Natural territorial complex (NTC)- this is a territory that has a certain unity of nature, due to the common origin and history of development, the uniqueness of its geographical location and the modern processes operating within its borders. At the same time, the PTC is a natural combination of geographical components or complexes of the lowest rank, forming systems of different levels - from the geographical shell to the facies.

PTCs can be complete (from 6 components) and incomplete (from a smaller number of components [within one sphere, for example, aquatic biocenosis]).

PTC description plan

1. Geographical location (including borders); 2. Lithogenic component (N-Q); 3. Climatogenic component; 4. Hydrogen component; 5. Biogenic component (flora and fauna) a) producers; b) consumers of the 1st order; c) consumers of the 2nd order. 6. Anthropogenic component; 7. Soils (mirror of the landscape); 8. Patterns of geographic differentiation - latitudinal zoning and altitudinal zonation; 9. Natural resource potential; 10. Geographical implications.

A natural territorial complex is a natural combination of interconnected components of nature in a certain territory.

All components of nature that make up the natural complex are closely and inextricably linked with each other: solar radiation, geographic latitude, relief, climate, soil, flora and fauna.

There are three main levels in the hierarchy of natural complexes
(rank):
local,
regional,
global.

The formation of natural complexes at the local level is associated with local factors that have a short range of action, for example, with individual relief elements. This level includes facies - an elementary indivisible geographical unit, that is, a homogeneous complex.
Regional natural complexes are formed as a result of the influence
factors with a wider radius of tectonic action: tectonic movements, solar radiation. This level is characterized by natural zones and regions.
The global level is a geographic envelope that covers the interpenetrating and constantly interacting troposphere, hydrosphere, and upper layers of the lithospheric biosphere.
The doctrine of natural territorial complexes - landscape science, was founded at the end of the last century by V. V. Dokuchaev. It is of great practical importance for agriculture, forestry, land reclamation, recreation, construction of cities, roads, and various enterprises. Without knowledge of the characteristics of a particular natural complex, there can be no talk of rational use, protection and improvement of the natural environment.

Natural-territorial complex (NTC)

On the surface of the Earth, on the continents and oceans, there is a very complex network of regular combinations of basic and derivative components that form a wide variety of natural territorial complexes (NTCs). The main provisions of the doctrine of PTC in the understanding of N.A. Solntsev, one of the founders of modern landscape science, boils down to the following:

An innumerable number of PTCs form a hierarchical, that is, subordinate system from the smallest to the most simply constructed PTC on land - facies (for example, a hillside, the foot of a mountain) to the largest and extremely complexly constructed PTC - the geographical shell.

The geographic envelope is a natural complex of the highest planetary rank, found in the singular in the solar system, and only on planet Earth.

The entire huge number of PTCs can be divided into two large groups: full, which includes all other components - the earth’s crust, water, air, vegetation, fauna, and incomplete, where some of the listed components are missing, for example, water (liquid in the atmosphere), or plants, or animals, or the earth's crust (for example, under a thick layer of water in the ocean).

Landscapes

Landscape- this is such a complete PTC, in the structure of which all the main components are directly involved, starting from the earth’s crust and ending with the animals inhabiting this PTC. Landscape- this is, first of all, a specific area of ​​the earth's surface, limited by natural boundaries. It is characterized by territorial integrity, genetic unity, uniformity of geological structure, relief, climate, a uniform combination of hydrothermal conditions, soils, biocenoses (plant groupings with animals). Examples of landscapes: the valley of the Chuya River, Lake Chany, the central part of the kolochny steppe in Kulunda, etc.

In the oceans and seas one can also distinguish natural complexes - seascapes. In the process of development, areas of the shelf are isolated, which differ in soil characteristics, algae composition, and animal population.

The natural complex of oceans and seas is called aquatorial(aqua - water).

So, landscape is a natural, genetically homogeneous territorial complex. The word is German and means “view of the Earth” land – Earth, shaft – to look.

Modern geographers believe landscape- one of the main concepts of geographical science. Landscape is a natural area of ​​the earth’s surface, divided into tracts and facies. This understanding of landscape is called territorial, (Solntsev, 1962), but some geographers use the term “landscape” only as applied to a type of nature. For example, steppe landscape, mountain landscape, etc. This understanding of the landscape is called typological. Example: NSO, left bank of the Ob River, in its upper reaches. Nature, despite its apparent monotony and dullness, is very diverse: the north is a forest landscape - subtaiga space - birch-aspen-pine forests with podzolic soils, an abundance of swamps, a moderately cold continental climate, lowland terrain; the forest-steppe of northern Baraba - with ridges, a well-developed river system, fairly fertile soils - ordinary chernozems, interspersed with meadows, peat bogs. Climate - temperate continental; forest-steppe of southern Baraba - lowlands disturbed by ridges, ridges, birch forests alternating with steppes, soils - ordinary chernozem, meadow, meadow-chernozem, many lakes and swamps, etc.

It is necessary to be able to correctly highlight each landscape, show its boundaries on the map, show the area, etc.

The economic value of landscapes varies. Geographers and landscape scientists conduct practical research for collective farms, state farms, farms, cities, planning authorities, etc. Landscape maps serve as the most reliable basis for solving many practical problems. They are successfully used in the assessment of natural resources, regional planning, in the study of natural focal diseases, for hydrological purposes, land reclamation, etc.

The space of a natural-territorial complex is outlined by its horizontal (more precisely, territorial) and vertical boundaries.

Issues of identifying natural-territorial complexes, putting them on the map, i.e. mapping are specifically covered in courses on landscape science, methods of field landscape research and landscape mapping. In geography, the issue of borders is especially relevant. Special monographs are dedicated to him (M.A. Likhoman, Collection "Geographical Borders", V.A. Bokov, A.M. Trofimov, etc.) and numerous articles. So, B.B. Based on functional characteristics, Rodoman distinguishes between divergent, convergent, gradient and process boundaries.

Divergent boundaries include boundaries that separate flows (of water, air, mineral matter, etc.) and direct them in different directions. They correspond to watersheds, ridges, axial zones of maximum atmospheric pressure, and other formations. Convergent boundaries, on the contrary, are located where flows converge and their convergence occurs. These include thalwegs, troughs, axial zones of minimum atmospheric pressure, etc. Gradient boundaries correspond to zones of greatest change in parameters, i.e. greatest gradient.

The boundaries between forest and herbaceous vegetation, the coastline, etc. can be considered as gradient. Process boundaries record a change in process, for example, a transition from a zone of predominantly planar erosion to a zone of linear erosion. In each specific case, natural-territorial complexes have boundaries that can be classified as convergent, divergent, gradient or process.

Based on the nature of the expression of boundaries, the following types are distinguished:

1. Clear, if the width of the transition strip is much less than the length of the PTK-

2. Gradual, if the width of the transition strip is commensurate with the length of the PTC.

3. Ecotones are transitional stripes with a gradual transition from one PTC to another, when it is extremely difficult to accurately determine the location of the border of different PTCs. Such boundaries, for example, include the boundary between subalpine and alpine landscapes in the highlands of the Caucasus. So, being at an altitude of 2800 m, we can say with confidence that in the Western Caucasus these are alpine landscapes, and at an altitude of 2200 m they are subalpine. But in the altitude range of 2500-2700 m, it is extremely difficult to clearly separate the alpine landscape from the subalpine, since this altitude interval corresponds to the ecotone.

In landscape science, boundaries are also analyzed from the point of view of their shape. There are straight, wavy, sawtooth, jagged, dendritic and other boundaries. Both the Form and the severity (clearness) of boundaries are an important property of the natural-territorial complex itself.

Vertical boundaries of natural-territorial complexes

If the horizontal boundaries of natural-territorial complexes are relatively well studied, then there is still little data on the upper and lower boundaries of the NTC, and the question of where the vertical boundaries lie is still debatable. Some information about these boundaries is available in the works of A.G. Isachenko, A.D. Reteyuma, K.N. Dyakonova, V.B. Sochava and I.I. Mamai.

A.Yu. Retheum devoted a special article to the structure of the landscape and its upper boundary. He believes that the upper limit of biogeocenosis is extremely variable and depends on the type of biological cycle, the radiation balance of the surface, its roughness and meteorological conditions. In a biogeocenosis with herbaceous vegetation, it is located at a height from several tens of centimeters to several meters. In forest biogeocenoses, the same boundary passes at an altitude of several tens of meters. The upper tier of tracts is a ground level, or, as it is sometimes called, a quasi-stationary layer of air. Therefore, the height of the upper boundary of the tract ranges from several tens of meters to several hundred. Due to its size, the landscape has a much thicker layer and covers the boundary layer of the atmosphere. Fluctuations in the height of the upper boundary lie in the range of 0.8-2.0 km.

K.N. Dyakonov, for forest-tundra conditions, believes that the upper limit of the PTC should be distinguished at the level at which horizontal differences between geosystems disappear. Therefore, in facies with birch forests (more precisely, open forests), the upper boundary passes at a height of 4-5 m. These figures refer to anticyclonic weather conditions with a wind speed of 1.8 m/s in daytime conditions.

The upper limit of the manifestation of intra-local connections is at a height of 7-9 m, and therefore the border of the PTC of this rank passes at this height. To determine the lower boundary, Dyakonov selects the position of the 0° isotherm (i.e., the permafrost layer in the forest-tundra). Differences between facies are observed up to a depth of 2 m, and between tracts up to 4 m.K.N. Dyakonov argues that the upper and lower boundaries of the individual components that form the landscape are at the same time the boundaries of the manifestation of intralandscape connections.

Opposite A.Yu. Retheum and K.N. Dyakonov’s point of view is expressed by A.G. Isachenko, who writes that many atmospheric phenomena (for example, cloudiness, precipitation, etc.), regardless of the altitude at which they are formed, characterize zones, provinces, and landscapes equally. Therefore, the purely theoretical assumption that with increasing taxonomic rank of a geocomplex its upper limit in the atmosphere increases is incorrect. It would be useless to search for the upper limits of geographical units of different orders and try to divide the troposphere into parts belonging to separate facies, tracts, etc. The upper boundaries of landscapes are inherently uncertain because the properties of the air above a particular area of ​​the earth's surface are determined not only by the physical and geographical conditions of this area, but also by the influence of other landscapes, often very distant. Moreover, even if we could establish them, they would change quickly.

However, the idea of ​​increasing the power of the PTC (the distance from the upper to the lower boundary) with increasing its taxonomic rank remains attractive to this day. From the above views of scientists, it is clear that there is still no clear, unified understanding of the upper and lower boundaries of the PTC. This is not surprising, since directly near the earth’s surface, where there is an area of ​​direct contact, interaction and interpenetration of various components of nature, the maximum manifestation of physical-geographical processes and the maximum diversity of physical-geographical phenomena are observed. The earth's surface is a kind of focal point of the geographic envelope. On both sides of this surface there is a decrease in diversity. This phenomenon was well analyzed by V.A. Bokov (see "Spatio-temporal organization of geosystems", 1983).

Vertical boundaries determine a number of landscape and geophysical properties of natural territorial complexes, so we will consider the issue of their location in more detail.

Bottom line .

Landscape scientists are well aware that the horizontal boundaries of the PTC, although complex, are in some cases well deciphered by relief, in others - by vegetation or other physiognomic (visible) components. Similarly, the identification of vertical boundaries may be based on one or other factors. The art of identifying natural-territorial complexes lies precisely in the ability to detect and explain the main factors of differentiation of space.

Let us consider the position of the lower boundary of the biogeocenosis, facies, tract and landscape.

Currently, the dominant point of view is that the division (areal distribution) of the biogeocenosis in the vast majority of cases corresponds to the division of the facies (N.A. Solntsev, V.B. Sochava). By definition, biogeocenosis is a biocenosis in combination with the external environment, largely transformed by this cenosis. This environment in the underground part of the biogeocenosis corresponds to the soil, and, therefore, the lower boundary must correspond to the lower boundary of the soil. The issue of this border is still controversial. However, it is most justified to draw this line the way M.A. does. Glazovskaya, i.e. along the lower limit of distribution of the main (more than 99%) mass of roots. Quite often (but not always!) this boundary corresponds to the boundary of horizons B and C of the soil.

When determining the lower boundary of a facies, so-called “simple” and “complex” cases can be observed. In the first case, drawing a boundary is not very difficult and does not require lengthy observations or calculations. The lower limit is, as it were, “visible to the naked eye.”

1. A facies boundary is the boundary between two different bedrocks (such as sandstones and limestones).

2. The facies boundary runs along the boundary of bedrock (limestone, sandstone, granite, etc.) with rocks of accumulative origin (alluvium, proluvium, colluvium, etc.).

3. The facies boundary follows the groundwater level. This refers to the deepest level during the year, and not seasonal fluctuations.

In all these cases, the boundary is well defined and is associated either with a change in geological structure, or with the groundwater level or permafrost layer. The number of these cases can be expanded, for example, if we consider the passage of the facies boundary upon contact of a thick (more than 3-4 m) weathering crust formed in past eras (for example, the red earth weathering crust of Adjara - Guria) with bedrock, etc.

However, “simple” cases are quite rare. Much more often situations arise in which drawing the lower limit causes great complications. For example, in the karst areas of Ashi and Arabika in Western Georgia, the thickness of relatively homogeneous limestones reaches 2000 m. Where should we draw the lower boundary of the facies with subalpine legume-forb meadows having an area of ​​​​several square meters? At the level of contact between carbonate rocks and other rocks? But in this case, the facies will turn out to be in the form of a column or even a needle 2000 m high, and several meters long and wide. What kind of correspondence between the dimensions of horizontal and vertical boundaries can we talk about if the height of the facies exceeds its length by almost three orders of magnitude, i.e. 1000 times! Thus, drawing the boundary along the contact between carbonate and other rocks in this case is hardly justified.

“Community Field” - Wheat, rye, barley, beans, oats. Application for assessment: Natural community - field. 2 points. + + + - + - - -. Tasks: Find the given answers in the table. Timofeevka, clover. Violet, dahlia, saffron, wheat, rose. Decorative (violet, rose). Legumes (beans, beans, peas). Cereals (wheat, rye, oats). The purpose of the lesson:

“Natural complexes” - Local natural complexes: Large natural complexes - continents and oceans. Forest area. “Component” translated from Latin means “an integral part of the whole.” Tundra. The entire biosphere. Continents and oceans. Natural complexes. Climate. Taiga. Global. Deserts. Natural complex. Ravine, forest, river floodplain.

“Winter fun” - The main thing is not to forget your carrot nose and an old bucket on your head at home. But in our heart there is also warmth for the birds! How can we forget: They could have flown away, But they stayed to spend the winter Together with the people. Drive sideways with straight and closed legs. The main thing is to choose something more interesting. Ride with your back on your legs straight and slightly apart.

“The world around us Seasons” - Change of seasons. Lesson about the world around us, grade 2. Draw a conclusion. The earth's axis is tilted. The Earth's axis of rotation is directed towards the North Star. What is the reason for changes in living and inanimate nature at different times of the year? Author Melnikova Olga Yuryevna, teacher of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 3. Reasons for the change of seasons. Why does living nature change behind inanimate nature?

“Description of Nature” - Description of Nature. View of some area. A drawing, a painting depicting nature, as well as a description of nature in a literary work. Prepared by teacher of Russian language and literature Chemodanova N.A. "Kuanpamashskaya Public School". Plan. Snow-white carpet on the ground. Frost on bare trees. We ate in expensive fur coats.

“Natural communities lesson” - Natural communities. 2. Relationships + 0 - help do not meet quarrel Natural communities (biocenoses) - Life General. Swamp, water. Natural Artificial Forest Park Swamp Garden Lake Pond. 2. Relationships + 0 - help, do not meet, are at enmity. Who's the odd one out? Together. White, snow, cold.

There are a total of 14 presentations in the topic

Project type: by content: physical-geographical; by level of integration: single-subject; by number of participants: individual; by method of predominant activity: research; on the inclusion of projects in the thematic plan: final (based on the results of implementation, a certain part of the educational material is evaluated).

• study of PTC in the system of complex physical geography;
• development of scientific views on the relationship between nature and society, assessment and forecasting of the consequences of environmental pollution on changes in industrial complexes and landscapes;
• continuing to develop skills in conducting research work with additional sources of information, formulating generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis;
• development of independence, creative attitude to work.

Lesson plan:

1. Introduction.
2. The doctrine of the natural-territorial complex, landscape.
3. Natural-territorial complex. TPK Groups.

4. Taxonomy of PTC. 5. Geographic forecast.

Classification. 6. Natural-anthropogenic complexes. 7. Natural complexes of the Kemerovo region. 8. Conclusion. 9. Literature. 10. Stages of work on the project.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Introduction

Self-development is a natural, irreversible transition of PTC from one state to another in relatively stable environmental conditions, therefore anthropogenic is one of the most important areas of landscape science. This project is compiled on the basis of literature taken from various sources. A list of references is attached.

2. The doctrine of the natural-territorial complex, geographical landscape.

Alexander Humboldt pointed out that “nature is unity in plurality, the combination of diversity through form and mixture, is the concept of natural things and natural forces as the concept of a living whole.”

A.N. Krasnov in 1895 formed the idea of ​​“geographical combinations of phenomena” or “geographical complexes” that should be dealt with by private geosciences.

The generally recognized founders of Russian landscape science are V.V. Dokuchaev and L.S. Berg.

Landscape science began to develop especially rapidly in the 1960s in connection with the demands of practice, the development of agriculture and forestry, and land inventory. Academicians S.V. devoted their articles and books to landscape science issues. Kalesnik, V.B. Sochava, I.P. Gerasimov, as well as physical geographers and landscape scientists N.A. Solntsev, A.G. Isachenko, D.L. Ardmand, and others.

In the works of K.G. Ramana, E.G. Kolomyets, V.N. Solntsev developed the concept of polystructural landscape space.

The most important areas of modern landscape science include anthropogenic, in which a person and the results of his economic activities are considered not only as an external factor that disturbs the landscape, but as an equal component of the PTC or natural-anthropogenic landscape.

On the theoretical basis of landscape science, new interdisciplinary directions are being formed that have significant integration significance for all geography (ecological geography, historical geography of landscapes, etc.)

3. Natural-territorial complex. TPK Groups.

Natural-territorial complex (natural geosystem, geographic complex, natural landscape), a natural spatial combination of natural components that form integral systems at different levels (from the geographic envelope to the facies); one of the basic concepts of physical geography.

There is an exchange of substances and energy between individual natural territorial complexes and their components.

Groups of natural-territorial complexes:

1) global;

2) regional;

3) local.

The global PTC includes the geographic envelope (some geographers include continents, oceans and physical-geographical zones).

TO regional – physical-geographical countries, regions and other azonal formations, as well as zonal – physical-geographical belts, zones and subzones.

Local PTCs, as a rule, are confined to meso- and microforms of relief (ravines, gullies, river valleys, etc.) or to their elements (slopes, peaks, etc.).

4. Systematics of natural-territorial complexes.

Option 1:

a) physical-geographical zoning.

b) physical-geographical country.

c) physical-geographical region.

d) physical-geographical region.

The result of work on physical-geographical zoning is a map of the USSR on a scale of 1:8000000, and then a landscape map on a scale of 1:4000000.

Under physical-geographical country is understood as a part of the continent, formed on the basis of a large tectonic structure (shield, plate, platform, folded area) and the common tectonic regime in the Neogene-Quaternary time, characterized by a certain unity of relief (plains, plateaus, upland shields, mountains and highlands), microclimate and its structure of horizontal zoning and altitudinal zonation. Examples: Russian Plain, Ural Mountain Country, Sahara, Fennoscandia. On maps of the physical-geographical zoning of continents, 65-75, sometimes more, natural complexes are usually identified.

A physical-geographical region is a part of a physical-geographical country, isolated mainly during the Neogene-Quaternary time under the influence of tectonic movements, marine transgressions, continental glaciations, with the same type of relief, climate and a peculiar manifestation of horizontal zoning and altitudinal zonation. Examples: Meshchera Lowland, Central Russian Upland.

Option 2:

Typological classification. Determination of PTC by similarity.

a) Classes of natural complexes (mountain and plain).

b) Types (according to zonal criterion)

c) Genera and species (by the nature of vegetation and some other characteristics).

Conclusion.

Comparing the physical-geographical zoning and typological classification of PTC, one can notice that in the system of physical-geographical zoning, the higher the rank of PTC, the more unique it is, while with the typological classification, on the contrary, the higher the rank, the less pronounced its individuality

5. Geographic forecast.

Geographic forecast is understood as the scientific prediction of changes or trends in the development of the nature of a particular region.

There are sectoral and complex physical-geographical forecasting, which provides scientific substantiation of changes in a number of interrelated and individual components or the entire natural complex as a whole.

Classification of geographical forecasts by lead time:

a) short-term;

b) medium-term;

c) long-term.

Classification by area coverage:

a) global;

b) regional;

c) local.

Forecasting first involves an analysis of the current state of the hardware and software complex, the history and trends of its development, on the basis of which a forecast is drawn up.

PTCs are subject to change as a result of their natural development.

Changes in PTC at the regional and local level, first of all, occur as a result of self-development. This process is caused by internal contradictions that exist between individual components of natural complexes and, first of all, between living and inanimate nature. An example is the process of turning a swamp into a lake.

There is a point of view according to which all changes in natural complexes are divided into three types: functioning, dynamics and evolution.

Functioning is considered as stable, frequently repeated changes, for example, daily and annual. The dynamics are expressed in significant changes in the state of the PTC, associated, for example, with natural climate fluctuations. However, natural complexes do not change. Evolution presupposes such a change that leads to the replacement of one complex by another; such PTCs are called spatiotemporal.

6. Natural-anthropogenic complexes.

Human impact on nature. The question of the classification of PTCs modified by humans remains controversial:

• Only those created by man (oases in the desert, reservoirs, etc.) should be classified as anthropogenic PTCs;
• Both newly created and human-modified PTCs are anthropogenic.

Ecological restoration is the process of restoring PTCs disturbed by humans.

Modeling is the knowledge of phenomena, processes or objects by constructing and further analyzing their models, including computer ones.

Cultural landscape. This is a natural complex, rationally modified on a scientific basis in the interests of man and constantly regulated by him, in which the maximum economic effect is achieved and people's living conditions are improved.

7. Natural complexes of the Kemerovo region.

The Kemerovo region is the Kuznetsk-Salair geographical province, within the Altai-Sayan mountain system.

Main PTCs: Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria, Salair Ridge, Kuznetsk Basin.

Kuznetsk Alatau is a mountainous country in the south of Siberia, between the Kuznetsk and Minusinsk basins. Height up to 2178 m. On the watershed ridge there is a line topped with mountain snow. The highest mountain range is Tegir-Tyz or Celestial Teeth. The highest point is Mount Amzas-Taskyl, Verkhny Zub - 2178 m. From it to the north stretch several dozen granite mountains up to 1800 meters high with eternal snow on the northern slopes, with areas of subalpine meadow vegetation and mountain tundra. The largest of them is Bolshoi Kanym. Here mountain rivers are born and run in different directions, forming the hydrography of Kuzbass. Above 1300–1500 meters there are moss-lichen, shrub and rocky mountain tundras. Below is mountain taiga (fir, spruce, cedar).

Mountain Shoria is the southern part of the Kemerovo region. Medium-altitude mountains predominate (spurs of the Salair Ridge, Abakan Range and Kuznetsk Alatau); There are granite outcrops. The black taiga predominates, among which representatives of the oldest vegetation of the broad-leaved forests of Siberia have been preserved: Siberian linden and more than 20 species of herbaceous plants.

Gornaya Shoria is a mining area with deposits of iron ore and other minerals.

Salair Ridge, a plateau-like hill in southwestern Siberia. It borders the Kuznetsk Basin from the southwest. Length about 300 meters, height up to 621 meters. The Salair ridge is an ancient ruined mountain with a chain of low hills,

hills rising to a height of 500 meters. They are covered with deciduous forests and pine forests, cut through by wide river valleys. But the rivers flowing from Salair are small, so the adjacent industrial centers experience water shortages. The Salair ridge is rich in polymetallic ores.

The Kuznetsk basin lies between the Salair ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau. A depression between two mountain walls, shaped like an irregular triangle, stretching from southeast to northwest for 110–120 km. Altitude up to 500 meters above sea level. The intermountain basin is dissected by the valleys of the Tom and Inya rivers and their tributaries. In the valley of the middle reaches of the Tom River there is an alternation of mountainous territories and flat landscapes, the ruggedness of the terrain and a developed hydrographic network are clearly expressed. There is an alternation of igneous and sedimentary rocks, bottom sediments in the form of silt and sand, forest-steppe, mountain taiga, light coniferous, lake-river landscapes. A significant area of ​​the region in the north and within the Kuznetsk Basin is occupied by forest-steppe. They consist of birch, birch-aspen forests and areas of meadow steppes. Most of the Kuznetsk basin is plowed and occupied by the cultivation of various agricultural crops. Within the Kuznetsk basin is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Coal mining has led to the disruption of natural landscapes and the emergence of anthropogenic landscapes.

Conclusion. Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria, Kuznetsk Basin are the main natural landscapes of the Kemerovo region, and, therefore, the most important territories economically.

The study of natural complexes is necessary not only for scientific knowledge, but also has important practical significance for various sectors of the economy and, first of all, for agriculture. For example: activities of the meteorological service, soil service (soil and agroclimatic maps).

Landscape maps and cadastres of landscapes of all subjects of Russia have been created.

The doctrine of natural complexes answers three questions: what, where, and why. As a result of scientific and technological progress, the PTC changes mainly in a negative direction. Geography faced a fourth question - what would happen if..., so a geographical forecast was developed. Each territory currently has its own geographic forecast, mostly complex forecasts.

9. Literature.

1. Akimova L.V. Methodology for developing environmentally-oriented prognostic skills in schoolchildren. J. “Geography at school” No. 1, 2006 p. 36.

2. Atlas for schoolchildren of the Kemerovo region. 2002

3. Dyakonov K.N., Nizovtsev V.A. Complex physical geography at the present stage. Magazine “Geography at School” No. 7, 2005 p. 23.

4. Pashkang K.V., Vasilyeva I.V. Integrated field practice in physical geography. 1969 Publishing house Higher School. Moscow.

5. Sergeev V.E. Nature and environmental problems of Kuzbass. Tutorial. Kemerovo. 1993

6. Soloviev L.I. Geography of the Kemerovo region. Nature. “SKIF” “Kuzbass”. 2008

Stages of work on the project:

Stages	Plan
1. Organizational and preparatory	Topic: Natural-territorial complexes, landscapes. Planning. Terminology.
2. Search and research	1. The doctrine of the natural-territorial complex, geographical landscape. Alexander Humboldt, A.N. Krasnov (1895), V.V. Dokuchaev, L.S. Berg et al. 2. Definition of the concept of “natural-territorial complex”. 3. Groups of natural complexes: global, regional, local. 4. Systematics of natural complexes First option: a) Physiographical zoning: b) Physiographic country, c) Physiographic region, Second option: Typological classification a) classes of natural complexes (mountain or plain); b) types (according to zonal criterion); c) genera and species (according to the nature of the relief, vegetation and some other characteristics) Compare the first and second options, find similarities and differences. Draw a conclusion: 5. Geographic forecast. Definition. Industry physiographic forecasting. Complex physical-geographical forecasting. Classification of forecasts according to the following criteria: In advance: a) short-term; b) medium-term; c) long-term. By territory coverage: a) global; b) regional; c) local. Give examples for each point of the plan, using all sources of knowledge. 6. Natural-anthropogenic complexes. Cultural landscape Analysis of changes in natural complexes of different ranks under the influence of human activity. 7. Constructive directions for the implementation of landscape science: assessment of the impact of economic activities on the environment and public health, environmental assessment.
(Using the example of the Kemerovo region)	3. Reporting and design
Registration of work.	4. Informational and presentational