Destructive character. Destructive human activity

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5.1.Destructive psychological influence

Psychological influence can be destructive to the individual: deprive a person of the opportunity to choose, take responsibility, plan, count on his efforts, and create new things. This influence is called destructive. Destructive influence- influence, which involves interaction in positions of inequality between partners, treating other people as objects of influence who can be influenced by force or cunning in order to achieve only one’s own benefit. Restriction of personal freedom and infringement of dignity leads to the destruction of relationships and disruption of personal development. Depending on whether pressure is openly or covertly exerted on another person, there are varieties destructive influence:

power;

manipulative.

Powerful psychological influence

Powerful psychological influence has various names in the studies of modern authors: “ imperative"[Kovalyov, 1987]; " dominance"[Dotsenko, 1996].

Power influence– open, without disguise, imperative influence to achieve one’s own goals and ignoring the interests and intentions of another person.

A distinctive feature of this influence is interaction from a position of strength, which is why some modern authors call this type of influence “ barbaric", primitive, close to physical impact and unworthy of a civilized person [Sidorenko, 2001].

Powerful influence can be instantly effective: it forces you to do something, it achieves what you want. However, it is ineffective in the long term, as it leads to the gradual destruction of the business, business relationships, and personal integrity. Forceful influence can be justified only in extreme cases - extreme situations that pose a threat to human life and safety (fire, flood, etc.).

In ways forceful psychological influence are:

attack;

compulsion.

The attack is expressed in the fact that another person is perceived as production or how let, which may interfere with the capture of prey, and therefore must be eliminated or neutralized.

Coercion is when another person is perceived as weapon, which can be used, or how let, which you can try to turn into a weapon.

Attack is an attack, a sudden belligerent action against another person or group of people. This is a manifestation of psychological aggression or war. In psychological attack, the only attacking tools used are psychological means–verbal, non-verbal and paralinguistic. Psychological attack is, first of all, verbal attack. The words used by the attacker are addressed not to the cognitive, but to the emotional layer of the personality. This is a sharp and crushing blow with a word, which shakes the entire spiritual being. The attack makes the partner suffer. The blow causes peace of mind on more or less a long period time.

Forms of psychological attack:

impulsive– an irrational, unintentional action, the cause of which is the desire to free oneself from tension, to defuse aggressive impulses (“I lost my temper.”)

Targeted– a conscious and controlled action with the aim of influencing emotional condition, thoughts, intentions, actions of another person (“This will make him afraid and change his behavior.”)

Total- an action first performed under the influence of an impulse, then continued in order to achieve a specific goal (“I lost my temper, and that scared him and made him change his tactics.”)

Means of psychological attack:

Destructive criticism;

Destructive statements;

Destructive advice.

Destructive criticism- This:

disparaging or insulting judgments about a person's personality (“It’s difficult for you to do such things”; “Except for you, no one could do this job so poorly”);

gross aggressive condemnation, slander or ridicule of his deeds and actions, people significant to him, social communities, ideas, values, material objects, etc. (“Your passion for cheap things amazes me”; “You always surround yourself with suspicious people”);

rhetorical questions aimed at identifying and “correcting” shortcomings (“How can you dress so ridiculously?” “Have you completely lost your mind?”).

The destructiveness of such criticism is that it does not allow a person to “save face”, diverts his energy to fight emerging negative emotions, and takes away faith in himself. In form, destructive criticism is often indistinguishable from the formulas of suggestion: “You are an irresponsible person.” However, the initiator of the influence has as its conscious goal “improving” the behavior of the recipient of the influence (and the unconscious goal is liberation from frustration and anger, a manifestation of force or revenge). He does not at all have in mind the consolidation and strengthening of those models of behavior that are described by the formulas he uses. It is characteristic that the consolidation of negative behavior patterns is one of the most destructive and paradoxical effects of destructive criticism. It is also known that in the formulas of suggestion and auto-training, positive formulations are persistently preferred over the negation of negative ones (for example, the formula “I am calm” is preferable to the formula “I am not worried”).

Destructive statements- This:

mentions and reminders of objective facts biographies that a person is not able to change and which he most often could not influence (national, social and racial affiliation; urban or rural origin; occupation of parents; illegal behavior of someone close; hereditary and chronic diseases; natural constitution; facial features, etc.). (“Well, yes, you’re from small town"; “When you get angry, for some reason I remember your brother, who ended up in places not so distant.”)

“friendly”, “harmless” references and hints to mistakes, mistakes and violations committed by the addressee in the past; humorous reference to “old sins” or personal secrets of the addressee (“I often remember how much we fussed with the entire department to correct your mistake.”)

Destructive statements can be made intentionally to cause negative reactions from a partner, or out of bewilderment, thoughtlessness, tactlessness, or under the influence of an impulse. The effect in all cases is the same: the recipient experiences a state of confusion, helplessness, and confusion.

Destructive advice- This:

categorical instructions, commands and instructions that are not implied by the social or working relationships of the partners.

E.V. Sidorenko in her work gives an example of an incident that happened to her and her American colleague and illustrates the prevalence in our Everyday life destructive advice and its negative consequences.

“An American colleague, Shelby Morgan, once told me: “I’m not always open to other people’s criticism and other people’s advice. Often I want peace and wholeness, and sometimes I feel like something important is ripening within me. Why do I need someone else’s intervention at this moment?” One day Shelby came to my dacha with her daughter Sarah. The girl was five years old. The three of us walked along the platform, and Sarah’s sneaker laces were not tied. It just rained. Snow-white laces turned into dirty wet ponytails before our eyes. Both Shelby and Sarah didn't pay any attention to it. I, taught by the experience of communicating with my American friend, also kept quiet and kept possible comments to myself. However, every woman coming towards us always said something like: “Tie the child’s shoelaces! Look how they hang out!” Sensing a foreigner in Shelby, they turned to me: “Tell her...”, etc. I answered everyone: “Thank you” and moved on. After the third such appeal, Shelby could not stand it: “Why do we have to walk around with our shoelaces tied? Why does everyone around me know better than me what I need to do and try to force me to live differently? Why does everyone in Russia advise me to do something? After all, this is a violation of my rights!”[Sidorenko, 2002, p. 44 - 45].

Unsolicited advice is a means of psychological attack because it violates personal rights, challenges a person’s ability to determine for himself what questions to ask himself and what to avoid, what to pay attention to, what decisions to make, and how to learn from his own mistakes.

Another method of power influence is coercion.

Compulsion– forcing (stimulating) a person to perform certain actions through threats (overt or implied) or deprivation.

Coercion is possible only if the coercer actually has the ability to implement threats, that is, the authority to deprive the addressee of any benefits or to change the conditions of his life and work. Such possibilities can be called controlling. By coercion, the initiator threatens to use his control capabilities in order to obtain the desired behavior from the addressee.

Forms of coercion:

Announcing strictly defined deadlines or methods of performing work without any announcements or justification: “You have to triple check your calculations, that’s my golden rule.”

Imposing non-negotiable prohibitions and restrictions: “ You have no right to approach a client if I am negotiating with him, even if he is your personal acquaintance.”

Intimidation possible consequences: « Those who are going to object to me now will spend a long time disentangling this later.”

Threat of punishment, in the most severe forms – physical violence: “You either do it by Tuesday or quit.”

Coercion is a method of influence that is limited in the scope of its possible application, since the initiator of influence must have leverage non-psychological pressure on the addressee. If both partners have such leverage, then they can begin to “measure strength.” Such interaction can be called an open power struggle. The winner is the one whose threats were more effective.

In everyday life, especially business, we often encounter civilized forms of coercion. We are forced to follow the terms of a contract, a decision made, an official instruction, rules of politeness, etc. In all these cases, we voluntarily agree that the terms of the agreement, decisions, etc. will force us to act accordingly. What truly coerces is that prohibition, decision, restriction, punishment, etc. that was not agreed upon with us in advance and does not have the status of a definite agreement.

Constructive criticism: when I criticize you.

Destructive criticism: when you criticize me.

Breaking is not building, it doesn’t hurt your soul.

Proverb

Destructiveness as a personality quality is the inability to create the basis for further fruitful work, rational and appropriate behavior; disruption of the functioning of something.

One day a poor peasant went into his barn and found a golden egg under a chicken roost. His first thought was: “Someone wants to play a joke on me.” But to be sure, he took the egg and took it to the jeweler. He checked the egg and told the peasant: “100 percent gold, pure gold.” The peasant sold the egg and returned home with a lot of money. In the evening he threw a huge feast. At dawn the whole family got up to see if the hen had laid another egg. Indeed, there was a golden egg in the nest again.

Since then, the peasant found such an egg every morning. By selling them he became very rich. But the peasant was a greedy person, which means he was destructive. He asked himself why a chicken lays only one egg a day, how does she do it? He wanted to know this so he could create golden eggs himself and become even richer. With time former peasant I began to get more and more angry because I couldn’t find answers and couldn’t influence the appearance of golden eggs. The destructiveness of consciousness pushed him towards destruction. And one day his patience ran out, all the anger and irritation spilled out - he grabbed a knife, went to the chicken coop and killed a chicken to look inside. All he discovered were halves of the future golden egg, which was just beginning to emerge. The moral of this wise story This is - don’t indulge your destructive consciousness, don’t kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.

Destructiveness is a champion of quick results. She doesn't want to understand the idea that success (the golden egg) must be long-term. Getting quick results is a destructive idea. For example, a person ran to the bank for a mortgage loan. Wants to buy a house and a prestigious car. What destructive force drove him into slavery before the bank? Greed and destructive thinking. Loan under high interest rates will have to work it out. You will have to work hard at several jobs. Health is destroyed from overexertion and lack of sleep. Relationships in the family are also destroyed, because there is a house and a car, but the owner himself is not there, he is constantly at work, comes when everyone is already asleep, and leaves when everyone is still sleeping. In a word, a complete rampant of destructiveness.

Philosopher D.G. Pshonko argues that the idea is to move in such a way that our resources are constantly replenished, and increasing the result depends on the increase in resources, that is, we must take care of the golden eggs, of course, but at the same time we need to love and cherish the chicken that is these golden brings eggs. And a person, when planning his life, must plan not only the result, but plan the resource, replenishment of the resource, and each time, the more attention he pays to replenishing resources, the more results he receives. Thus, a constructive approach to your life involves proper interaction with time, with planning your life, with planning your capabilities, with constant replenishment of resources.

A destructive approach to life is always carried out in conjunction with greed. Buy a house or car faster. And more, more tchotchkes. Reasonableness says: “You need to earn money quietly, you don’t need to take out loans at extortionate interest rates.” Everything has its time. The time will come, we will calmly buy both a house and a car, but only without the excitement and consciousness inflamed by greed and destructiveness.

This suggests an anecdote about two bulls: the young bull has destructive thinking, and the old bull, on the contrary, has constructive thinking.

Two bulls, young and old, stand on a hillock and look down at a herd of cows. The young man says: “Listen, stop chewing grass, I noticed such a beautiful chick there, let’s quickly go down and make love to her.” Then we’ll come back and finish chewing the grass, eh??!?!?! The old bull slowly, measuredly chews the grass... The young bull: - Well, come on quickly, in case he leaves! - Look, here’s another beauty - red-haired, with white spots. Let's quickly go down and love her, shall we?! The old man, measuredly, without hurrying anywhere, chews grass. - No! I’m about to descend like an avalanche from the mountain, demolish the barn along the way, break the fence and fall in love with that blonde over there. Old bull (in a thick bass): N-e-e-o... Now we will calmly chew the grass, and then slowly and measuredly we will descend from the mountain and take possession of the entire herd... and then we will also slowly and measuredly go into the mountains.

In pursuit of results, a person quickly wastes his results. Efficiency – zero. He rushed at ten thousand, as if at five hundred, and got stuck. As a result, disappointment and despondency from the destructive scenario of life. A constructive scenario is when a person constantly develops, grows personally, and improves himself. He does not chase events, does not indulge stupidity and greed, does not drive his mind to illness - destructive thinking.

Destructive person– specialist-subversive of his own mind. Usually he is under the influence of the energy of ignorance and degradation. It is not without reason that in the ranks of destructiveness there are many people prone to drugs, debauchery, alcoholism, and suicide.

Destructiveness is a destructive, disastrous and unfruitful state of consciousness. Consciousness is destructive when the idea has settled in it that there is no point in achieving anything in this world, that this world is illusory, you need to leave this world, you need to turn your gaze to the otherworldly reality, to other world. Destructive consciousness says: material world there is no goal for which one could live: neither family, nor love, nor friendship, nor public improvement, nor apartments, nor cars, nor the respect of others, is worth nothing to live for even a second, not to mention a whole life .

Destructiveness is the gap between theory and practice. There is knowledge, but people are not going to put it into practice. This approach is equivalent to the phenomenon of buying a train ticket and not going. Learning is light, but the unlearned are darkness. Everyone knows everything, but they can’t apply it. This is destructiveness and stupidity.

A person sometimes knows very well what sad ending his destructive behavior will lead to, but despite common sense continues to act destructively. The mind tells him: “Today you get drunk, tomorrow your head will be bo-bo.” You'll suffer from a hangover. If you drank well, it means you’re bad in the morning. If it’s good in the morning, it means you drank poorly.

An unreasonable person listens to reason, but acts destructively. He happily raises his glass. Satisfied. This is ignorance. Childhood condition consciousness. He knows, but acts to his own detriment. Indulges his senses and his lustful mind. This is destructive behavior.

Peter Kovalev

The term has the same root as structure; the prefix "de" means destruction or negation. The word "destructive" has a negative connotation and means nothing more than destructive. A synonym for destructiveness, as mentioned above, is destructiveness. The disintegration of structural connections, dependencies and the like - this is what destructive means.

Destructive conflict

Under destructive conflict usually understand a clash in which it is problematic to achieve the goals of each of the parties to the conflict in any other way than by infringing on the interests of the other. This means that the intentions of opponents are intertwined, preventing the interests of each of them from being satisfied.

Destructive person

We can talk about destructiveness as a quality of personality. The question arises: what does a destructive person mean? Is this destructiveness detrimental to the owner of this trait or to those around him?

Psychologists give following definition for destructiveness, characteristic of man. This is the inability to create a base that ensures further productive work. Destructiveness can be directed both inward and outward. Moreover, as in general definition, it means the destruction of functional connections.

Many that can be called negative are destructive (for example, greed, cunning, cynicism and bias) because they somehow lead to destruction. But most of all, destructiveness is associated with greed, which means that a destructive person fully possesses this vice.

Greed as a champion of quick results

A destructive person has a corresponding approach to life. He wants everything at once. Such a person is so chasing results that he wastes them. As a result, efficiency is close to zero.

The antonym of destructiveness is constructiveness, on the contrary, it involves gradual improvement and advancement.

The gap between theory and practice

In response to the question about destructiveness human consciousness, what the word “destructive” means is a very small part of what needs to be said. A destructive person is not stupid - he knows the theory, but does not apply it in practice. The situation is similar to a purchased train ticket that the buyer never boards. A destructive person knows that he acts primarily to his own detriment. But he still continues to do it. Perhaps he even boasts of his destructiveness.

Destructive Interpersonal Interactions

Destructive interpersonal interaction is understood as such forms of contact in which one or each of the interlocutors is detrimentally influenced by the other. Examples: manipulative or authoritarian communication, silence in order to hide any information or as a so-called punishment.

Negative behavior of one or all participants in an interaction gives it a destructive character. They can manifest themselves intentionally or unconsciously. Motivated or unmotivated aggression, for example, can come from one interlocutor to another or as a result nervous overstrain, either out of a desire to inflict physical or moral injury. Personality traits such as prejudice, hypocrisy and cynicism are also the basis of destructive interpersonal interaction, reminiscent, however, unlike open aggression rather a state" cold war". So, this process may take place in an implicit form while destructiveness continues to progress.

Basic terms

Destructiveness, destructive behavior, destructive manifestations, self-destructive behavior, typologies of destructive behavior.

Experience in the development of philosophy, sociology, biology, psychology, neuropsychology and psychophysiology in XIX-XX centuries led to the accumulation of facts that make it possible to argue the issue not about congenital, but the socio-historical nature of the destructiveness of human behavior formed in the process of deviant socialization of the individual in the conditions of a historically contradictory society.

Destructive behavior(lat. destructio -“I destroy”) - destructive behavior. Destructiveness is inevitably present in every individual, but is revealed, as a rule, during critical periods of his life. First of all, this applies to teenagers, age characteristics whose psyches, together with the problem of socialization and lack of attention from adults, lead to destructive personality changes.

Under destructive personality changes one should understand the pathological process of destruction of the personality structure or its individual elements. The main forms of destructive personality changes are: pathological deformation personal needs and motives, destructive changes in character and temperament, violation volitional regulation behavior, formation inadequate self-esteem and disruption of interpersonal relationships.

TO destructive behavior, outward directed, relate:

• destruction of another person (murder), destruction of his personality;
• destruction of society or certain public relations (terrorist attack, war);
• destruction inanimate objects, architectural monuments and other works of art (vandalism);
• destruction natural environment(ecocide, environmental terrorism).

TO autodestruction relate:

Suicide is the deliberate physical destruction by a person of himself and the self-destruction of the individual;

• abuse psychoactive substances(alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction);
• pathological non-chemical dependence: Internet addiction, gambling (pathological passion for gambling) and others leading to destructive personality changes.

When analyzing destructive behavior, one should take into account not only the motive, but also the habitual way of behavior. No less interesting is the point of view that aggression, as a marker of destructive behavior, becomes a character trait and, therefore, personality trait by social learning. MASS MEDIA, computer games(the so-called “shooters”) that filled life modern teenager, filled with scenes of violence, cruelty, humiliation, aggression and murder. Against this background, the model aggressive behavior taken for granted by teenagers.

The main characteristics of destructive behavior and at the same time the criteria for identifying its most important varieties are the following: objective factors(indicators): type of norm violated; psychological goals behavior and its motivation; results this behavior and the damage caused to them; individual-style characteristics of behavior. The most important feature deviant behavior in adolescence is its mediation by group values.

Exist various theories, revealing the mechanisms of formation of an individual tendency to destructive behavior. According to one of them this trend formed under the influence of a destructive subculture through the assimilation of certain views, lifestyles and styles of behavior. Another theory defines destructiveness as a reaction to prolonged deprivation. The third hypothesis follows from the theory of E. Erikson and considers destructive groups as a result of the negative identity of its participants. Finally, there is a point of view according to which the resort to terror, in particular, is associated with early narcissistic trauma. IN the latter case rage and violence become in an individual way protection from feelings of helplessness.

In his book “Escape from Freedom,” E. Fromm reveals one of the mechanisms of destructive behavior. It is aimed at destroying one’s own alienation, at turning all living things into dead and simple. However, “the level of destructiveness in an individual is proportional to the extent to which his expansiveness is limited.” And further, “the more the desire for life is manifested, than fuller life is implemented, the weaker the destructive tendencies; The more the desire for life is suppressed, the stronger the desire for destruction.” E. Fromm defined destructiveness as "the result of an unlived life" emphasizing its socio-psychological, and not biological origin.

As part of the analysis of destructiveness, E. Fromm identified two various types aggression:

• benign aggression(or defensive), in his opinion, “this is a phylogenetically inherent impulse to attack or flee in a situation where life is threatened,” such aggression serves self-preservation and the survival of the species;
• malignant aggression -“this is destructiveness and cruelty that is characteristic only of man<...>they have no phylogenetic program, do not serve biological adaptation, and have no purpose.”

Malignant aggression, in turn, manifests itself in two main types:

• A) sadism, or passionate attraction to unlimited power over another creature;
• b) necrophilia, or passion for the destruction of life, attachment to everything dead, inanimate, mechanical.

It is important!

Destructiveness and cruelty, according to Fromm, are hidden not in a person’s instincts and drives, but in his character. Fromm calls them character drives, or passions. He comes to a paradoxical conclusion - destructiveness is not characteristic of either animals or primitive peoples, it is a consequence of cultural and technical development humanity.

There are several sources of destructive behavior in adolescents and youth. I. Zimina highlights the following.

• 1. Submission of the child to the will of the adult. By suppressing independence and initiative, an adult (parent, teacher) hinders the development of the child’s individuality and activity, which leads to conflicts. Deviant behavior, the psychology of which is based, among other things, on the theory of destructiveness, is the result of suppression and resistance of the individual under a strict authoritarian style of education and training.
• 2. Carrying out the education process only during problematic periods of the child’s life. With this approach, the adult shows active attention to the child only when a problem has already arisen. But as soon as the problem loses its significance, the parent or teacher loses interest in the child, leaves him in the zone of inattention, believing that as long as the weight is normal, there is nothing to worry about. Therefore, destructive behavior on the part of a teenager becomes a means of attracting attention to his personality.
• 3. Monopolization of a teenager by the school. The teenager is placed in a position of obligation; he is “obliged” to serve the school. When large study load children and parents are left with a feeling of being very busy, tired, physically and nervous overload, beyond the strength of the weak child's body and psyche. Protest against monopolization is expressed as destructive behavior aimed at destruction established by the school rules: lateness, absenteeism, rudeness, lies, violations of dress code, etc.

According to E. Fromm, signs of destructiveness as character traits appear in 10-15% of the population. In his book The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, he defines this quality as an attraction to destruction, which is clearly manifested in aggressive people who feel hatred for humanity. These are criminals, rapists, warmongers. According to the author, in children destructive behavior can be sublimated or transformed into constructive aggressiveness aimed at destroying the old, unnecessary and building something new, more perfect.

Cultural and technical progress, along with its positive trends, on the one hand, an absolute necessity social development, on the other hand, contradictory in its socio-psychological essence, is vulnerable, and therefore harbors largely destructive tendencies. And what is more in this process - positivity or destructiveness - is not a rhetorical question, it requires constant comprehension, evaluation and its scientific and practical support to eliminate specific shortcomings or to maintain “dynamic balance” in the social system.

The positive development of any system (personal, social, biological) is the norm, the ideal. And such development has its own vector, aimed at positive self-actualization of the individual, and involves the creation of appropriate and necessary conditions for such self-actualization. However, as shows historical experience And modern life, this vector of development can change its direction towards destabilization, imbalance of systems, which certainly lead to crises, conflicts, wars, destruction, destruction various kinds and deviant behavior. The meaning of creation, creativity, innovation is lost, a certain “psychological funnel” is created, which, transforming, “pulls in” a system of values ​​and norms, needs, changes principles and views, depreciates such concepts as human life, goodness, conscience and honor, a vacuum, emptiness and hopelessness are created in society, etc. And, as a result, the collapse of the system and the total degradation of people occurs. They are replaced by cruelty, violence, blood, the cult of strength, ignorance, crime, etc.

Destructiveness arises as a result of the contradiction between social conditions and the existential needs of people. The passion for destruction and sadism are one of the ways to compensate for frustrated existential needs.

Destructive behavior is specific type deviant behavior and has a number of similar features and phenomenological characteristics.

Within general theory deviance, it is possible to classify types of destructive behavior based on the following criteria:

• 1) the type of social norm being violated;
• 2) direction of destruction;
• 3) the nature and degree of destruction and destructive behavior in general (damage caused or caused).

Destructive behavior, in our opinion, is behavior that disrupts, destroys or leads to the disintegration of any social connection and the quality of human life in general. On personal and group levels the result of destructive behavior is social dysfunction (i.e. disturbed, distorted adaptation).

Based on our definition and analysis of the published scientific literature we can say what we think about two types of destructive behavior: benign-adaptive And destructive - maladaptive.

On this basis, we can distinguish three groups of destructive behavior.

• 1. Externally destructive (antisocial) behavior, contrary to moral and legal norms, violating and destroying them, behavior that threatens social order and the well-being of surrounding people (alcoholism, prostitution, drug addiction, addiction, as well as any actions or inactions prohibited by law).
• 2. Indirectly destructive (antisocial) behavior, violating and destroying moral standards and interpersonal connections and relationships (aggression, violence, open rudeness, conflict, vagrancy, etc.).
• 3. Self-destructive (dissocial) behavior, disrupting and destroying medical and psychological norms, threatening the integrity and development of the personality itself and, as a result, leading to its disintegration (suicide, substance abuse, food addictions, conformism, narcissism, fanaticism, autism) (Fig. 11.1).

And one last thing. The psychology of deviant behavior offers adolescents and young people ways to reconstruct destructive personal drives into constructive education. This is achieved mainly by:

1) by changing the vector of the destructive impulse to apply it in future profession. This could be dentistry, veterinary medicine,

surgery and other specialties where aggression can be used for therapeutic and rehabilitation purposes;

• 2) by creating conditions for personal self-expression in sports such as shooting, darts (English, darts- “darts”; row related games, in which players throw darts at a round target hung on the wall), discus throwing, wrestling, etc. Aggressive impulses no longer destroy, but are directed towards sports achivments and the result;
• 3) in the process of reflecting destructiveness in works of art: writing pictures about war, poetry, scripts for films, games. The internal desire for destructiveness becomes a product of creativity or culture.

Rice. 11.1.

Workshop

Test questions and assignments

• 1. What are the socio-historical background of destructive behavior?
• 2. Describe the concepts of “destruction” and “destructive behavior”.
• 3. What are the forms of manifestation of destructive behavior?
• 4. Destruction and aggression. What is common and special?
• 5. What are the sources of destructive behavior?
• 6. Name the types of destructive behavior and describe them.
• 7. Give typologies of destructive behavior.
• 8. “Fill in” the typology of destructive behavior by Yu. A. Kleiberg (Fig. 11.1) concrete examples and get ready to discuss them.

Literature

Aggression in children and adolescents / ed. N. M. Platonova. - St. Petersburg, 2004. Berkovich, L. Aggression: causes, consequences and control / L. Berkovich. - St. Petersburg, 2001.

Baron, R. Aggression: trans. from English / R. Baron, D. Richardson. - St. Petersburg, 1997. Gilinsky, Ya. I. Deviantology: Sociology of crime / Ya. I. Giliisky. - St. Petersburg, 2004.

Human destructiveness: origins and prospects in childhood. - Izhevsk, 2004. Durkheim, E. Suicide: a sociological study: trans. with him. / E. Durkheim. - M., 2006.

Egorov, A. Yu. Psychophysiology of deviant behavior / A. Yu. Egorov. - St. Petersburg, 2006.

Lorenz, K. Aggression. The so-called “evil”: trans. with him. / K. Lorenz. - M., 1994. Rean, A. A. Psychology of Personality. Socialization, behavior, communication / A. A. Rean. - M.; St. Petersburg, 2007.

Furmanov, Ya. A. Aggression and violence: diagnosis, prevention and correction / I. A. Furmanov. - St. Petersburg, 2007.

• The concepts of “violence”, “aggression”, “attack”, “destructiveness”, “cruelty”, “hyperactivity”, etc. are used as synonyms for the concept of “destructiveness”, which from our point of view is methodologically incorrect.
• See: Lysak I.V. Man-destroyer: destructive human activity as a sociocultural phenomenon. URL: http://society.polbu.ru/lysak_destroycr/ch04_all.html (access date: 07/23/2016).

Most likely, every person at least once in his life has asked the question: “How to react to the destructive behavior of another and how to live with such destructive behavior?”

Firstly, you don’t have to live with destructive destructiveness! Or, learn to live next to him, at a distance. Moreover, find the safe distance you need in relation to this. As they say - “be outside”, and “not inside”.

And secondly, don’t take it personally! After all, “disgustingly permissive” comes from another person, and maybe this is the only thing for him possible way establishing interaction in given time and he cannot demonstrate anything else, due to his internal limitations. His many years of life experience led to this. And this has nothing to do with you, but with this person. If you understand this, then you can not react and not take it personally, or react less.

And, of course, don't forget to look at your personal history life, on our actions, and sometimes inaction, thanks to which the destructive behavior of another can unfold in our space. This is already your area of ​​responsibility. Sometimes it is dangerous to maintain reconciliation and tolerance in a community of people where intransigence and intolerance are elevated to the principle of existence.

It is advisable to clarify for yourself how you condone the manifestation of “disgusting” in your space. It is impossible to build an ideal world. Yes, you yourself know. Although it is possible that you dream about it. Then what to do with all this? And can you influence reality?

1. Give up the illusion that you can remove conflict from your life.

And the sooner you do this, the faster you will move on to new actions. By internally allowing conflicts to exist in your diverse reality, you will free up that part of the energy that is spent on holding your tension and resentment.

Let me clarify that allowing conflicts to “be” means understanding the inevitability of this type of interaction as part of reality.

2. Don’t hang around in a situation that is problematic for you longer than necessary.

Yes, we were upset! And who wouldn’t be upset by destructive behavior aimed at your personality? Disassociate yourself from the situation as quickly as possible.

IN otherwise all your energy will go to active resistance"enemy", or to maintain colossal tension and internal dialogues with him if you are not ready to enter into an open fight. And you will not have the strength to take productive actions to get out of pathological relationships.

3. Separate your area of ​​responsibility from the other person's area of ​​responsibility.

Do not support the “production” of destructive behavior towards yourself. You can be responsible for your behavior. You are not responsible for the behavior of another adult, no matter how much he convinces you of this. Your responsibilities may include your desire to regulate destructive interactions, as well as your desire to exert as much effort as you can to influence what happens.

4. If there is no way to influence the situation, then leave the problematic interaction.

Or move away to the desired, fairly safe distance.

5. If possible, gain experience and acquire the skill to transform destructive relationships into relationships that are similar to human ones.

And one last thing. Remind yourself and others that it's not just about needing and demanding. human relations, but also to “produce” these very human relationships.