is devoted to the “father of psychoanalysis”, his role in the final revolution in ideas about medicine and the nature of diseases. After the Second World War in the USA, psychoanalysis became a “second religion” and outstanding masters of American cinema paid tribute to it: Vincent Minnelli, Elia Kazan, Nicholas Ray, Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin. One of the greatest French philosophers, Jean Paul Sartre, writes a script about the life of Freud, and a little later, Hollywood director John Huston makes a film based on it... Today it is impossible to name any major writer or scientist, philosopher or director of the twentieth century who has not experienced would be directly or indirectly influenced by psychoanalysis. Thus, the promise of the young Viennese doctor, which he gave to his future wife Martha, came true - he truly became a great man.
Based on the materials of the International Psychoanalytic Conference "Sigmund Freud - the founder of a new scientific paradigm: psychoanaliz in theory and practice" (to the 150th anniversary of the birth of Sigmund Freud).
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