INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
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sciences, prof.
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Lyovochkina N.A., Ph.D., Ph.D.
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Mazurenko A.P. Doctor of Law Sciences, Meshcheryakova O.M. Doctor of Law Sciences, Ergashev E.R., Doctor of Law. sciences, prof.
Agricultural Sciences: Vazhov V.M., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sciences, Prof., Rakov A.Yu., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sciences, Komlatsky V.I., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sciences, Prof., Nikitin V.V. dr
agricultural Sciences, Naumkin V.P., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences sciences, prof.
Sociological sciences: Zamaraeva Z.P., Doctor of Sociol. Sciences, Prof., Solodova G.S., Doctor of Sociol. Sciences, Prof., Korableva G.B., Doctor of Sociology. Sci.
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Political science: Zavershinsky K.F., Doctor of Political Sciences. sciences, prof.
Pharmaceutical Sciences: Trineeva O.V. Ph.D., Kaisheva N.Sh., Doctor of Pharm. Sciences, Erofeeva L.N., Doctor of Pharm. sciences, prof.
Ekaterinburg - 2013
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY
Logvinenko O.V.
ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CARBON AND OXYGEN IN CARBONATES OF GOLD-SKARN INDUCTIONS OF THE TOPOLLINSKY ORE FIELD (GORNY ALTAI)
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The article provides data on the isotopic composition of carbonates from gold-skarn occurrences. It has been suggested that the formation of carbonates is associated with fluid formed as a result of the interaction of juvenile fluid with host carbonate-bearing rocks and mixing with meteoric waters.
Key words: carbon and oxygen isotopes, skarns, ore formation.
CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN AU-SKARN DEPOSITS OF THE TOPOLNINSKOE GOLD AREA (GORNY ALTAI)
Isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen of Au-bearing skarns has been studied. The carbonate origin is related to fluid formed by interaction of the magmatic fluid with carbonate host rocks and with meteoric water.
Keywords: carbon and oxygen isotopes, skarns, ore formation.
Carbonates are one of the typomorphic minerals of metasomatic rocks of late stages of mineral formation in skarn deposits. In the Topolninsky ore field, carbonates are found mainly in metasomatic rocks of the propylite formation and form late carbonate and quartz-carbonate veins.
Studies of carbon and oxygen isotopes were carried out to establish the sources of elements included in the rocks. The samples were taken from the carbonates of the main mass of metasomatites and post-ore veinlets from two isolated areas of the Topolninsky ore field and represent powder samples (fraction<0,25 мм) массой до 0,2 гр. Изотопный анализ проводился на оборудовании Института геологии и минералогии СО РАН (г. Новосибирск), состав измерялся на масс-спектрометре Finnigan MAT 253 с приставкой онлайн-пробоподготовки GasBench II с использованием стандартных методик пробоподготовки.
The isotopic composition of the studied carbonates is distinguished by a narrow range of δ18 O values (+16.2...+19.0 ‰) and a wide range of δ13 C (+2.6...-7.0 ‰). The values of δ13 C in calcites from veins and nests fit into the field from marble to near-magmatic calcite (Fig. 1, Table 1). The interpretation of these data indicates that the source of carbon dioxide at different stages of hydrothermal activity was different. Most likely, the source of carbon dioxide in samples with values of δ13 C = -(7.0 and 6.9 ‰) was “mantle” fluids, which is typical for beresitization-propylitization processes. The remaining different δ13 C values indicate the mixing of carbon from various sources during hydrothermal activity (for example, the interaction of fluid with host rocks containing dispersed carbonaceous matter and with meteoric waters). Such calcites were formed at the late stage of hydrothermal activity, the manifestation of which was the formation of quartz-calcite veins.
The oxygen isotope composition of calcite is characterized by very similar values for different samples, which may indicate a single water source during the formation of calcite.
Table 1 - Isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in carbonates of the Topolninsky ore field
δ13 C | δ18 O‰, (VSMOW) | ||||
Sample number | |||||
Section Log 26 | |||||
Quartz-calcite veinlet in metasomatite |
|||||
Quartz-calcite veinlet in siltstone |
|||||
Calcite nests in skarn |
|||||
Chlorite-amphibole-calcite veinlets |
|||||
Epidote-calcite veinlets |
|||||
Bayanikha section | |||||
Calcite vein |
|||||
Rice. 1 Ratio of δ18 O and δ13 C values in carbonates from skarns of gold occurrence areas of the Topolninsky ore field. 1 – section Log 26, well. 53; 2 – section Log 26, well. 46; 3 – Bayanikha area, well. 35.
It is conventionally accepted that the oxygen isotopic composition of mantle water corresponds to the values δ18 O=+(6-8 ‰), and metamorphic water - +(5-25‰). The δ18 O values of the studied calcites (Av = +17.78%) do not correspond to freshwater
(δ18 O=+(20-25 ‰, SMOW), nor marine (δ18 O=+(25-30 ‰, SMOW) carbonates.
It is known that the oxygen isotopic composition of calcites is determined by the oxygen in the water of hydrothermal solutions. Using equilibrium fractionation coefficients for the CaCO3-H2O system, the oxygen values of the water from which calcite was formed were obtained at a specified temperature range of 150-235 0 C (data obtained from the results of studying the homogenization temperatures of gas-liquid inclusions in calcite). These values vary from 1.99 to 2.40 ‰, which also indicates meteorogenic water undergoing oxygen exchange with the host rocks at high temperatures of the hydrothermal solution.
Thus, the considered isotopic data on carbon and oxygen in calcite indicate a different source of the substance.
As has been shown, the heavier carbon isotope composition of vein carbonates from the early stages of mineral formation to the later stages is explained by the greater influence of carbonate-containing host rocks as a source of the heavy carbon isotope. Intermediate isotopic compositions of carbonates between marble and “igneous” calcite indicate mixing of juvenile fluid with solution formed by interaction with host carbonate rocks and infiltration waters.
Literature
1. Kucherenko I.V., Gavrilov R.Yu. The phenomenon of accumulation of femophilic elements in gold-bearing beresites and the basaltogenic concept of mesothermal ore formation // News of Tomsk Polytechnic University. – 2010. – T.
317. – No. 1. – P. 20–26.
2. Sokerina N.V., Zykin N.N. and others. Conditions for the formation of quartz veins of gold ore occurrences in the Manitanyrd region (Subpolar Urals) // Lithosphere. – 2010. – No. 2. - With. 100–111.
3. Makarov V.P. Oil. New data on its composition. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/conference/the-content-of-conferences/archives-of-conferences/oct-2013 (accessed 12/20/2013).
4. Grabezhev A.I., Ronkin Yu.L.. Isotopes of carbon, oxygen and strontium in carbonates copper-skarn deposits of the Urals // Lithosphere. – 2007. – No. 4. - With. 102–114.
Rudmin M.A.
Postgraduate student, Tomsk Polytechnic University
The work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 13-05-98045.
FACIES OF ORE-HOSTING SEDIMENTS OF THE BAKCHARSKY IRON ORE INDUCTION (TOMSK REGION)
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It has been established that the loose ores of the Bakchar iron ore occurrence, the development of which is possible by borehole hydraulic mining, are confined to the oolitic sand facies. The data obtained are proposed to be used in predicting ores that are promising for hydraulic mining and in differentiating sedimentary deposits that host oolitic iron ores.
Key words: Bakchar iron ore occurrence, West Siberian iron ore basin, oolitic ores, facies.
Postgraduate student, Tomsk Polytechnic University
FACIES OF ORE-HOSTING SEDIMENTS OF BAKCHAR IRON OREOCCURRENCE (TOMSK REGION)
It is found that friable iron ore of Bakchar occurence, which is possible to develop by hydraulic borehole mining, is confined to oolitic sands facies. The obtained data could be used to predict the perspective or horizons for hydraulic mining and differentiate sediments containing oolitic iron ore.
Keywords: Bakchar iron ore occurrence, West Siberian iron ore basin, oolitic ore, facies.
The Bakchar iron ore occurrence is located in the southeastern part of the West Siberian iron ore basin. Administratively, it is located 200 km from Tomsk to the north-west. Iron occurrences in the West Siberian iron ore basin were traced in a strip 150 km wide and about 2000 km long (from the basins of the Turukhan and Bolshaya Kheta rivers in the northeast to the sources of the Om River in the southwest). The total area of the basin is 300,000 km2, including
on the territory of the Tomsk region there are about 80,000 km2. The total predicted reserves of iron ore in the basin with an iron content of more than 30% are estimated at 400 billion tons, which allows us to consider it the largest iron ore province in the world.
Iron-bearing deposits of the Bakchar ore occurrence are represented by typical sediments of coastal-marine facies - gravelites, oolitic ores, sandstones, siltstones and clays. Oolitic iron ores are characterized mainly by oolites of goethite-hydrogoethite composition and belong to three horizons (from bottom to top): Narym, Kolpashevo and Bakchar. Ore horizons occur in the corresponding formations: the Bakchar horizon is confined to the base of the Lyullinvor formation, the Kolpashevsky horizon is confined to the Gankinsky formation, and the Narym horizon is confined to the top of the Ipatovo formation.
IN Currently, new technologies have emerged (borehole hydraulic mining (SHM)), which make it possible to consider the development of Bakchar iron ores as promising. The problem is that this technology does not allow the extraction of oolitic iron ores in full. From the identified ore types of the Bakchar occurrence The SHD method can only extract loose oolitic ores. Thus, in the near future, a certain natural type of ore, namely “loose” ore, is of greatest practical interest.
The purpose of this work is to identify areas of the ore field within which “loose” ores occur based on facies analysis.
IN This article describes the results of the study lithological and facial features of the ore-bearing strata of the ore occurrence. To clarify the distribution patterns of iron ores, the author used facies analysis, one of the main results of which was the creation of facies diagrams. Such diagrams visually reflect the dynamics of changes in sedimentation conditions. As part of the task, stratigraphic columns of wells and geological sections were analyzed, and the work of predecessors was studied, accompanied by optical studies of Bakchar ore samples. Facies schemes were created for certain stages of ore formation development.
Based on the mineral composition and textural and structural features of the ore occurrence, the following natural types of ores were identified:
hydrogoethite oolitic friable ore;
hydrogoethite oolite ore with siderite cement;
hydrogoethite oolite ore with chlorite-clay cement;
hydrogoethite oolite ore with hydromica cement;
hydrogoethite oolite ore with siderite-chlorite cement.
The bulk of ore of these types is characterized by hydrogoethite oolitic aggregates of a concentric-zonal structure. It can be concluded that the main difference between the identified types of ores lies in the nature and composition of the cement, which is determined by the facial setting.
After our observations, we identified the following main facies of sedimentary deposits of the ore strata (Fig. 1), which correspond to certain natural types of ores.
Beach sediment facies belongs to the group of littoral facies and is characterized by gray, often with a greenish tint, fine-grained sands, silts and weakly cemented, fine-grained, gray sandstones. The amount of ore oolites in sediments of this facies rarely exceeds 20%. Oolitic sand facies belongs to the group of littoral facies, but in comparison with the previous one it is more distant from the coastline. The main distinctive feature of this facies is the presence of inequigranular, oolitic sands of black, brownish-black color, which successively transform into weakly cemented fine- and medium-grained oolitic sandstones with chlorite and clayey cement. Ore oolites of this facies are characterized mainly by a rhythmic-zonal structure, and the “seeds” (the central part of the grain) in them are small terrigenous fragments, goethite grains, clots of clay minerals, and chlorite. Facies of sandy silty terrigenous sediments belongs to the group of neritic facies and is characterized by medium-, weakly cemented oolitic sandstones with chloritic, hydromica, siderite cement, in most cases interbedded with thin greenish-gray siltstones and clays. Thin (up to 2 m) lenses of gravelstones are usually found at the top of the sandy-aulevrite facies. Ore oolites of this facies are characterized by a rhythmic-zonal and homogeneous structure, and the “seeds” (the central part of the grain) in them are not only small terrigenous fragments, goethite grains, clots of clay minerals, chlorite grains, but also sulfides and iron oxides (pyrite, marcasite, magnetite, ilmenite), indicating a more reducing environment. Silty clay facies belongs to the group of neritic facies of higher depths and includes layered, gray, often with a greenish tint, clays, conformably interbedded with gray siltstones.
The facies of oolitic sands is transitional to the hypolitori, i.e., to open-marine sediments of the shallow shelf and is located within the isobath of 30...50 m. Considering the general flat relief of the coast of the ancient Cretaceous-Paleogene sea, this facies setting is characterized by weak dynamics of the aquatic environment, variable geochemical conditions (alkalinity, oxidation potential, etc.) and is favorable for the formation of concentrically zonal oolites, clayey (montmorillonite) and chlorite minerals. The confinement of bulk hydrogoethite ores to the facies of oolitic sands is indicated by their following main features: a good degree of sorting of allotigenic material, constancy of the granulometric composition (0.2...0.5 mm), the almost complete absence of siderite and glauconite, as well as the concentric-zonal structure of oolitic grains with hydrogoethite and quartz ends. In deeper conditions, leptochlorite-hydrogethite oolites were formed, often with a cryptocrystalline structure, as well as micrograins of siderite and glauconite.
As has already been established, against the background of the general marine regime of the West Siberian iron ore basin in the Cretaceous-Paleogene, the formation of each ore horizon occurred in a transgressive-regressive cycle. Based on these conditions, in the Bakchar and Kolpashevo horizons there is a gradual facies replacement of strongly cemented ores with weakly cemented and loose ones.
IN as a result of studying factual materials (well cores 2005–2013), we constructed facies diagrams (Fig. 1) in the area of the Bakchar ore occurrence for the main stages of the formation of the ore-bearing strata (the top of the Ipatovsky formation, the base and top of the Gankinsky formation, the bottom of the Lyullinvor formations).
IN the roof of the Ipatovo Formation (Fig. 1, A; formation time approx. 70–80 million years ago), facies of sandy-silty terrigenous sediments (80%) and silty clays (20%) were widespread throughout the entire area of the ore occurrence, which explains the predominance of strongly cemented oolitic ores with siderite-chlorite cement in the Narym ore horizon. In the Gankinsky formation (Fig. 1, B, C), the facies of sandy-silty terrigenous sediments predominated (70%), however, at the top of the formation, moderately cemented oolitic sandstones turn into weakly cemented ones, which is a consequence of a change in the sedimentation environment. The relative predominance of the oolitic sand facies (32%) at the base of the Lyullinvor Formation (Fig. 1, D; formation time about 50 million years) determined the presence of loose oolitic ores in the lower part of the Bakchar ore horizon.
Rice. 1. Facies diagrams of the ore-bearing deposits of the Bakchar iron ore occurrence: A – the top of the Ipatovsky formation; B – base of the Gankino Formation; B – top of the Gankino formation; G – base of the Lyullinvor Formation; 1 – oolitic facies
sands; 2 – facies of sandy-silty sediments; 3 – facies of silty clays; 4 – inferred facies; 5 – position of wells on the plan
It is important to understand that the successive facies of oolitic sands and sandy-silty terrigenous sediments correspond to a transitional marine environment (between littoral and neritic). Ore deposition took place in this environment against a background of pH changes from 4 to 7, with relatively weak dynamics of the aquatic environment, due to which oolites with a concentric-zonal structure were formed. The facies of oolitic sands localizes weakly cemented and loose ores, the facies of sandy-silty terrigenous sediments localizes strongly and moderately cemented ones. The facies of oolitic sands is widespread in the eastern (south of the village of Bakchar) and western (surroundings of the village of Polynyanka) parts of the ore occurrence (Fig. 1, D), which allows us to consider these areas the most promising for the development of bulk hydrogoethite ores.
As a result of the research, the facies of the ore-bearing strata were established and diagrams were constructed that marked the areas of distribution of these facies within the Bakchar iron ore occurrence. The association of known natural types of ores with the identified facies has been determined. Based on the granulometric and mineral composition, good degree of sorting of sedimentary material, and the concentric-zonal structure of oolites, bulk ores were assigned to the oolitic sand facies. The constructed diagrams show that the sand oolite facies has its maximum distribution at the base of the Lyullinvor Formation and occupies the eastern and western parts of the ore occurrence. This made it possible to identify the two most promising areas for the localization of loose ores (eastern (south of the village of Bakchar) and western (surroundings of the village of Polynyanka)), suitable for mining by borehole hydraulic mining.
It is especially practical to use the identified facies to predict sedimentary iron ores in other areas of the West Siberian iron ore basin, where there are any actual materials (sections, cores built in the 60s of the last century), but there is no data on iron content.
Literature
1. Prospects for the development of the Bakchar iron ore deposit, Tomsk region / A.K. Mazurov, G.Yu. Boyarko, V.G. Emeshev, A.V. Komarov // Ores and metals. – 2006. – No. 2. – S. 64–70.
2. Babin A. A. Bakcharskoye iron ore deposit (geology, patterns of distribution and genesis of iron ores): dissertation for the scientific degree of candidate Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Tomsk, 1969. - 248 l.
3. West Siberian iron ore basin / ed. F.N. Shakhova. – Novosibirsk: SB RAS USSR, 1964. – 448 p.
4. Nikolaeva I.V. Bakchar deposit of oolitic iron ores.–Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1967. – 129
5. Pshenichkin A.Ya., Domarenko V.A. Petrographic and geochemical features of the Bakchar deposit // Vestnik
science of Siberia. – 2011. – No. 1(1). – pp. 13–18. URL: http://sjs.tpu.ru/journal/article/viewPDFInterstitial/17/82 (access date: 12/20/2012)
6. Logvinenko N.V. Marine Geology. – L.: Nedra, 1980. – 344 p.
7. Rudmin M.A. Features of sedimentary deposits hosting iron ores of the Bakchar deposit (Tomsk region) // Metallogeny of ancient and modern oceans-2013. Ore mineralization of sedimentary and volcanogenic complexes: materials of the Nineteenth Scientific Youth School - Miass, April 22–25, 2013. - Miass: Institute of Mines, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2013 - pp. 120–123.
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Markova I.S.1, Zasoba V.V.2, Antonikova L.A.3
1 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; 2 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; 3 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; Novocherkassk State Reclamation Academy
PURE AND MIXED PLANTINGS OF ARZGIRSKY FORESTRY OF THE STAVROPOL REGION
The research was carried out to study the current state of pure and mixed plantings of artificial origin in the Arzgir forestry. Based on the results of desk processing of the data obtained, we concluded that, despite the difficult forest conditions, forest reclamation plantations of different ages and composition, even in satisfactory condition, have a habitat-forming reclamation effect on the adjacent territories. The most promising, well-proven species in these growing conditions are honey locust and black locust. We recommend skin mackerel as a companion breed.
Key words: tree stand, taxation, pure stands, mixed crops
Markova I. S.1, Zasoba V.V.2, Antonikova L.A.3
1 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate prof.;2 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate prof.;3 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate prof. Novocherkassk state meliorativa academy
PURE AND MIXED PLANTATIONS ARZGIREFOREST DISTRICT OF THE STAVROPOL TERRITORY
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Studies were conducted to study the current state of pure and mixed plantations of artificial origin in Arzgire forestry. According to the results post-processing of the data, we concluded that despite the difficult growing conditions, forest reclamation plantations of different age and composition, are in satisfactory condition even provide services of nature ameliorative effect on neighborhoods. The most promising, well-established species in these conditions, the vegetation is Gleditsia triachanthos and Robinia psevdoacacia. As a related species recommend Cotinus coggugria.
Keywords: treestand, taxation, net plantation, mixed culture
The dry steppe zone is characterized by harsh natural conditions for afforestation and the almost complete absence of natural forests. From the point of view of agroforestry science, for forest-agrarian landscapes in each individual case it is important to find the optimum forest cover, which will ensure complete protection of objects. In this case, the most optimal is the creation of a complete system of forest strips along the boundaries of crop rotation fields. In the steppe zone, forest-agrarian landscapes are formed by artificial forest plantations. A large proportion of them are strip plantations, while steppe forests are represented by individual, small areas.
The purpose of the research was to study the taxation characteristics of pure and mixed plantings of black locust, honey locust and small-leaved elm as the most promising and well-proven in these growing conditions
The object chosen was Arzgir forestry, located in the north-eastern part of the Stavropol Territory, on the so-called Scythian platform, in the driest region of the Stavropol Territory, in the area of relict fescue-wormwood steppes. Natural vegetation was preserved only in the bottoms of the beams and along the river banks. It is represented by meadow and swamp species. According to agroclimatic zoning, the Arzgir forestry of the Stavropol Territory belongs to a zone of extremely unstable moisture, which is characterized by a moderate continental climate, insufficient moisture, warm dry summers, moderate winters and a long growing season. The average annual precipitation is about 300 mm. The climate of the Arzgir region determines the limited possibilities for choosing an assortment of tree and shrub species.
The main forest-forming species in the Arzgir forestry are black locust, green ash, and honey locust.
To characterize and compare pure and mixed stands of these species, areas were selected according to quality classes, stock, age and completeness.
All forestry plantings of artificial origin belong to the forest type SKhCh, type of forest growing conditions D1, are characterized by completeness from 0.4 to 0.8, develop according to 1-5 quality classes. The age of the plantings is from 4 to 46 years. Table 1 shows the characteristics of pure and mixed stands of black locust.
Table 1 - Characteristics of pure and mixed robinium plantations
Stock on site, m3 | |||||||||
Age, years | Area, ha | ||||||||
CLEAN PLANTINGS | |||||||||
I and Ia quality class | |||||||||
Continuation of Table 1
II quality class | ||||||||||||||
III quality class | ||||||||||||||
MIXED PLANTINGS | ||||||||||||||
I and Ia quality class | ||||||||||||||
https://www.site/2017-02-03/za_chto_nauchnyy_zhurnal_iz_ekaterinburga_popal_v_novuyu_bazu_disserneta_i_teper_grozitsya_posadit_e
“Direct plagiarism, self-plagiarism, mysterious authorship”
Why a scientific journal from Yekaterinburg ended up in the new Dissernet database and now threatens to imprison its founders
Andrei Zayakin (sitting in the center) and his like-minded people have declared a crusade against journals that help churn out fake dissertations Jaromir Romanov / website
The International Scientific Research Journal, published in Yekaterinburg, has threatened the Russian Dissernet community, which has been fighting plagiarism in candidate and doctoral dissertations for four years, with criminal prosecution. Threats to prosecute for libel followed after the Yekaterinburg magazine appeared in a new section on the community portal, Andrei Zayakin, one of the founders of Dissernet, told the site. The project is designed to bring to light periodicals that contribute to the appearance of dubious scientific works and together earn up to 20 billion rubles a year from this.
"Garbage" signs
“Disseropedia of Journals” became the third main activity of Dissernet, which first looked for incorrect borrowings in individual scientific works, and later took on universities that turned out to be especially friendly to plagiarists. A new section on the community portal contains a constantly updated database of Russian-language scientific periodicals with signs that may indicate an incorrect editorial policy. At the same time, the community portal emphasizes that Dissernet does not provide ethical assessment or scientific characterization to journals. We are talking only about collecting and providing surveyed information that may be in demand by members of the scientific community. After all, signs of an incorrect editorial policy generally reduce the level of a periodical, and in particular give reason to suspect it of collaborating with plagiarists.
Now “Disseropedia” already contains about a hundred scientific journals (in total, more than 800 have already been studied according to various criteria), falling under the characteristics of dubious periodicals. Their publishers, apparently, were attentive to the emergence of a new base, otherwise it is difficult to explain the quick reaction on the part of one of the Yekaterinburg magazines. “Representatives of the editorial office immediately contacted us and threatened to initiate a criminal case on grounds of libel,” Andrei Zayakin told the site.
Why the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation may be deprived of the title of Doctor of Historical Sciences
Having challenged Dissernet, the International Scientific Research Journal (ISRJ), as stated on its official website, provides the opportunity to publish their scientific achievements to undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers, as well as holders of academic degrees. In addition, the magazine is open to cooperation with public figures, representatives of the fields of culture and education, politicians and economists, not only from Russia, but also from the CIS countries and abroad.
It is especially noted that all publications in the INIW receive international status. Published materials are included in AGRIS - the International Information System on Agriculture and Related Industries, created back in 1974 by one of the UN agencies. According to Andrei Zayakin, for him this is more of a minus than a plus: he considers AGRIS a “specific place” with a special concentration of “junk” magazines. “Unfortunately, the problem is that getting into AGRIS also guarantees almost automatic inclusion in the list of scientific publications recognized by the Russian Higher Attestation Commission (Higher Attestation Commission. - Red.), as well as into international indexing databases,” says Zayakin. The INIJ website states that its publications are placed in the depository of scientific publications at the University of Lund (Lund, Sweden).
website
Be that as it may, the Dissernet database is formed by checking publications according to more than 20 criteria, and for almost each of them questions arise for the INIJ. They arose, for example, when it was discovered that five “dissertation authors” sit on the editorial board of the journal at once - this is how representatives of the scientific community are called in the anti-plagiarism community, who, perhaps, themselves have never engaged in incorrect borrowing, but, as investigations of Dissernet have shown ”, turned out to be involved in writing and defending other people’s “fake” dissertations. In particular, the community database includes Doctor of Law Vladimir Kamyshansky, head of the department of civil law at Kuban State Agrarian University. Andrei Zayakin personally deprived two of his dissertation candidates of their academic degrees and regrets that the statute of limitations did not allow them to expose several more who passed their defense under the leadership of Kamyshansky.
“Obviously, a journal comes under suspicion if the owners of fake scientific papers themselves published in it. We proceed from the fact that if a fake candidate or doctor of science himself could write something worthy, then his dissertation would be written on this worthy basis,” argues Zayakin.To date, Dissernet employees and volunteers have analyzed about 40 thousand journal articles, identifying six articles with plagiarism that were published on the pages of INIZH. It also follows from the Disseropedia database that three articles were self-plagiarized. This is when the same text (perhaps with different titles and even minor edits) is published in several publications at once, which is considered another unacceptable violation of publication ethics. Another six materials had so-called mysterious authorship.
“It is difficult to establish it for certain, because in one place, say, Ivanov and Petrov may be indicated as authors, and in another a certain Sidorov is added to them,” explains Andrei Zayakin. According to him, this usually indicates that the article was written for money or as a gift, but in any of these options, of course, it cannot be accepted as a full-fledged scientific work.
A common sin of “junk” publications is citation cheating. To analyze this criterion, Dissernet takes into account the impact factor - a numerical indicator of the importance of a scientific journal, determined by the average citation rate of the published material. The core impact factor is the same numerical indicator, but calculated based on the average citation of the same material exclusively in “good” journals. “A comparison of these two indicators gives a quite obvious picture. If your article is more readily cited by “bad” journals, while “good” ones are mostly ignored, then you have a problem. But “bad” or, as we call them, “junk” journals were created in order to cite more often and more often what is poorly read and recognized by the genuine scientific community,” comments Andrei Zayakin. According to him, with the maximum permissible citation inflation index of 20, this figure for the INIZH exceeded 52.
“Bad” signs in “Dissernet” also include the “omnivorousness” of scientific journals: “MNIZH” specializes in as many as 16 scientific areas - from law and philosophy to architecture and geology. Another unacceptable practice, according to the community, is the publication of materials from correspondence conferences, which Dissernet a priori considers to be an imitation of scientific discussion. In addition, a journal begins to look suspicious if it offers the possibility of expedited publication of work for a fee: usually the procedure involves waiting for articles in a queue. An alarming signal, according to anti-plagiarism fighters, are also some quantitative indicators of a publication: for example, if more than a thousand scientific papers are published in a journal per year, while the publications themselves are suspiciously small.
“This is especially bad when applied to humanities disciplines. What can be said in a scientific work on sociology or political science if the text is less than 5.5 thousand characters with spaces - that is, less than three ordinary computer pages? — Andrei Zayakin is perplexed.
Judging by the database of the Disseropedia of Journals, the publication from Yekaterinburg falls under all of the listed “bad” signs. At the same time, Dissernet has so far decided not to quibble with the issue of establishing scientific journals, making allowances for the notorious Russian specifics. According to the founder of the community, in the West, respected publications are established and published, as a rule, by prestigious universities or reputable scientific centers. The point is that such journals should serve more science than someone’s commercial success, Zayakin believes. The founder and publisher of the “International Scientific Research Journal” in Yekaterinburg is Marina Vladimirovna Sokolova.
Science without a sign
In open sources you can find at least two addresses for the location of the editorial office of the “MNIZH” in Yekaterinburg. Magazine No. 6 (13) for 2013 mentions Listvennichnaya Street, 58. As it turned out, this is a cottage at the far end of a rather prestigious village, built in the Victorian style. There is no indication that the magazine's editorial office is located here: it is an ordinary residential building, and by all external signs it is inhabited. Smoke billows above the chimney; judging by the tread marks in the snow, a car regularly drives out of the fenced yard. But all our correspondent’s attempts to reach the residents remained fruitless.
The second found address of the editorial office, already listed on the MNIZH website, is Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, 4A, office 17. This is an old residential building, sandwiched between the Ural Research Institute of Metrology on one side and the Vysotsky business center on the other, in the very center of the city . Office 17 is a converted ground floor apartment. The intercom is disabled. Nevertheless, we managed to reach the inhabitants of this room. There were two of them - a young man and a smiling girl. They confirmed that the editorial office of INIZH is located here. But they did not answer any questions about the situation related to Disseropedia.
Igor Pushkarev / website
The only thing we managed to do was pass a note with a phone number to the editor-in-chief of the publication, Anna Miller, who was not there. By the way, neither on the website nor on the pages of the magazine itself are any editorial telephone numbers indicated; communication with the outside world is based on email. A few days earlier, the editors sent a request to this email address to comment on the conflict with Dissernet, to which today, after the note was sent, a short answer was received: “First of all, we have no conflict with the Dissernet society. We will consider all the criteria by which this society included our journal in its list. Let us evaluate the objectivity of their analysis. And we will draw the appropriate conclusions.” The commentary also notes that the editors are committed to improving the quality of the journal's content. “That’s why we take criticism constructively,” is the end of the answer.
While searching for the magazine's editors, an interesting detail surfaced. The list of members of the editorial board of the “MNIZH”, according to the “Disseropedia”, mentions the head of the department of pedagogy and psychology of Chelyabinsk State University, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Nina Lezhneva. In the electronic version of “MNIZH” available on the Internet (No. 5 (36) for June 2015), Lezhneva is also named among the members of the editorial board in the “Pedagogy” section. But when asked by the site’s correspondent to comment on Dissernet’s claims against the journal, Lezhneva answered verbatim the following: “I am not a member of the editorial board of this journal, I have never even heard of it.” The editorial office itself expressed bewilderment about Nina Lezhneva’s words, attaching a scan of the correspondence as proof of the previously established connection between her and the editorial office.
Don't end up in the trash heap
“The trouble is not only that someone doesn’t want to honestly get a scientific degree. After the recent reforms of Minister Livanov, university teachers have become completely dependent on the number of publications published under their signature. They get paid extra for this. Accordingly, a certain demand arose, and in response to demand, supply also arose,” says Andrei Zayakin. — If I need to publish three articles in a year, spending, say, 60 thousand rubles, but for this I will receive an increase of 10 thousand rubles per month, I probably agree to such conditions. It’s an unethical but practical path that many people don’t think it’s shameful to take.”
The head of Dissernet estimates the annual volume of this business at 20 billion rubles - despite the fact that the market for services for writing fake dissertations itself was much more modest and amounted to about 6 billion rubles a year.“It turns out that the editors of such magazines have three times more motivation to end us,” Zayakin jokes darkly. The Journal Disserpedia database includes two more journals published in Yekaterinburg. These are the “Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals”, which is published on the initiative of the Ural State Agrarian University, and the magazine “Economics of the Region”, founded by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In January, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation published a detailed 11-page manual with recommendations for the preparation and publication of scientific articles in international indexed journals. On page 4 there is an item “Signs of unscrupulous publications” consisting of eight lines: “The magazine asks the author to independently prepare or receive reviews of his text from colleagues; the editors offer agency services, for example, the preparation of paid reviews; the magazine sends spam with an offer to publish as soon as possible; the journal provides false information about itself, provides false citation indices, does not indicate the ISSN (a unique serial number that allows you to identify any periodical, regardless of where it is published, in what language, in what medium. - Note edit.); hides the names and surnames of its employees, experts, members of the editorial board; offers services to increase scientometric indicators; a critically high volume of texts in the issue (from 40) and a critically low volume of the article (3-4 pages).” As you can see, almost all of these signs correlate with those used by Dissernet.
The head of the scientometrics laboratory at the Ural Federal University, Mark Akoev, has his own five rules for distinguishing “dumpster journals” or “predatory” journals (making business on large volumes of pseudoscientific publications) from truly worthwhile publications. The first and most important thing is to choose those publications that are trusted in scientific circles and whose readers are well known to you, Akoev recommends.
The second is the desirable inclusion of publications in respectable citation indices (Mark Akoev mentions Scopus and Web of Science). Third, clearly understand what the magazine may ask for payment for. It’s one thing if they ask for money for publication, and another thing for your work to be openly available to the rest of the scientific world. “The second is quite acceptable.. The fourth point that distinguishes “garbage magazines” is the small variety of countries that the magazine’s authors represent, as well as the authors’ belonging to the same organization. Finally, you need to be wary if publications mainly quote articles from the same publication.
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