Hugo Award
This award can be called one of the most democratic: its laureates are determined by voting by registered participants of the World Convention of Science Fiction Fans WorldCon (therefore the award is considered a “reader’s award”). Hugo Award - literary prize in the field science fiction. It was established in 1953 and is named after Hugo Gernsback, the creator of the first specialized science fiction magazines. The prize is awarded annually for best works in the genre of fiction, published in English. The winners are awarded a figurine in the form of a taking off rocket. The prize is awarded in the following categories:
. Best Novel
. Best story(Best Novella)
. Best short story (Best Novellette)
. Best story(Best Short Story)
. Best Science Fiction Book (Best Related Book)
. Best production, large form (Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form)
. Best production, small form (Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form)
. Best professional editor(Best Professional Editor)
. Best Professional Artist
. Best semi-professional magazine (Best SemiProzine)
. Best Fanzine. Best Fan Writer
. Best Fan Artist
The list of winners of this and other science fiction awards can be found on the Russian Science Fiction website (www.rusf.ru). Separately, the John Campbell Award is awarded to the “Most Promising New Author of the Year”, which is awarded to a debut science fiction writer. Along with the Hugo Award, the Gandalf Award is sometimes awarded - not for a specific work, but for a significant contribution to the development of the fantasy genre.
Cervantes Prize
The Cervantes Literary Prize, established by the Spanish Ministry of Culture in 1975, is valued in the Spanish-speaking world no less than the Nobel Prize. The monetary part of the “Spanish Nobel Prize” is 90 thousand euros, it is awarded annually to the next laureate by the King of All Spain, Juan Carlos, in the homeland of the author of “Don Quixote” - in the town of Alcala de Henares, which is 50 kilometers from Madrid.
James Tait Award
Britain's oldest literary award is the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, awarded by the University of Edinburgh since 1919 to the best novelists and biographical writers. Its laureates in different time became Evelyn Waugh, Iris Murdoch, Graham Greene, Ian McEwan.
Orange Award
For women writers in Great Britain who write in English, there is the Orange Prize. The winners are awarded a bronze statuette with the affectionate name Bessie and a check for the pleasant sum of £30,000. The jury of the award is exclusively women. http://www.orangeprize.co.uk/
Nobel Prize on literature
The prize, founded by Swedish chemical engineer, inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel and named after him as the Nobel Prize, is the world's most prestigious and most criticized. Of course, this is largely due to the size of the Nobel Prize: the award consists of a gold medal with the image of A. Nobel and the corresponding inscription, a diploma and, most importantly, a check for a sum of money. The size of the latter depends on the profits of the Nobel Foundation. According to Nobel's will, drawn up on November 27, 1895, his capital (initially over 31 million Swedish crowns) was invested in shares, bonds and loans. The income from them is divided annually by 5 equal parts and becomes prizes for the most outstanding world achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for activities to promote peace. Particular passions flare up around the Nobel Prize in Literature. The main complaints against the Swedish Academy in Stockholm (it is the one that identifies the most worthy writers) are the decisions of the Nobel Committee themselves, and the fact that they are made in strict secrecy. The Nobel Committee announces only the number of applicants for a particular prize, but does not name their names. Evil tongues also claim that the prize is sometimes given for political rather than literary reasons. The main trump card of critics and detractors is Leo Tolstoy, Nabokov, Joyce, Borges, who were passed over for the Nobel Prize... The prize is awarded annually on December 10 - the anniversary of Nobel's death. The Swedish king traditionally awards Nobel writers in Stockholm. Within 6 months after receiving the Nobel Prize, the laureate must give a Nobel lecture on the topic of his work.
International Prize named after G.-H. Andersen
For the appearance of this prize, we must thank the German writer Jelle Lepmann (1891-1970). And not only for this. It was Mrs. Lepman who achieved that, by decision of UNESCO, the birthday of G.-H. Andersen, April 2, became International Children's Book Day. She also initiated the creation of the International Council on Children's and Youth Books (IBBY), an organization uniting writers, artists, literary scholars, and librarians from more than sixty countries. Since 1956, IBBY has awarded the International G.-H. Andersen, which with the light hand of the same Ella Lepman is called the “little Nobel Prize” for children's literature. Since 1966, this award has also been given to illustrators of children's books. The laureates receive a gold medal with the profile of a great storyteller every 2 years at the next IBBY congress. The award is given only to living writers and artists.
Astrid Lindgren International Literary Prize
The Swedish government, immediately after Lindgren's death, decided to establish a literary prize named after the world-famous storyteller. “I hope that the Prize will fulfill double role- serve as a reminder to us of Astrid and her life’s work, and will also contribute to the popularization of good children’s literature and contribute to its development,” said Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson. The annual International Literary Award by Astrid Lingren (The Astrid Lingren Memorial Award) “For works for children and youth” should attract world attention to literature for children and adolescents and to children's rights. Therefore, it can be awarded not only to a writer or artist for an exceptional contribution to the development of children's books, but also for any activity to promote reading and protect children's rights. The monetary content of the award is also attractive - 500,000 euros. The lucky winners of the award are determined by 12 honorary citizens of the country, members of the State Cultural Council of Sweden. By tradition, the name of the laureate of this award is announced every year in March in Astrid Lindgren's homeland. The award is presented to the laureate in May in Stockholm.
Grintsane Cavour
In 2001, UNESCO declared the Grinzane Cavour Prize an “exemplary institute for international culture.” Despite its short history (established in Turin in 1982), the prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards in Europe. It received its name from the 13th century Turin castle: Count Benso Cavour, the first prime minister of united Italy, used to live there, and now the headquarters of the award is located there. the main objective"Grintzane Cavour" - communion younger generation to literature, for which purpose the jury includes both venerable literary critics and schoolchildren. About a thousand teenagers from Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Belgium, the Czech Republic, the USA, Cuba, and Japan vote for the books of the authors nominated for the award. http://www.grinzane.it/
Prix Goncourt
France's main literary prize, the Prix Goncourt, established in 1896 and awarded since 1902, is awarded to the author best novel or a collection of short stories of the year in French, not necessarily living in France. It bears the name of the French classics Goncourt brothers - Edmond Louis Antoine (1832-1896) and Jules Alfred Huot (1830-1869). The younger, Edmond, bequeathed his enormous fortune to the literary Academy, which became known as the Goncourt Academy and established an annual prize of the same name. The Goncourt Academy includes 10 of the most famous writers in France, who work for a nominal fee - 60 francs per year. Everyone has one vote and can cast it for one book, only the president has two votes. Members of the Goncourt Academy at different times were the writers A. Daudet, J. Renard, Rosny Sr., F. Eria, E. Bazin, Louis Aragon... Now the charter of the Goncourt Academy has changed: now the age of the jury members of the prestigious Goncourt Prize should not exceed 80 years. Initially, the prize was conceived as a reward for young writers for original talent, new and bold searches for content and form.
Booker Prize
Any resident of the Commonwealth of Nations or Ireland whose novel in English is considered worthy of worldwide fame and 50 thousand pounds sterling can receive the Booker Prize. The award has been presented since 1969, sponsored by the Man Group since 2002, and official name awards - The Man Booker Prize. First, a list of approximately one hundred books is compiled by an annual advisory committee of publishers and representatives of the writing world, literary agents, booksellers, libraries and the Man Booker Prize Foundation. The committee approves a jury of five people - famous literary critics, writers, scientists, and public figures. In August, the jury announces a “long list” of 20-25 novels, in September - six participants in the “short list”, and in October - the laureate himself. To mark the 40th anniversary of the prize, a special “Booker of All Time” award appeared. Its laureate was to be the booker, whose work was considered by readers to be the best novel in all the years of the prize's existence. In 2008, the cash portion of the prize was more than one hundred thousand US dollars (50 thousand pounds).
International Booker Prize
This prize was established in 2005 and is a “relative” of the regular Booker. It is awarded once every 2 years to the author for piece of art, written in English or available to the general reader in translation into it.
The Carnegie Medal
The word “medal” can be found in the names of many “children’s literature” awards. For example, the vast majority of writers would consider it an honor to receive The Carnegie Medal. This very prestigious award has been awarded since 1936 and has always attracted the attention of the general public. The jury consists of representatives of the librarians' association. List of laureates: http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/carnegie/list.html
IMPAC
World's largest premium per individual literary work- 100 thousand euros. The winners receive it international award IMPAC, established in 1996 by Dublin City Council. In this city, glorified by Joyce, the award ceremony takes place. Although the headquarters international company IMPAC (Improved Management Productivity and Control), whose name the award bears, is located in Florida and is not directly related to literature. IMPAC, a global leader in productivity improvement, works on projects for major corporations and organizations in 65 countries. To participate in the competition, the work must be written or translated into English and withstand tough international competition: 185 candidates have the right to nominate library systems in 51 countries. Award website
The Nobel Prize was created by and named after the Swedish industrialist, inventor and chemical engineer, Alfred Nobel. It is considered the most prestigious in the world. The laureates receive a gold medal depicting A.B. Nobel, a diploma, and a check for a large sum. The latter consists of the amount of profits that the Nobel Foundation receives. In 1895 he made a will, according to which his capital was placed in bonds, shares and loans. The income that this money brings is divided equally into five parts every year and becomes a prize for achievements in five areas: chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and also for activities to strengthen peace.
The first Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded on December 10, 1901, and has since been awarded annually on that date, which is the anniversary of Nobel's death. The winners are awarded in Stockholm by the Swedish king himself. After receiving the award, Nobel Prize winners in literature must give a lecture on their work within 6 months. This is an indispensable condition for receiving the award.
The decision on who is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by the Swedish Academy, located in Stockholm, as well as the Nobel Committee itself, which announces only the number of applicants, without naming their names. The selection procedure itself is secret, which sometimes causes angry reviews from critics and ill-wishers who claim that the award is given for political reasons and not for literary achievements. Main argument, which is cited as evidence, are Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bokhres, Joyce, who were bypassed for the prize. However, the list of authors who received it still remains impressive. There are five writers from Russia who have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Read more about each of them below.
The 2014 Nobel Prize for Literature has been awarded for the 107th time, going to Patrick Modiano and screenwriter. That is, since 1901, 111 writers have received the award (since four times it was awarded to two authors at the same time).
It would take quite a long time to list all the laureates and get to know each of them. The most famous and widely read Nobel Prize winners in literature and their works are brought to your attention.
1. William Golding, 1983
William Golding received the award for his famous novels, of which there are 12 in his oeuvre. The most famous, Lord of the Flies and Descendants, are among the best-selling books written by Nobel laureates. The novel Lord of the Flies, published in 1954, brought the writer worldwide fame. Critics often compare it to Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye in terms of its significance for the development of literature and modern thought generally.
2. Toni Morrison, 1993
The Nobel Prize winners in literature are not only men, but also women. One of them is Toni Morrison. This American writer was born into a working-class family in Ohio. After attending Howard University, where she studied literature and English, she began writing her own works. Her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), was based on a story she wrote for a university literary circle. It is one of Toni Morrison's most popular works. Her other novel, Sula, published in 1975, was nominated for the US National.
3. 1962
Steinbeck's most famous works are East of Eden, The Grapes of Wrath, and Of Mice and Men. The Grapes of Wrath became a bestseller in 1939, selling more than 50,000 copies and now selling more than 75 million copies. Until 1962, the writer was nominated for the prize 8 times, and he himself believed that he was unworthy of such an award. And many American critics noted that his late novels significantly weaker than the previous ones, and responded negatively to this award. In 2013, when some documents from the Swedish Academy (kept secret for 50 years) were declassified, it became clear that the writer was awarded because he was "the best in bad company" that year.
4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954
This writer became one of nine winners of the literature prize, to whom it was awarded not for creativity in general, but for a specific work, namely for the story “The Old Man and the Sea.” The same work, first published in 1952, brought the writer the following year, 1953, another prestigious award - the Pulitzer Prize.
In the same year, the Nobel Committee included Hemingway in the list of candidates, but the winner of the award that time was Winston Churchill, who by that time had already turned 79 years old, and therefore it was decided not to delay the presentation of the award. And Ernest Hemingway became a well-deserved winner of the award the following year, 1954.
5. Marquez, 1982
The winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982 included Gabriel García Márquez among their ranks. He became the first writer from Colombia to receive an award from the Swedish Academy. His books, among which we should especially note “Chronicle of a Death Declared”, “Autumn of the Patriarch”, as well as “Love in the Time of Cholera”, became the best-selling works written in Spanish, throughout its history. The novel “One Hundred Years of Solitude” (1967), which another Nobel Prize laureate, Pablo Neruda, called the greatest creation in Spanish after Cervantes’s “Don Quixote”, has been translated into more than 25 languages of the world, and the total circulation of the work was more than 50 millions of copies.
6. Samuel Beckett, 1969
The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Samuel Beckett in 1969. This Irish writer is one of the most famous representatives of modernism. It was he who, together with Eugene Ionescu, founded the famous “theater of the absurd”. Samuel Beckett wrote his works in two languages - English and French. The most famous creation of his pen was the play "Waiting for Godot", written in French. The plot of the work is as follows. The main characters throughout the play are waiting for a certain Godot, who should bring some meaning to their existence. However, he never appears, so the reader or viewer has to decide for himself what kind of image it was.
Beckett was fond of playing chess and enjoyed success with women, but led a rather secluded lifestyle. He did not even agree to come to the Nobel Prize ceremony, sending his publisher, Jerome Lindon, in his place.
7. 1949
The Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949 went to William Faulkner. He also initially refused to go to Stockholm to receive the award, but was eventually persuaded by his daughter. John Kennedy sent him an invitation to a dinner organized in honor of Nobel Prize winners. However, Faulkner, who all his life considered himself “not a writer, but a farmer,” in his own words, refused to accept the invitation, citing old age.
The author's most famous and popular novels are The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying. However, success did not come to these works immediately; for a long time they practically did not sell. The Sound and the Fury, published in 1929, sold only three thousand copies in its first 16 years of publication. However, in 1949, by the time the author received the Nobel Prize, this novel was already an example of classic American literature.
In 2012, a special edition of this work was published in the UK, in which the text was printed 14 different colors, which was done at the request of the writer so that the reader could notice different time planes. The limited edition of the novel was only 1,480 copies and sold out immediately after its release. Now the cost of a book of this rare edition is estimated at approximately 115 thousand rubles.
8. Doris Lessing, 2007
The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded in 2007. This British writer and poet received the award at the age of 88, making her the oldest recipient. She also became the eleventh woman (out of 13) to receive the Nobel Prize.
Lessing was not very popular with critics, since she rarely wrote on pressing topics. social issues, she was even often called a propagandist of Sufism, a teaching that preaches renunciation of worldly vanity. However, according to The Times magazine, this writer ranks fifth on the list of the 50 greatest British authors published since 1945.
The most popular work Doris Lessing's novel "The Golden Notebook", published in 1962, is considered. Some critics classify it as an example of classic feminist prose, but the writer herself categorically disagrees with this opinion.
9. Albert Camus, 1957
French writers also received the Nobel Prize in Literature. One of them, writer, journalist, essayist of Algerian origin, Albert Camus, is the “conscience of the West.” His most famous work is the story "The Stranger", published in 1942 in France. Made in 1946 English translation, sales began, and within a few years the number of copies sold amounted to more than 3.5 million.
Albert Camus is often considered a representative of existentialism, but he himself did not agree with this and denied it in every possible way similar definition. Thus, in a speech delivered at the presentation of the Nobel Prize, he noted that in his work he sought to “avoid outright lies and resist oppression.”
10. Alice Munro, 2013
In 2013, nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature included Alice Munro on their list. A representative of Canada, this novelist became famous in the genre short story. She began writing them early, from her teenage years, but the first collection of her works, entitled “Dance of the Happy Shadows,” was published only in 1968, when the author was already 37 years old. In 1971, the next collection, “The Lives of Girls and Women,” appeared, which critics called “an education novel.” Others her literary works include the books: “Who exactly are you?”, “The Fugitive”, “Too Much Happiness”. One of her collections, “The Hateful Friendship, Courtship, Love, Marriage,” published in 2001, was even made into a Canadian film called “Away From Her,” directed by Sarah Polley. The author’s most popular book is “Dear Life,” published in 2012.
Munro is often called the "Canadian Chekhov" because the writers' styles are similar. Like the Russian writer, he is characterized by psychological realism and clarity.
Nobel Prize laureates in literature from Russia
To date, five Russian writers have won the prize. The first laureate was I. A. Bunin.
1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933
This is a famous Russian writer and poet, an outstanding master of realistic prose, and an honorary member St. Petersburg Academy Sci. In 1920, Ivan Alekseevich emigrated to France, and when presenting the award, he noted that the Swedish Academy acted very bravely by awarding the emigrant writer. Among the contenders for this year’s prize was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely thanks to the publication of the book “The Life of Arsenyev” by that time, the scales nevertheless tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.
Bunin began writing his first poems at the age of 7-8 years. Later, his famous works were published: the story “The Village”, the collection “Sukhodol”, the books “John the Weeper”, “The Gentleman from San Francisco”, etc. In the 20s he wrote (1924) and “ Sunstroke"(1927). And in 1943, the pinnacle of Ivan Alexandrovich's creativity, a collection of stories, was born" Dark alleys". This book was dedicated to only one topic - love, its “dark” and gloomy sides, as the author wrote in one of his letters.
2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958
The Nobel Prize laureates in literature from Russia in 1958 included Boris Leonidovich Pasternak on their list. The poet was awarded a prize in difficult time. He was forced to abandon it under threat of exile from Russia. However, the Nobel Committee regarded Boris Leonidovich’s refusal as forced, and in 1989 transferred the medal and diploma to his son after the writer’s death. The famous novel "Doctor Zhivago" is Pasternak's true artistic testament. This work was written in 1955. Albert Camus, laureate in 1957, spoke with admiration of this novel.
3. Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, 1965
In 1965, M. A. Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Russia in Once again proved to the whole world that she has talented writers. Having started your literary activity as a representative of realism, depicting the deep contradictions of life, Sholokhov, however, in some works finds himself captive of the socialist trend. During the presentation of the Nobel Prize, Mikhail Alexandrovich made a speech in which he noted that in his works he sought to praise “the nation of workers, builders and heroes.”
In 1926 he started his main novel, "Quiet Don", and completed it in 1940, long before he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Sholokhov's works were published in parts, including "Quiet Don". In 1928, largely thanks to the assistance of A. S. Serafimovich, friend Mikhail Alexandrovich, the first part appeared in print. next year the second volume was published. The third was published in 1932-1933, already with the assistance and support of M. Gorky. The last, fourth, volume was published in 1940. This novel had great importance both for Russian and world literature. It was translated into many languages of the world, became the basis of the famous opera by Ivan Dzerzhinsky, as well as numerous theatrical productions and films.
Some, however, accused Sholokhov of plagiarism (including A. I. Solzhenitsyn), believing that most of the work was copied from the manuscripts of F. D. Kryukov, a Cossack writer. Other researchers confirmed the authorship of Sholokhov.
In addition to this work, in 1932 Sholokhov also created “Virgin Soil Upturned,” a work telling about the history of collectivization among the Cossacks. In 1955, the first chapters of the second volume were published, and at the beginning of 1960 the last ones were completed.
At the end of 1942, the third novel, “They Fought for the Motherland,” was published.
4. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970
The Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 was awarded to A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Alexander Isaevich accepted it, but did not dare to attend the award ceremony because he was afraid of the Soviet government, which regarded the decision of the Nobel Committee as “politically hostile.” Solzhenitsyn was afraid that he would not be able to return to his homeland after this trip, although the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature that he received increased the prestige of our country. In his work, he touched upon acute socio-political problems and actively fought against communism, its ideas and the policies of the Soviet regime.
The main works of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn include: “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” (1962), story “ Matrenin Dvor", the novel "In the First Circle" (written from 1955 to 1968), "The Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). The first published work was the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which appeared in the magazine "New World". This publication caused great interest and numerous responses from readers, which inspired the writer to create “The Gulag Archipelago.” In 1964, Alexander Isaevich’s first story received the Lenin Prize.
However, after a year he loses favor Soviet authorities, and his works are prohibited from being published. His novels “The Gulag Archipelago”, “In the First Circle” and “Cancer Ward” were published abroad, for which the writer was deprived of citizenship in 1974 and he was forced to emigrate. Only 20 years later he managed to return to his homeland. Appears in 2001-2002 a lot of work Solzhenitsyn "Two hundred years together." Alexander Isaevich died in 2008.
5. Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky, 1987
The winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987 joined their ranks with I. A. Brodsky. In 1972, the writer was forced to emigrate to the USA, so world encyclopedia even calls it American. Among all the writers who received the Nobel Prize, he is the youngest. With his lyrics, he comprehended the world as a single cultural and metaphysical whole, and also pointed out the limitations of the perception of man as a subject of knowledge.
Joseph Alexandrovich wrote poems, essays, and literary criticism not only in Russian, but also in English. Immediately after the publication of his first collection in the West, in 1965, Brodsky came to international fame. TO the best books The author's works include: "Embankment of the Incurable", "Part of Speech", "Landscape with Flood", "The End of a Beautiful Era", "Stop in the Desert" and others.
“In works of great emotional power, he revealed the abyss that lies beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world,” says the official release published on the Nobel Committee website announcing the new Nobel laureate in literature, a British writer Japanese origin Kazuo Ishiguro.
A native of Nagasaki, he moved with his family to Britain in 1960. The writer’s first novel, “Where the Hills Are in the Haze,” was published in 1982 and was dedicated to him hometown and new homeland. The novel tells the story of a Japanese woman who, after the suicide of her daughter and moving to England, cannot shake off haunting dreams of the destruction of Nagasaki.
Great success came to Ishiguro with the novel The Remains of the Day (1989),
dedicated to the fate of the former butler, who served one noble house all his life. For this novel, Ishiguro received the Booker Prize, and the jury voted unanimously, which is unprecedented for this award. In 1993, American director James Ivory filmed this book starring Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson.
The writer's fame was greatly supported by the release in 2010 of the dystopian film Never Let Me Go, which takes place in an alternative Britain at the end of the twentieth century, where special boarding school raising child organ donors for cloning. The film stars Andrew Garfield, Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan and others.
In 2005, this novel was included in the list of the hundred best according to Time magazine.
Kazuo's latest novel, The Buried Giant, published in 2015, is considered one of his strangest and most daring works. This is a medieval fantasy novel in which the journey of an elderly couple to a neighboring village to visit their son becomes a road to their own memories. Along the way, the couple defends themselves from dragons, ogres and other mythological monsters. You can read more about the book.
Ishiguro has been compared to Vladimir Nabokov and Joseph Conrad - two authors, Russian and Polish respectively, who managed to create outstanding works in a language that was not their native language.
British and American critics note that Ishiguro (who calls himself British, not Japanese) has done a lot to transform English into universal language world literature.
Ishiguro's novels have been translated into more than 40 languages.
In Russian, the writer, in addition to his two main hits “Don’t Let Me Go” and “The Buried Giant,” published the early “Artist of the Unsteady World.”
By tradition, the name of the future laureate is kept in top secret until the announcement. The list of candidates compiled by the Swedish Academy is also classified and will only become known after 50 years.
The Nobel Prize in Literature is one of the most prestigious and significant in literary world. Awarded annually since 1901. A total of 107 awards were awarded. According to the charter of the Nobel Foundation, only members of the Swedish Academy, professors of literature and linguistics at various universities, Nobel Prize laureates in literature, and heads of authors' unions in different countries can nominate candidates for the prize.
Last year, the American musician Bob Dylan unexpectedly received the prize “for creating new poetic expressions in the great American song tradition.” The musician did not come to the presentation, having conveyed a letter through the singer Patti Smith, in which he expressed doubts that his texts can be considered literature.
Over the years, Selma Lagerlöf, Romain Rolland, Thomas Mann, Knut Hamsun, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Orhan Pamuk and others have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Among the laureates who wrote in Russian are Ivan Bunin, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Sholokhov, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky, Svetlana Alexievich.
This year's award amount is $1.12 million. The award ceremony will take place at the Stockholm Philharmonic on December 10, the day of the death of the founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel.
Literary rate
Every year, it is the Nobel Prize for Literature that causes special interest bookmakers - in no other discipline in which the award is presented, such a stir does not happen. The list of this year's favorites, according to the bookmaker companies Ladbrokes, Unibet, and Betting League, includes Kenyan Ngugi Wa Thiong'o (5.50), Canadian writer and critic Margaret Atwood (6.60), Japanese writer Haruki Murakami (odds 2. thirty). The current laureate’s fellow countryman, the author of “The Sheep Hunt” and “After Dark,” however, has been promised a Nobel for many years, just like another “eternal” literary Nobel nominee, the famous Syrian poet Adonis. However, both of them remain without a reward year after year, and the bookmakers are slightly perplexed.
Other candidates this year included: Chinese Ian Leanke, Israeli Amos Oz, Italian Claudio Magris, Spaniard Javier Marias, American singer and poet Patti Smith, Peter Handke from Austria, South Korean poet and prose writer Ko Eun, Nina Bouraoui from France, Peter Nadas from Hungary, American rapper Kanye West and others.
In the entire history of the award, bookmakers have made no mistakes only three times:
In 2003, when the victory was awarded to the South African writer John Coetzee, in 2006 with the famous Turk Orhan Pamuk, and in 2008 with the Frenchman Gustave Leclezio.
“What bookmakers are guided by when determining favorites is unknown,” says literary expert, editor-in-chief of the Gorky Media resource Konstantin Milchin, “we only know that a few hours before the announcement, the odds for whoever turns out to be the winner then drop sharply to unfavorable values.” Whether this means that someone is supplying bookmakers with information several hours before the announcement of the winners, the expert refused to confirm. According to Milchin,
Bob Dylan was at the bottom of the list last year, as was Svetlana Alexievich in 2015.
According to the expert, a few days before the announcement of the current winner, bets on Canadian Margaret Atwood and Korean Ko Eun dropped sharply.
The name of the future laureate is traditionally kept in the strictest confidence until the announcement. The list of candidates compiled by the Swedish Academy is also classified and will only become known after 50 years.
The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III to support and develop Swedish and literature. It consists of 18 academicians who are elected to their posts for life by other members of the academy.
It should be recognized that health and a healthy lifestyle are not always a value for a person, especially if he is 14-17 years old. During this period, a person cannot be focused on what he already has. Other priorities dominate during this period: active cognition the world around you and yourself in this world. Health is not an end in itself, but rather a means to achieve a goal: to become an independent person, a bright individual, a recognized authority and a successful professional.
Thus, it becomes obvious that important role plays a role in educating every member of society to view health as one of the main human values.
Current trends in morbidity in developed countries industrial societies updated the idea of a person’s “individual responsibility” for their health. By the second half of the 20th century, acute, mainly infectious diseases ceased to dominate the causes of mortality; they were replaced by chronic diseases that were much more complex in nature and difficult to treat. For example, doctor oriental medicine D. Chopra believes that “For modern man, illness is not a matter of necessity, but of choice: nature does not impose on us bacteria or viruses that cause various diseases: diabetes, cancer, arthritis or osteochondrosis, they are the result of incorrect human actions and thoughts.”
An interesting fact is that in Russia progressive values that affirm primary role personality in shaping their health, a significant part of the population is not yet aware. For example, the results of a mass survey conducted in St. Petersburg indicate that 54% of respondents tend to attribute responsibility for their health mainly to external life circumstances beyond their control. And only about 25% of respondents, in response to the question: “Why in to a greater extent depends on your health? noted decisive role own efforts to maintain health.
The concept of “attitude to health” is still relatively new to psychological science. The study of the problem of attitude to health involves defining the very concept of “attitude to health.” Attitude to health from the point of view of psychology is a system of individual, selective connections of the individual with various phenomena surrounding reality, promoting or, conversely, threatening the health of people, as well as a certain assessment by the individual of his physical and mental state.
An experimentally proven fact: the value of health for women is higher than for men. Health is in third or fourth place in the value system of men. This may indicate, for example, that men are more inclined to sacrifice their health for the sake of their career.
Attitude to health is one of the elements of self-preservation behavior. A person’s attitude towards his health contains three main components: cognitive, emotional and motivational-behavioral.
The cognitive component characterizes a person’s knowledge about his health, understanding of the role of health in life, knowledge of the main factors that have both negative and positive effects on health.
The emotional component reflects a person’s experiences and feelings associated with his state of health, as well as characteristics emotional state caused by a deterioration in a person’s physical or mental well-being.
The motivational-behavioral component determines the place of health in the individual hierarchy of human values, features of motivation in the field of a healthy lifestyle, and also characterizes the features of behavior in the field of health, the degree of commitment of a person healthy image life, behavior patterns in case of deterioration of health.
It should be especially noted that the nature of the attitude towards the health of modern people is paradoxical, namely:
- the need for health is actualized, as a rule, in the event of its loss or as it is lost;
- action of mechanisms psychological protection, the purpose of which is to justify unhealthy behavior. For example, denial: “this cannot be” or “I do not need to undergo a medical examination because I am healthy.” Rationalization mainly manifests itself in justifying one’s inadequate attitude towards health;
- installation of a passive attitude towards health;
- the influence of a person’s past experience;
- features of the social micro- and macroenvironment;
- the effect of the reactivity theory: when people feel that their freedom to act as they wish is being “infringed” in a “danger” (a ban is imposed), a person experiences an unpleasant state of reactivity, and one can only get rid of it by committing a forbidden act (for example, smoking) and so on.
Thus, each of us should understand our “attitude towards health”, evaluate it adequately and behave accordingly.